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216 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Daniel James
de37e4455a Branch to work on filename handling without disturbing trunk.
[SVN r68345]
2011-01-21 09:17:08 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b5336f36d6 Boost.Python: Python 3 module initialization fixes (using PyModuleDef), based on patches provided by Austin Bingham
[SVN r67462]
2010-12-26 22:42:32 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
fa32b8dfab boost/python/converter/builtin_converters.hpp: fix for Python 3 (by Austin Bingham)
[SVN r67432]
2010-12-23 16:36:53 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
c501874bc2 boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp: adding missing includes
[SVN r66606]
2010-11-15 23:17:00 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
cae31b5380 Make extension copied to current directory, for convenient testing
[SVN r65638]
2010-09-27 16:27:16 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
76af2cfc6b libs/python/src/object/function.cpp: support __module__ attribute (to help certain doc generation systems)
[SVN r65555]
2010-09-23 19:22:12 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
bd8a9eb1fd Boost.Python: Python 3 compatibility patch by Trigve Siver (trac ticket 4497)
[SVN r65055]
2010-08-27 17:28:26 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
38e92833f6 boost/python/module_init.hpp: patch https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3843
[SVN r63777]
2010-07-09 14:50:09 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
14ea71e201 boost/python/converter/builtin_converters.hpp: 64-bit Windows special case to avoid getting a Python long for each std::size_t
[SVN r63696]
2010-07-06 14:29:25 +00:00
Daniel James
e481c136e5 Rebuild python documentation.
[SVN r63506]
2010-07-01 22:13:45 +00:00
Daniel James
ea3c254370 Update various libraries' documentation build.
Mostly to use the images and css files under doc/src instead of
doc/html, usually be deleting the settings in order to use the defaults.
Also add 'boost.root' to some builds in order to fix links which rely on
it.

[SVN r63146]
2010-06-20 18:00:48 +00:00
Marshall Clow
ed6e9d6726 Applied patch; fixes #4166
[SVN r63081]
2010-06-18 15:50:25 +00:00
Marshall Clow
1f04129832 Typo; fixes #2891
[SVN r62925]
2010-06-14 01:33:59 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
b63d44e781 Delay the warning that the Boost.Python Jamfile emits, until someone actually tries to use the library. Fixes #2417.
[SVN r62895]
2010-06-13 04:00:10 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
52d7dfffdf Use the convertible_function typedef instead of the raw function pointer type. Fixes #903
[SVN r62808]
2010-06-11 18:06:25 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
a3e76d59c3 Explicitly qualify bind with boost::. Fixes #4223.
[SVN r62198]
2010-05-25 14:22:55 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
5b36b84444 Fixed tab and no-newline-at-end-of-file issues from inspection report
[SVN r61435]
2010-04-20 17:54:16 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
78ec0d12db libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: moving "rule require-windows" block up to avoid bjam syntax error
[SVN r61086]
2010-04-05 21:28:30 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a7c16bf695 libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: compile calling_conventions tests only under Windows, following Valdimir Prus' instructions (boost mailing list)
[SVN r61053]
2010-04-04 21:03:33 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
6d4be7ab3a Handle the destructor call in a way that keeps msvc happy. Fixes #4003
[SVN r60868]
2010-03-26 19:04:40 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
65e74ccf1e boost/python/object_core.hpp: new .is_none() member function
[SVN r60625]
2010-03-15 22:00:30 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
9398a63250 Implement --python-buildid.
Fixes #3544.
Patch from Gaudenz Steinlin.


[SVN r59987]
2010-02-28 08:22:46 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
1660730320 Remove unintentional reference to "union" test that's not checked in.
[SVN r59331]
2010-01-28 14:39:30 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5418a663cb Support different MS calling conventions, thanks to Nicolas Lelong.
Closes #3833.


[SVN r59265]
2010-01-25 14:48:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
33408d2dcc boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp: missing include added to resolve g++ 4.4 compilation errors
[SVN r59256]
2010-01-24 19:04:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
3ad52bce72 Support different MS calling conventions, thanks to Nicolas Lelong.
Closes #3833.


[SVN r59247]
2010-01-24 02:08:46 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
4f6a37f80d boost.python: some make_tuple changed to boost::python::make_tuple for gcc 4.4 -std=c++0x compatibility; https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3584
[SVN r57641]
2009-11-13 20:48:25 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
338732793a Don't use type_is_gc... type_is_gc expects a PyTypeObject, which is not what will get passed to it if we pass it to the tp_is_gc fields of static_data_object
[SVN r57590]
2009-11-12 00:46:46 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
8b0655ce94 Fix for #2582, thanks for the patch.
[SVN r57016]
2009-10-20 15:06:21 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
36d24b9f8b rm cmake from trunk. I'm not entirely sure this is necessary to satisfy the inspect script, but I'm not taking any chances, and it is easy to put back
[SVN r56942]
2009-10-17 02:07:38 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
35ff0adf2b boost/python: some Py_ssize_t replaced with boost::python::ssize_t to restore compatibility with Python 2.3 and 2.4
[SVN r56491]
2009-09-30 12:35:54 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
115cde9c7f Revert accidental change.
[SVN r56310]
2009-09-19 16:59:05 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
ef2a02c396 Merged 2009 GSoC work from sandbox-branches/bhy/py3k branch back into trunk.
[SVN r56305]
2009-09-19 02:32:41 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e3f6f01588 boost/python/object_operators.hpp: added missing error checks in operator bool_type(), operator!(); this resolves https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3356 posted by Stefan Seefeld
[SVN r55708]
2009-08-22 00:18:28 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d7389277d3 libs/python/test/exec.cpp: new exercise_embedding_html(), in reaction to https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/1890
[SVN r55640]
2009-08-18 00:49:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8d2ca93e98 libs/python/src/exec.cpp: bug fixes
Remark:
  operator!() for boost::python::object invokes PyObject_IsTrue()
  and is therefore not equivalent to "is None".
  In this particular case !global or !local returns true for an
  empty dict.
(Changes to libs/python/test/exec.cpp just helped in debugging.)


[SVN r55639]
2009-08-18 00:24:54 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
d47e3b2a15 Copyrights on CMakeLists.txt to keep them from clogging up the inspect
reports.  This is essentially the same commit as r55095 on the release
branch.



[SVN r55159]
2009-07-26 00:49:56 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
27aa9382fc boost_python_unsigned_converter_fix_no_ctypes.patch by Anderson Lizardo (https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3189)
[SVN r54923]
2009-07-13 15:00:07 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
1a204046c7 boost::python: unsigned converter fix by Anderson Lizardo (https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3189)
[SVN r54919]
2009-07-13 05:16:34 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
3c98a72153 Use appropriate default values for global and local dicts.
[SVN r53936]
2009-06-15 14:53:48 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
a4f028246a Allow duplicate enum values. Fixes #2744
Thanks to hugo.lima@openbossa.org


[SVN r53660]
2009-06-05 21:18:14 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6ffeca641c GCC Warning Suppression
[SVN r53659]
2009-06-05 20:15:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
22b65a1485 Fix up a lot of missing dependency info. Closes #3136.
[SVN r53657]
2009-06-05 20:12:47 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d45b9ea66b Add missing dependencies
[SVN r53645]
2009-06-04 23:27:40 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
0373302165 If no python is configured, default-configure it.
Fixes #2846.


[SVN r53380]
2009-05-29 08:18:09 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
ef53bedd0a Don't mention --preserve-test-targets.
Targets are no longer removed by default, so this reference
is unnecessary.

Addresses #2001.


