Merge pull request #43 from Flast/patch-1

Fix a compile error with obsoleted details.

.ci/install.ps1

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# Sample script to install Python and pip under Windows
+# Authors: Olivier Grisel, Jonathan Helmus, Kyle Kastner, and Alex Willmer
+# License: CC0 1.0 Universal: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+$MINICONDA_URL = "http://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/"
+$BASE_URL = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/"
+$GET_PIP_URL = "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py"
+$GET_PIP_PATH = "C:\get-pip.py"
+
+$PYTHON_PRERELEASE_REGEX = @"
+(?x)
+(?<major>\d+)
+\.
+(?<minor>\d+)
+\.
+(?<micro>\d+)
+(?<prerelease>[a-z]{1,2}\d+)
+"@
+
+
+function Download ($filename, $url) {
+    $webclient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient
+
+    $basedir = $pwd.Path + "\"
+    $filepath = $basedir + $filename
+    if (Test-Path $filename) {
+        Write-Host "Reusing" $filepath
+        return $filepath
+    }
+
+    # Download and retry up to 3 times in case of network transient errors.
+    Write-Host "Downloading" $filename "from" $url
+    $retry_attempts = 2
+    for ($i = 0; $i -lt $retry_attempts; $i++) {
+        try {
+            $webclient.DownloadFile($url, $filepath)
+            break
+        }
+        Catch [Exception]{
+            Start-Sleep 1
+        }
+    }
+    if (Test-Path $filepath) {
+        Write-Host "File saved at" $filepath
+    } else {
+        # Retry once to get the error message if any at the last try
+        $webclient.DownloadFile($url, $filepath)
+    }
+    return $filepath
+}
+
+
+function ParsePythonVersion ($python_version) {
+    if ($python_version -match $PYTHON_PRERELEASE_REGEX) {
+        return ([int]$matches.major, [int]$matches.minor, [int]$matches.micro,
+                $matches.prerelease)
+    }
+    $version_obj = [version]$python_version
+    return ($version_obj.major, $version_obj.minor, $version_obj.build, "")
+}
+
+
+function DownloadPython ($python_version, $platform_suffix) {
+    $major, $minor, $micro, $prerelease = ParsePythonVersion $python_version
+
+    if (($major -le 2 -and $micro -eq 0) `
+        -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -le 2 -and $micro -eq 0) `
+        ) {
+        $dir = "$major.$minor"
+        $python_version = "$major.$minor$prerelease"
+    } else {
+        $dir = "$major.$minor.$micro"
+    }
+
+    if ($prerelease) {
+        if (($major -le 2) `
+            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 1) `
+            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 2) `
+            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 3) `
+            ) {
+            $dir = "$dir/prev"
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (($major -le 2) -or ($major -le 3 -and $minor -le 4)) {
+        $ext = "msi"
+        if ($platform_suffix) {
+            $platform_suffix = ".$platform_suffix"
+        }
+    } else {
+        $ext = "exe"
+        if ($platform_suffix) {
+            $platform_suffix = "-$platform_suffix"
+        }
+    }
+
+    $filename = "python-$python_version$platform_suffix.$ext"
+    $url = "$BASE_URL$dir/$filename"
+    $filepath = Download $filename $url
+    return $filepath
+}
+
+
+function InstallPython ($python_version, $architecture, $python_home) {
+    Write-Host "Installing Python" $python_version "for" $architecture "bit architecture to" $python_home
+    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
+        Write-Host $python_home "already exists, skipping."
+        return $false
+    }
+    if ($architecture -eq "32") {
+        $platform_suffix = ""
+    } else {
+        $platform_suffix = "amd64"
+    }
+    $installer_path = DownloadPython $python_version $platform_suffix
+    $installer_ext = [System.IO.Path]::GetExtension($installer_path)
+    Write-Host "Installing $installer_path to $python_home"
+    $install_log = $python_home + ".log"
+    if ($installer_ext -eq '.msi') {
+        InstallPythonMSI $installer_path $python_home $install_log
+    } else {
+        InstallPythonEXE $installer_path $python_home $install_log
+    }
+    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
+        Write-Host "Python $python_version ($architecture) installation complete"
+    } else {
+        Write-Host "Failed to install Python in $python_home"
+        Get-Content -Path $install_log
+        Exit 1
+    }
+}
+
+
+function InstallPythonEXE ($exepath, $python_home, $install_log) {
+    $install_args = "/quiet InstallAllUsers=1 TargetDir=$python_home"
+    RunCommand $exepath $install_args
+}
+
+
+function InstallPythonMSI ($msipath, $python_home, $install_log) {
+    $install_args = "/qn /log $install_log /i $msipath TARGETDIR=$python_home"
+    $uninstall_args = "/qn /x $msipath"
+    RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $install_args
+    if (-not(Test-Path $python_home)) {
+        Write-Host "Python seems to be installed else-where, reinstalling."
+        RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $uninstall_args
+        RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $install_args
+    }
+}
+
+function RunCommand ($command, $command_args) {
+    Write-Host $command $command_args
+    Start-Process -FilePath $command -ArgumentList $command_args -Wait -Passthru
+}
+
+
+function InstallPip ($python_home) {
+    $pip_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\pip.exe"
+    $python_path = $python_home + "\python.exe"
+    if (-not(Test-Path $pip_path)) {
+        Write-Host "Installing pip..."
+        $webclient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient
+        $webclient.DownloadFile($GET_PIP_URL, $GET_PIP_PATH)
+        Write-Host "Executing:" $python_path $GET_PIP_PATH
+        & $python_path $GET_PIP_PATH
+    } else {
+        Write-Host "pip already installed."
+    }
+}
+
+
+function DownloadMiniconda ($python_version, $platform_suffix) {
+    if ($python_version -eq "3.4") {
+        $filename = "Miniconda3-3.5.5-Windows-" + $platform_suffix + ".exe"
+    } else {
+        $filename = "Miniconda-3.5.5-Windows-" + $platform_suffix + ".exe"
+    }
+    $url = $MINICONDA_URL + $filename
+    $filepath = Download $filename $url
+    return $filepath
+}
+
+
+function InstallMiniconda ($python_version, $architecture, $python_home) {
+    Write-Host "Installing Python" $python_version "for" $architecture "bit architecture to" $python_home
+    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
+        Write-Host $python_home "already exists, skipping."
+        return $false
+    }
+    if ($architecture -eq "32") {
+        $platform_suffix = "x86"
+    } else {
+        $platform_suffix = "x86_64"
+    }
+    $filepath = DownloadMiniconda $python_version $platform_suffix
+    Write-Host "Installing" $filepath "to" $python_home
+    $install_log = $python_home + ".log"
+    $args = "/S /D=$python_home"
+    Write-Host $filepath $args
+    Start-Process -FilePath $filepath -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
+    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
+        Write-Host "Python $python_version ($architecture) installation complete"
+    } else {
+        Write-Host "Failed to install Python in $python_home"
+        Get-Content -Path $install_log
+        Exit 1
+    }
+}
+
+
+function InstallMinicondaPip ($python_home) {
+    $pip_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\pip.exe"
+    $conda_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\conda.exe"
+    if (-not(Test-Path $pip_path)) {
+        Write-Host "Installing pip..."
+        $args = "install --yes pip"
+        Write-Host $conda_path $args
+        Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
+    } else {
+        Write-Host "pip already installed."
+    }
+}
+
+function main () {
+    InstallPython $env:PYTHON_VERSION $env:PYTHON_ARCH $env:PYTHON
+    InstallPip $env:PYTHON
+}
+
+main

.ci/run_with_env.cmd

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+:: To build extensions for 64 bit Python 3, we need to configure environment
+:: variables to use the MSVC 2010 C++ compilers from GRMSDKX_EN_DVD.iso of:
+:: MS Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4 (SDK v7.1)
+::
+:: To build extensions for 64 bit Python 2, we need to configure environment
+:: variables to use the MSVC 2008 C++ compilers from GRMSDKX_EN_DVD.iso of:
+:: MS Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 3.5 (SDK v7.0)
+::
+:: 32 bit builds, and 64-bit builds for 3.5 and beyond, do not require specific
+:: environment configurations.
+::
+:: Note: this script needs to be run with the /E:ON and /V:ON flags for the
+:: cmd interpreter, at least for (SDK v7.0)
+::
+:: More details at:
+:: https://github.com/cython/cython/wiki/64BitCythonExtensionsOnWindows
+:: http://stackoverflow.com/a/13751649/163740
+::
+:: Author: Olivier Grisel
+:: License: CC0 1.0 Universal: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+::
+:: Notes about batch files for Python people:
+::
+:: Quotes in values are literally part of the values:
+::      SET FOO="bar"
+:: FOO is now five characters long: " b a r "
+:: If you don't want quotes, don't include them on the right-hand side.
+::
+:: The CALL lines at the end of this file look redundant, but if you move them
+:: outside of the IF clauses, they do not run properly in the SET_SDK_64==Y
+:: case, I don't know why.
+@ECHO OFF
+
+SET COMMAND_TO_RUN=%*
+SET WIN_SDK_ROOT=C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows
+SET WIN_WDK=c:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\Include\wdf
+
+:: Extract the major and minor versions, and allow for the minor version to be
+:: more than 9.  This requires the version number to have two dots in it.
+SET MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION=%PYTHON_VERSION:~0,1%
+IF "%PYTHON_VERSION:~3,1%" == "." (
+    SET MINOR_PYTHON_VERSION=%PYTHON_VERSION:~2,1%
+) ELSE (
+    SET MINOR_PYTHON_VERSION=%PYTHON_VERSION:~2,2%
+)
+
+:: Based on the Python version, determine what SDK version to use, and whether
+:: to set the SDK for 64-bit.
+IF %MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION% == 2 (
+    SET WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION="v7.0"
+    SET SET_SDK_64=Y
+) ELSE (
+    IF %MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION% == 3 (
+        SET WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION="v7.1"
+        IF %MINOR_PYTHON_VERSION% LEQ 4 (
+            SET SET_SDK_64=Y
+        ) ELSE (
+            SET SET_SDK_64=N
+            IF EXIST "%WIN_WDK%" (
+                :: See: https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/1610302/
+                REN "%WIN_WDK%" 0wdf
+            )
+        )
+    ) ELSE (
+        ECHO Unsupported Python version: "%MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION%"
+        EXIT 1
+    )
+)
+
+IF %PYTHON_ARCH% == 64 (
+    IF %SET_SDK_64% == Y (
+        ECHO Configuring Windows SDK %WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION% for Python %MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION% on a 64 bit architecture
+        SET DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1
+        SET MSSdk=1
+        "%WIN_SDK_ROOT%\%WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION%\Setup\WindowsSdkVer.exe" -q -version:%WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION%
+        "%WIN_SDK_ROOT%\%WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION%\Bin\SetEnv.cmd" /x64 /release
+        ECHO Executing: %COMMAND_TO_RUN%
+        call %COMMAND_TO_RUN% || EXIT 1
+    ) ELSE (
+        ECHO Using default MSVC build environment for 64 bit architecture
+        ECHO Executing: %COMMAND_TO_RUN%
+        call %COMMAND_TO_RUN% || EXIT 1
+    )
+) ELSE (
+    ECHO Using default MSVC build environment for 32 bit architecture
+    ECHO Executing: %COMMAND_TO_RUN%
+    call %COMMAND_TO_RUN% || EXIT 1
+)

.ci/upload_docs.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e # Exit with nonzero exit code if anything fails
+
+SOURCE_BRANCH="master"
+TARGET_BRANCH="gh-pages"
+
+# Pull requests and commits to other branches shouldn't try to deploy, just build to verify
+if [ "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" != "false" ] || [ "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" != master -a "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" != develop ]; then
+    echo "No docs to upload."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+# Save some useful information
+REPO=`git config remote.origin.url`
+SHA=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD`
+
+# bin.SCons happens to contain the "doc/html" tree that we want to push
+# into the gh-pages branch. So we step into that directory, create a new repo,
+# set the remote appropriately, then commit and push.
+cd bin.SCons
+git init
+git config user.name "Travis CI"
+git config user.email "$COMMIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL"
+
+# Make sure 'GH_TOKEN' is set (as 'secure' variable) in .travis.yml
+git remote add upstream "https://$GH_TOKEN@github.com/boostorg/python.git"
+git fetch upstream
+git reset upstream/gh-pages
+
+# Commit the new version.
+cp ../index.html .
+cp ../doc/index.html doc/
+git add index.html
+git add doc/index.html
+git add -A doc/html
+git commit -m "Deploy to GitHub Pages: ${SHA}"
+
+# Now that we're all set up, we can push.
+git push -q upstream HEAD:gh-pages

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+sudo: required
+dist: trusty
+
+language: cpp
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+  - compiler: gcc
+    env: CXX=g++ PYTHON=python CXXFLAGS=-std=c++98
+  - compiler: gcc
+    env: CXX=g++ PYTHON=python CXXFLAGS=-std=c++11
+  - compiler: gcc
+    env: CXX=g++ PYTHON=python3 CXXFLAGS=-std=c++98
+  - compiler: gcc
+    env: CXX=g++ PYTHON=python3 CXXFLAGS=-std=c++11
+  - compiler: clang
+    env: CXX=clang++ PYTHON=python3 CXXFLAGS=-std=c++98
+  - compiler: clang
+    env: CXX=clang++ PYTHON=python3 CXXFLAGS=-std=c++11
+  - env: PYTHON=python DOC=1
+  global:
+  - secure: mqoxglbUN/At/r8O7nLVccGldnB1jvhLHNyYjfCXrdOD0GNX+TY2TS1+kIEv9Deg/P6X/QvrBa/ZzbDNryn3mDXBfOSy400ebSIUHHP3HtGHJShOGDyXedY3hZ/dqmxdV3p9hIxv4lcx1HPyC96s4wpiR0S9F1JBzD6scIabezM=
+
+addons:
+  apt:
+    sources:
+    - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+    packages:
+    - scons
+    - gcc-4.8
+    - g++-4.8
+    - clang
+    - python-dev python-pip
+    - python3-dev
+    - libboost-all-dev
+    - xsltproc
+    - python-docutils
+
+before_install:
+# The Trusty image has several Python versions pre-installed compiled with
+# conflicting UCS2 and UCS4 unicode. Modify the PATH to skip the TravisCI python.
+# See https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-ci/issues/4948 for details.
+- export PATH=$(echo $PATH | tr ':' "\n" | sed '/\/opt\/python/d' | tr "\n" ":" | sed "s|::|:|g")
+- sudo pip install future
+
+install:
+
+before_script:
+- scons --version
+
+script:
+- scons config --python=$PYTHON
+- if [ "$DOC" ]; then scons doc; else scons && scons test; fi
+
+after_success:
+# Upload docs only when building upstream.
+- if [ "$DOC" -a "$TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG" = "boostorg/python" -a "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" = "false" ]; then .ci/upload_docs.sh; fi

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+![logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/boostorg/python/develop/doc/images/bpl.png)
+
+# Synopsis
+
+Welcome to Boost.Python, a C++ library which enables seamless interoperability between C++ and the Python programming language. The library includes support for:
+
+* References and Pointers
+* Globally Registered Type Coercions
+* Automatic Cross-Module Type Conversions
+* Efficient Function Overloading
+* C++ to Python Exception Translation
+* Default Arguments
+* Keyword Arguments
+* Manipulating Python objects in C++
+* Exporting C++ Iterators as Python Iterators
+* Documentation Strings
+
+See the [Boost.Python](http://boostorg.github.io/python) documentation for details.
+
+# Building ![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/boostorg/python.svg?branch=develop)
+
+While Boost.Python is part of the Boost C++ Libraries super-project, and thus can be compiled as part of Boost, it can also be compiled and installed stand-alone, i.e. against a pre-installed Boost package.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+* [Python](http://www.python.org)
+* [Boost](http://www.boost.org)
+* [SCons](http://www.scons.org)
+
+## Configure
+
+Simply run
+
+```
+scons config [options]
+```
+to prepare a build. See `scons -h` for a description of the available options. For example
+```
+scons config --boost=/path/to/boost --python=/path/to/python
+```
+will configure Boost.Python to be built against the two specific versions of Boost and Python.
+
+## Build
+
+Run
+
+```
+scons
+```
+to build the library.
+
+## Test
+
+Run
+
+```
+scons test
+```
+to run the tests.
+
+## Build docs
+
+Run
+
+```
+scons doc
+```
+to build the documentation.

SConscript

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# -*- python -*-
+
+Import("env")
+
+env.Append(CPPPATH = "#/include",CPPDEFINES = ["BOOST_ALL_NO_LIB=1"])
+
+env.AppendUnique(CPPDEFINES = ["${LINK_DYNAMIC and 'BOOST_PYTHON_DYN_LINK=1' or []}"])
+for variant in env["variant"]:
+    env["current_variant"] = variant
+    env.SetProperty(profile = False)
+    if variant == "release":
+        env.SetProperty(optimize = "speed", debug = False)
+    elif variant == "debug":
+        env.SetProperty(optimize = "no", debug = True)
+    elif variant == "profile":
+        env.SetProperty(optimize = "speed", profile = True, debug = True)
+    for linking in env["link"]:
+        env["linking"] = linking
+        if linking == "dynamic":
+            env["LINK_DYNAMIC"] = True
+        else:
+            env["LINK_DYNAMIC"] = False
+        for threading in env["threading"]:
+            env["current_threading"] = threading
+            env.SetProperty(threading = threading)
+            variant_dir=env.subst("$BOOST_CURRENT_VARIANT_DIR")
+
+            env.SConscript("src/SConscript", variant_dir=variant_dir + '/src',
+                           exports = { "env" : env.Clone(BOOST_LIB = 'python') })
+            if GetOption("test"):
+                test_env = env.Clone(BOOST_LIB = 'python', BOOST_TEST = True)
+                test_env.BoostUseLib('python')
+                env.SConscript("test/SConscript", variant_dir=variant_dir + '/test',
+                               exports = { "env" : test_env })

SConstruct

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+# -*- python -*-
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+import SCons.Script.Main
+import config
+import config.ui
+import platform
+import os
+import subprocess
+import re
+
+#
+# We try to mimic the typical autotools-workflow.
+#
+# * In a 'configure' step all the essential build parameters are established
+#   (either by explicit command-line arguments or from configure checks)
+# * A subsequent build step can then simply read the cached variables, so
+#   users don't have to memorize and re-issue the arguments on each subsequent
+#   invocation, and neither do the config checks need to be re-run.
+#
+# The essential part here is to define a 'config' target, which removes any
+# caches that may still be lingering around, then runs the checks.
+
+if 'config' in COMMAND_LINE_TARGETS:
+    # Clear the cache
+    try: os.remove('bin.SCons/config.py')
+    except: pass
+if not os.path.exists('bin.SCons/'):
+    os.mkdir('bin.SCons/')
+vars = Variables('bin.SCons/config.py', ARGUMENTS)
+config.add_options(vars)
+arch = ARGUMENTS.get('arch', platform.machine())
+env_vars = {}
+if 'CXX' in os.environ: env_vars['CXX'] = os.environ['CXX']
+if 'CXXFLAGS' in os.environ: env_vars['CXXFLAGS'] = os.environ['CXXFLAGS'].split()
+env = Environment(toolpath=['config/tools'],
+                  tools=['default', 'libs', 'tests', 'doc'],
+                  variables=vars,
+                  TARGET_ARCH=arch,
+                  **env_vars)
+if 'gcc' in env['TOOLS']:
+    # Earlier SCons versions (~ 2.3.0) can't handle CXX=clang++.
+    version = subprocess.check_output([env['CXX'], '--version'])
+    match = re.search(r'[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)+', version)
+    if match:
+        version = match.group(0)
+    else:
+        version = 'unknown'
+    env['CXXVERSION'] = version
+
+Help(config.ui.help(vars, env) + """
+Variables are saved in bin.SCons/config.py and persist between scons invocations.
+""")
+
+if GetOption('help'):
+    Return()
+
+build_dir = config.prepare_build_dir(env)
+config_log = '{}/config.log'.format(build_dir)
+
+# configure
+SConsignFile('{}/.sconsign'.format(build_dir))
+#env.Decider('MD5-timestamp')
+env.Decider('timestamp-newer')
+checks = config.get_checks()
+if 'config' in COMMAND_LINE_TARGETS:
+    conf=env.Configure(custom_tests=checks, log_file=config_log, conf_dir=build_dir)
+    if False in (getattr(conf, c)() for c in checks):
+        Exit(1)
+    env = conf.Finish()
+    vars.Save('bin.SCons/config.py', env)
+
+if not os.path.exists(config_log):
+    print('Please run `scons config` first. (See `scons -h` for available options.)')
+    Exit(1)
+
+if not GetOption('verbose'):
+    config.ui.pretty_output(env)    
+
+# build
+env['BPL_VERSION'] = '1.62'
+for e in config.variants(env):
+    variant_dir=e.subst("$BOOST_CURRENT_VARIANT_DIR")
+    e.SConscript('src/SConscript', variant_dir=variant_dir + '/src',
+                 exports = { 'env' : e.Clone(BOOST_LIB = 'python') })
+    if 'test' in COMMAND_LINE_TARGETS:
+        test_env = e.Clone(BOOST_LIB = 'python', BOOST_TEST = True)
+        test_env.BoostUseLib('python')
+        e.SConscript('test/SConscript', variant_dir=variant_dir + '/test',
+                     exports = { 'env' : test_env })
+
+if 'doc' in COMMAND_LINE_TARGETS:
+    env.SConscript('doc/SConscript', variant_dir='bin.SCons/doc',
+                   exports = { 'env' : e.Clone(BOOST_LIB = 'python') })

appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+environment:
+  global:
+    # SDK v7.0 MSVC Express 2008's SetEnv.cmd script will fail if the
+    # /E:ON and /V:ON options are not enabled in the batch script intepreter
+    # See: http://stackoverflow.com/a/13751649/163740
+    CMD_IN_ENV: "cmd /E:ON /V:ON /C .\\ci\\run_with_env.cmd"
+    BOOST_PREFIX: C:\Libraries\boost_1_60_0
+
+  matrix:
+
+    # Pre-installed Python versions, which Appveyor may upgrade to
+    # a later point release.
+    # See: http://www.appveyor.com/docs/installed-software#python
+
+    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python27"
+      PYTHON_VERSION: "2.7.x" # currently 2.7.9
+      PYTHON_ARCH: "32"
+      ARCH: "x86"
+
+    #- PYTHON: "C:\\Python27-x64"
+    #  PYTHON_VERSION: "2.7.x" # currently 2.7.9
+    #  PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
+    #  ARCH: "x86_64"
+
+    #- PYTHON: "C:\\Python35"
+    #  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.5.x" # currently 3.4.3
+    #  PYTHON_ARCH: "32"
+
+    #- PYTHON: "C:\\Python35-x64"
+    #  PYTHON_VERSION: "3.5.x" # currently 3.4.3
+    #  PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
+
+install:
+  # If there is a newer build queued for the same PR, cancel this one.
+  # The AppVeyor 'rollout builds' option is supposed to serve the same
+  # purpose but it is problematic because it tends to cancel builds pushed
+  # directly to master instead of just PR builds (or the converse).
+  # credits: JuliaLang developers.
+  - ps: if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_NUMBER -and $env:APPVEYOR_BUILD_NUMBER -ne ((Invoke-RestMethod `
+        https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/$env:APPVEYOR_ACCOUNT_NAME/$env:APPVEYOR_PROJECT_SLUG/history?recordsNumber=50).builds | `
+        Where-Object pullRequestId -eq $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_NUMBER)[0].buildNumber) { `
+          throw "There are newer queued builds for this pull request, failing early." }
+  - ECHO "Filesystem root:"
+  - ps: "ls \"C:/\""
+  - ECHO "Installed libraries:"
+  - ps: "ls \"C:/Libraries/\""
+  - ECHO "Installed SDKs:"
+  - ps: "ls \"C:/Program Files/Microsoft SDKs/Windows\""
+
+  # Install Python (from the official .msi of http://python.org) and pip when
+  # not already installed.
+  - ps: if (-not(Test-Path($env:PYTHON))) { & .ci\install.ps1 }
+
+  # Prepend newly installed Python to the PATH of this build (this cannot be
+  # done from inside the powershell script as it would require to restart
+  # the parent CMD process).
+  - "SET PATH=%PYTHON%;%PYTHON%\\Scripts;%PATH%"
+
+  # Check that we have the expected version and architecture for Python
+  - "python --version"
+  - "python -c \"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\""
+
+  # Upgrade to the latest version of pip to avoid it displaying warnings
+  # about it being out of date.
+  - "pip install --disable-pip-version-check --user --upgrade pip"
+
+  # Install the build dependencies of the project. If some dependencies contain
+  # compiled extensions and are not provided as pre-built wheel packages,
+  # pip will build them from source using the MSVC compiler matching the
+  # target Python version and architecture
+  - easy_install scons
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% pip install -r dev-requirements.txt"
+
+build_script:
+  # Build the compiled extension
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% python setup.py build"
+  - scons config arch=%ARCH% --boost-include=%BOOST_PREFIX%
+  - scons arch=%ARCH%
+
+test_script:
+  # Run the project tests
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% python setup.py nosetests"
+  - scons test arch=%ARCH% --verbose
+
+after_test:
+  # If tests are successful, create binary packages for the project.
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% python setup.py bdist_wheel"
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% python setup.py bdist_wininst"
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% python setup.py bdist_msi"
+  #- ps: "ls dist"
+
+#artifacts:
+  # Archive the generated packages in the ci.appveyor.com build report.
+  #- path: dist\*
+
+#on_success:
+#  - TODO: upload the content of dist/*.whl to a public wheelhouse
+#

build/Jamfile.v2

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+# Copyright David Abrahams 2001-2006. Distributed under the Boost
+# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+import os ;
+import indirect ;
+import modules ;
+import feature ;
+
+import python ;
+
+if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in  [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
+{
+    # Attempt default configuration of python
+    import toolset : using ;
+    using python ;
+}
+
+if [ python.configured ] || ( --without-python in  [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
+{
+    alias config-warning ;
+}
+else
+{
+    message config-warning
+        : "warning: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration"
+        : "note: failed.  See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html"
+        : "note: for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to"
+        : "note: suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets"
+        ;
+}
+
+rule find-py3-version
+{
+    local versions = [ feature.values python ] ;
+    local py3ver ;
+    for local v in $(versions)
+    {
+        if $(v) >= 3.0
+        {
+            py3ver = $(v) ;
+        }
+    }
+    return $(py3ver) ;
+}
+
+py3-version = [ find-py3-version ] ;
+
+project boost/python
+  : source-location ../src
+  : requirements
+    -<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
+    <tag>@$(__name__).tag
+  ;
+
+rule tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
+{
+    local result = $(name) ;
+    if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB
+    {
+        if $(name) = boost_python && $(PYTHON_ID)
+        {
+            result = $(result)-$(PYTHON_ID) ;
+        }
+    }
+    
+    # forward to the boost tagging rule
+    return  [ indirect.call $(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag 
+                $(result) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
+}
+
+rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
+rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
+
+rule lib_boost_python ( is-py3 ? )
+{
+
+    lib [ cond $(is-py3) : boost_python3 : boost_python ]
+        : # sources
+        numeric.cpp
+        list.cpp
+        long.cpp
+        dict.cpp
+        tuple.cpp
+        str.cpp
+        slice.cpp
+
+        converter/from_python.cpp
+        converter/registry.cpp
+        converter/type_id.cpp
+        object/enum.cpp
+        object/class.cpp
+        object/function.cpp
+        object/inheritance.cpp
+        object/life_support.cpp
+        object/pickle_support.cpp
+        errors.cpp
+        module.cpp
+        converter/builtin_converters.cpp
+        converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
+        object/iterator.cpp
+        object/stl_iterator.cpp
+        object_protocol.cpp
+        object_operators.cpp
+        wrapper.cpp
+        import.cpp
+        exec.cpp
+        object/function_doc_signature.cpp
+        :   # requirements
+            <link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB 
+            <define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
+          
+            # On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
+            # import library.
+            #
+            # On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython.  When
+            # extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
+            # Python interpreter executable.  When embedding Python, the
+            # client executable is expected to explicitly link to
+            # /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
+            #
+            # python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
+            # provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
+            # import library, as usage requirements.
+            [ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
+            
+            # we prevent building when there is no python available
+            # as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
+            # fail to build
+            [ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
+            <dependency>config-warning
+
+            <python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
+            [ cond $(is-py3) : <python>$(py3-version) ]
+        :   # default build
+            <link>shared
+        :   # usage requirements
+            <link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
+            <python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
+        ;
+
+}
+
+lib_boost_python ;
+boost-install boost_python ;
+
+if $(py3-version)
+{
+    lib_boost_python yes ;
+    boost-install boost_python3 ;
+}

build/bpl_static.dsp

@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
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build/build.dsw