[SVN r53379]
2009-05-29 08:05:49 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
3ecb3301a2 Fixed most tab and min/max issues from trunk inspection report
[SVN r53141]
2009-05-20 19:19:00 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
e16b3f8ab8 Merge cmake files release -> trunk.
[SVN r52866]
2009-05-09 22:57:30 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
7a7b32661e fixed wrong version
[SVN r52604]
2009-04-26 14:46:18 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e312047405 libs/python/src/converter/builtin_converters.cpp: Troy Straszheim's bool/int patch with additional BOOST_PYTHON_BOOL_INT_STRICT condition; see also: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2009-March/014354.html
[SVN r52299]
2009-04-09 17:30:13 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
50acffa593 Tune up python tests for removal of our ctest hacks
[SVN r52255]
2009-04-08 15:46:14 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
cf5fcc0a1e Test for overload resolution bug.
See this mail for details:

http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2009-March/014362.html



[SVN r52250]
2009-04-08 12:08:35 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
c9e694bed8 Build python modules without leading 'lib' and not single threaded
[SVN r52249]
2009-04-08 11:54:20 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
0b7333f854 Moved property map library into property_map/ directory; made old files into stubs with #warnings; converted uses and docs of property map library to use new names
[SVN r52226]
2009-04-07 01:28:38 +00:00
John Maddock
98a9fa445b Add PDF generation options to fix external links to point to the web site.
Added a few more Boostbook based libs that were missed first time around.
Fixed PDF naming issues.

[SVN r51284]
2009-02-17 10:05:58 +00:00
John Maddock
354fbb4d24 Add Jamfile to build PDF versions of all the docs.
Tweaked some existing Jamfiles so that PDF build finds all the necessary image files etc.
Tweaked fo.xsl to provide more options by default, and improve formatting.

[SVN r51104]
2009-02-08 16:59:14 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
472b18881b Boost.Python enable_shared_from_this patches by Nicolas Lelong and Chad Austin:
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2008-December/014103.html
  http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2008-February/013003.html


[SVN r50368]
2008-12-23 07:55:33 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
96798a3a38 Cosmetic fixes (improper links)
[SVN r49867]
2008-11-22 03:25:41 +00:00
Michael A. Jackson
7d2f44b21e Updating CMake files to latest trunk. Added dependency information for regression tests and a few new macros for internal use.
[SVN r49627]
2008-11-07 17:02:56 +00:00
Michael A. Jackson
5cda75ebe7 Continuing merge of CMake build system files into trunk with the encouragement of Doug Gregor
[SVN r49510]
2008-11-01 13:15:41 +00:00
Daniel James
6347f2e86c Clean up some link errors.
[SVN r48987]
2008-09-28 12:21:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
97f3d849df boost/python, boost/mpl: gcc 4.4 compatibility (see http://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/2069)
[SVN r48960]
2008-09-25 04:49:24 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
61fc9cf054 python/object_core.hpp: "inline" added to declarations, to match definitions (resolves MIPSpro 7.41 warnings)
[SVN r48659]
2008-09-08 02:15:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b3e91f845e boost/python/object_core.hpp: work around Tru64 cxx 6.5 name lookup problems (with fully-qualified names)
[SVN r48629]
2008-09-06 05:30:02 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
d67cd6717d Add generic call operator support.
[SVN r47846]
2008-07-27 19:41:41 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c44100afda Make valid HTML
[SVN r46844]
2008-06-29 12:26:17 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
1dee81dc71 added note on removing targets
[SVN r46817]
2008-06-28 18:24:17 +00:00
Beman Dawes
801326275f With his kind permission, change Jaakko "Järvi" to "Jarvi"
[SVN r46808]
2008-06-28 13:45:21 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
98f20f30d6 Compatibility with Apache STDCXX library. Don't assume eh.h comes along with the other headers automatically.
[SVN r46721]
2008-06-26 16:41:34 +00:00
Markus Schöpflin
b01e0e6b9c Added missing ostream header file.
[SVN r46115]
2008-06-04 15:11:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b0a9b11c9c Projects using Boost.Python: PolyBoRi (text provided by Michael Brickenstein)
[SVN r45920]
2008-05-29 20:04:19 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
304277b806 See Python C++-SIG thread: "object.attr(object& attrname) proposal"
Started 2008-05-25 by hohehohe2@gmail.com.

Excerpts:

If char const* is passed to objecjt.attr(), it uses
PyObject_GetAttrStrng() or PyObject_SetAttrStrng().  If object is
passed to objecjt.attr(), it takes the object as a Python string
object and uses PyObject_GetAttr() or PyObject_SetAttr().

If attr() behaves like this, it can be useful when there are lots
of objects which you know have the same attribute name. You can save
time by first making a boost::python::object and passing it to every
object's attr() inside a loop.

I just made a bit of modification to boost:python locally and did a
quick test, like

test 1:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    omain.attr(attrname) = 444; //attrname is a char const*
  }

test 2:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    object o = omain.attr(attrname); //attrname is a char const*
  }

test 3:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    omain.attr(oaaaa) = 444; //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
  }

test 4:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    object o = omain.attr(oaaaa); //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
  }

and it reasonably reflected the difference between PyObject_*Attr() and PyObject_*AttrString.

test 1 :2783ms
test 2 :2357ms
test 3 :1882ms
test 4 :1267ms

test5: PyObject_SetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa", po_num444);
test6: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa"));
test7: PyObject_SetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa, po_num444);
test8: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa));
(po_ prefixed variables are PyObject*),

all inside each for loop, and the results were

test 5 :2410ms
test 6 :2277ms
test 7 :1629ms
test 8 :1094ms

It's boost 1.35.0, Python 2.5 on linux(gcc4.1.2).
I also did the same test on windows(vs8) and the tendency was not
so different.


[SVN r45918]
2008-05-29 19:48:55 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a334649b0c braces added to resolve g++ 4.3.0 warning
[SVN r45359]
2008-05-14 19:38:08 +00:00
Daniel James
79b7f88df6 Quote href values - our tools don't support unquoted values.
[SVN r45283]
2008-05-11 13:49:20 +00:00
Daniel James
a33ed032c6 Merge in documentation fixes. Apart from the change to optional's documenation
Jamfile, which I included by mistake.

Fixes #1659, #1661, #1684, #1685, 1687, #1690, #1801

I wrote about this at:

http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php

Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc

........
  r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs. Refs #1512
........
  r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs. Refs #1513
........
  r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library. Refs #1659
........
  r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive. Refs #1661
........
  r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in the python docs. Refs #1684.
........
  r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs. Refs #1684.
........
  r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs. Refs #1685
........
  r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in the optional docs. Refs #1687
........
  r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap. Refs #1690
........
  r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a typo in the format library. Refs #1801
........
  r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line
  
  Initialise svnmerge.
........
  r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
........
  r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
........
  r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
........
  r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
........
  r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix another typo in spirit docs.
........


[SVN r44807]
2008-04-27 07:39:49 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
b316819925 Andreas indexing suite patch
[SVN r44450]
2008-04-16 03:07:11 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
52245de2e5 Andreas patch
[SVN r44449]
2008-04-16 03:07:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
2f1f79ce87 bogus VC8 warning C4180 disabled
[SVN r44041]
2008-04-04 18:57:27 +00:00
Beman Dawes
863bff9072 Remove per email from Dave
[SVN r43901]
2008-03-28 02:11:13 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
2213cf98c6 Work around vc9 bugs
[SVN r43845]
2008-03-24 18:27:22 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
2dba3148ce map std::invalid_argument -> Python ValueError
[SVN r43546]
2008-03-09 04:30:13 +00:00
Daniel James
48aa6ab9a9 Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
[SVN r43423]
2008-02-27 19:22:01 +00:00
Daniel James
6ba5067e0b Point links to the pages that used to be in 'more' to the site.
[SVN r43210]
2008-02-10 15:02:17 +00:00
Daniel James
60f4f5e54c Link to people pages on the website, as they've been removed from the download.
[SVN r43209]
2008-02-10 14:56:22 +00:00
Eric Niebler
7ee9cf679b stl_iterator does better error handling
[SVN r42836]
2008-01-17 22:47:54 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
03a72363a4 undo revision 41404; see http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=34238
[SVN r41986]
2007-12-12 05:39:45 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
38cc1a0c15 Add cosmetic virtual detructors to silence compile warnings.
[SVN r41650]
2007-12-03 18:51:26 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
ff44521920 Silence unused paramter warning in release mode.
[SVN r41649]
2007-12-03 18:47:17 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
0ac7e3f858 Revert revisions 41544 and 41549.
See http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2007/12/131116.php for details.


[SVN r41577]
2007-12-02 11:51:08 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
5cbb539ec5 Remove unused paramters.
Add -Wextra to gcc flags to enable more warnings.


[SVN r41550]
2007-12-01 20:26:37 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
40e4940877 Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
[SVN r41549]
2007-12-01 20:24:51 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
ab0911cf53 Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
[SVN r41544]
2007-12-01 19:27:06 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0d81eb6695 Boost.Python:
* Workarounds for many SunCC 5.9 bugs
* Suppression of many SunCC 5.9 warnings
* Improve the style of some test invocations in Jamfile


[SVN r41521]
2007-12-01 02:15:17 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
e0b535df1e Try to extend the workaround to SunPro 5.9, since we're marked as not working on 5.8
[SVN r41408]
2007-11-26 22:01:50 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d2517faa78 g++ 4.3.0 compatibility (4.3.0 20071125 (experimental))
[SVN r41404]
2007-11-26 20:46:28 +00:00
Beman Dawes
8cd4ff8950 Remove extra ) from prior commit
[SVN r41355]
2007-11-25 13:56:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
26f77691ee Attempt SunPro workaround
[SVN r41352]
2007-11-25 09:02:01 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
6e7f594027 fix for trac ticket #1450
[SVN r41164]
2007-11-17 01:51:04 +00:00
Beman Dawes
eada30f0cb Get rid of .cvsignore files
[SVN r41107]
2007-11-15 15:20:27 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
e919ffdac4 refresh docs
[SVN r41082]
2007-11-14 10:24:21 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
1cf41fd031 fix mismatch include guard
[SVN r41019]
2007-11-11 22:32:48 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
7b67118271 changed handle cast to downcast
[SVN r40935]
2007-11-08 16:28:44 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
e14c702a40 added forgotten array_object_manager_traits::get_pytype
[SVN r40889]
2007-11-07 16:06:55 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
d303ea16fc added copyright and license info for each page.
[SVN r40871]
2007-11-07 03:35:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
65114d8637 reinterpret_cast -> const_cast; commented out dead code removed
[SVN r40749]
2007-11-04 18:08:28 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
597dfc586b tutorial update
[SVN r40734]
2007-11-04 00:12:29 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6a3085ad5d Merging some of the more obvious changes from RC_1_34_0
[SVN r40714]
2007-11-03 03:25:13 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
190d0d7ea6 replacing reinterpret_cast with static_cast<PySliceObject*>(static_cast<void*>(i))
[SVN r40712]
2007-11-03 03:05:26 +00:00
Eric Niebler
8b915a15ff merge Changeset 37947
[SVN r40675]
2007-11-02 04:35:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
90c5c19220 Take out print statement I added for debugging purposes.
[SVN r40536]
2007-10-28 19:24:02 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
cfe6f96f69 Closes #1379, really this time. The old code would sandwich argv[1] between quotes and interpret it as a string, so backslashes in windows paths were interpreted as escape sequences.
[SVN r40535]
2007-10-28 19:22:21 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
77907c5369 Make sure every library can be installed by using
bjam stage|install

in libs/<library>/build.


[SVN r40475]
2007-10-26 09:04:25 +00:00
Rene Rivera
512b30c971 Do not refer to nonexistent target when python is not configured.
[SVN r40216]
2007-10-20 16:36:18 +00:00
Rene Rivera
f005518686 Fix build system error when Python is not configured, without preventing the BPL target from being declared. Instead the target is now unbuildable, and will be skipped when Python is not configured.
[SVN r40156]
2007-10-18 16:11:41 +00:00
Rene Rivera
274a219965 Remove BPL build conditional as it prevents normal build failures.
[SVN r39731]
2007-10-06 19:46:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
abc4abf84a gcc 4.3.0 compatibility (resolves new "changes meaning" error)
[SVN r39434]
2007-09-20 23:20:45 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
94a3ced83a fixed cpp signature related test failure
[SVN r39372]
2007-09-18 17:51:47 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
7eb0c678ee epydoc friendlier formatting
[SVN r39371]
2007-09-18 17:32:06 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
92460adce6 tabs removes, code reformatting
[SVN r39370]
2007-09-18 17:28:23 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
8cfd3fb2ef epydoc friendlier formatting
[SVN r39368]
2007-09-18 17:16:31 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
62ef542eaf fixed problem reported by Neal Becker; added a test case
[SVN r39223]
2007-09-12 21:31:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
5809078ba9 Patches by Nikolay Mladenov (nickm at sitius com): new pythonic signatures; docstring support for enums; fix unrelated Visual C++ 6 problem
[SVN r39191]
2007-09-11 16:53:50 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
71f54cc920 Fix ticket #1115.
[SVN r38288]
2007-07-26 14:41:41 +00:00
Thomas Witt
2851325748 Doc and build fixes by Dave Abrahams.
[SVN r38154]
2007-07-06 19:47:17 +00:00
Thomas Witt
bd606e5017 Fix #583.
[SVN r37947]
2007-06-08 18:30:46 +00:00
Thomas Witt
a5706ec3b0 Fixes for #583.
[SVN r37929]
2007-06-07 18:08:54 +00:00
Rene Rivera
a346c577cf Fix the abolute reference to the Boost sources inserted by Dave.
[SVN r37837]
2007-05-31 22:03:06 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
217e4ca8f8 Repair auto-configuration and allow this project to work with --build-dir
[SVN r37829]
2007-05-31 13:49:45 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
f2f47f85c0 Enhance embedding python docs.
[SVN r37710]
2007-05-18 15:54:25 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
b130c93af6 Backport new eval() function from HEAD.
[SVN r37693]
2007-05-15 13:43:52 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
13432b504f Jamfile had extra bogus tst executable target
Build/test instructions were outdated somehow; a checkin must've failed.


[SVN r37620]
2007-05-07 19:00:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0739bb7df8 Added reference to Py++
[SVN r37586]
2007-05-04 01:08:54 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c253c5cc9c Updated build-and-test howto
[SVN r37585]
2007-05-04 00:56:22 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8f263e1fdb Progress on the build docs
[SVN r37551]
2007-05-01 16:14:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a6125a3632 merged from trunk
[SVN r37520]
2007-04-27 22:16:47 +00:00
nobody
a784bfc0f8 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r37419]
2007-04-11 23:35:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
b8937d0bae Relieve need to explicitly configure Python
[SVN r37382]
2007-04-06 18:17:43 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
4827ae73d5 Trivial change to force a rebuild on incremental testers' machines.
[SVN r37327]
2007-04-02 00:54:48 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8eddc7aa37 Support for --with-pydebug builds.
python.jam:

  Support for the specification of "_d" extension suffix.

  In compute-default-paths, fixed the check for residence in
  a "PCBuild.*" directory so we can build against Windows Python built
  in a source distribution.

common.jam:

  Fixed generation of the "y" tag to look for <python-debugging>on
  rather than the whole debug-python build variant.