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
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build/como.mak

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# Revision History:
-# 17 Apr 01  include cross-module support, compile getting_started1 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve) UNTESTED!
-# 06 Mar 01  Fixed typo in use of "PYTHON_LIB" (Dave Abrahams)
-# 04 Mar 01  Changed library name to libboost_python.a (David Abrahams)
-
-LIBSRC = \
-    classes.cpp \
-    conversions.cpp \
-    cross_module.cpp \
-    extension_class.cpp \
-    functions.cpp \
-    init_function.cpp \
-    module_builder.cpp \
-    objects.cpp \
-    types.cpp
-        
-LIBOBJ = $(LIBSRC:.cpp=.o)
-OBJ = $(LIBOBJ)
-
-
-ifeq "$(OS)" "Windows_NT"
-PYTHON_LIB=c:/tools/python/libs/python15.lib
-INC = -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include/g++-3 -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include -Ic:/boost -Ic:/tools/python/include
-MODULE_EXTENSION=dll
-else
-INC = -I/usr/local/include/python1.5
-MODULE_EXTENSION=so
-endif
-
-%.o: ../src/%.cpp
-	como --pic $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
-
-%.d: ../src/%.cpp
-	@echo creating $@
-	@set -e; como -M $(INC) -c $< \
-            | sed 's/\($*\)\.o[ :]*/\1.o $@ : /g' > $@; \
-                [ -s $@ ] || rm -f $@
-
-getting_started1: getting_started1.o libboost_python.a
-	como-dyn-link -o ../example/getting_started1.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) $(PYTHON_LIB) getting_started1.o -L. -lboost_python
-	ln -s ../test/doctest.py ../example
-	python ../example/test_getting_started1.py
-
-getting_started1.o: ../example/getting_started1.cpp
-	como --pic $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
-
-clean:
-	rm -rf *.o *.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) *.a *.d *.pyc *.bak a.out
-
-libboost_python.a: $(LIBOBJ)
-	rm -f libboost_python.a
-	ar cq libboost_python.a $(LIBOBJ)
-
-DEP = $(OBJ:.o=.d)
-
-ifneq "$(MAKECMDGOALS)" "clean"
-include $(DEP)
-endif

build/example1/example1.dsp

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-# ADD CPP /nologo /MD /W3 /GX /O2 /I "..\..\..\.." /I "c:\tools\python\include" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /D "_MBCS" /D "_USRDLL" /D "EXAMPLE1_EXPORTS" /YX /FD /c
-# ADD BASE MTL /nologo /D "NDEBUG" /mktyplib203 /win32
-# ADD MTL /nologo /D "NDEBUG" /mktyplib203 /win32
-# ADD BASE RSC /l 0x409 /d "NDEBUG"
-# ADD RSC /l 0x409 /d "NDEBUG"
-BSC32=bscmake.exe
-# ADD BASE BSC32 /nologo
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-# ADD LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /dll /machine:I386 /out:"Release/hello.dll" /libpath:"c:\tools\python\libs"
-
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-
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-# ADD CPP /nologo /MDd /W3 /Gm- /GR /GX /Zi /Od /I "..\..\..\.." /I "c:\tools\python\include" /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /D "_MBCS" /D "_USRDLL" /D "EXAMPLE1_EXPORTS" /YX /FD /GZ /c
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-BSC32=bscmake.exe
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-# ADD BSC32 /nologo
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-
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-
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-# Begin Group "Source Files"
-
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build/filemgr.py

@@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
-# Revision history:
-#   12 Apr 01 use os.path, shutil
-#   Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
-
-bpl_src = "/libs/python/src"
-bpl_tst = "/libs/python/test"
-bpl_exa = "/libs/python/example"
-files = (
-bpl_src + "/classes.cpp",
-bpl_src + "/conversions.cpp",
-bpl_src + "/extension_class.cpp",
-bpl_src + "/functions.cpp",
-bpl_src + "/init_function.cpp",
-bpl_src + "/module_builder.cpp",
-bpl_src + "/objects.cpp",
-bpl_src + "/types.cpp",
-bpl_src + "/cross_module.cpp",
-bpl_tst + "/comprehensive.cpp",
-bpl_tst + "/comprehensive.hpp",
-bpl_tst + "/comprehensive.py",
-bpl_tst + "/doctest.py",
-bpl_exa + "/abstract.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/getting_started1.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/getting_started2.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/simple_vector.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/do_it_yourself_converters.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/pickle1.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/pickle2.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/pickle3.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/test_abstract.py",
-bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started1.py",
-bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started2.py",
-bpl_exa + "/test_simple_vector.py",
-bpl_exa + "/test_do_it_yourself_converters.py",
-bpl_exa + "/test_pickle1.py",
-bpl_exa + "/test_pickle2.py",
-bpl_exa + "/test_pickle3.py",
-bpl_exa + "/noncopyable.h",
-bpl_exa + "/noncopyable_export.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/noncopyable_import.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/dvect.h",
-bpl_exa + "/dvect.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/dvect_conversions.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/dvect_defs.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/ivect.h",
-bpl_exa + "/ivect.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/ivect_conversions.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/ivect_defs.cpp",
-bpl_exa + "/tst_noncopyable.py",
-bpl_exa + "/tst_dvect1.py",
-bpl_exa + "/tst_dvect2.py",
-bpl_exa + "/tst_ivect1.py",
-bpl_exa + "/tst_ivect2.py",
-bpl_exa + "/test_cross_module.py",
-)
-
-defs = (
-"boost_python_test",
-"abstract",
-"getting_started1",
-"getting_started2",
-"simple_vector",
-"do_it_yourself_converters",
-"pickle1",
-"pickle2",
-"pickle3",
-"noncopyable_export",
-"noncopyable_import",
-"ivect",
-"dvect",
-)
-
-if (__name__ == "__main__"):
-
-  import sys, os, shutil
-
-  path = sys.argv[1]
-  mode = sys.argv[2]
-  if (not mode in ("softlinks", "unlink", "cp", "rm", "copy", "del")):
-    raise RuntimeError, \
-      "usage: python filemgr.py path <softlinks|unlink|cp|rm|copy|del>"
-
-  if (mode in ("cp", "copy")):
-    for fn in files:
-      f = os.path.basename(fn)
-      print "Copying: " + f
-      shutil.copy(path + fn, ".")
-
-  elif (mode == "softlinks"):
-    for fn in files:
-      f = os.path.basename(fn)
-      if (os.path.exists(f)):
-        print "File exists: " + f
-      else:
-        print "Linking: " + f
-        os.symlink(path + fn, f)
-
-  elif (mode in ("rm", "del")):
-    for fn in files:
-      f = os.path.basename(fn)
-      if (os.path.exists(f)):
-        print "Removing: " + f
-        try: os.unlink(f)
-        except: pass
-
-  elif (mode == "unlink"):
-    for fn in files:
-      f = os.path.basename(fn)
-      if (os.path.exists(f)):
-        if (os.path.islink(f)):
-          print "Unlinking: " + f
-          try: os.unlink(f)
-          except: pass
-        else:
-          print "Not a softlink: " + f
-
-  if (mode in ("softlinks", "cp", "copy")):
-    for d in defs:
-      fn = d + ".def"
-      print "Creating: " + fn
-      f = open(fn, "w")
-      f.write("EXPORTS\n")
-      f.write("\tinit" + d + "\n")
-      f.close()
-
-  if (mode in ("unlink", "rm", "del")):
-    for d in defs:
-      fn = d + ".def"
-      if (os.path.exists(fn)):
-        print "Removing: " + fn
-        try: os.unlink(fn)
-        except: pass

build/gcc.mak

@@ -1,87 +0,0 @@
-#  Revision History
-
-#  17 Apr 01 include cross-module support, compile getting_started1 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
-#  17 Apr 01 build shared library (patch provided by Dan Nuffer)
-#  04 Mar 01 Changed library name to libboost_python.a, various cleanups,
-#            attempted Cygwin compatibility. Still needs testing on Linux
-#            (David Abrahams)
-
-
-LIBSRC = \
-    classes.cpp \
-    conversions.cpp \
-    cross_module.cpp \
-    extension_class.cpp \
-    functions.cpp \
-    init_function.cpp \
-    module_builder.cpp \
-    objects.cpp \
-    types.cpp
-
-LIBOBJ = $(LIBSRC:.cpp=.o)
-OBJ = $(LIBOBJ)
-
-LIBNAME = libboost_python
-# libpython2.0.dll
-
-ifeq "$(OS)" "Windows_NT"
-ROOT=c:/cygnus
-INC = -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include/g++-3 -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include -Ic:/boost -I$(PYTHON_INC)
-MODULE_EXTENSION=dll
-PYTHON_LIB=c:/cygnus/usr/local/lib/python2.0/config/libpython2.0.dll.a
-SHARED_LIB = $(LIBNAME).dll
-else
-PYTHON_INC=$(ROOT)/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
-BOOST_INC=../../..
-INC = -I$(BOOST_INC) -I$(PYTHON_INC)
-MODULE_EXTENSION=so
-VERSION=1
-SHARED_LIB = $(LIBNAME).so.$(VERSION)
-endif
-
-%.o: ../src/%.cpp
-	g++ -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) $(CXXFLAGS) -o $*.o -c $<
-
-%.d: ../src/%.cpp
-	@echo creating $@
-	@set -e; g++ -M $(INC) -c $< \
-            | sed 's/\($*\)\.o[ :]*/\1.o $@ : /g' > $@; \
-                [ -s $@ ] || rm -f $@
-
-
-PYTHON = python
-
-all: test $(SHARED_LIB) getting_started1
-
-test: comprehensive.o $(LIBNAME).a $(SHARED_LIB)
-	g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o ../test/boost_python_test.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) comprehensive.o -L. -lboost_python  $(PYTHON_LIB)
-	$(PYTHON) ../test/comprehensive.py
-
-comprehensive.o: ../test/comprehensive.cpp
-	g++ $(CXXFLAGS) --template-depth-32 -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
-
-
-getting_started1: getting_started1.o $(LIBNAME).a
-	g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o ../example/getting_started1.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) getting_started1.o -L. -lboost_python  $(PYTHON_LIB)
-	ln -s ../test/doctest.py ../example
-	$(PYTHON) ../example/test_getting_started1.py
-
-getting_started1.o: ../example/getting_started1.cpp
-	g++ $(CXXFLAGS) --template-depth-32 -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
-
-
-clean:
-	rm -rf *.o *.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) *.a *.d *.pyc *.bak a.out
-
-$(LIBNAME).a: $(LIBOBJ)
-	rm -f $@
-	ar cqs $@ $(LIBOBJ)
-
-$(SHARED_LIB): $(LIBOBJ)
-	g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o $@ -Wl,--soname=$(LIBNAME).$(MODULE_EXTENSION)
-
-DEP = $(OBJ:.o=.d)
-
-ifneq "$(MAKECMDGOALS)" "clean"
-include $(DEP)
-endif

build/getting_started1/getting_started1.dsp

@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
-# Microsoft Developer Studio Project File - Name="getting_started1" - Package Owner=<4>
-# Microsoft Developer Studio Generated Build File, Format Version 6.00
-# ** DO NOT EDIT **
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-
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-
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-# Name "getting_started1 - Win32 DebugPython"
-# Begin Group "Source Files"
-
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-# Begin Source File
-
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-
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-# End Group
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-# End Project

build/getting_started2/getting_started2.dsp

@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
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-# ** DO NOT EDIT **
-
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-!MESSAGE "getting_started2 - Win32 DebugPython" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
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build/irix_CC.mak

@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-# Usage:
-#
-#   Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
-#   Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
-#   Adjust the pathnames below.
-#
-#   make softlinks     Create softlinks to source code and tests
-#   make               Compile all sources
-#   make test          Run doctest tests
-#   make clean         Remove all object files
-#   make unlink        Remove softlinks
-#
-# Revision history:
-#   12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
-#   Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
-
-ROOT=$(HOME)
-BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
-
-PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
-PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
-#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
-#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
-STLPORTINC=-I$(BOOST)/boost/compatibility/cpp_c_headers
-
-STDOPTS=
-WARNOPTS=-woff 1001,1234,1682
-OPTOPTS=-g
-
-CPP=CC -LANG:std -n32 -mips4
-CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST) $(PYINC) \
-        $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
-MAKEDEP=-M
-
-LD=CC -LANG:std -n32 -mips4
-LDOPTS=-shared
-
-OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
-    init_function.o module_builder.o \
-    objects.o types.o cross_module.o
-DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
-       comprehensive.o \
-       abstract.o \
-       getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
-       simple_vector.o \
-       do_it_yourself_converters.o \
-       pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
-       noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
-       ivect.o dvect.o
-
-.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
-
-all: libboost_python.a \
-     boost_python_test.so \
-     abstract.so \
-     getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
-     simple_vector.so \
-     do_it_yourself_converters.so \
-     pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
-     noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
-     ivect.so dvect.so
-
-libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
-	rm -f libboost_python.a
-	$(CPP) -ar -o libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
-
-boost_python_test.so: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.o -o boost_python_test.so -lm
-
-abstract.so: $(OBJ) abstract.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.o -o abstract.so
-
-getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.o -o getting_started1.so
-
-getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
-
-simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
-
-do_it_yourself_converters.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o -o do_it_yourself_converters.so
-
-pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
-
-pickle2.so: $(OBJ) pickle2.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.o -o pickle2.so
-
-pickle3.so: $(OBJ) pickle3.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.o -o pickle3.so
-
-noncopyable_export.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
-          noncopyable_export.o -o noncopyable_export.so
-
-noncopyable_import.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
-          noncopyable_import.o -o noncopyable_import.so
-
-ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) ivect.o -o ivect.so
-
-dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
-
-.cpp.o:
-	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
-
-test:
-	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
-
-clean:
-	rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
-	rm -f comprehensive.o boost_python_test.so
-	rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
-	rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
-	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
-	rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
-	rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
-	rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
-	rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
-	rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
-	rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.so
-	rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
-	rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
-	rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
-	rm -f so_locations *.pyc
-	rm -rf ii_files
-
-softlinks:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) softlinks
-
-unlink:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) unlink
-
-cp:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) cp
-
-rm:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) rm
-
-depend:
-	@ cat Makefile.nodepend; \
-          for obj in $(DEPOBJ); \
-          do \
-            bn=`echo "$$obj" | cut -d. -f1`; \
-            $(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) $(MAKEDEP) "$$bn".cpp; \
-          done
-

build/linux_gcc.mak

@@ -1,160 +0,0 @@
-# Usage:
-#
-#   Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
-#   Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
-#   Adjust the pathnames below.
-#
-#   make softlinks     Create softlinks to source code and tests
-#   make               Compile all sources
-#   make test          Run doctest tests
-#   make clean         Remove all object files
-#   make unlink        Remove softlinks
-#
-# Revision history:
-#   12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
-#   Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
-
-ROOT=$(HOME)
-BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
-
-PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/bin/python
-PYINC=-I/usr/include/python1.5
-#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
-#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
-#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
-#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
-
-STDOPTS=-fPIC -ftemplate-depth-21
-WARNOPTS=
-OPTOPTS=-g
-
-CPP=g++
-CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST) $(PYINC) \
-        $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
-MAKEDEP=-M
-
-LD=$(CPP)
-LDOPTS=-shared
-
-OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
-    init_function.o module_builder.o \
-    objects.o types.o cross_module.o
-DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
-       comprehensive.o \
-       abstract.o \
-       getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
-       simple_vector.o \
-       do_it_yourself_converters.o \
-       pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
-       noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
-       ivect.o dvect.o
-
-.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
-
-all: libboost_python.a \
-     boost_python_test.so \
-     abstract.so \
-     getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
-     simple_vector.so \
-     do_it_yourself_converters.so \
-     pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
-     noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
-     ivect.so dvect.so
-
-libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
-	rm -f libboost_python.a
-	ar r libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
-
-boost_python_test.so: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.o -o boost_python_test.so -lm
-
-abstract.so: $(OBJ) abstract.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.o -o abstract.so
-
-getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.o -o getting_started1.so
-
-getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
-
-simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
-
-do_it_yourself_converters.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o -o do_it_yourself_converters.so
-
-pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
-
-pickle2.so: $(OBJ) pickle2.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.o -o pickle2.so
-
-pickle3.so: $(OBJ) pickle3.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.o -o pickle3.so
-
-noncopyable_export.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
-          noncopyable_export.o -o noncopyable_export.so
-
-noncopyable_import.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
-          noncopyable_import.o -o noncopyable_import.so
-
-ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) ivect.o -o ivect.so
-
-dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
-
-.cpp.o:
-	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
-
-test:
-	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
-
-clean:
-	rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
-	rm -f comprehensive.o boost_python_test.so
-	rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
-	rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
-	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
-	rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
-	rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
-	rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
-	rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
-	rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
-	rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.so
-	rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
-	rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
-	rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
-	rm -f so_locations *.pyc
-
-softlinks:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) softlinks
-
-unlink:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) unlink
-
-cp:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) cp
-
-rm:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) rm
-
-depend:
-	@ cat Makefile.nodepend; \
-          for obj in $(DEPOBJ); \
-          do \
-            bn=`echo "$$obj" | cut -d. -f1`; \
-            $(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) $(MAKEDEP) "$$bn".cpp; \
-          done
-

build/mingw32.mak

@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-# Usage:
-#
-#   make copy          Copy the sources and tests
-#   make               Compile all sources
-#   make test          Run doctest tests
-#   make clean         Remove all object files
-#   make del           Remove the sources and tests
-#
-# Revision history:
-#   12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
-#   Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
-
-# To install mingw32, follow instructions at:
-#   http://starship.python.net/crew/kernr/mingw32/Notes.html
-# In particular, install:
-#   ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/gcc-2.95.2/gcc-2.95.2-msvcrt.exe
-#   ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/gcc-2.95.2/fixes/quote-fix-msvcrt.exe
-#   http://starship.python.net/crew/kernr/mingw32/Python-1.5.2-mingw32.zip
-# Unpack the first two archives in the default locations and update your PATH.
-# Unpack the third archive in \usr.
-
-# Note: comprehensive.cpp generates compiler errors and later crashes.
-#   L:\boost\boost\python\detail\extension_class.hpp:643: warning:
-#   alignment of `vtable for class
-#   boost::python::detail::held_instance<bpl_test::Derived1>'
-#   is greater than maximum object file alignment. Using 16.
-# Could this be fixed with compiler options?
-# -fhuge-objects looks interesting, but requires recompiling the C++ library.
-#                (what exactly does that mean?)
-# -fvtable-thunks eliminates the compiler warning, but
-#                 "import boost_python_test" still causes a crash.
-
-ROOT=L:
-BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
-BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
-
-PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
-PYINC=-I"C:\usr\include\python1.5"
-PYLIB="C:\usr\lib\libpython15.a"
-
-STDOPTS=-ftemplate-depth-21
-WARNOPTS=
-OPTOPTS=-g
-
-CPP=g++
-CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
-        $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
-
-LD=g++
-LDOPTS=-shared
-
-OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
-    init_function.o module_builder.o \
-    objects.o types.o cross_module.o
-
-.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
-
-all: libboost_python.a \
-     abstract.pyd \
-     getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
-     simple_vector.pyd \
-     do_it_yourself_converters.pyd \
-     pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
-     noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
-     ivect.pyd dvect.pyd
-
-libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
-	del libboost_python.a
-	ar r libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
-
-DLLWRAPOPTS=-s --driver-name g++ -s \
-            --entry _DllMainCRTStartup@12 --target=i386-mingw32
-
-boost_python_test.pyd: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
-	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
-          --dllname boost_python_test.pyd \
-          --def boost_python_test.def \
-          $(OBJ) comprehensive.o $(PYLIB)
-
-abstract.pyd: $(OBJ) abstract.o
-	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
-          --dllname abstract.pyd \
-          --def abstract.def \
-          $(OBJ) abstract.o $(PYLIB)
-
-getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
-	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
-          --dllname getting_started1.pyd \
-          --def getting_started1.def \
-          $(OBJ) getting_started1.o $(PYLIB)
-
-getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
-	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
-          --dllname getting_started2.pyd \
-          --def getting_started2.def \
-          $(OBJ) getting_started2.o $(PYLIB)
-
-simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
-	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
-          --dllname simple_vector.pyd \
-          --def simple_vector.def \
-          $(OBJ) simple_vector.o $(PYLIB)
-
-do_it_yourself_converters.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
-	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
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-.cpp.o:
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-
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-
-softlinks:
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-
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build/rwgk1/rwgk1.dsp

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build/test/test.dsp

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build/tru64_cxx.mak

@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-# Usage:
-#
-#   Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
-#   Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
-#   Adjust the pathnames below.
-#
-#   make softlinks     Create softlinks to source code and tests
-#   make               Compile all sources
-#   make test          Run doctest tests
-#   make clean         Remove all object files
-#   make unlink        Remove softlinks
-#
-# Revision history:
-#   12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
-#   Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
-
-ROOT=$(HOME)
-BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
-
-PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
-PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
-#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
-#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
-#STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b3/stlport
-#STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b4/stlport
-#STLPORTOPTS= \
-# -D__USE_STD_IOSTREAM \
-# -D__STL_NO_SGI_IOSTREAMS \
-# -D__STL_USE_NATIVE_STRING \
-# -D__STL_NO_NEW_C_HEADERS \
-# -D_RWSTD_COMPILE_INSTANTIATE=1
-STLPORTINC=-I$(BOOST)/boost/compatibility/cpp_c_headers
-
-STDOPTS=-std strict_ansi
-# use -msg_display_number to obtain integer tags for -msg_disable
-WARNOPTS=-msg_disable 186,450,1115
-OPTOPTS=-g
-
-CPP=cxx
-CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST) $(PYINC) \
-        $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
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-
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-
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-
-.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
-
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-
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-	rm -f libboost_python.a
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-	rm -f libboost_python.a.input
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-
-pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
-
-pickle2.so: $(OBJ) pickle2.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.o -o pickle2.so
-
-pickle3.so: $(OBJ) pickle3.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.o -o pickle3.so
-
-noncopyable_export.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
-          noncopyable_export.o -o noncopyable_export.so
-
-noncopyable_import.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
-          noncopyable_import.o -o noncopyable_import.so
-
-ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) ivect.o -o ivect.so
-
-dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
-
-.cpp.o:
-	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
-
-test:
-	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
-
-clean:
-	rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
-	rm -f comprehensive.o boost_python_test.so
-	rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
-	rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
-	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
-	rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
-	rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
-	rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
-	rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
-	rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
-	rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.so
-	rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
-	rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
-	rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
-	rm -f so_locations *.pyc
-	rm -rf cxx_repository
-
-softlinks:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) softlinks
-
-unlink:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) unlink
-
-cp:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) cp
-
-rm:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) rm
-
-depend:
-	@ cat Makefile.nodepend; \
-          for obj in $(DEPOBJ); \
-          do \
-            bn=`echo "$$obj" | cut -d. -f1`; \
-            $(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) $(MAKEDEP) "$$bn".cpp; \
-          done
-

build/vc60.mak

@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-# Usage:
-#
-#   make copy          Copy the sources and tests
-#   make               Compile all sources
-#   make test          Run doctest tests
-#   make clean         Remove all object files
-#   make del           Remove the sources and tests
-#
-# Revision history:
-#   12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
-#   Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
-
-ROOT=L:
-BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
-BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
-
-PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
-PYINC=/I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
-PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
-
-STDOPTS=/nologo /MD /GR /GX /Zm200
-WARNOPTS=
-OPTOPTS=
-
-CPP=cl.exe
-CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) /I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
-        $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
-
-LD=link.exe
-LDOPTS=/nologo /dll /incremental:no
-
-OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
-    init_function.obj module_builder.obj \
-    objects.obj types.obj cross_module.obj
-
-.SUFFIXES: .obj .cpp
-
-all: boost_python.lib \
-     boost_python_test.pyd \
-     abstract.pyd \
-     getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
-     simple_vector.pyd \
-     do_it_yourself_converters.pyd \
-     pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
-     noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
-     ivect.pyd dvect.pyd
-
-boost_python.lib: $(OBJ)
-	$(LD) -lib /nologo /out:boost_python.lib $(OBJ)
-
-boost_python_test.pyd: $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initboost_python_test /out:"boost_python_test.pyd"
-
-abstract.pyd: $(OBJ) abstract.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initabstract /out:"abstract.pyd"
-
-getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initgetting_started1 /out:"getting_started1.pyd"
-
-getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initgetting_started2 /out:"getting_started2.pyd"
-
-simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initsimple_vector /out:"simple_vector.pyd"
-
-do_it_yourself_converters.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdo_it_yourself_converters /out:"do_it_yourself_converters.pyd"
-
-pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle1 /out:"pickle1.pyd"
-
-pickle2.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle2.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle2 /out:"pickle2.pyd"
-
-pickle3.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle3.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle3 /out:"pickle3.pyd"
-
-noncopyable_export.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initnoncopyable_export /out:"noncopyable_export.pyd"
-
-noncopyable_import.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initnoncopyable_import /out:"noncopyable_import.pyd"
-
-ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) ivect.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initivect /out:"ivect.pyd"
-
-dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.obj
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) dvect.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdvect /out:"dvect.pyd"
-
-.cpp.obj:
-	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) /c $*.cpp
-
-test:
-	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py --broken-auto-ptr 
-	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py --broken-auto-ptr
-
-clean:
-	del *.obj
-	del *.lib
-	del *.exp
-	del *.idb
-	del *.pyd
-	del *.pyc
-
-softlinks:
-	python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks
-
-unlink:
-	python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) unlink
-
-cp:
-	python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) cp
-
-rm:
-	python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) rm
-
-copy:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) copy
-
-del:
-	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) del

class.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
+// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
+#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
+#include <boost/python/object.hpp>
+#include <boost/python/class.hpp>
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+
+struct X
+{
+    int x;
+    X(int n) : x(n) { }
+};
+
+int x_function(X& x)
+{   return x.x;
+}
+
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(class_ext)
+{
+    class_<X>("X", init<int>());
+    def("x_function", x_function);
+}
+
+#include "module_tail.cpp"