  Fixed some grammar and spelling.

virtual-target.jam:

  Added the ability to forego the prepending of "." to a
  generated-target-suffix by specifying the suffix enclosed in <...>

libs/python/build/Jamfile.v2:

  #define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON when <python-debugging>on


[SVN r37326]
2007-04-02 00:51:15 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
98a468dadc Fix reference counting error.
[SVN r37312]
2007-03-28 18:12:08 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
ea4e6c0a4c Trivial change to force a rebuild on incremental testers' machines.
[SVN r37311]
2007-03-28 12:44:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
7cd7f6d8ee Trivial change to force a rebuild on incremental testers' machines.
[SVN r37287]
2007-03-26 15:47:05 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
4c39e8c990 Making a trivial change to trigger a test run from incremental testers
[SVN r37278]
2007-03-24 18:57:19 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6c6f654fbe Add commented-out test for import_ so it's easy to reinstate
[SVN r37256]
2007-03-21 17:44:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
b7eaea096e Eliminate import_ test, as it doesn't work consistently on Windows and Linux.
[SVN r37250]
2007-03-21 05:09:21 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
904ae8604c fix builtin_converters test so it can work (BBv1 allowed the
duplication of main target names; BBv2 does not)


[SVN r37216]
2007-03-17 20:26:21 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
44d53c448b libs/python/build/Jamfile.v2: remove needless <define> property.
libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2:
  * add dynamically-linked embedding test

  * fix builtin_converters test so it can work (BBv1 allowed the
    duplication of main target names; BBv2 does not)


libs/python/test/import_.cpp: move some more of the Python code within
  a handle_exception callback so at least we can better diagnose
  failures.


[SVN r37214]
2007-03-17 20:17:56 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
e61401d27e Fix import_ failure.
[SVN r37141]
2007-03-05 18:44:45 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
be7ca7d269 Add copyright notice.
[SVN r37132]
2007-03-02 17:16:51 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
47b4b4efbb Fix boost::python::import.
[SVN r37123]
2007-03-01 18:31:10 +00:00
nobody
4fa07f2b3d This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r37121]
2007-03-01 15:17:30 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c880e7d69d Correct testing bugs:
either changing assert(...) or BOOST_ASSERT(...) to BOOST_TEST
    (in my code only)

    or adding "return boost::report_errors();" where it was clearly
    missing (and a pure bug, in anyone's code).

    or changing BOOST_TEST to BOOST_CHECK where the integer library
    was clearly using Boost.Test and not returning report_errors().


[SVN r37063]
2007-02-25 15:28:02 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c73ad50286 Roll back improved error message because it causes problems for vc6/7
[SVN r36435]
2006-12-16 22:00:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0910710ac4 Correct class/function mismatches for MSVC and bring across
documentation tweaks from HEAD.


[SVN r36355]
2006-12-13 15:08:26 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
04c528138b Fully switch to BBv2
[SVN r36327]
2006-12-11 05:22:04 +00:00
nobody
1b66cd9643 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r36324]
2006-12-11 05:02:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c2dd9fa833 Fix auto-link to look at the right variable.
[SVN r36319]
2006-12-11 03:00:26 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
b085121369 merged from trunk
[SVN r36292]
2006-12-07 17:45:17 +00:00
Beman Dawes
fa219bce9b Merged copyright and license addition
[SVN r35907]
2006-11-07 19:27:00 +00:00
Rene Rivera
10b85d67e7 Remove obsolete Boost.Build v1 files.
[SVN r35880]
2006-11-06 17:10:46 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
ca91dc828e Fix symbol visibility.
[SVN r35754]
2006-10-27 21:19:47 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
3a53c1dec0 Add fixes somehow missed for darwin
[SVN r35612]
2006-10-14 19:10:30 +00:00
nobody
da8e309957 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r35598]
2006-10-13 21:34:27 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
2bd9141d4a make numpy tests portable to Darwin with older docutils
[SVN r35597]
2006-10-13 21:34:26 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c3bda6a903 Fix some problems with testing on old docutils installations
[SVN r35594]
2006-10-13 19:35:28 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d61909d3ea Make object comparison operators return object instead of bool, to
accomodate strange beasts like numarray arrays that return arrays that
can't be used as truth values from their comparison ops.

Fix numpy test for portability with old doctest (again!)


[SVN r35572]
2006-10-12 09:07:07 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
1755dad7e6 merged from trunk
[SVN r35569]
2006-10-12 06:42:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
3b392c99be Adjust tests to account for numarray behavior differences
[SVN r35539]
2006-10-10 22:44:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
24ba93607b Try for backward compatibility with older versions of doctest
[SVN r35535]
2006-10-10 18:12:43 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
49d4aac8ec Fix lots of bugs in the numeric interface and tests.
Tests:
* Coerce a result to bool to deal with Python's new Bool type
* Better reporting of mismatches in expected and received results
* Remove bogus nullary y.astype() call
* Fix all uses of trace and diagonal so they don't cause errors
* Use appropriate typecodes
* Use doctest detailed API to run just the relevant tests
* Factor out error handling from macro

API:
* Added get_module_name() function to get current numeric module
* new_(x) now returns an array instead of object
* Fixed the signatures of the factory() family of functions
* Updated docs accordingly.


[SVN r35528]
2006-10-09 04:05:25 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
545be29ad3 (hopefully) grab the last bit of logic from HEAD for a bugfix I've been trying to apply to the branch for days(!)
[SVN r35436]
2006-10-01 18:25:44 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8553c109c7 merged from HEAD
[SVN r35429]
2006-09-29 22:27:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
315c3d50ee Apply missing elements of previously-"applied" bug fix.
[SVN r35421]
2006-09-29 15:45:29 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d5219979a4 Fix bugs uncovered by Roman Yakovenko
[SVN r35410]
2006-09-29 02:09:13 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d42054f3a0 Cleans up license/copyright warnings
[SVN r35409]
2006-09-29 02:08:32 +00:00
nobody
72b06e70ee This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r35366]
2006-09-28 14:41:02 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
375cc3aa93 Fix broken links
[SVN r35330]
2006-09-26 04:25:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
4eb286a034 ssize_t patches merged from HEAD
[SVN r35327]
2006-09-26 00:48:44 +00:00
nobody
a824230155 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r35326]
2006-09-26 00:25:08 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
1bc3750ab3 repaired broken links
[SVN r35315]
2006-09-25 07:35:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
36abcee847 merged from HEAD
[SVN r35277]
2006-09-22 15:13:30 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
b8b7768eb7 Test for cross module support of opaque
[SVN r35256]
2006-09-21 16:47:49 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
7ad9dc6c64 Changed references to opaque_pointer_converter.html to point to opaque.html instead
[SVN r35255]
2006-09-21 16:47:31 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
decc34551a Renamed to opaque.html because class name changed
[SVN r35254]
2006-09-21 16:47:00 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
5acb44ede0 Renamed from opaque_pointer_converter.html because class name changed
[SVN r35253]
2006-09-21 16:46:42 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
ef62f87963 type object gets initialized. Cross module support works
[SVN r35252]
2006-09-21 16:46:21 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
b5c893381f merge from head
[SVN r35246]
2006-09-21 10:52:01 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
815969bf8b Merge: Add tests
[SVN r35245]
2006-09-21 07:27:11 +00:00
nobody
0d57e9e808 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r35243]
2006-09-21 07:07:15 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
7ba6a00617 Apply Boost license, with permission from Prabhu Ramachandran.
[SVN r35240]
2006-09-21 03:43:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
e70bbe4791 Fix license/copyright.
Also port some "glaringly obvious" bugfixes from HEAD.  Hope it
doesn't cause problems.


[SVN r35237]
2006-09-20 22:49:18 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
7ff0f62729 Fix copyright issues.
[SVN r35236]
2006-09-20 22:30:39 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
95f0b39c90 merged from HEAD
[SVN r35185]
2006-09-18 22:22:31 +00:00
nobody
23057688f9 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r35170]
2006-09-18 19:56:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
029618f719 merged from HEAD
[SVN r35165]
2006-09-18 18:25:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
38f7a4e9b6 merge from HEAD
[SVN r35141]
2006-09-17 02:42:51 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
326c871224 attempt unverified workaround for http://tinyurl.com/gvrgd
[SVN r35103]
2006-09-13 22:47:11 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
924eeccd53 merged from trunk
[SVN r35080]
2006-09-13 00:02:56 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
4a63cf4843 Move definition of BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPRESS_REGISTRY_INITIALIZATION back
where it belongs.


[SVN r35076]
2006-09-12 22:37:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
1d65b74273 Add missing license/copyright
[SVN r35070]
2006-09-11 22:27:29 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
3c1ae689a7 merged from trunk
[SVN r34943]
2006-08-24 19:04:23 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
a99bd50e52 merged from trunk
[SVN r34940]
2006-08-24 13:05:30 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8b178594ff merged from trunk
[SVN r34915]
2006-08-22 11:51:18 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
786aeef998 merged from trunk
[SVN r34872]
2006-08-11 15:51:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
45e4cf506f merged from trunk
[SVN r34865]
2006-08-11 00:48:19 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
8fb6e1f48d (merge from head)
removed tabs (inspect tool)


[SVN r34723]
2006-07-24 22:28:41 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
ecf70b05f2 (merge from head)
removed tabs (inspect tool)


[SVN r34721]
2006-07-24 22:21:39 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
c54acdb9db (merge from head)
minor fix: violation of min/max guidelines


[SVN r34718]
2006-07-24 22:06:09 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
489dae2b58 Clarify comment
[SVN r34668]
2006-07-22 12:53:49 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
f852ce6f7b Windows
[SVN r34667]
2006-07-22 12:28:43 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
e500919d25 Merge: Don't link Boost.Python to python library
[SVN r34663]
2006-07-22 07:16:18 +00:00
Markus Schöpflin
7a645a6d8a Merged header inclusion order fix from trunk to release branch.
[SVN r34195]
2006-06-06 09:44:35 +00:00
Markus Schöpflin
fa2185e5ab Merged header inclusion order fix from trunk to release branch.
[SVN r34194]
2006-06-06 09:39:16 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
5cc33461dd Merge from trunk
[SVN r33626]
2006-04-10 09:02:57 +00:00
Markus Schöpflin
7b93f2fdc5 Merged fix from HEAD for Tru64/CXX compilation error.
[SVN r33455]
2006-03-23 09:40:38 +00:00
nobody
219743964d This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch 'RC_1_34_0'.
[SVN r33417]
2006-03-21 02:26:31 +00:00
432 changed files with 7599 additions and 4349 deletions

View File

@@ -3,75 +3,149 @@
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
import os ;
import indirect ;
import modules ;
import feature ;
import python ;
if [ python.configured ] {
if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
{
# Attempt default configuration of python
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
}
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
;
lib boost_python
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
aix_init_module.cpp
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
<library>/python//python_for_extensions
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<link>shared:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_DYNAMIC_LIB
;
if [ python.configured ] || ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
{
alias config-warning ;
}
else
{
ECHO "warning: Python location is not configured" ;
ECHO "warning: the Boost.Python library won't be built" ;
message config-warning
: "warning: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration"
: "note: failed. See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html"
: "note: for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to"
: "note: suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets"
;
}
rule find-py3-version
{
local versions = [ feature.values python ] ;
local py3ver ;
for local v in $(versions)
{
if $(v) >= 3.0
{
py3ver = $(v) ;
}
}
return $(py3ver) ;
}
py3-version = [ find-py3-version ] ;
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
: requirements
-<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
<tag>@$(__name__).tag
;
rule tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
{
local result = $(name) ;
if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB
{
if $(name) = boost_python && $(PYTHON_ID)
{
result = $(result)-$(PYTHON_ID) ;
}
}
# forward to the boost tagging rule
return [ indirect.call $(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
$(result) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
}
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule lib_boost_python ( is-py3 ? )
{
lib [ cond $(is-py3) : boost_python3 : boost_python ]
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
<dependency>config-warning
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
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<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
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;
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lib_boost_python ;
boost-install boost_python ;
if $(py3-version)
{
lib_boost_python yes ;
boost-install boost_python3 ;
}