config/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from SCons.Variables import *
+from SCons.Script import AddOption
+from collections import OrderedDict
+import platform
+from . import ui
+from . import cxx
+from . import python
+from . import boost
+
+def add_options(vars):
+    ui.add_option('-V', '--verbose', dest='verbose', action='store_true', help='verbose mode: print full commands.')
+    python.add_options(vars)
+    boost.add_options(vars)
+
+    vars.Add('CXX')
+    vars.Add('CPPPATH', converter=lambda v:v.split())
+    vars.Add('CCFLAGS', converter=lambda v:v.split())
+    vars.Add('CXXFLAGS', converter=lambda v:v.split())
+    vars.Add('LIBPATH', converter=lambda v:v.split())
+    vars.Add('LIBS', converter=lambda v:v.split())
+    vars.Add('PYTHON')
+    vars.Add('PYTHONLIBS')
+    vars.Add('prefix')
+    vars.Add('boostbook_prefix',
+    vars.Add('CXX11'))
+
+    ui.add_variable(vars, ("arch", "target architeture", platform.machine()))
+    ui.add_variable(vars, ("toolchain", "toolchain to use", 'gcc'))
+    ui.add_variable(vars, ListVariable("variant", "Build configuration", "release", ["release", "debug", "profile"]))
+    ui.add_variable(vars, ListVariable("link", "Library linking", "dynamic", ["static", "dynamic"]))
+    ui.add_variable(vars, ListVariable("threading", "Multi-threading support", "multi", ["single", "multi"]))
+    ui.add_variable(vars, EnumVariable("layout", "Layout of library names and header locations", "versioned", ["versioned", "system"]))
+    ui.add_variable(vars, PathVariable("stagedir", "If --stage is passed install only compiled library files in this location", "stage", PathVariable.PathAccept))
+    ui.add_variable(vars, PathVariable("prefix", "Install prefix", "/usr/local", PathVariable.PathAccept))
+
+
+def get_checks():
+  checks = OrderedDict()
+  checks['cxx'] = cxx.check
+  checks['python'] = python.check
+  checks['boost'] = boost.check
+  return checks
+
+
+def set_property(env, **kw):
+
+    from toolchains.gcc import features as gcc_features
+    from toolchains.msvc import features as msvc_features
+
+    if 'gcc' in env['TOOLS']: features = gcc_features
+    elif 'msvc' in env['TOOLS']: features = msvc_features
+    else: raise Error('unknown toolchain')
+    features.init_once(env)
+    for (prop,value) in kw.items():
+        getattr(features, prop, lambda x, y : None)(env, value)
+        env[prop.upper()] = value
+
+
+def boost_suffix(env):
+    suffix = str()
+
+    if env["layout"] == "versioned":
+        if "gcc" in env["TOOLS"]:
+            if env['CXX'] in ('clang', 'clang++'):
+                suffix += "-clang" + "".join(env["CXXVERSION"].split(".")[0:2])
+            else: # assume g++
+                suffix += "-gcc" + "".join(env["CXXVERSION"].split(".")[0:2])
+    if env["THREADING"] == "multi":
+        suffix += "-mt"
+    if env["DEBUG"]:
+        suffix += "-d"
+    if env["layout"] == "versioned":
+        suffix += "-" + "_".join(env["BPL_VERSION"].split("."))
+
+    return suffix
+
+
+def prepare_build_dir(env):
+
+    vars = {}
+    env["boost_suffix"] = boost_suffix
+    build_dir="bin.SCons"
+    # FIXME: Support 'toolchain' variable properly.
+    #        For now, we simply check whether $CXX refers to clang or gcc.
+    if "gcc" in env["TOOLS"]:
+        if env['CXX'] in ('clang', 'clang++'):
+            build_dir+="/clang-%s"%env["CXXVERSION"]
+        else: # assume g++
+            build_dir+="/gcc-%s"%env["CXXVERSION"]
+        default_cxxflags = ['-ftemplate-depth-128', '-Wall', '-g', '-O2']
+        vars['CXXFLAGS'] = env.get('CXXFLAGS', default_cxxflags)
+    elif "msvc" in env["TOOLS"]:
+        build_dir+="/msvc-%s"%env["MSVS_VERSION"]
+    vars['BOOST_BUILD_DIR'] = build_dir
+    vars['BOOST_SUFFIX'] = "${boost_suffix(__env__)}"
+    env.Replace(**vars)    
+    return build_dir
+
+
+def variants(env):
+
+    env.Prepend(CPPPATH = "#/include", CPPDEFINES = ["BOOST_ALL_NO_LIB=1"])
+    set_property(env, architecture = env['TARGET_ARCH'])
+    for variant in env["variant"]:
+        e = env.Clone()
+        e["current_variant"] = variant
+        set_property(env, profile = False)
+        if variant == "release":
+            set_property(e, optimize = "speed", debug = False)
+        elif variant == "debug":
+            set_property(e, optimize = "no", debug = True)
+        elif variant == "profile":
+            set_property(e, optimize = "speed", profile = True, debug = True)
+        for linking in env["link"]:
+            e["linking"] = linking
+            if linking == "dynamic":
+                e["LINK_DYNAMIC"] = True
+            else:
+                e["LINK_DYNAMIC"] = False
+            for threading in e["threading"]:
+                e["current_threading"] = threading
+                set_property(e, threading = threading)
+                yield e

config/boost.py

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from . import ui
+import os
+
+def add_options(vars):
+    
+    ui.add_option("--boost-prefix", dest="boost_prefix", type="string", nargs=1, action="store",
+                  metavar="DIR", default=os.environ.get("BOOST_DIR"),
+                  help="prefix for Boost libraries; should have 'include' and 'lib' subdirectories, 'boost' and 'stage\\lib' subdirectories on Windows")
+    ui.add_option("--boost-include", dest="boost_include", type="string", nargs=1, action="store",
+                  metavar="DIR", help="location of Boost header files")
+    ui.add_option("--boostbook-prefix", dest="boostbook_prefix", type="string",
+                  nargs=1, action="store",
+                  metavar="DIR", default="/usr/share/boostbook",
+                  help="prefix for BoostBook stylesheets")
+    
+def check(context):
+
+    boost_source_file = r"#include <boost/config.hpp>"
+
+    context.Message('Checking for Boost...')
+
+    boost_prefix = context.env.GetOption('boost_prefix')
+    boost_include = context.env.GetOption('boost_include')
+    boostbook_prefix = context.env.GetOption('boostbook_prefix')
+    incpath=None
+    if boost_include:
+        incpath=boost_include
+    elif boost_prefix:
+        incpath=boost_prefix
+    if incpath:
+        context.env.AppendUnique(CPPPATH=[incpath])
+    if not context.TryCompile(boost_source_file, '.cpp'):
+        context.Result(0)
+        return False
+    context.env.AppendUnique(boostbook_prefix=boostbook_prefix)
+    context.Result(1)
+    return True

config/cxx.py

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from . import ui
+import os
+
+def add_options(vars):
+
+    pass
+
+def check(context):
+
+    source = r"""#if __cplusplus < 201103L
+#error no C++11
+#endif"""
+
+    context.Message('Checking for C++11 support...')
+
+    if not context.TryCompile(source, '.cpp'):
+        context.env['CXX11'] = False
+        context.Result(0)
+    else:
+        context.env['CXX11'] = True
+        context.Result(1)
+    return True

config/python.py

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from . import ui
+
+def add_options(vars):
+
+    ui.add_option('--python', help='the python executable')
+
+
+def check(context):
+
+    python_source_file = r"""
+// If defined, enforces linking againg PythonXXd.lib, which
+// is usually not included in Python environments.
+#undef _DEBUG
+#include "Python.h"
+int main()
+{
+  Py_Initialize();
+  Py_Finalize();
+  return 0;
+}
+"""
+
+    import platform
+    import subprocess
+    import re, os
+
+    def check_python(cmd):
+        return subprocess.check_output([python, '-c', cmd]).strip()
+
+    def check_sysconfig(cmd):
+        r = check_python('import distutils.sysconfig as c; print(c.%s)'%cmd)
+        return r if r != 'None' else ''
+
+    context.Message('Checking for Python...')
+    python = context.env.GetOption('python') or 'python'
+    context.env['PYTHON'] = python
+    incpath = check_sysconfig('get_python_inc()')
+    context.env.AppendUnique(CPPPATH=[incpath])
+    if platform.system() == 'Windows':
+        version = check_python('import sys; print("%d%d"%sys.version_info[0:2])')
+        prefix = check_python('import sys; print(sys.prefix)')
+        libfile = os.path.join(prefix, 'libs', 'python%s.lib'%version)
+        libpath = os.path.join(prefix, 'libs')
+        lib = 'python%s'%version
+        context.env.AppendUnique(LIBS=[lib])
+    else:
+        libpath = check_sysconfig('get_config_var("LIBDIR")')
+        libfile = check_sysconfig('get_config_var("LIBRARY")')
+        match = re.search('(python.*)\.(a|so|dylib)', libfile)
+        lib = None
+        if match:
+            lib = match.group(1)
+            context.env.AppendUnique(PYTHONLIBS=[lib])
+            if match.group(2) == 'a':
+                flags = check_sysconfig('get_config_var("LINKFORSHARED")')
+                if flags is not None:
+                    context.env.AppendUnique(LINKFLAGS=flags.split())
+    context.env.AppendUnique(LIBPATH=[libpath])
+    oldlibs = context.AppendLIBS([lib])
+    flags = check_sysconfig('get_config_var("MODLIBS")')
+    flags += ' ' + check_sysconfig('get_config_var("SHLIBS")')
+    flags = [f[2:] for f in flags.strip().split() if f.startswith('-l')]
+    if flags:
+        context.AppendLIBS([flags])
+    result = context.TryLink(python_source_file,'.cpp')
+    if not result and context.env['PLATFORM'] == 'darwin':
+        # Sometimes we need some extra stuff on Mac OS
+        frameworkDir = libpath # search up the libDir tree for the proper home for frameworks
+        while frameworkDir and frameworkDir != "/":
+            frameworkDir, d2 = os.path.split(frameworkDir)
+            if d2 == "Python.framework":
+                if not "Python" in os.listdir(os.path.join(frameworkDir, d2)):
+                    context.Result(0)
+                    print((
+                        "Expected to find Python in framework directory %s, but it isn't there"
+                        % frameworkDir))
+                    return False
+                break
+        context.env.AppendUnique(LINKFLAGS="-F%s" % frameworkDir)
+        result = context.TryLink(python_source_file,'.cpp')
+    if not result:
+        context.Result(0)
+        print("Cannot link program with Python.")
+        return False
+    if context.env['PLATFORM'] == 'darwin':
+        context.env['LDMODULESUFFIX'] = '.so'
+    context.Result(1)
+    context.SetLIBS(oldlibs)
+    context.env.AppendUnique(PYTHONLIBS=[lib] + flags)
+    return True

config/toolchains/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+import traceback
+
+def append_feature_flag(env, **kw):
+    stack = traceback.extract_stack(limit = 3)
+    feature = stack[0][2].upper()
+    for (key, val) in kw.items():
+        feature_var = feature + "_" + key
+        env.AppendUnique(**{ key : "$" + feature_var })
+        env[feature_var] = val
+

config/toolchains/gcc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from . import append_feature_flag
+
+class features:
+
+    @classmethod
+    def init_once(cls, env):
+        pass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def architecture(env, arch):
+        if arch:
+            flag = {'x86' :    '-m32',
+                    'x86_64' : '-m64',}.get(arch)
+            if flag:
+                append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = flag)
+    
+    @staticmethod
+    def optimize(env, optimize):
+        if not optimize or optimize == "no":
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-O0 -fno-inline")
+        elif optimize == "speed":
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-O3 -finline-functions -Wno-inline")
+        elif optimize == "space":
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-Os")
+        else:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def profile(env, profile):
+        if profile:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-pg", LINKFLAGS = "-pg")
+        else:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "", LINKFLAGS = "")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def threading(env, threading):
+        if threading == "multi":
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-pthread", LINKFLAGS = "-pthread")
+        else:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "", LINKFLAGS = "")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def debug(env, debug):
+        if debug:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-g", CPPDEFINES = [])
+        else:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "", CPPDEFINES = "NDEBUG")

config/toolchains/msvc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from . import append_feature_flag
+
+class features:
+
+    @classmethod
+    def init_once(cls, env):
+        env.AppendUnique(CCFLAGS = ['-TP', '/Z7', '/W3' ,'/GR', '/MDd', '/Zc:forScope', '/Zc:wchar_t', '/wd4675', '/EHs'])
+        env.AppendUnique(LINKFLAGS = ['/subsystem:console'])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def architecture(env, arch):
+        if arch:
+            flag = {'x86' :    '/MACHINE:X86',
+                    'x86_64' : '/MACHINE:X64',}.get(arch)
+            if flag:
+                append_feature_flag(env, LINKFLAGS = flag)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def optimize(env, optimize):
+        #if not optimize or optimize == "no":
+        #    append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-O0 -fno-inline")
+        #elif optimize == "speed":
+        #    append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-O3 -finline-functions -Wno-inline")
+        #elif optimize == "space":
+        #    append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-Os")
+        #else:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def profile(env, profile):
+        #if profile:
+        #    append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-pg", LINKFLAGS = "-pg")
+        #else:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "", LINKFLAGS = "")
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def threading(env, threading):
+        #if threading == "multi":
+        #    append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "/MT")
+        #else:
+        #    append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "", LINKFLAGS = "")
+        pass
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def debug(env, debug):
+        #if debug:
+        #    append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "-g", CPPDEFINES = [])
+        #else:
+            append_feature_flag(env, CCFLAGS = "", CPPDEFINES = "NDEBUG")

config/tools/clang.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+# Based on SCons/Tool/gcc.py
+
+import os
+import re
+import subprocess
+
+import SCons.Util
+import SCons.Tool.cc
+
+compilers = ['clang']
+
+def generate(env):
+    """Add Builders and construction variables for clang to an Environment."""
+    SCons.Tool.cc.generate(env)
+
+    env['CC'] = env.Detect(compilers) or 'clang'
+    if env['PLATFORM'] in ['cygwin', 'win32']:
+        env['SHCCFLAGS'] = SCons.Util.CLVar('$CCFLAGS')
+    else:
+        env['SHCCFLAGS'] = SCons.Util.CLVar('$CCFLAGS -fPIC')
+    # determine compiler version
+    if env['CC']:
+        #pipe = SCons.Action._subproc(env, [env['CC'], '-dumpversion'],
+        pipe = SCons.Action._subproc(env, [env['CC'], '--version'],
+                                     stdin = 'devnull',
+                                     stderr = 'devnull',
+                                     stdout = subprocess.PIPE)
+        if pipe.wait() != 0: return
+        # clang -dumpversion is of no use
+        line = pipe.stdout.readline()
+        match = re.search(r'clang +version +([0-9]+(?:\.[0-9]+)+)', line)
+        if match:
+            env['CCVERSION'] = match.group(1)
+
+def exists(env):
+    return env.Detect(compilers)

config/tools/doc.py

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from SCons.Script import AddOption, Flatten
+from SCons.Script import Builder
+from SCons.Action import Action
+from SCons.Defaults import Copy
+from SCons.Script import *
+from subprocess import check_output, STDOUT, CalledProcessError
+import sys
+import os
+
+def QuickBook(env, target, source, dependencies=[]):
+    """Compile a QuickBook document to BoostBook."""
+
+    for d in dependencies:
+        env.Depends(target, d)
+    env.Command(target, source, 'quickbook --input-file=$SOURCE --output-file=$TARGET')
+
+
+def BoostBook(env, target, source, resources=[], args=[]):
+    """Compile a BoostBook document to DocBook."""
+
+    bb_prefix = env.GetOption('boostbook_prefix')
+    stylesheet = bb_prefix + '/xsl/docbook.xsl'
+    env.Command(target, source,
+                'xsltproc {} -o $TARGET {} $SOURCE'.format(' '.join(args), stylesheet))
+
+
+def BoostHTML(env, target, source, resources=[], args=[]):
+    """Compile a DocBook document to HTML."""
+
+    bb_prefix = env.GetOption('boostbook_prefix')
+    stylesheet = bb_prefix + '/xsl/html.xsl'
+    env.Command(target, source,
+                'xsltproc {} -o $TARGET/ {} $SOURCE'.format(' '.join(args), stylesheet))
+    prefix=Dir('.').path
+    for r in resources:
+        r = File(r).path[len(prefix)+1:]
+        env.Depends(target, target + r)
+        env.Command(target + r, r, Copy('$TARGET', '$SOURCE'))
+
+
+def BoostRST(env, target, source, resources=[]):
+    """Compile an RST document to HTML."""
+
+    prefix=Dir('.').path
+    for r in resources:
+        r = File(r).path[len(prefix)+1:]
+        env.Depends('html/' + r, r)
+        env.Command('html/' + r, r, Copy('$TARGET', '$SOURCE'))
+    env.Command(target, source,
+                'rst2html --link-stylesheet --traceback --trim-footnote-reference-space --footnote-references=superscript --stylesheet=rst.css $SOURCE $TARGET')
+
+
+def exists(env):
+    return True
+
+
+def generate(env):
+
+    env.AddMethod(QuickBook)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostBook)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostHTML)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostRST)

config/tools/libs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from SCons.Script import AddOption, COMMAND_LINE_TARGETS, BUILD_TARGETS
+import distutils.sysconfig
+import platform
+
+
+def BoostLibrary(env, lib, sources, make_aliases = True, **kw):
+    if env["LINK_DYNAMIC"]:
+        lib_node = env.SharedLibrary("boost_" + lib + env["BOOST_SUFFIX"], sources, **kw)
+    else:
+        lib_node = env.StaticLibrary("boost_" + lib + env["BOOST_SUFFIX"], sources, **kw)
+
+    if make_aliases:
+        if env.GetOption("stage"):
+            env.Alias(lib, env.Install(env.Dir("$stagedir", "#"), lib_node))
+        env.Default(env.Alias(lib, lib_node))
+
+        if env.GetOption("install"):
+            env.Alias(lib, env.Install("$prefix/lib", lib_node))
+            env.Alias(lib, env.Install('$prefix/include/boost', '#/include/boost/python'))
+            env.Alias(lib, env.Install('$prefix/include/boost', '#/include/boost/python.hpp'))
+    return lib_node
+
+
+def BoostUseLib(env, lib):
+    build_dir = env.Dir('$BOOST_CURRENT_VARIANT_DIR/src')
+    env.AppendUnique(LIBPATH = [build_dir],
+                     LIBS = ["boost_" + lib + env["BOOST_SUFFIX"]])
+    if env.get("BOOST_TEST"):
+        env.AppendUnique(RPATH = [build_dir])
+        if platform.system() == 'Windows':
+            env.PrependENVPath('PATH', build_dir.abspath)
+        else:
+            env.PrependENVPath('LD_LIBRARY_PATH', build_dir.abspath)
+
+
+def PythonExtension(env, lib, sources, **kw):
+    if env["LINK_DYNAMIC"]:
+        ext = env.SharedLibrary(lib, sources, SHLIBPREFIX='', SHLIBSUFFIX=distutils.sysconfig.get_config_var("SO"), **kw)
+        return ext
+
+
+def boost_copy_func(dest, source, env):
+    import os, stat, shutil
+
+    if os.path.isdir(source):
+        if os.path.exists(dest):
+            if not os.path.isdir(dest):
+                raise SCons.Errors.UserError, "cannot overwrite non-directory `%s' with a directory `%s'" % (str(dest), str(source))
+        else:
+            os.makedirs(dest)
+        for file in os.listdir(source):
+            if file == ".svn": continue
+            boost_copy_func(os.path.join(dest, file), os.path.join(source, file), env)
+    else:
+        shutil.copy2(source, dest)
+        st = os.stat(source)
+        os.chmod(dest, stat.S_IMODE(st[stat.ST_MODE]) | stat.S_IWRITE)
+
+    return 0
+
+
+def exists(env):
+    return True
+
+
+def generate(env):
+    env.AddMethod(BoostLibrary)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostUseLib)
+    env.AddMethod(PythonExtension)
+
+    env.Replace(
+        INSTALL = boost_copy_func,
+        BOOST_CURRENT_VARIANT_DIR = "#/$BOOST_BUILD_DIR/$current_variant/$linking/threading-$current_threading"
+    )
+
+    AddOption('--stage', dest='stage', action="store_true")
+    AddOption('--install', dest='install', action="store_true")

config/tools/tests.py

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from SCons.Script import AddOption, Flatten
+from SCons.Script import Builder
+from SCons.Action import Action
+from subprocess import check_output, STDOUT, CalledProcessError
+import sys
+import os
+
+
+def BoostCompileTest(env, test, source = None, **kw):
+
+    def gen_result(target, source, env=env):
+        target_file = target[0].abspath
+        result_file = os.path.splitext(target_file)[0] + '.result'
+        if sys.stdout.isatty():
+            env['RESULT']='\033[92mPASS\033[0m'
+        else:
+            env['RESULT']='PASS'
+
+        with open(result_file, 'w+') as result:
+            result.write('Result: {}\n'.format('pass'))
+
+    obj = env.Object(test, source if source is not None else test + '.cpp')
+    env.AddPostAction(obj, Action(gen_result, cmdstr=None))
+    env.AddPostAction(obj, Action('@echo $RESULT'))
+    return obj
+
+def BoostRun(env, prog, target, command = '$SOURCE'):
+
+    def call(target, source, env=env):
+        cmd = env.subst(command, target=target, source=source)
+        result_file = env.subst('$TARGET', target=target)
+        output=''
+        try:
+            output=check_output(cmd, stderr=STDOUT, shell=True, env=env['ENV'])
+            success=True
+        except CalledProcessError as e:
+            output=e.output
+            success=False
+        with open(result_file, 'w+') as result:
+            result.write('Result: {}\n'.format(success and 'pass' or 'fail'))
+            result.write('Output: {}\n'.format(output))
+        if sys.stdout.isatty():
+            env['RESULT']=success and '\033[92mPASS\033[0m' or '\033[91mFAIL\033[0m'
+        else:
+            env['RESULT']=success and 'PASS' or 'FAIL'
+     
+    testcomstr = env.get('TESTCOMSTR')
+    if testcomstr:
+        run = env.Command(target, prog, Action(call, cmdstr=testcomstr))
+    else:
+        run = env.Command(target, prog, Action(call, cmdstr=command))
+    env.AddPostAction(target, Action('@echo $RESULT'))
+    return run
+
+
+def BoostRunPythonScript(env, script):
+    return env.BoostRun(env.File(script), script.replace('.py', '.result'), '"${PYTHON}" $SOURCE')
+
+
+def BoostRunTest(env, test, source = None, command = '$SOURCE', command_sources = [], **kw):
+    test_prog = env.Program(test, (source is None) and (test + ".cpp") or source, **kw)
+    command += '> $TARGET'
+    run = env.BoostRun([test_prog, command_sources], test + '.result', command)
+    return run
+
+
+def BoostRunTests(env, tests, **kw):
+    run = []
+    for test in Flatten(tests):
+        run += env.BoostRunTest(test, **kw)
+    return run
+
+def BoostCompileTests(env, tests, **kw):
+    comp = []
+    for test in Flatten(tests):
+        comp += env.BoostCompileTest(test, **kw)
+    return comp
+
+
+def BoostTestSummary(env, tests, **kw):
+
+    def print_summary(target, source, **kw):
+        results = tests
+        failures = [r for r in results
+                    if r.get_path().endswith('.result') and not 'Result: pass' in r.get_contents()]
+        print('%s tests; %s pass; %s fails'%(len(results), len(results)-len(failures), len(failures)))
+        if failures:
+            print('For detailed failure reports, see:')
+        for f in failures:
+            print(f.get_path())
+
+    testsumcomstr = env.get('TESTSUMCOMSTR')
+    if testsumcomstr:
+        run = env.Command('summary', tests, Action(print_summary, cmdstr=testsumcomstr))
+    else:
+        run = env.Command('summary', tests, print_summary, cmdstr='')
+
+    
+
+
+
+def exists(env):
+    return True
+
+
+def generate(env):
+    AddOption('--test', dest='test', action="store_true")
+
+    env.AddMethod(BoostCompileTest)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostRun)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostRunPythonScript)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostRunTest)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostRunTests)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostCompileTests)
+    env.AddMethod(BoostTestSummary)

config/ui.py

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from SCons.Script import AddOption
+import sys
+
+variables=[] # remember 'public' variables
+options=[]
+
+def add_option(*args, **kwds):
+    """Capture the help messages so we can produce a helpful usage text."""
+    options.append('{:25} {}'.format(', '.join(args), kwds.get('help', '')))
+    AddOption(*args, **kwds)
+
+def add_variable(vars, var):
+    variables.append(var[0])
+    vars.Add(var)
+
+
+def options_help(env):
+
+    return '\n  '.join(options)
+
+    
+def variables_help(vars, env):
+    """This is cloned from SCons' Variables.GenerateHelpText, to only report 'public' variables."""
+
+    opts = [o for o in vars.options if o.key in variables]
+    
+    def format(opt):
+        if opt.key in env:
+            actual = env.subst('${%s}' % opt.key)
+        else:
+            actual = None
+        return vars.FormatVariableHelpText(env, opt.key, opt.help, opt.default, actual, opt.aliases)
+    text = ''.join([f for f in map(format, opts) if f])
+    lines = ['  %s'%l for l in text.split('\n')] # Add some indentation
+    return '\n'.join(lines)
+
+
+    
+def help(vars, env):
+
+    return """Usage: scons [--option...] [variable=value...] [target...]
+
+available options:
+
+  {}
+
+available variables:
+  {}
+""".format(options_help(env), variables_help(vars, env))
+
+def pretty_output(env):
+
+    colors = {}
+    colors['red']    = '\033[31m'
+    colors['green']  = '\033[32m'
+    colors['blue']   = '\033[34m'
+    colors['yellow'] = '\033[93m'
+    colors['Red']    = '\033[91m'
+    colors['Green']  = '\033[92m'
+    colors['Blue']   = '\033[94m'
+    colors['Purple'] = '\033[95m'
+    colors['Cyan']   = '\033[96m'
+    colors['end']    = '\033[0m'
+
+    #If the output is not a terminal, remove the colors
+    if not sys.stdout.isatty():
+        for key, value in colors.iteritems():
+            colors[key] = ''
+
+    compile_source_message = '{green}Compiling $TARGET{end}'.format(**colors)
+    compile_shared_source_message = '{green}Compiling $TARGET{end}'.format(**colors)
+    link_program_message = '{blue}Linking $TARGET{end}'.format(**colors)
+    link_library_message = '{blue}Linking $TARGET{end}'.format(**colors)
+    ranlib_library_message = '{blue}Ranlib $TARGET{end}'.format(**colors)
+    link_shared_library_message = '{blue}Linking $TARGET{end}'.format(**colors)
+    test_message = '{blue}Testing $SOURCE{end}'.format(**colors)
+    testsum_message = '{Blue}Test Summary{end}'.format(**colors)
+
+    env.Replace(CXXCOMSTR = compile_source_message,
+                CCCOMSTR = compile_source_message,
+                SHCCCOMSTR = compile_shared_source_message,
+                SHCXXCOMSTR = compile_shared_source_message,
+                ARCOMSTR = link_library_message,
+                RANLIBCOMSTR = ranlib_library_message,
+                SHLINKCOMSTR = link_shared_library_message,
+                LINKCOMSTR = link_program_message,
+                TESTCOMSTR = test_message,
+                TESTSUMCOMSTR = testsum_message)

doc/Jamfile

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2006 Joel de Guzman
+# Copyright (c) 2015 Stefan Seefeld
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+path-constant here : . ;
+path-constant images : html/images ;
+
+
+project python/doc
+    : requirements
+      -<xsl:param>boost.defaults=Boost
+      <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.defaults=none
+      <format>html:<xsl:param>toc.max.depth=3
+      <format>html:<xsl:param>toc.section.depth=2
+      <format>html:<xsl:param>chunk.section.depth=1
+    ;
+
+import boostbook ;
+import quickbook ;
+import docutils ;
+
+boostbook python : python.qbk
+	  : <format>html:<name>$(here)/html
+	    <format>html:<xsl:param>generate.toc="library nop; chapter toc; section toc;"
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=boostbook.css
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=images/boost.png
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=images/
+	    ;
+
+boostbook tutorial : tutorial.qbk
+	  : <format>html:<name>$(here)/html/tutorial
+	    <format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../boostbook.css
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=../images/boost.png
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=../images/
+	    ;
+
+boostbook reference : reference.qbk
+	  : <format>html:<name>$(here)/html/reference
+	    <format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../boostbook.css
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=../images/boost.png
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=../images/
+	    ;
+
+html article : article.rst
+         : <location>html
+	   <docutils-html>"--link-stylesheet --traceback --trim-footnote-reference-space --footnote-references=superscript --stylesheet=rst.css"
+            ;