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</head>
<body>
<div class="document" id="logo-boost-python-build-and-test-howto">
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference" href="../index.htm"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.html"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at -->
<!-- http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<div class="contents sidebar small topic">
<p class="topic-title first"><a id="contents" name="contents">Contents</a></p>
<div class="contents sidebar small topic" id="contents">
<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
<ul class="auto-toc simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="#requirements" id="id20" name="id20">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#background" id="id21" name="id21">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#getting-boost-python-binaries" id="id22" name="id22">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Getting Boost.Python Binaries</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#no-install-quickstart" id="id23" name="id23">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#installing-boost-python-on-your-system" id="id24" name="id24">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#requirements" id="id25">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#background" id="id26">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#no-install-quickstart" id="id27">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-procedure" id="id28">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Basic Procedure</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-case-of-trouble" id="id29">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Case of Trouble</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-case-everything-seemed-to-work" id="id30">3.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Case Everything Seemed to Work</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#modifying-the-example-project" id="id31">3.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Modifying the Example Project</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#configuring-boost-build" id="id25" name="id25">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#building-an-extension-module" id="id26" name="id26">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Building an Extension Module</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#testing" id="id27" name="id27">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#advanced-configuration" id="id28" name="id28">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advanced Configuration</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#python-configuration-parameters" id="id29" name="id29">7.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#examples" id="id30" name="id30">7.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-boost-python-on-your-system" id="id32">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-boost-build" id="id33">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-configuration-parameters" id="id34">5.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples" id="id35">5.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary" id="id31" name="id31">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#the-dynamic-binary" id="id32" name="id32">8.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#the-static-binary" id="id33" name="id33">8.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary" id="id36">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-dynamic-binary" id="id37">6.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-static-binary" id="id38">6.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users" id="id34" name="id34">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#include-issues" id="id39">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> Issues</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-debugging-builds" id="id40">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Debugging Builds</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-boost-python" id="id41">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing Boost.Python</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users" id="id42">10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20" id="requirements" name="requirements">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></h1>
<p>Boost.Python requires <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/2.2">Python 2.2</a><a class="footnote-reference" href="#id16" id="id2" name="id2"><sup>1</sup></a> <em>or</em> <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org"><em>newer</em></a>.</p>
<div class="section" id="requirements">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></h1>
<p>Boost.Python requires <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/2.2">Python 2.2</a><a class="footnote-reference" href="#id22" id="id2"><sup>1</sup></a> <em>or</em> <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org"><em>newer</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21" id="background" name="background">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="background">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></h1>
<p>There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a>, in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a>, in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
interface so Python programmers can use it. From Python, these
modules look just like regular Python modules.</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a>, in which the end-user launches a program written
<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a>, in which the end-user launches a program written
in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
subroutine. Think of adding scriptability to an existing
application.</li>
</ul>
<p>The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
of C++' <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt> function: in the Python interpreter executable,
of the C++ <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt> function: in the Python interpreter executable,
or in some other program, respectively. Note that even when
embedding Python in another program, <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html">extension modules are often
embedding Python in another program, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html">extension modules are often
the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
code</a>, so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
both models.</p>
@@ -71,127 +74,281 @@ dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
modules or the executable containing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22" id="getting-boost-python-binaries" name="getting-boost-python-binaries">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Getting Boost.Python Binaries</a></h1>
<p>Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
<a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries">header-only</a>) library, its user relies on the services of a
Boost.Python library binary.</p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23" id="no-install-quickstart" name="no-install-quickstart">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></h2>
<p>If you just want to get started quickly building and testing
Boost.Python extension modules, or embedding Python in an
executable, you don't need to worry about installing Boost.Python
binaries explicitly. These instructions use <a class="reference" href="../../../tools/build">Boost.Build</a> projects,
<div class="section" id="no-install-quickstart">
<span id="quickstart"></span><h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></h1>
<p>There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
Boost.Python. These instructions use <a class="reference external" href="../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
for a specific compiler configuration.</p>
for a specific compiler configuration and figuring out the right
compiler options to use yourself.</p>
<!-- .. raw:: html
<div style="width:50%"> -->
<div class="note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
officially supported by Boost and <strong>99% of all “I can't build
Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another build
system</strong>.</p>
<p class="last">If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> with the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-a</span> <span class="pre">-o</span></tt><em>filename</em> option to dump the build commands it executes
to a file, so you can see what your build system needs to do.</p>
officially supported by Boost. Moreover <strong>99% of all “I can't
build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
build system</strong> without first following these instructions.</p>
<p>If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> with the</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-a</span> <span class="pre">-o</span></tt><em>filename</em>
</pre>
<p class="last">options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so
you can see what your alternate build system needs to do.</p>
</div>
<!-- .. raw:: html
</div> -->
<div class="section" id="basic-procedure">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Basic Procedure</a></h2>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><p class="first">Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 [<a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#get-boost">Unix/Linux</a>, <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#get-boost">Windows</a>] of the
Boost <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Get the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> build driver. See section 5 [<a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary">Unix/Linux</a>,
<a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary">Windows</a>] of the Boost <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">cd into the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libs/python/example/quickstart/</span></tt> directory of your
Boost installation, which contains a small example project.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt>. Replace the “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stage</span></tt>“ argument from the
example invocation from section 5 of the <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started
Guide</a> with “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></tt>,“ to build all the test targets. Also add
the argument “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--verbose-test</span></tt>” to see the output generated by
the tests when they are run.</p>
<p>On Windows, your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> invocation might look something like:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
C:\boost_1_34_0\…\quickstart&gt; <strong>bjam toolset=msvc --verbose-test test</strong>
</pre>
<p>and on Unix variants, perhaps,</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
~/boost_1_34_0/…/quickstart$ <strong>bjam toolset=gcc --verbose-test test</strong>
</pre>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="admonition-note-to-windows-users admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note to Windows Users</p>
<p class="last">For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use
unix-style forward slashes in pathnames instead of the
backslashes with which you may be more familiar. The forward
slashes should work everywhere except in <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt">Command Prompt</a>
windows, where you should use backslashes.</p>
</div>
<p>If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an
extension module called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending</span></tt> and tested it by running a
Python script called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_extending.py</span></tt>. You will also have
built and run a simple application called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">embedding</span></tt> that embeds
python.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="in-case-of-trouble">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Case of Trouble</a></h2>
<p>If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages,
it's probably because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your
Python installation. You might want to pass the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--debug-configuration</span></tt> option to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> the first few times
you invoke it, to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating
all the parts of your Python installation. If it isn't, consider
<a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-boost-build">Configuring Boost.Build</a> as detailed below.</p>
<p>If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
mailing lists may be able to help:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="in-case-everything-seemed-to-work">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30">3.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Case Everything Seemed to Work</a></h2>
<p>Rejoice! If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be
a good idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on
learning the library by going through the <a class="reference external" href="tutorial/index.html">tutorial</a> and perhaps
some of the <a class="reference external" href="v2/reference.html">reference documentation</a>, trying out what you've
learned about the API by modifying the quickstart project.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="modifying-the-example-project">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31">3.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Modifying the Example Project</a></h2>
<p>If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one
source file called <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/extending.cpp"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending.cpp</span></tt></a>, inside your Boost
distribution, and import it forever as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending</span></tt>, then you can
stop here. However, it's likely that you will want to make a few
changes. There are a few things you can do without having to learn
<a class="reference external" href="../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> in depth.</p>
<p>The project you just built is specified in two files in the current
directory: <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost-build.jam</span></tt></a>, which tells <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> where it can
find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
<a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a>, which describes the targets you just built. These
files are heavily commented, so they should be easy to modify.
Take care, however, to preserve whitespace. Punctuation such as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">;</span></tt> will not be recognized as intended by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> if it is not
surrounded by whitespace.</p>
<div class="section" id="relocate-the-project">
<h3>Relocate the Project</h3>
<p>You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can
change it without modifying your Boost distribution. To do that,
simply</p>
<ol class="loweralpha simple">
<li>copy the entire <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libs/python/example/quickstart/</span></tt> directory
into a new directory.</li>
<li>In the new copies of <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost-build.jam</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a>, locate
the relative path near the top of the file that is clearly
marked by a comment, and edit that path so that it refers to the
same directory your Boost distribution as it referred to when
the file was in its original location in the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libs/python/example/quickstart/</span></tt> directory.</li>
</ol>
<p>For example, if you moved the project from
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/libs/python/example/quickstart</span></tt> to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/home/dave/my-project</span></tt>, you could change the first path in
<a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost-build.jam</span></tt></a> from</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