doc/SConscript

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# -*- python -*-
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+Import('env')
+
+env.QuickBook('python.bbk', 'python.qbk',
+              ['building.qbk',
+               'configuration.qbk',
+               'support.qbk',
+               'faq.qbk',
+               'glossary.qbk'])
+
+env.QuickBook('tutorial.bbk', 'tutorial.qbk')
+env.QuickBook('reference.bbk', 'reference.qbk',
+              Glob('reference/*.qbk'))
+
+
+env.BoostBook('python.dbk', 'python.bbk')
+env.BoostBook('tutorial.dbk', 'tutorial.bbk')
+env.BoostBook('reference.dbk', 'reference.bbk')
+
+images = Glob('images/*.*') + Glob('images/callouts/*.*')
+
+env.BoostHTML('html/', 'python.dbk',
+              resources=['boostbook.css'] + images,
+              args=['--stringparam', 'generate.toc', '"library nop; chapter toc; section toc;"',
+                    '--stringparam', 'html.stylesheet', 'boostbook.css',
+                    '--stringparam', 'boost.image.src', 'images/bpl.png',
+                    '--stringparam', 'boost.graphics.root', 'images/',
+                    '--stringparam', 'boost.defaults', 'none',
+                    '--param', 'toc.max.depth', '3',
+                    '--param', 'toc.section.depth' ,'2',
+                    '--param', 'chunk.section.depth', '1'])
+env.BoostHTML('html/tutorial/', 'tutorial.dbk',
+              args=['--stringparam', 'html.stylesheet', '../boostbook.css',
+                    '--stringparam', 'boost.image.src', '../images/bpl.png',
+                    '--stringparam', 'boost.graphics.root', '../images/'])
+env.BoostHTML('html/reference/', 'reference.dbk',
+              args=['--stringparam', 'html.stylesheet', '../boostbook.css',
+                    '--stringparam', 'boost.image.src', '../images/bpl.png',
+                    '--stringparam', 'boost.graphics.root', '../images/'])
+
+env.BoostRST('html/article.html', 'article.rst', resources=['rst.css'])

doc/article.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ Building Hybrid Systems with Boost.Python
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+:Author: David Abrahams
+:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
+:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
+:date: 2003-05-14
+
+:Author: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
+
+:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams and Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2003. All rights reserved
+
+.. contents:: Table of Contents
+
+.. _`Boost Consulting`: http://www.boost-consulting.com
+
+==========
+ Abstract
+==========
+
+Boost.Python is an open source C++ library which provides a concise
+IDL-like interface for binding C++ classes and functions to
+Python. Leveraging the full power of C++ compile-time introspection
+and of recently developed metaprogramming techniques, this is achieved
+entirely in pure C++, without introducing a new syntax.
+Boost.Python's rich set of features and high-level interface make it
+possible to engineer packages from the ground up as hybrid systems,
+giving programmers easy and coherent access to both the efficient
+compile-time polymorphism of C++ and the extremely convenient run-time
+polymorphism of Python.
+
+==============
+ Introduction
+==============
+
+Python and C++ are in many ways as different as two languages could
+be: while C++ is usually compiled to machine-code, Python is
+interpreted.  Python's dynamic type system is often cited as the
+foundation of its flexibility, while in C++ static typing is the
+cornerstone of its efficiency. C++ has an intricate and difficult
+compile-time meta-language, while in Python, practically everything
+happens at runtime.
+
+Yet for many programmers, these very differences mean that Python and
+C++ complement one another perfectly.  Performance bottlenecks in
+Python programs can be rewritten in C++ for maximal speed, and
+authors of powerful C++ libraries choose Python as a middleware
+language for its flexible system integration capabilities.
+Furthermore, the surface differences mask some strong similarities:
+
+* 'C'-family control structures (if, while, for...)
+
+* Support for object-orientation, functional programming, and generic
+  programming (these are both *multi-paradigm* programming languages.)
+
+* Comprehensive operator overloading facilities, recognizing the
+  importance of syntactic variability for readability and
+  expressivity.
+
+* High-level concepts such as collections and iterators.
+
+* High-level encapsulation facilities (C++: namespaces, Python: modules)
+  to support the design of re-usable libraries.
+
+* Exception-handling for effective management of error conditions.
+
+* C++ idioms in common use, such as handle/body classes and
+  reference-counted smart pointers mirror Python reference semantics.
+
+Given Python's rich 'C' interoperability API, it should in principle
+be possible to expose C++ type and function interfaces to Python with
+an analogous interface to their C++ counterparts.  However, the
+facilities provided by Python alone for integration with C++ are
+relatively meager.  Compared to C++ and Python, 'C' has only very
+rudimentary abstraction facilities, and support for exception-handling
+is completely missing.  'C' extension module writers are required to
+manually manage Python reference counts, which is both annoyingly
+tedious and extremely error-prone. Traditional extension modules also
+tend to contain a great deal of boilerplate code repetition which
+makes them difficult to maintain, especially when wrapping an evolving
+API.
+
+These limitations have lead to the development of a variety of wrapping
+systems.  SWIG_ is probably the most popular package for the
+integration of C/C++ and Python. A more recent development is SIP_,
+which was specifically designed for interfacing Python with the Qt_
+graphical user interface library.  Both SWIG and SIP introduce their
+own specialized languages for customizing inter-language bindings.
+This has certain advantages, but having to deal with three different
+languages (Python, C/C++ and the interface language) also introduces
+practical and mental difficulties.  The CXX_ package demonstrates an
+interesting alternative.  It shows that at least some parts of
+Python's 'C' API can be wrapped and presented through a much more
+user-friendly C++ interface. However, unlike SWIG and SIP, CXX does
+not include support for wrapping C++ classes as new Python types.
+
+The features and goals of Boost.Python_ overlap significantly with
+many of these other systems.  That said, Boost.Python attempts to
+maximize convenience and flexibility without introducing a separate
+wrapping language.  Instead, it presents the user with a high-level
+C++ interface for wrapping C++ classes and functions, managing much of
+the complexity behind-the-scenes with static metaprogramming.
+Boost.Python also goes beyond the scope of earlier systems by
+providing:
+
+* Support for C++ virtual functions that can be overridden in Python.
+
+* Comprehensive lifetime management facilities for low-level C++
+  pointers and references.
+
+* Support for organizing extensions as Python packages,
+  with a central registry for inter-language type conversions.
+
+* A safe and convenient mechanism for tying into Python's powerful
+  serialization engine (pickle).
+
+* Coherence with the rules for handling C++ lvalues and rvalues that
+  can only come from a deep understanding of both the Python and C++
+  type systems.
+
+The key insight that sparked the development of Boost.Python is that
+much of the boilerplate code in traditional extension modules could be
+eliminated using C++ compile-time introspection.  Each argument of a
+wrapped C++ function must be extracted from a Python object using a
+procedure that depends on the argument type.  Similarly the function's
+return type determines how the return value will be converted from C++
+to Python.  Of course argument and return types are part of each
+function's type, and this is exactly the source from which
+Boost.Python deduces most of the information required.
+
+This approach leads to *user guided wrapping*: as much information is
+extracted directly from the source code to be wrapped as is possible
+within the framework of pure C++, and some additional information is
+supplied explicitly by the user.  Mostly the guidance is mechanical
+and little real intervention is required.  Because the interface
+specification is written in the same full-featured language as the
+code being exposed, the user has unprecedented power available when
+she does need to take control.
+
+.. _Python: http://www.python.org/
+.. _SWIG: http://www.swig.org/
+.. _SIP: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/sip/index.php
+.. _Qt: http://www.trolltech.com/
+.. _CXX: http://cxx.sourceforge.net/
+.. _Boost.Python: http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc
+
+===========================
+ Boost.Python Design Goals 
+===========================
+
+The primary goal of Boost.Python is to allow users to expose C++
+classes and functions to Python using nothing more than a C++
+compiler.  In broad strokes, the user experience should be one of
+directly manipulating C++ objects from Python.
+
+However, it's also important not to translate all interfaces *too*
+literally: the idioms of each language must be respected.  For
+example, though C++ and Python both have an iterator concept, they are
+expressed very differently.  Boost.Python has to be able to bridge the
+interface gap.
+
+It must be possible to insulate Python users from crashes resulting
+from trivial misuses of C++ interfaces, such as accessing
+already-deleted objects.  By the same token the library should
+insulate C++ users from low-level Python 'C' API, replacing
+error-prone 'C' interfaces like manual reference-count management and
+raw ``PyObject`` pointers with more-robust alternatives.
+
+Support for component-based development is crucial, so that C++ types
+exposed in one extension module can be passed to functions exposed in
+another without loss of crucial information like C++ inheritance
+relationships.
+
+Finally, all wrapping must be *non-intrusive*, without modifying or
+even seeing the original C++ source code.  Existing C++ libraries have
+to be wrappable by third parties who only have access to header files
+and binaries.
+
+==========================
+ Hello Boost.Python World
+==========================
+
+And now for a preview of Boost.Python, and how it improves on the raw
+facilities offered by Python. Here's a function we might want to
+expose::
+
+    char const* greet(unsigned x)
+    {
+       static char const* const msgs[] = { "hello", "Boost.Python", "world!" };
+
+       if (x > 2) 
+           throw std::range_error("greet: index out of range");
+
+       return msgs[x];
+    }
+
+To wrap this function in standard C++ using the Python 'C' API, we'd
+need something like this::
+
+    extern "C" // all Python interactions use 'C' linkage and calling convention
+    {
+        // Wrapper to handle argument/result conversion and checking
+        PyObject* greet_wrap(PyObject* args, PyObject * keywords)
+        {
+             int x;
+             if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &x))    // extract/check arguments
+             {
+                 char const* result = greet(x);      // invoke wrapped function
+                 return PyString_FromString(result); // convert result to Python
+             }
+             return 0;                               // error occurred
+        }
+
+        // Table of wrapped functions to be exposed by the module
+        static PyMethodDef methods[] = {
+            { "greet", greet_wrap, METH_VARARGS, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting" }
+            , { NULL, NULL, 0, NULL } // sentinel
+        };
+
+        // module initialization function
+        DL_EXPORT init_hello()
+        {
+            (void) Py_InitModule("hello", methods); // add the methods to the module
+        }
+    }
+
+Now here's the wrapping code we'd use to expose it with Boost.Python::
+
+    #include <boost/python.hpp>
+    using namespace boost::python;
+    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
+    {
+        def("greet", greet, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting");
+    }
+
+and here it is in action::
+
+    >>> import hello
+    >>> for x in range(3):
+    ...     print hello.greet(x)
+    ...
+    hello
+    Boost.Python
+    world!
+
+Aside from the fact that the 'C' API version is much more verbose,
+it's worth noting a few things that it doesn't handle correctly:
+
+* The original function accepts an unsigned integer, and the Python
+  'C' API only gives us a way of extracting signed integers. The
+  Boost.Python version will raise a Python exception if we try to pass
+  a negative number to ``hello.greet``, but the other one will proceed
+  to do whatever the C++ implementation does when converting an
+  negative integer to unsigned (usually wrapping to some very large
+  number), and pass the incorrect translation on to the wrapped
+  function.
+
+* That brings us to the second problem: if the C++ ``greet()``
+  function is called with a number greater than 2, it will throw an
+  exception.  Typically, if a C++ exception propagates across the
+  boundary with code generated by a 'C' compiler, it will cause a
+  crash.  As you can see in the first version, there's no C++
+  scaffolding there to prevent this from happening.  Functions wrapped
+  by Boost.Python automatically include an exception-handling layer
+  which protects Python users by translating unhandled C++ exceptions
+  into a corresponding Python exception.
+
+* A slightly more-subtle limitation is that the argument conversion
+  used in the Python 'C' API case can only get that integer ``x`` in
+  *one way*.  PyArg_ParseTuple can't convert Python ``long`` objects
+  (arbitrary-precision integers) which happen to fit in an ``unsigned
+  int`` but not in a ``signed long``, nor will it ever handle a
+  wrapped C++ class with a user-defined implicit ``operator unsigned
+  int()`` conversion. Boost.Python's dynamic type conversion
+  registry allows users to add arbitrary conversion methods.
+
+==================
+ Library Overview
+==================
+
+This section outlines some of the library's major features.  Except as
+neccessary to avoid confusion, details of library implementation are
+omitted.
+
+------------------
+ Exposing Classes
+------------------
+
+C++ classes and structs are exposed with a similarly-terse interface.
+Given::
+
+    struct World
+    {
+        void set(std::string msg) { this->msg = msg; }
+        std::string greet() { return msg; }
+        std::string msg;
+    };
+
+The following code will expose it in our extension module::
+    
+    #include <boost/python.hpp>
+    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
+    {
+        class_<World>("World")
+            .def("greet", &World::greet)
+            .def("set", &World::set)
+        ;
+    }
+
+Although this code has a certain pythonic familiarity, people
+sometimes find the syntax bit confusing because it doesn't look like
+most of the C++ code they're used to. All the same, this is just
+standard C++.  Because of their flexible syntax and operator
+overloading, C++ and Python are great for defining domain-specific
+(sub)languages
+(DSLs), and that's what we've done in Boost.Python. To break it down::
+
+    class_<World>("World")
+
+constructs an unnamed object of type ``class_<World>`` and passes
+``"World"`` to its constructor.  This creates a new-style Python class
+called ``World`` in the extension module, and associates it with the
+C++ type ``World`` in the Boost.Python type conversion registry.  We
+might have also written::
+
+    class_<World> w("World");
+
+but that would've been more verbose, since we'd have to name ``w``
+again to invoke its ``def()`` member function::
+
+        w.def("greet", &World::greet)
+
+There's nothing special about the location of the dot for member
+access in the original example: C++ allows any amount of whitespace on
+either side of a token, and placing the dot at the beginning of each
+line allows us to chain as many successive calls to member functions
+as we like with a uniform syntax.  The other key fact that allows
+chaining is that ``class_<>`` member functions all return a reference
+to ``*this``.
+
+So the example is equivalent to::
+
+    class_<World> w("World");
+    w.def("greet", &World::greet);
+    w.def("set", &World::set);
+
+It's occasionally useful to be able to break down the components of a
+Boost.Python class wrapper in this way, but the rest of this article
+will stick to the terse syntax.
+
+For completeness, here's the wrapped class in use: ::
+
+    >>> import hello
+    >>> planet = hello.World()
+    >>> planet.set('howdy')
+    >>> planet.greet()
+    'howdy'
+
+Constructors
+============
+
+Since our ``World`` class is just a plain ``struct``, it has an
+implicit no-argument (nullary) constructor.  Boost.Python exposes the
+nullary constructor by default, which is why we were able to write: ::
+
+  >>> planet = hello.World()
+
+However, well-designed classes in any language may require constructor
+arguments in order to establish their invariants.  Unlike Python,
+where ``__init__`` is just a specially-named method, In C++
+constructors cannot be handled like ordinary member functions.  In
+particular, we can't take their address: ``&World::World`` is an
+error.  The library provides a different interface for specifying
+constructors.  Given::
+
+    struct World
+    {
+        World(std::string msg); // added constructor
+        ...
+
+we can modify our wrapping code as follows::
+
+    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+        ...
+
+of course, a C++ class may have additional constructors, and we can
+expose those as well by passing more instances of ``init<...>`` to
+``def()``::
+
+    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+        .def(init<double, double>())
+        ...
+
+Boost.Python allows wrapped functions, member functions, and
+constructors to be overloaded to mirror C++ overloading.
+
+Data Members and Properties
+===========================
+
+Any publicly-accessible data members in a C++ class can be easily
+exposed as either ``readonly`` or ``readwrite`` attributes::
+
+    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+        .def_readonly("msg", &World::msg)
+        ...
+
+and can be used directly in Python: ::
+
+    >>> planet = hello.World('howdy')
+    >>> planet.msg
+    'howdy'
+
+This does *not* result in adding attributes to the ``World`` instance
+``__dict__``, which can result in substantial memory savings when
+wrapping large data structures.  In fact, no instance ``__dict__``
+will be created at all unless attributes are explicitly added from
+Python. Boost.Python owes this capability to the new Python 2.2 type
+system, in particular the descriptor interface and ``property`` type.
+
+In C++, publicly-accessible data members are considered a sign of poor
+design because they break encapsulation, and style guides usually
+dictate the use of "getter" and "setter" functions instead.  In
+Python, however, ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, and since 2.2,
+``property`` mean that attribute access is just one more
+well-encapsulated syntactic tool at the programmer's disposal.
+Boost.Python bridges this idiomatic gap by making Python ``property``
+creation directly available to users.  If ``msg`` were private, we
+could still expose it as attribute in Python as follows::
+
+    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+        .add_property("msg", &World::greet, &World::set)
+        ...
+
+The example above mirrors the familiar usage of properties in Python
+2.2+: ::
+
+    >>> class World(object):
+    ...     __init__(self, msg):
+    ...         self.__msg = msg
+    ...     def greet(self):
+    ...         return self.__msg
+    ...     def set(self, msg):
+    ...         self.__msg = msg
+    ...     msg = property(greet, set)
+
+Operator Overloading
+====================
+
+The ability to write arithmetic operators for user-defined types has
+been a major factor in the success of both languages for numerical
+computation, and the success of packages like NumPy_ attests to the
+power of exposing operators in extension modules.  Boost.Python
+provides a concise mechanism for wrapping operator overloads. The
+example below shows a fragment from a wrapper for the Boost rational
+number library::
+
+    class_<rational<int> >("rational_int")
+      .def(init<int, int>()) // constructor, e.g. rational_int(3,4)
+      .def("numerator", &rational<int>::numerator)
+      .def("denominator", &rational<int>::denominator)
+      .def(-self)        // __neg__ (unary minus)
+      .def(self + self)  // __add__ (homogeneous)
+      .def(self * self)  // __mul__
+      .def(self + int()) // __add__ (heterogenous)
+      .def(int() + self) // __radd__
+      ...
+
+The magic is performed using a simplified application of "expression
+templates" [VELD1995]_, a technique originally developed for
+optimization of high-performance matrix algebra expressions.  The
+essence is that instead of performing the computation immediately,
+operators are overloaded to construct a type *representing* the
+computation.  In matrix algebra, dramatic optimizations are often
+available when the structure of an entire expression can be taken into
+account, rather than evaluating each operation "greedily".
+Boost.Python uses the same technique to build an appropriate Python
+method object based on expressions involving ``self``.
+
+.. _NumPy: http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/
+
+Inheritance
+===========
+
+C++ inheritance relationships can be represented to Boost.Python by adding
+an optional ``bases<...>`` argument to the ``class_<...>`` template
+parameter list as follows::
+
+     class_<Derived, bases<Base1,Base2> >("Derived")
+          ...
+
+This has two effects:  
+
+1. When the ``class_<...>`` is created, Python type objects
+   corresponding to ``Base1`` and ``Base2`` are looked up in
+   Boost.Python's registry, and are used as bases for the new Python
+   ``Derived`` type object, so methods exposed for the Python ``Base1``
+   and ``Base2`` types are automatically members of the ``Derived``
+   type.  Because the registry is global, this works correctly even if
+   ``Derived`` is exposed in a different module from either of its
+   bases.
+
+2. C++ conversions from ``Derived`` to its bases are added to the
+   Boost.Python registry.  Thus wrapped C++ methods expecting (a
+   pointer or reference to) an object of either base type can be
+   called with an object wrapping a ``Derived`` instance.  Wrapped
+   member functions of class ``T`` are treated as though they have an
+   implicit first argument of ``T&``, so these conversions are
+   neccessary to allow the base class methods to be called for derived
+   objects.
+
+Of course it's possible to derive new Python classes from wrapped C++
+class instances.  Because Boost.Python uses the new-style class
+system, that works very much as for the Python built-in types.  There
+is one significant detail in which it differs: the built-in types
+generally establish their invariants in their ``__new__`` function, so
+that derived classes do not need to call ``__init__`` on the base
+class before invoking its methods : ::
+
+    >>> class L(list):
+    ...      def __init__(self):
+    ...          pass
+    ...
+    >>> L().reverse()
+    >>> 
+
+Because C++ object construction is a one-step operation, C++ instance
+data cannot be constructed until the arguments are available, in the
+``__init__`` function: ::
+
+    >>> class D(SomeBoostPythonClass):
+    ...      def __init__(self):
+    ...          pass
+    ...
+    >>> D().some_boost_python_method()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
+    TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
+
+This happened because Boost.Python couldn't find instance data of type
+``SomeBoostPythonClass`` within the ``D`` instance; ``D``'s ``__init__``
+function masked construction of the base class.  It could be corrected
+by either removing ``D``'s ``__init__`` function or having it call
+``SomeBoostPythonClass.__init__(...)`` explicitly.
+
+Virtual Functions
+=================
+
+Deriving new types in Python from extension classes is not very
+interesting unless they can be used polymorphically from C++.  In
+other words, Python method implementations should appear to override
+the implementation of C++ virtual functions when called *through base
+class pointers/references from C++*.  Since the only way to alter the
+behavior of a virtual function is to override it in a derived class,
+the user must build a special derived class to dispatch a polymorphic
+class' virtual functions::
+
+    //
+    // interface to wrap:
+    //
+    class Base
+    {
+     public:
+        virtual int f(std::string x) { return 42; }
+        virtual ~Base();
+    };
+
+    int calls_f(Base const& b, std::string x) { return b.f(x); }
+
+    //
+    // Wrapping Code
+    //
+
+    // Dispatcher class
+    struct BaseWrap : Base
+    {
+        // Store a pointer to the Python object
+        BaseWrap(PyObject* self_) : self(self_) {}
+        PyObject* self;
+
+        // Default implementation, for when f is not overridden
+        int f_default(std::string x) { return this->Base::f(x); }
+        // Dispatch implementation
+        int f(std::string x) { return call_method<int>(self, "f", x); }
+    };
+
+    ...
+        def("calls_f", calls_f);
+        class_<Base, BaseWrap>("Base")
+            .def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::f_default)
+            ;
+
+Now here's some Python code which demonstrates: ::
+
+    >>> class Derived(Base):
+    ...     def f(self, s):
+    ...          return len(s)
+    ...
+    >>> calls_f(Base(), 'foo')
+    42
+    >>> calls_f(Derived(), 'forty-two')
+    9
+
+Things to notice about the dispatcher class:
+
+* The key element which allows overriding in Python is the
+  ``call_method`` invocation, which uses the same global type
+  conversion registry as the C++ function wrapping does to convert its
+  arguments from C++ to Python and its return type from Python to C++.
+
+* Any constructor signatures you wish to wrap must be replicated with
+  an initial ``PyObject*`` argument
+
+* The dispatcher must store this argument so that it can be used to
+  invoke ``call_method``
+
+* The ``f_default`` member function is needed when the function being
+  exposed is not pure virtual; there's no other way ``Base::f`` can be
+  called on an object of type ``BaseWrap``, since it overrides ``f``.
+
+Deeper Reflection on the Horizon?
+=================================
+
+Admittedly, this formula is tedious to repeat, especially on a project
+with many polymorphic classes.  That it is neccessary reflects some
+limitations in C++'s compile-time introspection capabilities: there's
+no way to enumerate the members of a class and find out which are
+virtual functions.  At least one very promising project has been
+started to write a front-end which can generate these dispatchers (and
+other wrapping code) automatically from C++ headers.  
+
+Pyste_ is being developed by Bruno da Silva de Oliveira.  It builds on
+GCC_XML_, which generates an XML version of GCC's internal program
+representation.  Since GCC is a highly-conformant C++ compiler, this
+ensures correct handling of the most-sophisticated template code and
+full access to the underlying type system.  In keeping with the
+Boost.Python philosophy, a Pyste interface description is neither
+intrusive on the code being wrapped, nor expressed in some unfamiliar
+language: instead it is a 100% pure Python script.  If Pyste is
+successful it will mark a move away from wrapping everything directly
+in C++ for many of our users.  It will also allow us the choice to
+shift some of the metaprogram code from C++ to Python.  We expect that
+soon, not only our users but the Boost.Python developers themselves
+will be "thinking hybrid" about their own code.
+
+.. _`GCC_XML`: http://www.gccxml.org/HTML/Index.html
+.. _`Pyste`: http://www.boost.org/libs/python/pyste
+
+---------------
+ Serialization
+---------------
+
+*Serialization* is the process of converting objects in memory to a
+form that can be stored on disk or sent over a network connection. The
+serialized object (most often a plain string) can be retrieved and
+converted back to the original object. A good serialization system will
+automatically convert entire object hierarchies. Python's standard
+``pickle`` module is just such a system.  It leverages the language's strong
+runtime introspection facilities for serializing practically arbitrary
+user-defined objects. With a few simple and unintrusive provisions this
+powerful machinery can be extended to also work for wrapped C++ objects.
+Here is an example::
+
+    #include <string>
+
+    struct World
+    {
+        World(std::string a_msg) : msg(a_msg) {}
+        std::string greet() const { return msg; }
+        std::string msg;
+    };
+
+    #include <boost/python.hpp>
+    using namespace boost::python;
+
+    struct World_picklers : pickle_suite
+    {
+      static tuple
+      getinitargs(World const& w) { return make_tuple(w.greet()); }
+    };
+
+    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
+    {
+        class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+            .def("greet", &World::greet)
+            .def_pickle(World_picklers())
+        ;
+    }
+
+Now let's create a ``World`` object and put it to rest on disk::
+
+    >>> import hello
+    >>> import pickle
+    >>> a_world = hello.World("howdy")
+    >>> pickle.dump(a_world, open("my_world", "w"))
+
+In a potentially *different script* on a potentially *different
+computer* with a potentially *different operating system*::
+
+    >>> import pickle
+    >>> resurrected_world = pickle.load(open("my_world", "r"))
+    >>> resurrected_world.greet()
+    'howdy'
+
+Of course the ``cPickle`` module can also be used for faster
+processing.
+
+Boost.Python's ``pickle_suite`` fully supports the ``pickle`` protocol
+defined in the standard Python documentation. Like a __getinitargs__
+function in Python, the pickle_suite's getinitargs() is responsible for
+creating the argument tuple that will be use to reconstruct the pickled
+object.  The other elements of the Python pickling protocol,
+__getstate__ and __setstate__ can be optionally provided via C++
+getstate and setstate functions.  C++'s static type system allows the
+library to ensure at compile-time that nonsensical combinations of
+functions (e.g. getstate without setstate) are not used.
+
+Enabling serialization of more complex C++ objects requires a little
+more work than is shown in the example above. Fortunately the
+``object`` interface (see next section) greatly helps in keeping the
+code manageable.
+
+------------------
+ Object interface
+------------------
+
+Experienced 'C' language extension module authors will be familiar
+with the ubiquitous ``PyObject*``, manual reference-counting, and the
+need to remember which API calls return "new" (owned) references or
+"borrowed" (raw) references.  These constraints are not just
+cumbersome but also a major source of errors, especially in the
+presence of exceptions.
+
+Boost.Python provides a class ``object`` which automates reference
+counting and provides conversion to Python from C++ objects of
+arbitrary type.  This significantly reduces the learning effort for
+prospective extension module writers.
+
+Creating an ``object`` from any other type is extremely simple::
+
+    object s("hello, world");  // s manages a Python string
+
+``object`` has templated interactions with all other types, with
+automatic to-python conversions. It happens so naturally that it's
+easily overlooked::
+
+   object ten_Os = 10 * s[4]; // -> "oooooooooo"
+
+In the example above, ``4`` and ``10`` are converted to Python objects
+before the indexing and multiplication operations are invoked.
+
+The ``extract<T>`` class template can be used to convert Python objects
+to C++ types::
+
+    double x = extract<double>(o);
+
+If a conversion in either direction cannot be performed, an
+appropriate exception is thrown at runtime.
+
+The ``object`` type is accompanied by a set of derived types
+that mirror the Python built-in types such as ``list``, ``dict``,
+``tuple``, etc. as much as possible. This enables convenient
+manipulation of these high-level types from C++::
+
+    dict d;
+    d["some"] = "thing";
+    d["lucky_number"] = 13;
+    list l = d.keys();
+
+This almost looks and works like regular Python code, but it is pure
+C++.  Of course we can wrap C++ functions which accept or return
+``object`` instances.
+
+=================
+ Thinking hybrid
+=================
+
+Because of the practical and mental difficulties of combining
+programming languages, it is common to settle a single language at the
+outset of any development effort.  For many applications, performance
+considerations dictate the use of a compiled language for the core
+algorithms.  Unfortunately, due to the complexity of the static type
+system, the price we pay for runtime performance is often a
+significant increase in development time.  Experience shows that
+writing maintainable C++ code usually takes longer and requires *far*
+more hard-earned working experience than developing comparable Python
+code.  Even when developers are comfortable working exclusively in
+compiled languages, they often augment their systems by some type of
+ad hoc scripting layer for the benefit of their users without ever
+availing themselves of the same advantages.
+
+Boost.Python enables us to *think hybrid*.  Python can be used for
+rapidly prototyping a new application; its ease of use and the large
+pool of standard libraries give us a head start on the way to a
+working system.  If necessary, the working code can be used to
+discover rate-limiting hotspots.  To maximize performance these can
+be reimplemented in C++, together with the Boost.Python bindings
+needed to tie them back into the existing higher-level procedure.
+
+Of course, this *top-down* approach is less attractive if it is clear
+from the start that many algorithms will eventually have to be
+implemented in C++.  Fortunately Boost.Python also enables us to
+pursue a *bottom-up* approach.  We have used this approach very
+successfully in the development of a toolbox for scientific
+applications.  The toolbox started out mainly as a library of C++
+classes with Boost.Python bindings, and for a while the growth was
+mainly concentrated on the C++ parts.  However, as the toolbox is
+becoming more complete, more and more newly added functionality can be
+implemented in Python.
+
+.. image:: images/python_cpp_mix.png
+
+This figure shows the estimated ratio of newly added C++ and Python
+code over time as new algorithms are implemented.  We expect this
+ratio to level out near 70% Python.  Being able to solve new problems
+mostly in Python rather than a more difficult statically typed
+language is the return on our investment in Boost.Python.  The ability
+to access all of our code from Python allows a broader group of
+developers to use it in the rapid development of new applications.
+
+=====================
+ Development history
+=====================
+
+The first version of Boost.Python was developed in 2000 by Dave
+Abrahams at Dragon Systems, where he was privileged to have Tim Peters
+as a guide to "The Zen of Python".  One of Dave's jobs was to develop
+a Python-based natural language processing system.  Since it was
+eventually going to be targeting embedded hardware, it was always
+assumed that the compute-intensive core would be rewritten in C++ to
+optimize speed and memory footprint [#proto]_.  The project also wanted to
+test all of its C++ code using Python test scripts [#test]_.  The only
+tool we knew of for binding C++ and Python was SWIG_, and at the time
+its handling of C++ was weak.  It would be false to claim any deep
+insight into the possible advantages of Boost.Python's approach at
+this point.  Dave's interest and expertise in fancy C++ template
+tricks had just reached the point where he could do some real damage,
+and Boost.Python emerged as it did because it filled a need and
+because it seemed like a cool thing to try.
+
+This early version was aimed at many of the same basic goals we've
+described in this paper, differing most-noticeably by having a
+slightly more cumbersome syntax and by lack of special support for
+operator overloading, pickling, and component-based development.
+These last three features were quickly added by Ullrich Koethe and
+Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve [#feature]_, and other enthusiastic contributors arrived
+on the scene to contribute enhancements like support for nested
+modules and static member functions.
+
+By early 2001 development had stabilized and few new features were
+being added, however a disturbing new fact came to light: Ralf had
+begun testing Boost.Python on pre-release versions of a compiler using
+the EDG_ front-end, and the mechanism at the core of Boost.Python
+responsible for handling conversions between Python and C++ types was
+failing to compile.  As it turned out, we had been exploiting a very
+common bug in the implementation of all the C++ compilers we had
+tested.  We knew that as C++ compilers rapidly became more
+standards-compliant, the library would begin failing on more
+platforms.  Unfortunately, because the mechanism was so central to the
+functioning of the library, fixing the problem looked very difficult.
+
+Fortunately, later that year Lawrence Berkeley and later Lawrence
+Livermore National labs contracted with `Boost Consulting`_ for support
+and development of Boost.Python, and there was a new opportunity to
+address fundamental issues and ensure a future for the library.  A
+redesign effort began with the low level type conversion architecture,
+building in standards-compliance and support for component-based
+development (in contrast to version 1 where conversions had to be
+explicitly imported and exported across module boundaries).  A new
+analysis of the relationship between the Python and C++ objects was
+done, resulting in more intuitive handling for C++ lvalues and
+rvalues.
+
+The emergence of a powerful new type system in Python 2.2 made the
+choice of whether to maintain compatibility with Python 1.5.2 easy:
+the opportunity to throw away a great deal of elaborate code for
+emulating classic Python classes alone was too good to pass up.  In
+addition, Python iterators and descriptors provided crucial and
+elegant tools for representing similar C++ constructs.  The
+development of the generalized ``object`` interface allowed us to
+further shield C++ programmers from the dangers and syntactic burdens
+of the Python 'C' API.  A great number of other features including C++
+exception translation, improved support for overloaded functions, and
+most significantly, CallPolicies for handling pointers and
+references, were added during this period.
+
+In October 2002, version 2 of Boost.Python was released.  Development
+since then has concentrated on improved support for C++ runtime
+polymorphism and smart pointers.  Peter Dimov's ingenious
+``boost::shared_ptr`` design in particular has allowed us to give the
+hybrid developer a consistent interface for moving objects back and
+forth across the language barrier without loss of information.  At
+first, we were concerned that the sophistication and complexity of the
+Boost.Python v2 implementation might discourage contributors, but the
+emergence of Pyste_ and several other significant feature
+contributions have laid those fears to rest.  Daily questions on the
+Python C++-sig and a backlog of desired improvements show that the
+library is getting used.  To us, the future looks bright.
+
+.. _`EDG`: http://www.edg.com
+
+=============
+ Conclusions
+=============
+
+Boost.Python achieves seamless interoperability between two rich and
+complimentary language environments.  Because it leverages template
+metaprogramming to introspect about types and functions, the user
+never has to learn a third syntax: the interface definitions are
+written in concise and maintainable C++.  Also, the wrapping system
+doesn't have to parse C++ headers or represent the type system: the
+compiler does that work for us.
+
+Computationally intensive tasks play to the strengths of C++ and are
+often impossible to implement efficiently in pure Python, while jobs
+like serialization that are trivial in Python can be very difficult in
+pure C++.  Given the luxury of building a hybrid software system from
+the ground up, we can approach design with new confidence and power.
+
+===========
+ Citations
+===========
+
+.. [VELD1995] T. Veldhuizen, "Expression Templates," C++ Report,
+   Vol. 7 No. 5 June 1995, pp. 26-31.
+   http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html
+
+===========
+ Footnotes
+===========
+
+.. [#proto] In retrospect, it seems that "thinking hybrid" from the
+        ground up might have been better for the NLP system: the
+        natural component boundaries defined by the pure python
+        prototype turned out to be inappropriate for getting the
+        desired performance and memory footprint out of the C++ core,
+        which eventually caused some redesign overhead on the Python
+        side when the core was moved to C++.
+
+.. [#test] We also have some reservations about driving all C++
+        testing through a Python interface, unless that's the only way
+        it will be ultimately used.  Any transition across language
+        boundaries with such different object models can inevitably
+        mask bugs.
+
+.. [#feature] These features were expressed very differently in v1 of
+        Boost.Python

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+*/
+
+/* Add text alignment (see http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_text_text-align.asp) */
+span.aligncenter
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: center;
+}
+span.alignright
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: right;
+}
+/* alignleft is the default. */
+span.alignleft
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: left;
+}
+
+/* alignjustify stretches the word spacing so that each line has equal width
+within a chosen fraction of page width (here arbitrarily 20%).
+*Not* useful inside table items as the column width remains the total string width.
+Nor very useful, except to temporarily restrict the width.
+*/
+span.alignjustify
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 20%; text-align: justify;
+}
+
+/* Text colors.
+Names at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-css3-color-20020219/ 4.3. X11 color keywords.
+Quickbook Usage: [role red Some red text]
+
+*/
+span.red { inline-block; color: red; }
+span.green { color: green; }
+span.lime { color: #00FF00; }
+span.blue { color: blue; }
+span.navy { color: navy; }
+span.yellow { color: yellow; }
+span.magenta { color: magenta; }
+span.indigo { color: #4B0082; }
+span.cyan { color: cyan; }
+span.purple { color: purple; }
+span.gold { color: gold; }
+span.silver { color: silver; } /* lighter gray */
+span.gray { color: #808080; } /* light gray */

doc/building.html

@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
-
-    <title>Building an Extension Module</title>
-
-    <div>
-      <h1><img width="277" height="86" align="center" src=
-      "../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Building an
-      Extension Module</h1>
-
-      <p>The build process for Boost is currently undergoing some evolution,
-      and, it is to be hoped, improvement. The following facts may help:
-
-      <hr>
-      Makefiles for various platforms and a Visual Studio project
-      reside in the Boost subdirectory <tt>libs/python/build</tt>.
-      Build targets include:
-
-      <ul>
-        <li>The <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static linking with your
-        extension module. On the various Unices, this library will be
-        called <tt>libboost_python.a</tt>. When using Visual C++, the
-        library will be called <tt>boost_python.lib</tt>.
-
-        <p>
-        <li>A comprehensive test of Boost.Python features. This test builds
-        a Boost.Python extension module, then runs Python to import the
-        module, and runs a series of tests on it using <tt><a href=
-        "../test/doctest.py">doctest</a></tt>. Source code for the module
-        and tests is available in the Boost subdirectory
-        <tt>libs/python/test</tt>.
-
-        <p>
-        <li>Various examples from the Boost subdirectory
-        <tt>libs/python/example</tt>.
-        All these examples include a doctest modeled
-        on the comprehensive test above.
-
-      </ul>
-
-      <hr>
-      There is a group of makefiles with support for simultaneous
-      compilation on multiple platforms and a consistent set of
-      features that build the <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static
-      linking, the comprehensive test, and all examples in
-      <tt>libs/python/example</tt>:
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="../build/vc60.mak">vc60.mak</a>:
-        Visual C++ 6.0 Service Pack 4
-
-        <li><a href="../build/mingw32.mak">mingw32.mak</a>:
-        mingw32 (Win32-targeted) gcc 2.95.2
-
-        <li><a href="../build/linux_gcc.mak">linux_gcc.mak</a>:
-        gcc 2.95.2 on Linux/Unix
-
-        <li><a href="../build/tru64_cxx.mak">tru64_cxx.mak</a>:
-        Compaq Alpha using the Compaq cxx compiler
-
-        <li><a href="../build/irix_CC.mak">irix_CC.mak</a>:
-        Silicon Graphics IRIX 6.5 CC compiler
-
-      </ul>
-      <a href="http://cctbx.sourceforge.net/page_installation_adv.html#installation_boost_python"
-      >Usage of these makefiles is described here.</a>
-
-      <hr>
-      There is another group of makefiles for GNU make.
-      These makefiles are less redundant than the makefiles
-      in the group above,
-      but the list of compilation targets is not as complete
-      and there is no support for simultaneous compilation
-      on multiple platforms.
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="../build/como.mak">como.mak</a>:
-        Comeau C++ on Linux
-
-        <li><a href="../build/gcc.mak">gcc.mak</a>:
-        GCC on Linux/Unix.
-
-      </ul>
-
-      <hr>
-      A project workspace for Microsoft Visual Studio is provided at <tt><a
-      href="../build/build.dsw">libs/python/build/build.dsw</a></tt>. The
-      include paths for this project may need to be changed for your
-      installation. They currently assume that python has been installed at
-      <tt>c:\tools\python</tt>. Three configurations of all targets are
-      supported:
-
-      <ul>
-        <li>Release (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)
-
-        <li>Debug (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)
-
-        <li>DebugPython (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
-        -DBOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>)
-      </ul>
-
-      <p>When extension modules are built with Visual C++ using
-      <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>, Python defaults to <i>force</i> linking with a
-      special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since this debug DLL
-      isn't supplied with the default Python installation for Windows,
-      Boost.Python uses <tt><a href=
-      "../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a></tt>
-      to temporarily undefine <tt>_DEBUG</tt> when <tt>Python.h</tt> is
-      <tt>#include</tt>d.
-
-      <p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the debugging
-      version of the library, <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to
-      re-enable library forcing, and link with the DebugPython version of
-      <tt>boost_python.lib</tt>. You'll need to get the debugging version
-      of the Python executable (<tt>python_d.exe</tt>) and DLL
-      (<tt>python20_d.dll</tt> or <tt>python15_d.dll</tt>). The Python
-      sources include project files for building these. If you <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org">download</a> them, change the name of the
-      top-level directory to <tt>src</tt>, and install it under
-      <tt>c:\tools\python</tt>, the workspace supplied by Boost.Python will
-      be able to use it without modification. Just open
-      <tt>c:\tools\python\src\pcbuild\pcbuild.dsw</tt> and invoke "build
-      all" to generate all the debugging targets.
-
-      <p>If you do not <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>, be sure that
-      any source files <tt>#include &lt;<a href=
-          "../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a>&gt;</tt>
-      instead of the usual <tt>Python.h</tt>, or you will have link
-      incompatibilities.<br>
-
-      <hr>
-      If your platform isn't directly supported, you can build a static
-      library from the following source files (in the Boost subdirectory
-      <tt>libs/python/src</tt>), or compile them directly and link the
-      resulting objects into your extension module:
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/classes.cpp">classes.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/conversions.cpp">conversions.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/cross_module.cpp">cross_module.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/extension_class.cpp">extension_class.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/functions.cpp">functions.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/init_function.cpp">init_function.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/module_builder.cpp">module_builder.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/objects.cpp">objects.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/types.cpp">types.cpp</a>
-      </ul>
-
-      <hr>
-      Next: <a href="enums.html">Wrapping Enums</a> Previous: <a href=
-      "under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a> Up: <a href=
-      "index.html">Top</a>
-
-      <hr>
-      <p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-      sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-      notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
-      express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
-      any purpose.
-
-      <p>Updated: Apr 17, 2001 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
-    </div>

doc/building.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+[chapter Building and Testing
+    [quickbook 1.7]
+    [authors [Abrahams, David]]
+    [copyright 2002 - 2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld]
+    [id building]
+]
+[/ Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
+ / Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+ / file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+ / http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+ /]
+
+[section Requirements]
+
+Boost.Python requires [@http://www.python.org/2.2 Python 2.2]
+[footnote Note that although we tested earlier versions of Boost.Python
+ with Python 2.2, and we don't *think* we've done anything to break
+ compatibility, this release of Boost.Python may not have been tested
+ with versions of Python earlier than 2.4, so we're not 100% sure that
+ python 2.2 and 2.3 are supported.] *or* [@http://www.python.org newer].  
+
+[endsect]
+[section Background]
+
+There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:
+
+* [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html extending],
+  in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
+  executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
+  Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
+  interface so Python programmers can use it.  From Python, these
+  modules look just like regular Python modules.
+
+* [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html embedding],
+  in which the end-user launches a program written
+  in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
+  subroutine.  Think of adding scriptability to an existing
+  application.
+
+The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
+of the C++ `main()` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
+or in some other program, respectively.  Note that even when
+embedding Python in another program, [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html extension modules are often
+the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
+code], so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
+both models.
+
+Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as
+dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
+you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
+modules or the executable containing `main()`.
+
+[endsect]
+[section No-Install Quickstart]
+
+There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
+Boost.Python.  These instructions use _bb_ projects,
+which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed.  Your
+first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
+Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
+worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
+for a specific compiler configuration and figuring out the right
+compiler options to use yourself.
+
+[note Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
+   build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
+   officially supported by Boost.  Moreover *99% of all “I can't
+   build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
+   build system* without first following these instructions.
+
+   If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
+   follow these instructions, and then invoke `bjam` with the
+
+   `-a -o`\ /filename/ 
+
+   options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so
+   you can see what your alternate build system needs to do.]
+
+[section Basic Procedure]
+
+1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 of the _gsg_.
+
+2. Get the `bjam` build driver.  See section 5 of the _gsg_.
+
+3. cd into the `example/quickstart/` directory of your
+   Boost.Python installation, which contains a small example project.
+
+4. Invoke `bjam`.  Replace the “\ `stage`\ “ argument from the
+   example invocation from section 5 of the _gsg_ with “\ `test`\ ,“ to
+   build all the test targets.  Also add the argument “\ `--verbose-test`\ ”
+   to see the output generated by the tests when they are run.
+   On Windows, your `bjam` invocation might look something like:
+   ``
+     C:\\...\\quickstart> bjam toolset=msvc --verbose-test test
+   ``
+   and on Unix variants, perhaps,
+   ``
+     .../quickstart$ bjam toolset=gcc --verbose-test test
+   ``
+
+[note For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use
+   unix-style forward slashes in pathnames instead of the
+   backslashes with which Windows users may be more familiar.  The forward
+   slashes should work everywhere except in
+   [@http://www.boost.org/more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt
+   Command Prompt] windows, where you should use backslashes.]
+
+If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an
+extension module called `extending` and tested it by running a
+Python script called `test_extending.py`.  You will also have
+built and run a simple application called `embedding` that embeds
+python.
+
+[endsect]
+[section In Case of Trouble]
+
+If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages,
+it's probably because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your
+Python installation.  You might want to pass the
+`--debug-configuration` option to `bjam` the first few times
+you invoke it, to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating
+all the parts of your Python installation.  If it isn't, consider
+[link building.configuring_boost_build Configuring Boost.Build]
+as detailed below.
+
+If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
+mailing lists may be able to help:
+
+* The _bb_list_ for issues related to Boost.Build
+* The _bp_list_ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
+
+[endsect]
+[section In Case Everything Seemed to Work]
+
+Rejoice!  If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be
+a good idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on
+learning the library by going through the _tutorial_ and perhaps
+some of the _reference_, trying out what you've
+learned about the API by modifying the quickstart project.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Modifying the Example Project]
+
+If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one
+source file called `extending.cpp`, inside your Boost.Python
+distribution, and import it forever as `extending`, then you can
+stop here.  However, it's likely that you will want to make a few
+changes.  There are a few things you can do without having to learn
+_bb_ in depth.
+
+The project you just built is specified in two files in the current
+directory: `boost-build.jam`, which tells `bjam` where it can
+find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
+`Jamroot`, which describes the targets you just built.  These
+files are heavily commented, so they should be easy to modify.
+Take care, however, to preserve whitespace.  Punctuation such as
+`;` will not be recognized as intended by `bjam` if it is not
+surrounded by whitespace.
+
+[section Relocate the Project]
+
+You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can
+change it without modifying your Boost distribution.  To do that,
+simply
+
+a. copy the entire `example/quickstart/` directory
+   into a new directory.
+
+b. In the new copies of `boost-build.jam` and `Jamroot`, locate
+   the relative path near the top of the file that is clearly
+   marked by a comment, and edit that path so that it refers to the
+   same directory your Boost distribution as it referred to when
+   the file was in its original location in the
+   `example/quickstart/` directory.
+
+For example, if you moved the project from
+`/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/libs/python/example/quickstart` to
+`/home/dave/my-project`, you could change the first path in
+`boost-build.jam` from
+``
+  ../../../../tools/build/src
+``
+to
+``
+  /home/dave/boost_1_34_0/tools/build/src
+``
+and change the first path in `Jamroot` from
+``
+  ../../../..
+``
+to
+``
+  /home/dave/boost_1_34_0
+``
+
+[endsect]
+[section Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files]
+
+The names of additional source files involved in building your
+extension module or embedding application can be listed in
+`Jamroot` right alongside `extending.cpp` or `embedding.cpp`
+respectively.  Just be sure to leave whitespace around each
+filename:
+``
+  … file1.cpp file2.cpp file3.cpp …
+``
+Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can
+tell Boost.Build about it by editing the name in `Jamroot`.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Change the Name of your Extension Module]
+
+The name of the extension module is determined by two things:
+
+# the name in `Jamroot` immediately following `python-extension`, and 
+# the name passed to `BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE` in `extending.cpp`.
+
+To change the name of the extension module from `extending` to
+`hello`, you'd edit `Jamroot`, changing
+``
+  python-extension extending : extending.cpp ;
+``
+to
+``
+  python-extension hello : extending.cpp ;
+``
+and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing
+
+``
+  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extending)
+``
+to
+``
+  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
+``
+[endsect]
+[endsect]
+[endsect]
+[section Installing Boost.Python on your System]
+
+Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
+`header-only`) library, its user relies on the services of a
+Boost.Python library binary.  
+
+If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library
+binaries on your system, the _gsg_ will
+walk you through the steps of creating one.  If building binaries
+from source, you might want to supply the `--with-python`
+argument to `bjam` (or the `--with-libraries=python` argument
+to `configure`), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
+rather than all the Boost binaries.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Configuring Boost.Build]
+
+As described in the [@http://www.boost.org/build/doc/html/bbv2/overview/configuration.html Boost.Build Reference Manual], a file called
+`user-config.jam` in your home directory is used to
+specify the tools and libraries available to the build system. You
+may need to create or edit `user-config.jam` to tell Boost.Build
+how to invoke Python, `#include` its headers, and link with its
+libraries.
+
+[note If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
+   `configure` script, it may have generated a
+   `user-config.jam` for you. [footnote `configure` overwrites the existing
+   `user-config.jam` in your home directory (if any) after making a backup of
+   the old version.] If your `configure`\ /\ `make` sequence was successful and
+   Boost.Python binaries were built, your `user-config.jam` file is probably already
+   correct.]
+
+If you have one fairly “standard” python installation for your
+platform, you might not need to do anything special to describe it.  If
+you haven't configured python in `user-config.jam` (and you don't
+specify `--without-python` on the Boost.Build command line),
+Boost.Build will automatically execute the equivalent of
+
+``
+  import toolset : using ; 
+  using python ;
+``
+which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
+However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
+(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the quickstart
+method).  If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
+Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a `user-config.jam` file
+with at least the minimal incantation above.
+
+[section Python Configuration Parameters]
+
+If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
+installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
+the following optional parameters to `using python`.
+
+[variablelist
+ [[version]
+
+  [the version of Python to use.  Should be in Major.Minor
+  format, for example, `2.3`.  Do not include the subminor
+  version (i.e. *not* `2.5.1`).  If you have multiple Python
+  versions installed, the version will usually be the only
+  configuration argument required.]]
+
+ [[cmd-or-prefix]
+
+  [preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter.
+  Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python libraries and
+  header files.  Only use the alternative formulation if there is
+  no appropriate Python executable available.]]
+
+ [[*includes*]
+
+  [the `#include` paths for Python headers.  Normally the correct
+  path(s) will be automatically deduced from `version` and/or
+  `cmd-or-prefix`.]]
+
+ [[*libraries*]
+
+  [the path to Python library binaries.  On MacOS/Darwin,
+  you can also pass the path of the Python framework.  Normally the
+  correct path(s) will be automatically deduced from `version`
+  and/or `cmd-or-prefix`.]]
+
+ [[*condition*]
+
+  [if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
+  properties that are matched against the build configuration when
+  Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.  See examples
+  below for details.]]
+
+ [[*extension-suffix*]
+
+  [A string to append to the name of extension
+  modules before the true filename extension.  You almost certainly
+  don't need to use this.  Usually this suffix is only used when
+  targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
+  automatically for you based on the value of the
+  [link building.python_debugging_builds <python-debugging>] feature.
+  However, at least one Linux distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has
+  a specially configured [@https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds <python-dbg>]
+  package that claims to use such a suffix.]]
+  ]
+
+[endsect]
+[section Examples]
+
+Note that in the examples below, case and *especially whitespace* are
+significant.
+
+* If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed,
+  `user-config.jam` might contain
+  
+  ``
+    using python : 2.5 ;  # Make both versions of Python available 
+    using python : 2.4 ;  # To build with python 2.4, add python=2.4 
+                          # to your command line.
+  ``
+  The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default.  To build
+  against python 2.4, add `python=2.4` to the `bjam` command line.
+
+* If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might
+  supply the path to the interpreter in the `cmd-or-prefix`
+  parameter:
+
+  ``
+    using python : : /usr/local/python-2.6-beta/bin/python ;
+  ``
+
+* If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular
+  toolset, you might supply that toolset in the `condition`
+  parameter:
+
+  ``
+    using python ;  # use for most toolsets
+    
+    # Use with Intel C++ toolset
+    using python 
+         : # version
+         : c:\\Devel\\Python-2.5-IntelBuild\\PCBuild\\python # cmd-or-prefix
+         : # includes
+         : # libraries
+         : <toolset>intel # condition
+         ;
+  ``
+
+* If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the
+  normal and the [link building.python_debugging_builds "python debugging"]
+  builds from source on Windows, you might see:
+
+  ``
+    using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python ;
+    using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python_d
+      : # includes
+      : # libs
+      : <python-debugging>on ;
+  ``
+* You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows 
+  can build/test both Windows and Cygwin_ python extensions.  Just pass
+  `<target-os>cygwin` in the `condition` parameter
+  for the cygwin python installation:
+
+  ``
+    # windows installation
+    using python ;
+
+    # cygwin installation
+    using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
+  ``
+  when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
+  with the cygwin version of python: [#flavor]_
+
+  ``
+    bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc 
+  ``
+  This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
+  python with a [@http://cygwin.com Cygwin] bjam) but it seems as though the support in
+  Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
+  time of this writing.
+
+* Note that because of [@http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection
+  the way Boost.Build currently selects target alternatives], you might have be very
+  explicit in your build requests.  For example, given:
+
+  ``
+    using python : 2.5 ; # a regular windows build
+    using python : 2.4 : : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
+  ``
+  building with
+  ``
+    bjam target-os=cygwin
+  ``
+
+  will yield an error.  Instead, you'll need to write
+
+  ``
+    bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
+  ``
+
+[endsect]
+[endsect]
+[section Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary]
+
+If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right
+libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
+library, you'll need to think about which one to link with.  The
+Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors.  Take
+care to choose the right flavor for your application. [footnote
+Information about how to identify the static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python on
+[@http://boost.org/more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming Windows] /
+[@http://boost.org/more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming Unix variants]]
+
+[section The Dynamic Binary]
+
+The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:
+
+* A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
+  modules built with a given toolset. [footnote Because of the way most \*nix platforms
+  share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
+  that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
+  will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
+  when loaded into the same Python instance.  Not using different
+  libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
+  ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries
+  would be interoperable.  Otherwise, it could spell disaster,
+  since an extension module and the Boost.Python library would
+  have different ideas of such things as class layout. I would
+  appreciate someone doing the experiment to find out what
+  happens.]
+
+* The library contains a type conversion registry.  Because one
+  registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
+  class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
+  module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.
+
+[endsect]
+[section The Static Binary]
+
+It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
+any of the following cases:
+
+* You are _extending_ python and the types exposed in your
+  dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
+  other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
+  core library code is duplicated among them.
+
+* You are _embedding_ python in your application and either:
+
+  * You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
+    where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
+    Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.
+
+  * Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension
+    modules into your application and you don't care if any
+    dynamically-loaded Boost.Python extension modules are able to
+    use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
+    modules (and vice-versa).
+
+[endsect]
+[endsect]
+[section `#include` Issues]
+
+1. If you should ever have occasion to `#include "python.h"`
+   directly in a translation unit of a program using Boost.Python,
+   use `#include "boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp"` instead.
+   It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python,
+   one of which is mentioned in the next section.
+
+2. Be sure not to `#include` any system headers before
+   `wrap_python.hpp`.  This restriction is actually imposed by
+   Python, or more properly, by Python's interaction with your
+   operating system.  See
+   [@http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html] for details.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Python Debugging Builds]
+
+Python can be built in a special “python debugging” configuration
+that adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful
+for developers of extension modules.  The data structures used by
+the debugging configuration contain additional members, so *a
+Python executable built with python debugging enabled cannot be
+used with an extension module or library compiled without it, and
+vice-versa.*
+
+Since pre-built “python debugging” versions of the Python
+executable and libraries are not supplied with most distributions
+of Python, [footnote On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging python and associated libraries are built by adding --with-pydebug when configuring the Python build. On Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by the "Win32 Debug" target of the Visual Studio project in the PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.] and we didn't want to force our users
+to build them, Boost.Build does not automatically enable python
+debugging in its `debug` build variant (which is the default).
+Instead there is a special build property called
+`python-debugging` that, when used as a build property, will
+define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right
+libraries to link with.
+
+On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data
+structures will only be used if the symbol `Py_DEBUG` is defined.
+On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
+the preprocessor symbol `_DEBUG`, Python defaults to force
+linking with a special debugging version of the Python DLL.  Since
+that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not present,
+Boost.Python temporarily undefines `_DEBUG` when `Python.h`
+is #included from `boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp` - unless
+`BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON` is defined.  The upshot is that if you want
+“python debugging”and you aren't using Boost.Build, you should make
+sure `BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON` is defined, or python debugging will be
+suppressed.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Testing Boost.Python]
+
+To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke `bjam` in the
+`test` subdirectory of your Boost.Python distribution.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users]
+
+If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
+prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
+create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
+shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
+linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
+the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in
+[@https://docs.python.org/2/install/index.html Installing Python Modules]
+to create `libpythonXX.a`, where `XX` corresponds to the major and minor
+version numbers of your Python installation.
+
+[endsect]