<strong>../../../..</strong>/tools/build/v2
</pre>
<p>to</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
<strong>/home/dave/boost_1_34_0</strong>/tools/build/v2
</pre>
<p>and change the first path in <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a> from</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
<strong>../../../..</strong>
</pre>
<p>to</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
<strong>/home/dave/boost_1_34_0</strong>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" id="add-new-or-change-names-of-existing-source-files">
<h3>Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files</h3>
<p>The names of additional source files involved in building your
extension module or embedding application can be listed in
<a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a> right alongside <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending.cpp</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">embedding.cpp</span></tt>
respectively. Just be sure to leave whitespace around each
filename:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
… file1.cpp file2.cpp file3.cpp …
</pre>
<p>Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can
tell Boost.Build about it by editing the name in <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="change-the-name-of-your-extension-module">
<h3>Change the Name of your Extension Module</h3>
<p>The name of the extension module is determined by two things:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>the name in <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a> immediately following <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python-extension</span></tt>, and</li>
<li>the name passed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span></tt> in <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/extending.cpp"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending.cpp</span></tt></a>.</li>
</ol>
<p>To change the name of the extension module from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending</span></tt> to
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hello</span></tt>, you'd edit <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a>, changing</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
python-extension <strong>extending</strong> : extending.cpp ;
</pre>
<p>to</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
python-extension <strong>hello</strong> : extending.cpp ;
</pre>
<p>and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(<strong>extending</strong>)
</pre>
<p>to</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(<strong>hello</strong>)
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24" id="installing-boost-python-on-your-system" name="installing-boost-python-on-your-system">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></h2>
<p>If you need a regular, installation of the Boost.Python library
binaries on your system, the Boost <a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a> will
walk you through the steps of installing one. If building binaries
</div>
<div class="section" id="installing-boost-python-on-your-system">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></h1>
<p>Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
<a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries">header-only</a>) library, its user relies on the services of a
Boost.Python library binary.</p>
<p>If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library
binaries on your system, the Boost <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a> will
walk you through the steps of creating one. If building binaries
from source, you might want to supply the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-python</span></tt>
argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> (or the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-libraries=python</span></tt> argument
to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
rather than all the Boost binaries.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25" id="configuring-boost-build" name="configuring-boost-build">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></h1>
<p>As described in the <a class="reference" href="http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration">Boost.Build reference manual</a>, a file called
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home
directory<a class="footnote-reference" href="#home-dir" id="id5" name="id5"><sup>7</sup></a> is used to
describe the build resources available to the build system. You'll
need to tell it about your Python installation.</p>
<div class="section" id="configuring-boost-build">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></h1>
<p>As described in the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration">Boost.Build reference manual</a>, a file called
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home directory<a class="footnote-reference" href="#home-dir" id="id11"><sup>6</sup></a> is used to
specify the tools and libraries available to the build system. You
may need to create or edit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> to tell Boost.Build
how to invoke Python, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> its headers, and link with its
libraries.</p>
<div class="admonition-users-of-unix-variant-oses admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Users of Unix-Variant OSes</p>
<p class="last">If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> script, it may have generated a
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> for you.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#overwrite" id="id7" name="id7"><sup>4</sup></a> If your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span></tt> sequence was successful and Boost.Python binaries
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> for you.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#overwrite" id="id13"><sup>4</sup></a> If your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span></tt> sequence was successful and Boost.Python binaries
were built, your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file is probably already
correct.</p>
</div>
<p>If you have a fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, there's very little you need to do to describe it.
Simply having</p>
<p>If you have one fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, you might not need to do anything special to describe it. If
you haven't configured python in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> (and you don't
specify <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--without-python</span></tt> on the Boost.Build command line),
Boost.Build will automatically execute the equivalent of</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
</pre>
<p>in a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file in your home directory<a class="footnote-reference" href="#home-dir" id="id8" name="id8"><sup>7</sup></a>
should be enough.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#user-config-jam" id="id9" name="id9"><sup>6</sup></a> For more complicated setups,
see <a class="reference" href="#advanced-configuration">Advanced Configuration</a>.</p>
<div class="note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">You might want to pass the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--debug-configuration</span></tt>
option to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> the first few times you invoke it, to make
sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating all the parts of
your Python installation. If it isn't, consider passing some of
the optional <a class="reference" href="#python-configuration-parameters">Python configuration parameters</a> detailed below.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26" id="building-an-extension-module" name="building-an-extension-module">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Building an Extension Module</a></h1>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27" id="testing" name="testing">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing</a></h1>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28" id="advanced-configuration" name="advanced-configuration">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advanced Configuration</a></h1>
<p>which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the <a class="reference internal" href="#quickstart">quickstart</a>
method). If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file
with at least the minimal incantation above.</p>
<div class="section" id="python-configuration-parameters">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34">5.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></h2>
<p>If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
the following optional parameters to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">using</span> <span class="pre">python</span></tt>.</p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29" id="python-configuration-parameters" name="python-configuration-parameters">7.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>version</dt>
<dd>the version of Python to use. Should be in Major.Minor
format, for example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.3</span></tt>. Do not include the subminor
version (i.e. <em>not</em> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.5.1</span></tt>). If you have multiple Python
versions installed, the version will usually be the only
additional argument required.</dd>
configuration argument required.</dd>
<dt>cmd-or-prefix</dt>
<dd>preferably, a command that invokes a Python
interpreter. Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python
libraries and header files. Use the alternative formulation if
there is no appropriate Python executable available.</dd>
<dd>preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter.
Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python libraries and
header files. Only use the alternative formulation if there is
no appropriate Python executable available.</dd>
<dt>includes</dt>
<dd>the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> path for Python headers.</dd>
<dd>the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> paths for Python headers. Normally the correct
path(s) will be automatically deduced from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt> and/or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd-or-prefix</span></tt>.</dd>
<dt>libraries</dt>
<dd>the path to Python library binaries. On MacOS/Darwin,
you can also pass the path of the Python framework.</dd>
you can also pass the path of the Python framework. Normally the
correct path(s) will be automatically deduced from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt>
and/or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd-or-prefix</span></tt>.</dd>
<dt>condition</dt>
<dd>if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
properties that are matched against the build configuration when
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.</dd>
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use. See examples
below for details.</dd>
<dt>extension-suffix</dt>
<dd>A string to append to the name of extension
modules before the true filename extension. You almost certainly
don't need to use this. Usually this suffix is only used when
targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
automatically for you based on the value of the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;python-debugging&gt;</span></tt> feature. However, at least one Linux
<a class="reference internal" href="#python-debugging"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;python-debugging&gt;</span></tt></a> feature. However, at least one Linux
distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has a specially configured
<a class="reference" href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds">python-dbg</a> package that claims to use such a suffix.</dd>
<a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds">python-dbg</a> package that claims to use such a suffix.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30" id="examples" name="examples">7.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id35">5.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></h2>
<p>Note that in the examples below, case and <em>especially whitespace</em> are
significant.</p>
<ul>
@@ -229,8 +386,19 @@ using python
;
</pre>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the
normal and the “<a class="reference internal" href="#id19">python debugging</a>” builds from source on
Windows, you might see:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python ;
using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python_d
: # includes
: # libs
: &lt;python-debugging&gt;on ;
</pre>
</li>
<li><p class="first">You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows
can build/test both Windows and <a class="reference" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> python extensions. Just pass
can build/test both Windows and <a class="reference external" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> python extensions. Just pass
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">condition</span></tt> parameter
for the cygwin python installation:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
@@ -241,16 +409,16 @@ using python ;
using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : &lt;target-os&gt;cygwin ;
</pre>
<p>when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
with the cygwin version of python:<a class="footnote-reference" href="#flavor" id="id11" name="id11"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
with the cygwin version of python:<a class="footnote-reference" href="#flavor" id="id15"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
python with a <a class="reference" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> bjam) but it seems as though the support in
python with a <a class="reference external" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> bjam) but it seems as though the support in
Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
time of this writing.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Note that because of <a class="reference" href="http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection">the way Boost.Build currently selects target
<li><p class="first">Note that because of <a class="reference external" href="http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection">the way Boost.Build currently selects target
alternatives</a>, you might have be very explicit in your build
requests. For example, given:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
@@ -269,35 +437,35 @@ bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31" id="choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary" name="choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a></h1>
<p>If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link withthe right
<div class="section" id="choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id36">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a></h1>
<p>If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right
libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
library, you'll need to think about which one to link with. The
Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors. Take
care to choose the right flavor for your application.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#naming" id="id13" name="id13"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32" id="the-dynamic-binary" name="the-dynamic-binary">8.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></h2>
care to choose the right flavor for your application.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#naming" id="id17"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
<div class="section" id="the-dynamic-binary">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id37">6.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></h2>
<p>The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
modules built with a given toolset.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#toolset-specific" id="id14" name="id14"><sup>3</sup></a></li>
modules built with a given toolset.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#toolset-specific" id="id18"><sup>3</sup></a></li>
<li>The library contains a type conversion registry. Because one
registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33" id="the-static-binary" name="the-static-binary">8.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></h2>