doc/comparisons.html

@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Comparisons with Other Systems
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
-        src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"><br>
-        Comparisons with
-        Other Systems
-      </h1>
-      
-      <h2>CXX</h2>
-      <p>
-        Like Boost.Python, <a href="http://cxx.sourceforge.net/">CXX</a> attempts to
-        provide a C++-oriented interface to Python. In most cases, as with the
-        boost library, it relieves the user from worrying about
-        reference-counts. Both libraries automatically convert thrown C++
-        exceptions into Python exceptions. As far as I can tell, CXX has no
-        support for subclassing C++ extension types in Python. An even
-        more significant difference is that a user's C++ code is still basically
-        ``dealing with Python objects'', though they are wrapped in
-        C++ classes. This means such jobs as argument parsing and conversion are
-        still left to be done explicitly by the user.
-
-     <p>
-        CXX claims to interoperate well with the C++ Standard Library
-        (a.k.a. STL) by providing iterators into Python Lists and Dictionaries,
-        but the claim is unfortunately unsupportable. The problem is that in
-        general, access to Python sequence and mapping elements through
-        iterators requires the use of proxy objects as the return value of
-        iterator dereference operations. This usage conflicts with the basic
-        ForwardIterator requirements in <a
-        href="http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n2356/lib-iterators.html#lib.forward.iterators">
-        section 24.1.3 of the standard</a> (dereferencing must produce a
-        reference). Although you may be able to use these iterators with some
-        operations in some standard library implementations, it is neither
-        guaranteed to work nor portable.
-
-      <p>
-        As far as I can tell, CXX enables one to write what is essentially
-        idiomatic Python code in C++, manipulating Python objects through the
-        same fully-generic interfaces we use in Python. While you're hardly
-        programming directly to the ``bare metal'' with CXX, it basically
-        presents a ``C++-ized'' version of the Python 'C' API. Some fraction of
-        that capability is available in Boost.Python through <tt><a
-        href="../../../boost/python/objects.hpp">boost/python/objects.hpp</a></tt>,
-        which provides C++ objects corresponding to Python lists, tuples,
-        strings, and dictionaries, and through <tt><a
-        href="../../../boost/python/callback.hpp">boost/python/callback.hpp</a></tt>,
-        which allows you to call back into python with C++ arguments.
-
-      <p>
-        <a href="mailto:dubois1@llnl.gov">Paul F. Dubois</a>, the original
-        author of CXX, has told me that what I've described is only half of the
-        picture with CXX, but I never understood his explanation well-enough to
-        fill in the other half. Here is his response to the commentary above:
-
-<blockquote>
-``My intention with CXX was not to do what you are doing. It was to enable a
-person to write an extension directly in C++ rather than C. I figured others had
-the wrapping business covered. I thought maybe CXX would provide an easier
-target language for those making wrappers, but I never explored
-that.''<br><i>-<a href="mailto:dubois1@llnl.gov">Paul Dubois</a></i>
-</blockquote>
-
-      <h2>SWIG</h2>
-      <p>
-        <a href= "http://www.swig.org/">SWIG</a> is an impressively mature tool
-        for exporting an existing ANSI 'C' interface into various scripting
-        languages. Swig relies on a parser to read your source code and produce
-        additional source code files which can be compiled into a Python (or
-        Perl or Tcl) extension module. It has been successfully used to create
-        many Python extension modules. Like Boost.Python, SWIG is trying to allow an
-        existing interface to be wrapped with little or no change to the
-        existing code. The documentation says ``SWIG parses a form of ANSI C
-        syntax that has been extended with a number of special directives. As a
-        result, interfaces are usually built by grabbing a header file and
-        tweaking it a little bit.'' For C++ interfaces, the tweaking has often
-        proven to amount to more than just a little bit. One user
-        writes:
-
-        <blockquote> ``The problem with swig (when I used it) is that it
-        couldnt handle templates, didnt do func overloading properly etc.  For
-        ANSI C libraries this was fine.  But for usual C++ code this was a
-        problem.  Simple things work.  But for anything very complicated (or
-        realistic), one had to write code by hand.  I believe Boost.Python doesn't have
-        this problem[<a href="#sic">sic</a>]...  IMHO overloaded functions are very important to
-        wrap correctly.''<br><i>-Prabhu Ramachandran</i>
-        </blockquote>
-        
-      <p>
-        By contrast, Boost.Python doesn't attempt to parse C++ - the problem is simply
-        too complex to do correctly. <a name="sic">Technically</a>, one does
-        write code by hand to use Boost.Python. The goal, however, has been to make
-        that code nearly as simple as listing the names of the classes and
-        member functions you want to expose in Python.
-
-      <h2>SIP</h2> 
-      <p>
-        <a
-        href="http://www.thekompany.com/projects/pykde/background.php3?dhtml_ok=1">SIP</a>
-        is a system similar to SWIG, though seemingly more
-        C++-oriented. The author says that like Boost.Python, SIP supports overriding
-        extension class member functions in Python subclasses. It appears to
-        have been designed specifically to directly support some features of
-        PyQt/PyKDE, which is its primary client. Documentation is almost
-        entirely missing at the time of this writing, so a detailed comparison
-        is difficult.
-
-      <h2>ILU</h2>
-      <p>
-        <a
-        href="ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/ilu/ilu.html">ILU</a>
-        is a very ambitious project which tries to describe a module's interface
-        (types and functions) in terms of an <a
-        href="ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/ilu/2.0b1/manual-html/manual_2.html">Interface
-        Specification Language</a> (ISL) so that it can be uniformly interfaced
-        to a wide range of computer languages, including Common Lisp, C++, C,
-        Modula-3, and Python. ILU can parse the ISL to generate a C++ language
-        header file describing the interface, of which the user is expected to
-        provide an implementation. Unlike Boost.Python, this means that the system
-        imposes implementation details on your C++ code at the deepest level. It
-        is worth noting that some of the C++ names generated by ILU are supposed
-        to be reserved to the C++ implementation. It is unclear from the
-        documentation whether ILU supports overriding C++ virtual functions in Python.
-        
-      <h2>GRAD</h2>
-      <p>
-      <a
-      href="http://www.python.org/workshops/1996-11/papers/GRAD/html/GRADcover.html">GRAD</a>
-      is another very ambitious project aimed at generating Python wrappers for
-      interfaces written in ``legacy languages'', among which C++ is the first one
-      implemented. Like SWIG, it aims to parse source code and automatically
-      generate wrappers, though it appears to take a more sophisticated approach
-      to parsing in general and C++ in particular, so it should do a much better
-      job with C++. It appears to support function overloading. The
-      documentation is missing a lot of information I'd like to see, so it is
-      difficult to give an accurate and fair assessment. I am left with the
-      following questions:
-<ul>
-<li>Does it support overriding of virtual functions?
-<li>What about overriding private or protected virtual functions (the documentation indicates
-that only public interfaces are supported)?
-<li>Which C++ language constructs are supportd?
-<li>Does it support implicit conversions between wrapped C++ classes that have
-an inheritance relationship?
-<li>Does it support smart pointers?
-</ul>
-      <p>
-        Anyone in the possession of the answers to these questions will earn my
-        gratitude for a write-up <code>;-)</code>
-
-      <h2>Zope ExtensionClasses</h2>
-      <p>
-         <a href="http:http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass">
-        ExtensionClasses in Zope</a> use the same underlying mechanism as Boost.Python
-        to support subclassing of extension types in Python, including
-        multiple-inheritance. Both systems support pickling/unpickling of
-        extension class instances in very similar ways. Both systems rely on the
-        same ``<a
-        href="http://www.python.org/workshops/1994-11/BuiltInClasses/Welcome.html">Don
-        Beaudry Hack</a>'' that also inspired Don's MESS System.
-      <p>
-        The major differences are:
-      <ul>
-        <li>Zope is entirely 'C' language-based. It doesn't require a C++
-        compiler, so it's much more portable than Boost.Python, which stresses
-        the limits of even some modern C++ implementations.
-
-        <li>
-          Boost.Python lifts the burden on the user to parse and convert function
-          argument types. Zope provides no such facility.
-        <li>
-          Boost.Python lifts the burden on the user to maintain Python
-          reference-counts.
-        <li>
-          Boost.Python supports function overloading; Zope does not.
-        <li>
-          Boost.Python supplies a simple mechanism for exposing read-only and
-          read/write access to data members of the wrapped C++ type as Python
-          attributes.
-        <li>
-          Writing a Zope ExtensionClass is significantly more complex than
-          exposing a C++ class to python using Boost.Python (mostly a summary of the
-          previous 4 items). <a href= 
-          "http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass/MultiMapping.html">A
-          Zope Example</a> illustrates the differences.
-        <li>
-          Zope's ExtensionClasses are specifically motivated by ``the need for a
-          C-based persistence mechanism''. Boost.Python's are motivated by the desire
-          to simply reflect a C++ API into Python with as little modification as
-          possible.
-        <li>
-          The following Zope restriction does not apply to Boost.Python: ``At most one
-          base extension direct or indirect super class may define C data
-          members. If an extension subclass inherits from multiple base
-          extension classes, then all but one must be mix-in classes that
-          provide extension methods but no data.''
-        <li>
-          Zope requires use of the somewhat funky inheritedAttribute (search for
-          ``inheritedAttribute'' on <a
-          href="http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass">this page</a>)
-          method to access base class methods. In Boost.Python, base class methods can
-          be accessed in the usual way by writing
-          ``<code>BaseClass.method</code>''.
-        <li>
-          Zope supplies some creative but esoteric idioms such as <a href= 
-          "http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass/Acquisition.html">
-          Acquisition</a>. No specific support for this is built into Boost.Python.
-        <li>
-          Zope's ComputedAttribute support is designed to be used from Python.
-          <a href="special.html#getter_setter">The analogous feature of
-          Boost.Python</a> can be used from C++ or Python. The feature is arguably
-          easier to use in Boost.Python.
-      </ul>
-      <p>
-        Next: <a href="example1.html">A Simple Example Using Boost.Python</a>
-        Previous: <a href="extending.html">A Brief Introduction to writing Python Extension Modules</a>
-        Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
-        express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
-        for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-    </div>
-

doc/configuration.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+[chapter Configuration
+    [quickbook 1.7]
+    [authors [Abrahams, David]]
+    [copyright 2002 - 2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld]
+    [id configuration]
+]
+
+
+[section Configuration]
+
+[section Introduction]
+[*Boost.Python] uses several configuration macros in `<boost/config.hpp>`, as well as configuration macros meant to be supplied by the application. These macros are documented here.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Application Defined Macros]
+
+These are the macros that may be defined by an application using Boost.Python. Note that if you extend a strict interpretation of the C++ standard to cover dynamic libraries, using different values of these macros when compiling different libraries (including extension modules and the Boost.Python library itself) is a violation of the [link odr ODR]. However, we know of no C++ implementations on which this particular violation is detectable or causes any problems.
+
+[table
+ [[Macro][Default][Meaning]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY]
+  [15]
+  [The maximum arity of any function, member function,
+   or constructor to be wrapped, invocation of a
+   Boost.Python function wich is specified as taking
+   arguments x1, x2,...Xn. This includes, in particular,
+   callback mechanisms such as object::operator()(...) or call_method<R>(... ).]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES][10]
+  [The maximum number of template arguments to the
+   `bases<...>` class template, which is used to specify
+   the bases of a wrapped C++ class..]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_MODULE]
+  [ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, prevents your module initialization
+   function from being treated as an exported symbol
+   on platforms which support that distinction in-code]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL]
+  [ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, allows functions using the `__cdecl`
+   calling convention to be wrapped.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL]
+  [ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, allows functions using the `__stdcall`
+   calling convention to be wrapped.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL]
+  [ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, allows functions using the `__fastcall`
+   calling convention to be wrapped.]]
+]
+[endsect]
+[section Library Defined Defined Macros]
+These macros are defined by *Boost.Python* and are implementation details of interest only to implementors and those porting to new platforms.
+[table
+ [[Macro][Default][Meaning]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME][ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, this indicates that the type_info comparison across
+   shared library boundaries does not work on this platform.
+   In other words, if shared-lib-1 passes `typeid(T)` to a function
+   in shared-lib-2 which compares it to `typeid(T)`, that comparison
+   may return `false`. If this macro is #defined, Boost.Python uses
+   and compares `typeid(T).name()` instead of using and comparing
+   the `std::type_info` objects directly.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES][ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined for a module no pythonic signatures are generated for
+   the docstrings of the module functions, and no python type is
+   associated with any of the converters registered by the module.
+   This also reduces the binary size of the module by about 14%
+   (gcc compiled).
+   If defined for the boost_python runtime library, the default for
+   the `docstring_options.enable_py_signatures()` is set to `false`.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES]
+  [ /defined/ if `BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES` is /undefined/ ]
+  [This macro is defined to enable a smooth transition from older
+   Boost.Python versions which do not support pythonic signatures.
+   For example usage see here.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE][ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined the python type of `__init__` method "self" parameters
+   is properly generated, otherwise object is used. It is undefined by
+   default because it increases the binary size of the module by about
+   14% (gcc compiled).]]
+]
+[endsect]
+[endsect]

doc/cross_module.html

@@ -1,336 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-
-<title>Cross-extension-module dependencies</title>
-
-<div>
-
-<img src="../../../c++boost.gif"
-     alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"
-     align="center"
-     width="277" height="86">
-
-<hr>
-<h1>Cross-extension-module dependencies</h1>
-
-It is good programming practice to organize large projects as modules
-that interact with each other via well defined interfaces. With
-Boost.Python it is possible to reflect this organization at the C++
-level at the Python level. This is, each logical C++ module can be
-organized as a separate Python extension module.
-
-<p>
-At first sight this might seem natural and straightforward. However, it
-is a fairly complex problem to establish cross-extension-module
-dependencies while maintaining the same ease of use Boost.Python
-provides for classes that are wrapped in the same extension module. To
-a large extent this complexity can be hidden from the author of a
-Boost.Python extension module, but not entirely.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>The recipe</h2>
-
-Suppose there is an extension module that exposes certain instances of
-the C++ <tt>std::vector</tt> template library such that it can be used
-from Python in the following manner:
-
-<pre>
-import std_vector
-v = std_vector.double([1, 2, 3, 4])
-v.push_back(5)
-v.size()
-</pre>
-
-Suppose the <tt>std_vector</tt> module is done well and reflects all
-C++ functions that are useful at the Python level, for all C++ built-in
-data types (<tt>std_vector.int</tt>, <tt>std_vector.long</tt>, etc.).
-
-<p>
-Suppose further that there is statistic module with a C++ class that
-has constructors or member functions that use or return a
-<tt>std::vector</tt>.  For example:
-
-<pre>
-class xy {
-  public:
-    xy(const std::vector&lt;double&gt;&amp; x, const std::vector&lt;double&gt;&amp; y) : m_x(x), m_y(y) {}
-    const std::vector&lt;double&gt;&amp; x() const { return m_x; }
-    const std::vector&lt;double&gt;&amp; y() const { return m_y; }
-    double correlation();
-  private:
-    std::vector&lt;double&gt; m_x;
-    std::vector&lt;double&gt; m_y;
-}
-</pre>
-
-What is more natural than reusing the <tt>std_vector</tt> extension
-module to expose these constructors or functions to Python?
-
-<p>
-Unfortunately, what seems natural needs a little work in both the
-<tt>std_vector</tt> and the <tt>statistics</tt> module.
-
-<p>
-In the <tt>std_vector</tt> extension module,
-<tt>std::vector&lt;double&gt;</tt> is exposed to Python in the usual
-way with the <tt>class_builder&lt;&gt;</tt> template.  To also enable the
-automatic conversion of <tt>std::vector&lt;double&gt;</tt> function
-arguments or return values in other Boost.Python C++ modules, the
-converters that convert a <tt>std::vector&lt;double&gt;</tt> C++ object
-to a Python object and vice versa (i.e. the <tt>to_python()</tt> and
-<tt>from_python()</tt> template functions) have to be exported. For
-example:
-
-<pre>
-  #include &lt;boost/python/cross_module.hpp&gt;
-  //...
-  class_builder&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt; &gt; v_double(std_vector_module, &quot;double&quot;);
-  export_converters(v_double);
-</pre>
-
-In the extension module that wraps <tt>class xy</tt> we can now import
-these converters with the <tt>import_converters&lt;&gt;</tt> template.
-For example:
-
-<pre>
-  #include &lt;boost/python/cross_module.hpp&gt;
-  //...
-  import_converters&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt; &gt; v_double_converters(&quot;std_vector&quot;, &quot;double&quot;);
-</pre>
-
-That is all. All the attributes that are defined for
-<tt>std_vector.double</tt> in the <tt>std_vector</tt> Boost.Python
-module will be available for the returned objects of <tt>xy.x()</tt>
-and <tt>xy.y()</tt>.  Similarly, the constructor for <tt>xy</tt> will
-accept objects that were created by the <tt>std_vector</tt>module.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Placement of <tt>import_converters&lt;&gt;</tt> template instantiations</h2>
-
-<tt>import_converts&lt;&gt;</tt> can be viewed as a drop-in replacement
-for <tt>class_wrapper&lt;&gt;</tt>, and the recommendations for the
-placement of <tt>class_wrapper&lt;&gt;</tt> template instantiations
-also apply to to <tt>import_converts&lt;&gt;</tt>. In particular, it is
-important that an instantiation of <tt>class_wrapper&lt;&gt;</tt> is
-visible to any code which wraps a C++ function with a <tt>T</tt>,
-<tt>T*</tt>, const <tt>T&amp;</tt>, etc. parameter or return value.
-Therefore you may want to group all <tt>class_wrapper&lt;&gt;</tt> and
-<tt>import_converts&lt;&gt;</tt> instantiations at the top of your
-module's init function, then <tt>def()</tt> the member functions later
-to avoid problems with inter-class dependencies.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Non-copyable types</h2>
-
-<tt>export_converters()</tt> instantiates C++ template functions that
-invoke the copy constructor of the wrapped type. For a type that is
-non-copyable this will result in compile-time error messages. In such a
-case, <tt>export_converters_noncopyable()</tt> can be used to export
-the converters that do not involve the copy constructor of the wrapped
-type.  For example:
-
-<pre>
-class_builder&lt;store&gt; py_store(your_module, &quot;store&quot;);
-export_converters_noncopyable(py_store);
-</pre>
-
-The corresponding <tt>import_converters&lt;&gt;</tt> statement does not
-need any special attention:
-
-<pre>
-import_converters&lt;store&gt; py_store(&quot;noncopyable_export&quot;, &quot;store&quot;);
-</pre>
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Python module search path</h2>
-
-The <tt>std_vector</tt> and <tt>statistics</tt> modules can now be used
-in the following way:
-
-<pre>
-import std_vector
-import statistics
-x = std_vector.double([1, 2, 3, 4])
-y = std_vector.double([2, 4, 6, 8])
-xy = statistics.xy(x, y)
-xy.correlation()
-</pre>
-
-In this example it is clear that Python has to be able to find both the
-<tt>std_vector</tt> and the <tt>statistics</tt> extension module. In
-other words, both extension modules need to be in the Python module
-search path (<tt>sys.path</tt>).
-
-<p>
-The situation is not always this obvious. Suppose the
-<tt>statistics</tt> module has a <tt>random()</tt> function that
-returns a vector of random numbers with a given length:
-
-<pre>
-import statistics
-x = statistics.random(5)
-y = statistics.random(5)
-xy = statistics.xy(x, y)
-xy.correlation()
-</pre>
-
-A naive user will not easily anticipate that the <tt>std_vector</tt>
-module is used to pass the <tt>x</tt> and <tt>y</tt> vectors around. If
-the <tt>std_vector</tt> module is in the Python module search path,
-this form of ignorance is of no harm.  On the contrary, we are glad
-that we do not have to bother the user with details like this.
-
-<p>
-If the <tt>std_vector</tt> module is not in the Python module search
-path, a Python exception will be raised:
-
-<pre>
-Traceback (innermost last):
-  File &quot;foo.py&quot;, line 2, in ?
-    x = statistics.random(5)
-ImportError: No module named std_vector
-</pre>
-
-As is the case with any system of a non-trivial complexity, it is
-important that the setup is consistent and complete.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Two-way module dependencies</h2>
-
-Boost.Python supports two-way module dependencies. This is best
-illustrated by a simple example.
-
-<p>
-Suppose there is a module <tt>ivect</tt> that implements vectors of
-integers, and a similar module <tt>dvect</tt> that implements vectors
-of doubles. We want to be able do convert an integer vector to a double
-vector and vice versa. For example:
-
-<pre>
-import ivect
-iv = ivect.ivect((1,2,3,4,5))
-dv = iv.as_dvect()
-</pre>
-
-The last expression will implicitly import the <tt>dvect</tt> module in
-order to enable the conversion of the C++ representation of
-<tt>dvect</tt> to a Python object. The analogous is possible for a
-<tt>dvect</tt>:
-
-<pre>
-import dvect
-dv = dvect.dvect((1,2,3,4,5))
-iv = dv.as_ivect()
-</pre>
-
-Now the <tt>ivect</tt> module is imported implicitly.
-
-<p>
-Note that the two-way dependencies are possible because the
-dependencies are resolved only when needed. This is, the initialization
-of the <tt>ivect</tt> module does not rely on the <tt>dvect</tt>
-module, and vice versa.  Only if <tt>as_dvect()</tt> or
-<tt>as_ivect()</tt> is actually invoked will the corresponding module
-be implicitly imported. This also means that, for example, the
-<tt>dvect</tt> module does not have to be available at all if
-<tt>as_dvect()</tt> is never used.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Clarification of compile-time and link-time dependencies</h2>
-
-Boost.Python's support for resolving cross-module dependencies at
-runtime does not imply that compile-time dependencies are eliminated.
-For example, the statistics extension module in the example above will
-need to <tt>#include &lt;vector&gt;</tt>. This is immediately obvious
-from the definition of <tt>class xy</tt>.
-
-<p>
-If a library is wrapped that consists of both header files and compiled
-components (e.g. <tt>libdvect.a</tt>, <tt>dvect.lib</tt>, etc.), both
-the Boost.Python extension module with the
-<tt>export_converters()</tt> statement and the module with the
-<tt>import_converters&lt;&gt;</tt> statement need to be linked against
-the object library.  Ideally one would build a shared library (e.g.
-<tt>libdvect.so</tt>, <tt>dvect.dll</tt>, etc.). However, this
-introduces the issue of having to configure the search path for the
-dynamic loading correctly. For small libraries it is therefore often
-more convenient to ignore the fact that the object files are loaded
-into memory more than once.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Summary of motivation for cross-module support</h2>
-
-The main purpose of Boost.Python's cross-module support is to allow for
-a modular system layout. With this support it is straightforward to
-reflect C++ code organization at the Python level. Without the
-cross-module support, a multi-purpose module like <tt>std_vector</tt>
-would be impractical because the entire wrapper code would somehow have
-to be duplicated in all extension modules that use it, making them
-harder to maintain and harder to build.
-
-<p>
-Another motivation for the cross-module support is that two extension
-modules that wrap the same class cannot both be imported into Python.
-For example, if there are two modules <tt>A</tt> and <tt>B</tt> that
-both wrap a given <tt>class X</tt>, this will work:
-
-<pre>
-import A
-x = A.X()
-</pre>
-
-This will also work:
-
-<pre>
-import B
-x = B.X()
-</pre>
-
-However, this will fail:
-
-<pre>
-import A
-import B
-python: /net/cci/rwgk/boost/boost/python/detail/extension_class.hpp:866:
-static void boost::python::detail::class_registry&lt;X&gt;::register_class(boost::python::detail::extension_class_base *):
-Assertion `static_class_object == 0' failed.
-Abort
-</pre>
-
-A good solution is to wrap <tt>class X</tt> only once. Depending on the
-situation, this could be done by module <tt>A</tt> or <tt>B</tt>, or an
-additional small extension module that only wraps and exports
-<tt>class X</tt>.
-
-<p>
-Finally, there can be important psychological or political reasons for
-using the cross-module support. If a group of classes is lumped
-together with many others in a huge module, the authors will have
-difficulties in being identified with their work. The situation is
-much more transparent if the work is represented by a module with a
-recognizable name. This is not just a question of strong egos, but also
-of getting credit and funding.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Why not use <tt>export_converters()</tt> universally?</h2>
-
-There is some overhead associated with the Boost.Python cross-module
-support. Depending on the platform, the size of the code generated by
-<tt>export_converters()</tt> is roughly 10%-20% of that generated
-by <tt>class_builder&lt;&gt;</tt>. For a large extension module with
-many wrapped classes, this could mean a significant difference.
-Therefore the general recommendation is to use
-<tt>export_converters()</tt> only for classes that are likely to
-be used as function arguments or return values in other modules.
-
-<hr>
-&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001. Permission to copy,
-use, modify, sell and distribute this document is granted provided this
-copyright notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as
-is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its
-suitability for any purpose.
-
-<p>
-Updated: April 2001
-
-</div>

doc/data_structures.txt

@@ -1,192 +0,0 @@
-Given a real Python class 'A', a wrapped C++ class 'B', and this definition:
-
-    class C(A, B):
-        def __init__(self):
-            B.__init__(self)
-            self.x = 1
-        ...
-
-    c = C()
-
-this diagram describes the internal structure of an instance of 'C', including
-its inheritance relationships. Note that ExtensionClass<B> is derived from
-Class<ExtensionInstance>, and is in fact identical for all intents and purposes.
-
-                                           MetaClass<ExtensionInstance>
-                 +---------+              +---------+                  
-types.ClassType: |         |              |         |                  
-                 |         |              |         |                  
-                 |         |              |         |                  
-                 +---------+              +---------+                    
-                   ^                         ^   ^
-     PyClassObject |       ExtensionClass<B> |   |
- A: +------------+ |   B: +------------+     |   |
-    |  ob_type  -+-+      |   ob_type -+-----+   |
-    |            |   ()<--+- __bases__ |         |
-    |            |        |  __dict__ -+->{...}  |
-    |            |   'B'<-+- __name__  |         |
-    +------------+        +------------+         |
-         ^                      ^                |
-         |                      |                |
-         +-----+  +-------------+                |
-               |  |                              |
-               |  |     Class<ExtensionInstance> |
-               |  | C: +------------+            |
-               |  |    |   ob_type -+------------+
-        tuple:(*, *)<--+- __bases__ |           
-                       |  __dict__ -+->{__module__, <methods, etc.>}
-                 'C' <-+- __name__  |
-                       +------------+        
-                             ^           (in case of inheritance from more than one   
-                             |            extension class, this vector would contain  
-             +---------------+            a pointer to an instance holder for the data
-             |                            of each corresponding C++ class)            
-             |     ExtensionInstance                
-             | c: +---------------------+   std::vector<InstanceHolderBase> 
-             +----+- __class__          |  +---+--  
-                  |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| * | ...
-        {'x': 1}<-+- __dict__           |  +-|-+--   
-                  +---------------------+    |    InstanceValueHolder<B>                  
-                                             |   +--------------------------------+
-                                             +-->| (contains a C++ instance of B) |
-                                                 +--------------------------------+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In our inheritance test cases in extclass_demo.cpp/test_extclass.py, we have the
-following C++ inheritance hierarchy:
-
-               +-----+          +----+
-               |  A1 |          | A2 |
-               +-----+          +----+
-                ^ ^ ^            ^  ^  
-                | | |            |  |
-          +-----+ | +---------+-----+
-          |       |           |  |
-          |       +---+----------+
-   .......!......     |       |
-   : A_callback :   +-+--+  +-+--+
-   :............:   | B1 |  | B2 |
-                    +----+  +----+
-                      ^
-                      |
-              +-------+---------+
-              |                 |
-            +-+-+         ......!.......
-            | C |         : B_callback :
-            +---+         :............:
-
-
-A_callback and B_callback are used as part of the wrapping mechanism but not
-represented in Python. C is also not represented in Python but is delivered
-there polymorphically through a smart pointer.
-
-This is the data structure in Python.
-
-       ExtensionClass<A1>
-  A1: +------------+                
- ()<--+- __bases__ |                                                
-      |  __dict__ -+->{...}                                         
-      +------------+                                                
-        ^                 
-        |          ExtensionInstance                                              
-        |     a1: +---------------------+   vec     InstanceValueHolder<A1,A_callback> 
-        +---------+- __class__          |  +---+   +---------------------+ 
-        |         |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A_callback | 
-        |         +---------------------+  +---+   +---------------------+              
-        |   
-        |          ExtensionInstance                                              
-        | pa1_a1: +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
-        +---------+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+ 
-        |         |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   A1    
-        |         +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+
-        |                                                +->|   |
-        |          ExtensionInstance                        +---+ 
-        | pb1_a1: +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
-        +---------+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                 
-        |         |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   B1           
-        |         +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+        
-        |                                                +->|   |                            
-        |          ExtensionInstance                        +---+                       
-        | pb2_a1: +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
-        +---------+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                 
-        |         |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   B2                   
-        |         +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+        
-        |                                                +->|   | 
-        |                                                   +---+                       
-        |       ExtensionClass<A1>                                                          
-        |  A2: +------------+                                                               
-        | ()<--+- __bases__ |                                                               
-        |      |  __dict__ -+->{...}                                                        
-        |      +------------+                                                               
-        |           ^                                                                       
-        |           |  ExtensionInstance                                                    
-        |       a2: | +---------------------+   vec     InstanceValueHolder<A2>             
-        |           +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +-------------+                      
-        |           | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A2 |                      
-        |           | +---------------------+  +---+   +-------------+                      
-        |           |                                                                       
-        |           |  ExtensionInstance                                                    
-        |   pa2_a2: | +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A2>,A2>  
-        |           +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                                
-        |           | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   A2                         
-        |           | +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+                       
-        |           |                                        +->|   |                       
-        |           |  ExtensionInstance                        +---+                       
-        |   pb1_a2: | +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A2>,A2>  
-        |           +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                                
-        |           | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   B1                         
-        |           | +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+                       
-        |           |                                        +->|   |                       
-        |           |                                           +---+                       
-        |           |                                                                       
-        |           +---------------+------------------------------+                             
-        |                           |                              |                             
- +------+-------------------------+-|----------------------------+ |                             
- |                                | |                            | |                             
- |       Class<ExtensionInstance> | |      ExtensionClass<B1>    | |      ExtensionClass<B1>     
- | DA1: +------------+            | | B1: +------------+         | | B2: +------------+          
-(*,)<---+- __bases__ |           (*,*)<---+- __bases__ |        (*,*)<---+- __bases__ |          
-        |  __dict__ -+->{...}             |  __dict__ -+->{...}          |  __dict__ -+->{...}   
-        +------------+                    +------------+                 +------------+          
-              ^                                ^                                    ^ 
-              |        ExtensionInstance       |                                    |       
-              |  da1: +---------------------+  |    vec     InstanceValueHolder<A1,A_callback>  
-              +-------+- __class__          |  |   +---+   +---------------------+  |          
-                      |  m_wrapped_objects -+--|-->| *-+-->| contains A_callback |  |          
-                      +---------------------+  |   +---+   +---------------------+  |          
-        +--------------------------------------+                                    |
-        |  ExtensionInstance                                                        |
-    b1: | +---------------------+   vec     InstanceValueHolder<B1,B_callback>      |
-        +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---------------------+                  |
-        | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains B_callback |                  |
-        | +---------------------+  +---+   +---------------------+                  |
-        |                                                                           |
-        |  ExtensionInstance                                                        |
-pb1_b1: | +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<B1>,B1>      |
-        +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                                    |
-        | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   B1                             |
-        | +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+                           |
-        |                                        +->|   |                           |
-        |  ExtensionInstance                        +---+                           |
- pc_b1: | +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<B1>,B1>      |
-        +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                                    |
-        | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   C                              |
-        | +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+                           |
-        |                                        +->|   |                           |
-        |                                           +---+                           |
-        |                                                                           |
-        |       Class<ExtensionInstance>    +---------------------------------------+
-        | DB1: +------------+               |  ExtensionInstance                                                    
-       (*,)<---+- __bases__ |           a2: | +---------------------+   vec     InstanceValueHolder<A2> 
-               |  __dict__ -+->{...}        +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +-------------+                      
-               +------------+                 |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A2 |                      
-                     ^                        +---------------------+  +---+   +-------------+                      
-                     |  ExtensionInstance      
-                db1: | +---------------------+    vec     InstanceValueHolder<B1,B_callback>  
-                     +-+- __class__          |   +---+   +----------------------+ 
-                       |  m_wrapped_objects -+-->| *-+-->| contains B1_callback |              
-                       +---------------------+   +---+   +----------------------+              

doc/enums.html

@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Wrapping enums
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
-        src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"><br>
-        Wrapping enums
-      </h1>
-
-<p>Because there is in general no way to deduce that a value of arbitrary type T
-is an enumeration constant, the Boost Python Library cannot automatically
-convert enum values to and from Python. To handle this case, you need to decide
-how you want the enum to show up in Python (since Python doesn't have
-enums). Once you have done that, you can write some simple
-<code>from_python()</code> and <code>to_python()</code> functions.
-
-<p>If you are satisfied with a Python int as a way to represent your enum
-values, we provide a shorthand for these functions. You just need to cause
-<code>boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;EnumType&gt;</code> to be
-instantiated, where
-<code>EnumType</code> is your enumerated type. There are two convenient ways to do this:
-
-<ol>
-<li>Explicit instantiation:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-  template class boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;my_enum&gt;;
-</blockquote></pre>
-
-Some buggy C++ implementations require a class to be instantiated in the same
-namespace in which it is defined. In that case, the simple incantation above becomes:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-   ...
-} // close my_namespace
-
-// drop into namespace python and explicitly instantiate
-namespace boost { namespace python {
-  template class enum_as_int_converters&lt;my_enum_type&gt;;
-}} // namespace boost::python
-
-namespace my_namespace { // re-open my_namespace
-   ...
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-
-<li>If you have such an implementation, you may find this technique more convenient 
-<blockquote><pre>
-// instantiate as base class in any namespace
-struct EnumTypeConverters
-    : boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;EnumType&gt;
-{
-};
-</blockquote></pre>
-</ol>
-
-<p>Either of the above is equivalent to the following declarations:
-<blockquote><pre>
-BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
-
-  MyEnumType from_python(PyObject* x, boost::python::type&lt;MyEnumType&gt;)
-  {
-      return static_cast&lt;MyEnum&gt;(
-        from_python(x, boost::python::type&lt;long&gt;()));
-  }
-
-  MyEnumType from_python(PyObject* x, boost::python::type&lt;const MyEnumType&amp;&gt;)
-  {
-      return static_cast&lt;MyEnum&gt;(
-        from_python(x, boost::python::type&lt;long&gt;()));
-  }
-
-  PyObject* to_python(MyEnumType x)
-  {
-      return to_python(static_cast&lt;long&gt;(x));
-  }
-BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>This technique defines the conversions of
-<code>MyEnumType</code> in terms of the conversions for the built-in
- <code>long</code> type.
-
-You may also want to add a bunch of lines like this to your module
-initialization. These bind the corresponding enum values to the appropriate
-names so they can be used from Python:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-mymodule.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_1), "enum_value_1");
-mymodule.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_2), "enum_value_2");
-...
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-You can also add these to an extension class definition, if your enum happens to
-be local to a class and you want the analogous interface in Python:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-my_class_builder.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_1), "enum_value_1");
-my_class_builder.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_2), "enum_value_2");
-...
-</pre></blockquote>
-               <p>
-         Next: <a href="pointers.html">Pointers and Smart Pointers</a>
-         Previous: <a href="building.html">Building an Extension Module</a>
-         Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as
-        is'' without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to
-        its suitability for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-    </div>
-

doc/example1.html

@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      A Simple Example
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt=
-        "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">
-      </h1>
-      <h1>
-         A Simple Example
-      </h1>
-      <p>
-         Suppose we have the following C++ API which we want to expose in
-        Python:
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;string&gt;
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A couple of simple C++ functions that we want to expose to Python.
-  std::string greet() { return "hello, world"; }
-  int square(int number) { return number * number; }
-}
-
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <p>
-        Here is the C++ code for a python module called <tt>getting_started1</tt>
-        which exposes the API.
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/class_builder.hpp&gt;
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
-
-    // Add regular functions to the module.
-    this_module.def(greet, "greet");
-    this_module.def(square, "square");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <p>
-         That's it! If we build this shared library and put it on our <code>
-        PYTHONPATH</code> we can now access our C++ functions from
-        Python.
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; import getting_started1
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print getting_started1.greet()
-hello, world
-&gt;&gt;&gt; number = 11
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print number, '*', number, '=', getting_started1.square(number)
-11 * 11 = 121
-</pre>
-      <p>
-        Next: <a href="exporting_classes.html">Exporting Classes</a>
-         Previous: <a href="comparisons.html">Comparisons with other systems</a>  Up:
-        <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-        express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
-        for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2000
-    </div>
-

doc/exporting_classes.html

@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Exporting Classes
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt=
-        "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">
-      </h1>
-      <h1>
-         Exporting Classes
-      </h1>
-      <p>
-         Now let's expose a C++ class to Python:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-#include &lt;iostream&gt;
-#include &lt;string&gt;
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A friendly class.
-  class hello
-  {
-    public:
-      hello(const std::string&amp; country) { this-&gt;country = country; }
-      std::string greet() const { return "Hello from " + country; }
-    private:
-      std::string country;
-  };
-
-  // A function taking a hello object as an argument.
-  std::string invite(const hello&amp; w) {
-    return w.greet() + "! Please come soon!";
-  }
-}
-
-</blockquote></pre>      <p>
-      To expose the class, we use a <tt>class_builder</tt> in addition to the
-      <tt>module_builder</tt> from the previous example. Class member functions
-      are exposed by using the <tt>def()</tt> member function on the
-      <tt>class_builder</tt>:
-<blockquote><pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/class_builder.hpp&gt;
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
-
-    // Create the Python type object for our extension class.
-    python::class_builder&lt;hello&gt; hello_class(this_module, "hello");
-
-    // Add the __init__ function.
-    hello_class.def(python::constructor&lt;std::string&gt;());
-    // Add a regular member function.
-    hello_class.def(&amp;hello::greet, "greet");
-
-    // Add invite() as a regular function to the module.
-    this_module.def(invite, "invite");
-
-    // Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
-    hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}
-</blockquote></pre>
-      <p>
-Now we can use the class normally from Python:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from getting_started2 import *
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi = hello('California')
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi.greet()
-'Hello from California'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; invite(hi)
-'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi.invite()
-'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
-</blockquote></pre>
-
-Notes:<ul>
-<li> We expose the class' constructor by calling <tt>def()</tt> on the
-      <tt>class_builder</tt> with an argument whose type is
-      <tt>constructor&lt;</tt><i>params</i><tt>&gt;</tt>, where <i>params</i>
-      matches the list of constructor argument types:
-
-
-<li>Regular member functions are defined by calling <tt>def()</tt> with a
-      member function pointer and its Python name:
-
-<li>Any function added to a class whose initial argument matches the class (or
-any base) will act like a member function in Python.
-</ul>
-      <p>
-         We can even make a subclass of <code>hello.world</code>:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class wordy(hello):
-...     def greet(self):
-...         return hello.greet(self) + ', where the weather is fine'
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2 = wordy('Florida')
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2.greet()
-'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; invite(hi2)
-'Hello from Florida! Please come soon!'
-</blockquote></pre>
-      <p>
-         Pretty cool! You can't do that with an ordinary Python extension type!
-
-         Of course, you may now have a slightly empty feeling in the pit of
-        your little pythonic stomach. Perhaps you wanted to see the following
-        <tt>wordy</tt> invitation:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine! Please come soon!'
-</blockquote></pre>
-
-        After all, <tt>invite</tt> calls <tt>hello::greet()</tt>, and you
-        reimplemented that in your Python subclass, <tt>wordy</tt>. If so, <a
-        href= "overriding.html">read on</a>...
-
-      <p>
-        Next: <a href="overriding.html">Overridable virtual functions</a>
-         Previous: <a href="example1.html">A Simple Example</a>  Up:
-        <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-        express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
-        for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-    </div>
-

doc/extending.html

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
-    <title>
-      A Brief Introduction to writing Python extension modules
-    </title>
-    <h1>
-      <img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="center"
-      width="277" height="86">
-    </h1>
-    <h1>
-      A Brief Introduction to writing Python extension modules
-    </h1>
-    <p>
-      Interfacing any language to Python involves building a module which can
-      be loaded by the Python interpreter, but which isn't written in Python.
-      This is known as an <em>extension module</em>. Many of the <a href= 
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/lib.html">built-in Python
-      libraries</a> are constructed in 'C' this way; Python even supplies its
-      <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/types.html">fundamental
-      types</a> using the same mechanism. An extension module can be statically
-      linked with the Python interpreter, but it more commonly resides in a
-      shared library or DLL.
-    <p>
-      As you can see from <a href= 
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/ext.html"> The Python Extending
-      and Embedding Tutorial</a>, writing an extension module normally means
-      worrying about
-    <ul>
-      <li>
-        <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/refcounts.html">
-        maintaining reference counts</a>
-      <li>
-        <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/callingPython.html"> how
-        to call back into Python</a>
-      <li>
-        <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/parseTuple.html">
-        function argument parsing and typechecking</a>
-    </ul>
-    This last item typically occupies a great deal of code in an extension
-    module. Remember that Python is a completely dynamic language. A callable
-    object receives its arguments in a tuple; it is up to that object to extract
-    those arguments from the tuple, check their types, and raise appropriate
-    exceptions. There are numerous other tedious details that need to be
-    managed; too many to mention here. The Boost Python Library is designed to
-    lift most of that burden.<br>
-    <br>
-     
-    <p>
-      Another obstacle that most people run into eventually when extending
-      Python is that there's no way to make a true Python class in an extension
-      module. The typical solution is to create a new Python type in the
-      extension module, and then write an additional module in 100% Python. The
-      Python module defines a Python class which dispatches to an instance of
-      the extension type, which it contains. This allows users to write
-      subclasses of the class in the Python module, almost as though they were
-      sublcassing the extension type. Aside from being tedious, it's not really
-      the same as having a true class, because there's no way for the user to
-      override a method of the extension type which is called from the
-      extension module. Boost.Python solves this problem by taking advantage of <a
-      href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/metaclasses/">Python's metaclass
-      feature</a> to provide objects which look, walk, and hiss almost exactly
-      like regular Python classes. Boost.Python classes are actually cleaner than
-      Python classes in some subtle ways; a more detailed discussion will
-      follow (someday).</p>
-    <p>Next: <a href="comparisons.html">Comparisons with Other Systems</a> Up: <a
-    href="index.html">Top</a> </p>
-    <p>
-      &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-      sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-      notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-      express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
-      any purpose.</p>
-

doc/faq.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+[chapter Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
+    [quickbook 1.7]
+    [id faq]
+]
+
+[section How can I wrap a function which takes a function pointer as an argument?]
+
+If what you're trying to do is something like this:
+``
+  typedef boost::function<void (string s) > funcptr;
+
+  void foo(funcptr fp)
+  {
+    fp("hello,world!");
+  }
+
+  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
+  {
+    def("foo",foo);
+  }
+``
+
+And then:
+
+``
+>>> def hello(s):
+...    print s
+...
+>>> foo(hello)
+hello, world!
+``
+The short answer is: "you can't".  This is not a
+Boost.Python limitation so much as a limitation of C++.  The
+problem is that a Python function is actually data, and the only
+way of associating data with a C++ function pointer is to store it
+in a static variable of the function.  The problem with that is
+that you can only associate one piece of data with every C++
+function, and we have no way of compiling a new C++ function
+on-the-fly for every Python function you decide to pass
+to `foo`.  In other words, this could work if the C++
+function is always going to invoke the /same/ Python
+function, but you probably don't want that.
+
+If you have the luxury of changing the C++ code you're
+wrapping, pass it an `object` instead and call that;
+the overloaded function call operator will invoke the Python
+function you pass it behind the `object`.
+
+[endsect]
+[section I'm getting the "attempt to return dangling reference" error.
+ What am I doing wrong?]
+
+That exception is protecting you from causing a nasty crash. It usually
+happens in response to some code like this:
+``
+  period const &get_floating_frequency() const
+  {
+    return boost::python::call_method<period const &>( 
+      m_self,"get_floating_frequency");
+  }
+``
+And you get:
+``
+  ReferenceError: Attempt to return dangling reference to object of type:
+  class period
+``
+
+In this case, the Python method invoked by `call_method`
+constructs a new Python object. You're trying to return a reference to a
+C++ object (an instance of `class period`) contained within
+and owned by that Python object. Because the called method handed back a
+brand new object, the only reference to it is held for the duration of
+`get_floating_frequency()` above. When the function returns,
+the Python object will be destroyed, destroying the instance of
+`class period`, and leaving the returned reference dangling.
+That's already undefined behavior, and if you try to do anything with
+that reference you're likely to cause a crash. Boost.Python detects this
+situation at runtime and helpfully throws an exception instead of letting
+you do that.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Is `return_internal_reference` efficient?]
+
+[*Q:] /I have an object composed of 12 doubles. A `const&` to
+this object is returned by a member function of another class. From the
+viewpoint of using the returned object in Python I do not care if I get
+a copy or a reference to the returned object. In Boost.Python I have the
+choice of using `copy_const_reference` or `return_internal_reference`.
+Are there considerations that would lead me to prefer one over the other,
+such as size of generated code or memory overhead?/
+
+[*A:] `copy_const_reference` will make an instance with storage
+for one of your objects, `size = base_size + 12 * sizeof(double)`.
+`return_internal_reference` will make an instance with storage for a
+pointer to one of your objects, `size = base_size + sizeof(void*)`.
+However, it will also create a weak reference object which goes in the
+source object's weakreflist and a special callback object to manage the
+lifetime of the internally-referenced object. My guess?
+`copy_const_reference` is your friend here, resulting in less overall
+memory use and less fragmentation, also probably fewer total
+cycles.
+
+[endsect]
+[section How can I wrap functions which take C++ containers as arguments?]
+
+Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:
+
+# Using the regular `class_<>` wrapper:
+  ``
+    class_<std::vector<double> >("std_vector_double")
+      .def(...)
+      ...
+    ;
+  ``
+  This can be moved to a template so that several types (`double`, `int`,
+  `long`, etc.) can be wrapped with the same code. This technique is used
+  in the file `scitbx/include/scitbx/array_family/boost_python/flex_wrapper.h`
+  in the "scitbx" package. The file could easily be modified for
+  wrapping `std::vector<>` instantiations.
+  This type of C++/Python binding is most suitable for containers
+  that may contain a large number of elements (>10000).
+
+# Using custom rvalue converters. Boost.Python "rvalue converters"
+  match function signatures such as:
+  ``
+    void foo(std::vector<double> const &array); // pass by const-reference
+    void foo(std::vector<double> array); // pass by value
+  ``
+  Some custom rvalue converters are implemented in the file
+  `scitbx/include/scitbx/boost_python/container_conversions.h`
+  This code can be used to convert from C++ container types such as
+  `std::vector<>` or `std::list<>` to Python tuples and vice
+  versa. A few simple examples can be found in the file
+  `scitbx/array_family/boost_python/regression_test_module.cpp`
+  Automatic C++ container <-> Python tuple conversions are most
+  suitable for containers of moderate size. These converters generate
+  significantly less object code compared to alternative 1 above.
+
+A disadvantage of using alternative 2 is that operators such as
+arithmetic +,-,*,/,% are not available. It would be useful to have custom
+rvalue converters that convert to a "math_array" type instead of tuples.
+This is currently not implemented but is possible within the framework of
+Boost.Python V2 as it will be released in the next couple of weeks. [ed.:
+this was posted on 2002/03/10]
+
+It would also be useful to also have "custom lvalue converters" such
+as `std::vector<>` <-> Python list. These converters would
+support the modification of the Python list from C++. For example:
+
+C++:
+``
+  void foo(std::vector<double> &array)
+  {
+    for(std::size_t i=0;i&lt;array.size();i++) {
+      array[i] *= 2;
+    }
+  }
+``
+Python: [python]
+``
+  >>> l = [1, 2, 3]
+  >>> foo(l)
+  >>> print l
+  [2, 4, 6]
+``
+Custom lvalue converters require changes to the Boost.Python core library
+and are currently not available.
+
+P.S.:
+
+The "scitbx" files referenced above are available via anonymous
+CVS:
+``
+  cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.cctbx.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/cctbx login
+  cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.cctbx.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/cctbx co scitbx
+``
+
+[endsect]
+[section fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow]
+
+[*Q:] /I get this error message when compiling a large source file. What can I do?/
+
+[*A:] You have two choices:
+
+# Upgrade your compiler (preferred)
+
+# Break your source file up into multiple translation units.
+
+  `my_module.cpp`: [c++]
+
+  ``
+    ...
+    void more_of_my_module();
+    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
+    {
+      def("foo", foo);
+      def("bar", bar);
+      ...
+      more_of_my_module();
+    }
+  ``
+  `more_of_my_module.cpp`:
+  ``
+    void more_of_my_module()
+    {
+      def("baz", baz);
+      ...
+    }
+  ``
+  If you find that a `class_<...>` declaration
+  can't fit in a single source file without triggering the error, you
+  can always pass a reference to the `class_` object to a
+  function in another source file, and call some of its member
+  functions (e.g. `.def(...)`) in the auxilliary source
+  file:
+
+  `more_of_my_class.cpp`:
+  ``
+    void more_of_my_class(class&lt;my_class&gt;&amp; x)
+    {
+      x
+       .def("baz", baz)
+       .add_property("xx", &my_class::get_xx, &my_class::set_xx)
+       ;
+      ...
+    }
+  ``
+
+[endsect]
+[section How do I debug my Python extensions?]
+
+Greg Burley gives the following answer for Unix GCC users:
+
+[:Once you have created a boost python extension for your c++ library or
+  class, you may need to debug the code. Afterall this is one of the
+  reasons for wrapping the library in python. An expected side-effect or
+  benefit of using BPL is that debugging should be isolated to the c++
+  library that is under test, given that python code is minimal and
+  boost::python either works or it doesn't. (ie. While errors can occur
+  when the wrapping method is invalid, most errors are caught by the
+  compiler ;-).
+
+  The basic steps required to initiate a gdb session to debug a c++
+  library via python are shown here. Note, however that you should start
+  the gdb session in the directory that contains your BPL my_ext.so
+  module.
+
+  ``
+    (gdb) target exec python
+    (gdb) run
+    >>> from my_ext import *
+    >>> [C-c]
+    (gdb) break MyClass::MyBuggyFunction
+    (gdb) cont
+    >>> pyobj = MyClass()
+    >>> pyobj.MyBuggyFunction()
+    Breakpoint 1, MyClass::MyBuggyFunction ...
+    Current language:  auto; currently c++
+    (gdb) do debugging stuff
+  ``
+]
+
+Greg's approach works even better using Emacs' "gdb"
+command, since it will show you each line of source as you step through it.
+
+On *Windows*, my favorite debugging solution is the debugger that
+comes with Microsoft Visual C++ 7. This debugger seems to work with code
+generated by all versions of Microsoft and Metrowerks toolsets; it's rock
+solid and "just works" without requiring any special tricks from the
+user.
+
+Raoul Gough has provided the following for gdb on Windows:
+
+[:gdb support for Windows DLLs has improved lately, so it is
+  now possible to debug Python extensions using a few
+  tricks. Firstly, you will need an up-to-date gdb with support
+  for minimal symbol extraction from a DLL. Any gdb from version 6
+  onwards, or Cygwin gdb-20030214-1 and onwards should do. A
+  suitable release will have a section in the gdb.info file under
+  Configuration - Native - Cygwin Native -
+  Non-debug DLL symbols. Refer to that info section for more
+  details of the procedures outlined here.
+
+  Secondly, it seems necessary to set a breakpoint in the
+  Python interpreter, rather than using ^C to break execution. A
+  good place to set this breakpoint is PyOS_Readline, which will
+  stop execution immediately before reading each interactive
+  Python command. You have to let Python start once under the
+  debugger, so that it loads its own DLL, before you can set the
+  breakpoint:
+
+  ``
+    $ gdb python
+    GNU gdb 2003-09-02-cvs (cygwin-special)
+    [...]
+
+    (gdb) run
+    Starting program: /cygdrive/c/Python22/python.exe
+    Python 2.2.2 (#37, Oct 14 2002, 17:02:34) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
+    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+    >>> ^Z
+
+
+    Program exited normally.
+    (gdb) break *&PyOS_Readline
+    Breakpoint 1 at 0x1e04eff0
+    (gdb) run
+    Starting program: /cygdrive/c/Python22/python.exe
+    Python 2.2.2 (#37, Oct 14 2002, 17:02:34) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
+    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+
+    Breakpoint 1, 0x1e04eff0 in python22!PyOS_Readline ()
+       from /cygdrive/c/WINNT/system32/python22.dll
+    (gdb) cont
+    Continuing.
+    >>> from my_ext import *
+
+    Breakpoint 1, 0x1e04eff0 in python22!PyOS_Readline ()
+       from /cygdrive/c/WINNT/system32/python22.dll
+    (gdb) # my_ext now loaded (with any debugging symbols it contains)
+  ``
+]
+
+[h2 Debugging extensions through Boost.Build]
+
+If you are launching your extension module tests with _bb_ using the
+`boost-python-runtest` rule, you can ask it to launch your
+debugger for you by adding "--debugger=/debugger/" to your bjam
+command-line:
+``
+  bjam -sTOOLS=vc7.1 "--debugger=devenv /debugexe" test
+  bjam -sTOOLS=gcc -sPYTHON_LAUNCH=gdb test
+``
+It can also be extremely useful to add the `-d+2` option when
+you run your test, because Boost.Build will then show you the exact
+commands it uses to invoke it. This will invariably involve setting up
+PYTHONPATH and other important environment variables such as
+LD_LIBRARY_PATH which may be needed by your debugger in order to get
+things to work right.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Why doesn't my `*=` operator work?]
+
+[*Q:] ['I have exported my class to python, with many overloaded
+operators. it works fine for me except the `*=`
+operator. It always tells me "can't multiply sequence with non int
+type". If I use `p1.__imul__(p2)` instead of
+`p1 *= p2`, it successfully executes my code. What's
+wrong with me?]
+
+[*A:] There's nothing wrong with you. This is a bug in Python
+      2.2. You can see the same effect in Pure Python (you can learn a lot
+      about what's happening in Boost.Python by playing with new-style
+      classes in Pure Python).
+``
+>>> class X(object):
+...     def __imul__(self, x):
+...         print 'imul'
+...
+>>> x = X()
+>>> x *= 1
+``
+To cure this problem, all you need to do is upgrade your Python to
+version 2.2.1 or later.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Does Boost.Python work with Mac OS X?]
+
+It is known to work under 10.2.8 and 10.3 using
+Apple's gcc 3.3 compiler:
+``gcc (GCC) 3.3 20030304 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 1493)``
+Under 10.2.8 get the August 2003 gcc update (free at [@http://connect.apple.com]).
+Under 10.3 get the Xcode Tools v1.0 (also free).
+
+Python 2.3 is required. The Python that ships with 10.3 is
+fine. Under 10.2.8 use these commands to install Python
+as a framework:
+``./configure --enable-framework
+make
+make frameworkinstall``
+
+The last command requires root privileges because the target
+directory is `/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.3`.
+However, the installation does not interfere with the Python
+version that ships with 10.2.8.
+
+It is also crucial to increase the `stacksize` before
+starting compilations, e.g.:
+``limit stacksize 8192k``
+If the `stacksize` is too small the build might crash with
+internal compiler errors.
+
+Sometimes Apple's compiler exhibits a bug by printing an error
+like the following while compiling a
+`boost::python::class_<your_type>`
+template instantiation:
+``
+  .../inheritance.hpp:44: error: cannot
+    dynamic_cast `p' (of type `struct cctbx::boost_python::<unnamed>::add_pair*
+    ') to type `void*' (source type is not polymorphic)
+``
+
+We do not know a general workaround, but if the definition of
+`your_type` can be modified the following was found
+to work in all cases encountered so far:
+``
+  struct your_type
+  {
+    // before defining any member data
+  #if defined(__MACH__) &amp;&amp; defined(__APPLE_CC__) &amp;&amp; __APPLE_CC__ == 1493
+    bool dummy_;
+  #endif
+    // now your member data, e.g.
+    double x;
+    int j;
+    // etc.
+  };
+``
+[endsect]
+[section How can I find the existing PyObject that holds a C++ object?]
+
+[: "I am wrapping a function that always returns a pointer to an
+      already-held C++ object."]
+
+One way to do that is to hijack the mechanisms used for wrapping a class
+with virtual functions. If you make a wrapper class with an initial
+PyObject* constructor argument and store that PyObject* as "self", you
+can get back to it by casting down to that wrapper type in a thin wrapper
+function. For example:
+``
+  class X { X(int); virtual ~X(); ... };
+  X* f();  // known to return Xs that are managed by Python objects
+
+
+  // wrapping code
+
+  struct X_wrap : X
+  {
+    X_wrap(PyObject* self, int v) : self(self), X(v) {}
+    PyObject* self;
+  };
+
+  handle<> f_wrap()
+  {
+    X_wrap* xw = dynamic_cast<X_wrap*>(f());
+    assert(xw != 0);
+    return handle<>(borrowed(xw->self));
+  }
+
+  ...
+
+  def("f", f_wrap());
+  class_<X,X_wrap,boost::noncopyable>("X", init<int>())
+   ...
+   ;
+``
+
+Of course, if X has no virtual functions you'll have to use
+`static_cast` instead of `dynamic_cast` with no
+runtime check that it's valid. This approach also only works if the
+`X` object was constructed from Python, because
+`X`\ s constructed from C++ are of course never
+`X_wrap` objects.
+
+Another approach to this requires you to change your C++ code a bit;
+if that's an option for you it might be a better way to go. work we've
+been meaning to get to anyway. When a `shared_ptr<X>` is
+converted from Python, the shared_ptr actually manages a reference to the
+containing Python object. When a shared_ptr<X> is converted back to
+Python, the library checks to see if it's one of those "Python object
+managers" and if so just returns the original Python object. So you could
+just write `object(p)` to get the Python object back. To
+exploit this you'd have to be able to change the C++ code you're wrapping
+so that it deals with shared_ptr instead of raw pointers.
+
+There are other approaches too. The functions that receive the Python
+object that you eventually want to return could be wrapped with a thin
+wrapper that records the correspondence between the object address and
+its containing Python object, and you could have your f_wrap function
+look in that mapping to get the Python object out.
+
+[endsect]
+[section How can I wrap a function which needs to take ownership of a raw pointer?]
+
+[*Q:] Part of an API that I'm wrapping goes something like this:
+
+``
+  struct A {}; struct B { void add( A* ); }
+  where B::add() takes ownership of the pointer passed to it.
+``
+
+However:
+
+``
+  a = mod.A()
+  b = mod.B()
+  b.add( a )
+  del a
+  del b
+  # python interpreter crashes
+  # later due to memory corruption.
+``
+
+Even binding the lifetime of a to b via `with_custodian_and_ward` doesn't prevent
+the python object a from ultimately trying to delete the object it's pointing to.
+Is there a way to accomplish a 'transfer-of-ownership' of a wrapped C++ object?
+
+--Bruce Lowery
+
+Yes: Make sure the C++ object is held by auto_ptr:
+``
+  class_<A, std::auto_ptr<A> >("A")
+    ...
+    ;
+``
+Then make a thin wrapper function which takes an auto_ptr parameter:
+``
+  void b_insert(B &b, std::auto_ptr<A> a)
+  {
+    b.insert(a.get());
+    a.release();
+  }
+``
+Wrap that as B.add. Note that pointers returned via `manage_new_object`
+will also be held by `auto_ptr`, so this transfer-of-ownership
+will also work correctly.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Compilation takes too much time and eats too much memory!
+ What can I do to make it faster?]
+
+Please refer to the `Reducing Compiling Time` section in the _tutorial_.
+
+[endsect]
+[section How do I create sub-packages using Boost.Python?]
+
+Please refer to the `Creating Packages` section in the _tutorial_.
+
+[endsect]
+[section error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments]
+
+/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
+
+If you see Microsoft Visual C++ 7.1 (MS Visual Studio .NET 2003) issue
+an error message like the following it is most likely due to a bug
+in the compiler:
+``
+  boost\boost\python\detail\invoke.hpp(76):
+  error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments"
+``
+This message is triggered by code like the following:
+``
+  #include <boost/python.hpp>
+
+  using namespace boost::python;
+
+  class FXThread
+  {
+  public:
+    bool setAutoDelete(bool doso) throw();
+  };
+
+  void Export_FXThread()
+  {
+    class_< FXThread >("FXThread")
+        .def("setAutoDelete", &amp;FXThread::setAutoDelete)
+    ;
+  }
+``
+The bug is related to the `throw()` modifier.
+As a workaround cast off the modifier. E.g.:
+``
+   .def("setAutoDelete", (bool (FXThread::*)(bool)) &FXThread::setAutoDelete)
+``
+(The bug has been reported to Microsoft.)
+
+[endsect]
+[section How can I automatically convert my custom string type to and from a Python string?]
+
+/Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:/
+
+Below is a small, self-contained demo extension module that shows
+how to do this. Here is the corresponding trivial test:
+``
+  import custom_string
+  assert custom_string.hello() == "Hello world."
+  assert custom_string.size("california") == 10
+``
+If you look at the code you will find:
+
+* A custom `to_python` converter (easy):
+        `custom_string_to_python_str`
+
+*A custom lvalue converter (needs more code):
+        `custom_string_from_python_str`
+
+The custom converters are registered in the global Boost.Python
+registry near the top of the module initialization function. Once
+flow control has passed through the registration code the automatic
+conversions from and to Python strings will work in any module
+imported in the same process.
+
+``
+  #include <boost/python/module.hpp>
+  #include <boost/python/def.hpp>
+  #include <boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp>
+
+  namespace sandbox { namespace {
+
+  class custom_string
+  {
+    public:
+      custom_string() {}
+      custom_string(std::string const &value) : value_(value) {}
+      std::string const &value() const { return value_; }
+    private:
+      std::string value_;
+  };
+
+  struct custom_string_to_python_str
+  {
+    static PyObject* convert(custom_string const &s)
+    {
+      return boost::python::incref(boost::python::object(s.value()).ptr());
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct custom_string_from_python_str
+  {
+    custom_string_from_python_str()
+    {
+      boost::python::converter::registry::push_back(
+        &convertible,
+        &construct,
+        boost::python::type_id<custom_string>());
+    }
+
+    static void* convertible(PyObject* obj_ptr)
+    {
+      if (!PyString_Check(obj_ptr)) return 0;
+      return obj_ptr;
+    }
+
+    static void construct(
+      PyObject* obj_ptr,
+      boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
+    {
+      const char* value = PyString_AsString(obj_ptr);
+      if (value == 0) boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
+      void* storage = (
+        (boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_storage<custom_string>*)
+          data)->storage.bytes;
+      new (storage) custom_string(value);
+      data->convertible = storage;
+    }
+  };
+
+  custom_string hello() { return custom_string("Hello world."); }
+
+  std::size_t size(custom_string const &s) { return s.value().size(); }
+
+  void init_module()
+  {
+    using namespace boost::python;
+
+    boost::python::to_python_converter<
+      custom_string,
+      custom_string_to_python_str>();
+
+    custom_string_from_python_str();
+
+    def("hello", hello);
+    def("size", size);
+  }
+
+  }} // namespace sandbox::<anonymous>
+
+  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
+  {
+    sandbox::init_module();
+  }
+``
+[endsect]
+[section Why is my automatic to-python conversion not being found?]
+
+/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
+
+If you define custom converters similar to the ones
+shown above the `def_readonly()` and `def_readwrite()`
+member functions provided by `boost::python::class_` for
+direct access to your member data will not work as expected.
+This is because `def_readonly("bar",&foo::bar)` is
+equivalent to:
+
+``
+  .add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference()))
+``
+Similarly, `def_readwrite("bar",&foo::bar)` is
+equivalent to:
+
+``
+  .add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference()),
+                     make_setter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference())
+``
+In order to define return value policies compatible with the
+custom conversions replace `def_readonly()` and
+`def_readwrite()` by `add_property()`. E.g.:
+
+``
+  .add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_value_policy<return_by_value>()),
+                     make_setter(&foo::bar, return_value_policy<return_by_value>()))
+``
+
+[endsect]
+[section Is Boost.Python thread-aware/compatible with multiple interpreters?]
+
+/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
+
+The quick answer to this is: no.
+
+The longer answer is that it can be patched to be so, but it's
+complex. You will need to add custom lock/unlock wrapping of every
+time your code enters Boost.Python (particularly every virtual
+function override) plus heavily modify
+`boost/python/detail/invoke.hpp` with custom unlock/lock
+wrapping of every time Boost.Python enters your code. You must
+furthermore take care to /not/ unlock/lock when Boost.Python
+is invoking iterator changes via `invoke.hpp`.
+
+There is a patched `invoke.hpp` posted on the C++-SIG
+mailing list archives and you can find a real implementation of all
+the machinery necessary to fully implement this in the TnFOX
+project at [@http://sourceforge.net/projects/tnfox/ this]
+SourceForge project location.
+
+[endsect]

doc/glossary.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+[chapter Glossary
+    [quickbook 1.7]
+    [id glossary]
+]
+
+[variablelist
+[[arity [#arity]]
+ [The number of argumnts accepted by a function or member function.
+  Unless otherwise specified, the hidden `this` argument to member
+  functions is not counted when specifying arity.]]
+[[ntbs [#ntbs]]
+ [Null-Terminated Byte String, or 'C'-string. C++ string literals are *ntbs*\ es.
+  An *ntbs* must never be null.]]
+[[raise [#raise]]
+ [Exceptions in Python are "raised", not "thrown", as they are in C++.
+  When this documentation says that some Python exception is "raised" in
+  the context of C++ code, it means that the corresponding Python exception
+  is set via the [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html Python/'C' API],
+  and `throw_error_already_set()` is called.]]
+[[POD [#pod]]
+ [A technical term from the C++ standard. Short for "Plain Ol'Data":
+  A POD-struct is an aggregate class that has no non-static data members
+  of type pointer to member, non-POD-struct, non-POD-union (or array of such
+  types) or reference, and has no user-defined copy assign- ment operator and
+  no user-defined destructor. Similarly, a POD-union is an aggregate union that
+  has no non-static data members of type pointer to member, non-POD-struct,
+  non-POD-union (or array of such types) or reference, and has no
+  user-defined copy assignment operator and no user-defined destructor. A
+  POD class is a class that is either a POD-struct or a POD-union. An
+  aggregate is an array or a class (clause 9) with no user-declared
+  constructors (12.1), no private or protected non-static data members
+  (clause 11), no base classes (clause 10), and no virtual functions
+  (10.3).]]
+[[ODR [#odr]]
+ [The "One Definition Rule", which says that any entity in a C++ program must have
+  the same definition in all translation units (object files) which make up a program.]]
+]
+

doc/html/boost.css

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+    Copyright 2002 William E. Kempf
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompany-
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+=============================================================================*/
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+    TEXT-ALIGN: left;
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+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 66%;
+    VERTICAL-ALIGN: super;
+    TEXT-DECORATION: none;
+}
+.function-semantics
+{
+    CLEAR: left;
+}

doc/html/boostbook.css

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+
+/*=============================================================================
+Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
+http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
+
+Copyright 2013 Niall Douglas additions for colors and alignment.
+Copyright 2013 Paul A. Bristow additions for more colors and alignments.
+
+Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompany-
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+        .preprocessor { color: #402080; }
+        .char { color: teal; }
+        .comment { color: #800000; }
+        .string { color: teal; }
+        .number { color: teal; }
+        .white_bkd { background-color: #FFFFFF; }
+        .dk_grey_bkd { background-color: #999999; }
+
+    /* Links */
+        a, a .keyword, a .identifier, a .special, a .preprocessor
+        a .char, a .comment, a .string, a .number
+        {
+            color: #005a9c;
+        }
+
+        a:visited, a:visited .keyword, a:visited .identifier,
+        a:visited .special, a:visited .preprocessor a:visited .char,
+        a:visited .comment, a:visited .string, a:visited .number
+        {
+            color: #9c5a9c;
+        }
+
+        h1 a, h2 a, h3 a, h4 a, h5 a, h6 a,
+        h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover, h5 a:hover, h6 a:hover,
+        h1 a:visited, h2 a:visited, h3 a:visited, h4 a:visited, h5 a:visited, h6 a:visited
+        {
+            text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
+            color: #000000;
+        }
+
+    /* Copyright, Legal Notice */
+        .copyright
+        {
+            color: #666666;
+            font-size: small;
+        }
+
+        div div.legalnotice p
+        {
+            color: #666666;
+        }
+
+    /* Program listing */
+        pre.synopsis
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+        .programlisting,
+        .screen
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+        td .programlisting,
+        td .screen
+        {
+            border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+    /* Blurbs */
+        div.note,
+        div.tip,
+        div.important,
+        div.caution,
+        div.warning,
+        p.blurb
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+    /* Table of contents */
+        div.toc
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+    /* Tables */
+        div.informaltable table tr td,
+        div.table table tr td
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+        div.informaltable table tr th,
+        div.table table tr th
+        {
+            background-color: #F0F0F0;
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+        .copyright-footer
+        {
+            color: #8F8F8F;
+        }
+
+    /* Misc */
+        span.highlight
+        {
+            color: #00A000;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @media print
+    {
+    /* Links */
+        a
+        {
+            color: black;
+        }
+
+        a:visited
+        {
+            color: black;
+        }
+
+        .spirit-nav
+        {
+            display: none;
+        }
+
+    /* Program listing */
+        pre.synopsis
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        .programlisting,
+        .screen
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        td .programlisting,
+        td .screen
+        {
+            border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+    /* Table of contents */
+        div.toc
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        .informaltable table,
+        .table table
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+            border-collapse: collapse;
+        }
+
+    /* Tables */
+        div.informaltable table tr td,
+        div.table table tr td
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        div.informaltable table tr th,
+        div.table table tr th
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        table.simplelist tr td
+        {
+            border: none !important;
+        }
+
+    /* Misc */
+        span.highlight
+        {
+            font-weight: bold;
+        }
+    }
+
+/*=============================================================================
+Images
+=============================================================================*/
+
+    span.inlinemediaobject img
+    {
+        vertical-align: middle;
+    }
+
+/*==============================================================================
+Super and Subscript: style so that line spacing isn't effected, see
+http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/communityengine/index.cfm?event=showdetails&productId=1&postId=5341
+==============================================================================*/
+
+sup,
+sub {
+height: 0;
+line-height: 1;
+vertical-align: baseline;
+position: relative;
+
+}
+
+/* For internet explorer: */
+
+* html sup,
+* html sub {
+vertical-align: bottom;
+}
+
+sup {
+bottom: 1ex;
+}
+
+sub {
+top: .5ex;
+}
+
+/*==============================================================================
+Indexes: pretty much the same as the TOC.
+==============================================================================*/
+
+    .index
+    {
+       font-size: 80%;
+       padding-top: 0px;
+       padding-bottom: 0px;
+       margin-top: 0px;
+       margin-bottom: 0px;
+       margin-left: 0px;
+    }
+
+    .index ul
+    {
+       padding-left: 3em;
+    }
+
+    .index p
+    {
+       padding: 2px;
+       margin: 2px;
+    }
+
+    .index-entry-level-0
+    {
+        font-weight: bold;
+    }
+
+    .index em
+    {
+        font-weight: bold;
+    }
+
+
+/*==============================================================================
+Alignment and coloring use 'role' feature, available from Quickbook 1.6 up.
+Added from Niall Douglas for role color and alignment.
+http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/243318
+*/
+
+/* Add text alignment (see http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_text_text-align.asp) */
+span.aligncenter
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: center;
+}
+span.alignright
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: right;
+}
+/* alignleft is the default. */
+span.alignleft
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: left;
+}
+
+/* alignjustify stretches the word spacing so that each line has equal width
+within a chosen fraction of page width (here arbitrarily 20%).
+*Not* useful inside table items as the column width remains the total string width.
+Nor very useful, except to temporarily restrict the width.
+*/
+span.alignjustify
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 20%; text-align: justify;
+}
+
+/* Text colors.
+Names at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-css3-color-20020219/ 4.3. X11 color keywords.
+Quickbook Usage: [role red Some red text]
+
+*/
+span.red { inline-block; color: red; }
+span.green { color: green; }
+span.lime { color: #00FF00; }
+span.blue { color: blue; }
+span.navy { color: navy; }
+span.yellow { color: yellow; }
+span.magenta { color: magenta; }
+span.indigo { color: #4B0082; }
+span.cyan { color: cyan; }
+span.purple { color: purple; }
+span.gold { color: gold; }
+span.silver { color: silver; } /* lighter gray */
+span.gray { color: #808080; } /* light gray */

doc/html/docutils.css

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+/*
+:Author: David Goodger
+:Contact: goodger@python.org
+:Date: $Date$
+:Revision: $Revision$
+:Copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
+
+Default cascading style sheet for the HTML output of Docutils.
+
+See http://docutils.sf.net/docs/howto/html-stylesheets.html for how to
+customize this style sheet.
+*/
+
+/* used to remove borders from tables and images */
+.borderless, table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
+  border: 0 }
+
+table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
+  /* Override padding for "table.docutils td" with "! important".
+     The right padding separates the table cells. */
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 0 ! important }
+
+.first {
+  /* Override more specific margin styles with "! important". */
+  margin-top: 0 ! important }
+
+.last, .with-subtitle {
+  margin-bottom: 0 ! important }
+
+.hidden {
+  display: none }
+
+a.toc-backref {
+  text-decoration: none ;
+  color: black }
+
+blockquote.epigraph {
+  margin: 2em 5em ; }
+
+dl.docutils dd {
+  margin-bottom: 0.5em }
+
+/* Uncomment (and remove this text!) to get bold-faced definition list terms
+dl.docutils dt {
+  font-weight: bold }
+*/
+
+div.abstract {
+  margin: 2em 5em }
+
+div.abstract p.topic-title {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  text-align: center }
+
+div.admonition, div.attention, div.caution, div.danger, div.error,
+div.hint, div.important, div.note, div.tip, div.warning {
+  margin: 2em ;
+  border: medium outset ;
+  padding: 1em }
+
+div.admonition p.admonition-title, div.hint p.admonition-title,
+div.important p.admonition-title, div.note p.admonition-title,
+div.tip p.admonition-title {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-family: sans-serif }
+
+div.attention p.admonition-title, div.caution p.admonition-title,
+div.danger p.admonition-title, div.error p.admonition-title,
+div.warning p.admonition-title {
+  color: red ;
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-family: sans-serif }
+
+/* Uncomment (and remove this text!) to get reduced vertical space in
+   compound paragraphs.
+div.compound .compound-first, div.compound .compound-middle {
+  margin-bottom: 0.5em }
+
+div.compound .compound-last, div.compound .compound-middle {
+  margin-top: 0.5em }
+*/
+
+div.dedication {
+  margin: 2em 5em ;
+  text-align: center ;
+  font-style: italic }
+
+div.dedication p.topic-title {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-style: normal }
+
+div.figure {
+  margin-left: 2em ;
+  margin-right: 2em }
+
+div.footer, div.header {
+  clear: both;
+  font-size: smaller }
+
+div.line-block {
+  display: block ;
+  margin-top: 1em ;
+  margin-bottom: 1em }
+
+div.line-block div.line-block {
+  margin-top: 0 ;
+  margin-bottom: 0 ;
+  margin-left: 1.5em }
+
+div.sidebar {
+  margin-left: 1em ;
+  border: medium outset ;
+  padding: 1em ;
+  background-color: #ffffee ;
+  width: 40% ;
+  float: right ;
+  clear: right }
+
+div.sidebar p.rubric {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-size: medium }
+
+div.system-messages {
+  margin: 5em }
+
+div.system-messages h1 {
+  color: red }
+
+div.system-message {
+  border: medium outset ;
+  padding: 1em }
+
+div.system-message p.system-message-title {
+  color: red ;
+  font-weight: bold }
+
+div.topic {
+  margin: 2em }
+
+h1.section-subtitle, h2.section-subtitle, h3.section-subtitle,
+h4.section-subtitle, h5.section-subtitle, h6.section-subtitle {
+  margin-top: 0.4em }
+
+h1.title {
+  text-align: center }
+
+h2.subtitle {
+  text-align: center }
+
+hr.docutils {
+  width: 75% }
+
+img.align-left {
+  clear: left }
+
+img.align-right {
+  clear: right }
+
+ol.simple, ul.simple {
+  margin-bottom: 1em }
+
+ol.arabic {
+  list-style: decimal }
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+  list-style: lower-alpha }
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+  list-style: upper-alpha }
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+  list-style: lower-roman }
+
+ol.upperroman {
+  list-style: upper-roman }
+
+p.attribution {
+  text-align: right ;
+  margin-left: 50% }
+
+p.caption {
+  font-style: italic }
+
+p.credits {
+  font-style: italic ;
+  font-size: smaller }
+
+p.label {
+  white-space: nowrap }
+
+p.rubric {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-size: larger ;
+  color: maroon ;
+  text-align: center }
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-size: larger }
+
+p.sidebar-subtitle {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-weight: bold }
+
+p.topic-title {
+  font-weight: bold }
+
+pre.address {
+  margin-bottom: 0 ;
+  margin-top: 0 ;
+  font-family: serif ;
+  font-size: 100% }
+
+pre.literal-block, pre.doctest-block {
+  margin-left: 2em ;
+  margin-right: 2em }
+
+span.classifier {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-style: oblique }
+
+span.classifier-delimiter {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-weight: bold }
+
+span.interpreted {
+  font-family: sans-serif }
+
+span.option {
+  white-space: nowrap }
+
+span.pre {
+  white-space: pre }
+
+span.problematic {
+  color: red }
+
+span.section-subtitle {
+  /* font-size relative to parent (h1..h6 element) */
+  font-size: 80% }
+
+table.citation {
+  border-left: solid 1px gray;
+  margin-left: 1px }
+
+table.docinfo {
+  margin: 2em 4em }
+
+table.docutils {
+  margin-top: 0.5em ;
+  margin-bottom: 0.5em }
+
+table.footnote {
+  border-left: solid 1px black;
+  margin-left: 1px }
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th,
+table.docinfo td, table.docinfo th {
+  padding-left: 0.5em ;
+  padding-right: 0.5em ;
+  vertical-align: top }
+
+table.docutils th.field-name, table.docinfo th.docinfo-name {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  text-align: left ;
+  white-space: nowrap ;
+  padding-left: 0 }
+
+h1 tt.docutils, h2 tt.docutils, h3 tt.docutils,
+h4 tt.docutils, h5 tt.docutils, h6 tt.docutils {
+  font-size: 100% }
+
+ul.auto-toc {
+  list-style-type: none }

doc/html/images/callouts/1.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M10.428,10.411h0.56c3.78,0,4.788-1.96,4.872-3.444h3.22v19.88h-3.92V13.154h-4.732V10.411z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/10.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M3.815,10.758h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76v17.04h-3.36V13.11H3.815V10.758z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M22.175,7.806c4.009,0,5.904,2.76,5.904,8.736c0,5.975-1.896,8.76-5.904,8.76
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+			c0-4.393-0.527-6.049-2.448-6.049c-1.92,0-2.448,1.656-2.448,6.049C19.727,20.934,20.255,22.613,22.175,22.613z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/11.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M5.209,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.36V12.764H5.209V10.412z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M18.553,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.359V12.764h-4.056V10.412z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/12.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M4.813,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.36V12.764H4.813V10.412z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M17.316,13.484c0-5.545,4.056-6.024,5.568-6.024c3.265,0,5.856,1.92,5.856,5.376
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+			c3.072-2.232,4.296-3.097,4.296-5.017c0-1.128-0.72-2.424-2.353-2.424c-2.352,0-2.423,1.944-2.447,3.192H17.316z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/13.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M3.813,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.36V12.764H3.813V10.412z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M20.611,14.636h0.529c1.008,0,2.855-0.096,2.855-2.304c0-0.624-0.288-2.185-2.137-2.185
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+			c0-2.328-2.256-2.424-3.816-2.424V14.636z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/14.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
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doc/html/images/callouts/15.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/16.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/17.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/18.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/19.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/2.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/20.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/21.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/22.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/23.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/24.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/25.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/28.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/29.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/3.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/5.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/6.svg

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