<div class="section" id="the-static-binary">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id38">6.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></h2>
<p>It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
any of the following cases:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>You are <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a> python and the types exposed in your
<li>You are <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a> python and the types exposed in your
dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
core library code is duplicated among them.</li>
<li>You are <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a> python in your application and either:<ul>
<li>You are <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a> python in your application and either:<ul>
<li>You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.</li>
@@ -311,22 +479,73 @@ modules (and vice-versa).</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34" id="notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users" name="notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></h1>
<div class="section" id="include-issues">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id39">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> Issues</a></h1>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>If you should ever have occasion to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span> <span class="pre">&quot;python.h&quot;</span></tt>
directly in a translation unit of a program using Boost.Python,
use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span> <span class="pre">&quot;boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp&quot;</span></tt> instead.
It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python,
one of which is mentioned in the next section.</li>
<li>Be sure not to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> any system headers before
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wrap_python.hpp</span></tt>. This restriction is actually imposed by
Python, or more properly, by Python's interaction with your
operating system. See
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html">http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html</a> for details.</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="section" id="python-debugging-builds">
<span id="id19"></span><span id="python-debugging"></span><h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id40">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Debugging Builds</a></h1>
<p>Python can be built in a special “python debugging” configuration
that adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful
for developers of extension modules. The data structures used by
the debugging configuration contain additional members, so <strong>a
Python executable built with python debugging enabled cannot be
used with an extension module or library compiled without it, and
vice-versa.</strong></p>
<p>Since pre-built “python debugging” versions of the Python
executable and libraries are not supplied with most distributions
of Python,<a class="footnote-reference" href="#get-debug-build" id="id20"><sup>7</sup></a> and we didn't want to force our users
to build them, Boost.Build does not automatically enable python
debugging in its <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">debug</span></tt> build variant (which is the default).
Instead there is a special build property called
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python-debugging</span></tt> that, when used as a build property, will
define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right
libraries to link with.</p>
<p>On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data
structures will only be used if the symbol <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_DEBUG</span></tt> is defined.
On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
the preprocessor symbol <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_DEBUG</span></tt>, Python defaults to force
linking with a special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since
that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not present,
Boost.Python temporarily undefines _DEBUG when Python.h
is #included from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</span></tt> - unless
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</span></tt> is defined. The upshot is that if you want
“python debugging”and you aren't using Boost.Build, you should make
sure <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</span></tt> is defined, or python debugging will be
suppressed.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="testing-boost-python">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id41">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing Boost.Python</a></h1>
<p>To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> in the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libs/python/test</span></tt> subdirectory of your Boost distribution.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id42">10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></h1>
<p>If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html">Installing
the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html">Installing
Python Modules</a> to create <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libpythonXX.a</span></tt>, where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">XX</span></tt>
corresponds to the major and minor version numbers of your Python
installation.</p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id16" rules="none">
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id22" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2" name="id16">[1]</a></td><td>Note that although we tested earlier versions of
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td>Note that although we tested earlier versions of
Boost.Python with Python 2.2, and we don't <em>think</em> we've done
anything to break compatibility, this release of Boost.Python
may not have been tested with versions of Python earlier than
@@ -337,24 +556,21 @@ supported.</td></tr>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="naming" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id13" name="naming">[2]</a></td><td><p class="first">Information about how to identify the
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id17">[2]</a></td><td><p class="first">Information about how to identify the
static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming">on Windows</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming">on Unix variants</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming">on Windows</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming">on Unix variants</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="last">Be sure to read this section even if your compiler supports
auto-linking, as Boost.Python does not yet take advantage of
that feature.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="toolset-specific" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id14" name="toolset-specific">[3]</a></td><td>Because of the way most *nix platforms
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not
certainextension modules built with different compiler toolsets
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id18">[3]</a></td><td>Because of the way most *nix platforms
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
when loaded into the same Python instance. Not using different
libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
@@ -369,7 +585,7 @@ happens.</td></tr>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="overwrite" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id7" name="overwrite">[4]</a></td><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> overwrites the existing
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id13">[4]</a></td><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> overwrites the existing
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home directory
(if any) after making a backup of the old version.</td></tr>
</tbody>
@@ -377,28 +593,33 @@ happens.</td></tr>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="flavor" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id11" name="flavor">[5]</a></td><td>Note that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> feature is
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id15">[5]</a></td><td>Note that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> feature is
different from the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;flavor&gt;cygwin</span></tt> subfeature of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gcc</span></tt>
toolset, and you might need handle both explicitly if you also
have a MinGW GCC installed.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="user-config-jam" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id9" name="user-config-jam">[6]</a></td><td>Create the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file if you don't
already have one.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="home-dir" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a name="home-dir">[7]</a></td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id8">2</a>)</em> <p>Windows users, your home directory can be
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id11">[6]</a></td><td><p class="first">Windows users, your home directory can be
found by typing:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
</pre>
<p class="last">into a <a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#or-build-from-the-command-prompt">Windows command prompt</a></p>
<p class="last">into a <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt">command prompt</a> window.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="get-debug-build" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id20">[7]</a></td><td>On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging
python and associated libraries are built by adding
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-pydebug</span></tt> when configuring the Python build. On
Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by
the &quot;Win32 Debug&quot; target of the Visual Studio project in the
PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
@@ -406,9 +627,9 @@ ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
</div>
<div class="footer">
<hr class="footer" />
<a class="reference" href="./building.rst">View document source</a>.
Generated on: 2007-04-05 20:04 UTC.
Generated by <a class="reference" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">Docutils</a> from <a class="reference" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html">reStructuredText</a> source.
<a class="reference external" href="./building.rst">View document source</a>.
Generated on: 2007-07-02 13:46 UTC.
Generated by <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">Docutils</a> from <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html">reStructuredText</a> source.
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@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
|(logo)|__ Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO
==============================================
.. |(logo)| image:: ../boost.png
.. |(logo)| image:: ../../../boost.png
:alt: Boost C++ Libraries:
:class: boost-logo
__ ../index.htm
__ ../index.html
.. section-numbering::
@@ -31,36 +31,6 @@ Boost.Python requires `Python 2.2`_ [#2.2]_ *or* |newer|__.
.. _Python 2.2: http://www.python.org/2.2
__ http://www.python.org
No-Install Quickstart
=====================
There is no need to install Boost in order to get started using
Boost.Python. These instructions use Boost.Build_ projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
for a specific compiler configuration.
.. Note:: Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
officially supported by Boost. Moreover **99% of all “I can't
build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
build system**.
If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke ``bjam`` with the
``-a -o``\ *filename* option to dump the build commands it executes
to a file, so you can see what your build system needs to do.
1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 of the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
2. Get the ``bjam`` build driver. See sections 5.2.1-5.2.3 of the
Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
3. cd into the ``libs/python/test/example`` directory.
.. _Getting Started Guide: ../../../more/getting_started/index.html
Background
==========
@@ -81,7 +51,7 @@ There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:
.. _embedding: http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html
The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
of C++' ``main()`` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
of the C++ ``main()`` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
or in some other program, respectively. Note that even when
embedding Python in another program, `extension modules are often
the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
@@ -95,8 +65,254 @@ dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
modules or the executable containing ``main()``.
Getting Boost.Python Binaries
=============================
.. _quickstart:
No-Install Quickstart
=====================
There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
Boost.Python. These instructions use Boost.Build_ projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
for a specific compiler configuration and figuring out the right
compiler options to use yourself.
.. .. raw:: html
<div style="width:50%">
.. Note:: Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
officially supported by Boost. Moreover **99% of all “I can't
build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
build system** without first following these instructions.
If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke ``bjam`` with the
.. parsed-literal::
``-a -o``\ *filename*
options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so
you can see what your alternate build system needs to do.
.. .. raw:: html
</div>
.. _Boost.Build: ../../../tools/build/index.html
Basic Procedure
---------------
1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 [`Unix/Linux`__, `Windows`__\ ] of the
Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
__ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#get-boost
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#get-boost
2. Get the ``bjam`` build driver. See section 5 [`Unix/Linux`__,
`Windows`__\ ] of the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
__ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary
3. cd into the ``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory of your
Boost installation, which contains a small example project.
4. Invoke ``bjam``. Replace the “\ ``stage``\ “ argument from the
example invocation from section 5 of the `Getting Started
Guide`_ with “\ ``test``\ ,“ to build all the test targets. Also add
the argument “\ ``--verbose-test``\ ” to see the output generated by
the tests when they are run.
On Windows, your ``bjam`` invocation might look something like:
.. parsed-literal::
C:\\boost_1_34_0\\…\\quickstart> **bjam toolset=msvc --verbose-test test**
and on Unix variants, perhaps,
.. parsed-literal::
~/boost_1_34_0/…/quickstart$ **bjam toolset=gcc --verbose-test test**
.. Admonition:: Note to Windows Users
For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use
unix-style forward slashes in pathnames instead of the
backslashes with which you may be more familiar. The forward
slashes should work everywhere except in `Command Prompt`_
windows, where you should use backslashes.
.. _Command Prompt: ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt
If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an
extension module called ``extending`` and tested it by running a
Python script called ``test_extending.py``. You will also have
built and run a simple application called ``embedding`` that embeds
python.
.. _Getting Started Guide: ../../../more/getting_started/index.html
In Case of Trouble
------------------
If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages,
it's probably because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your
Python installation. You might want to pass the
``--debug-configuration`` option to ``bjam`` the first few times
you invoke it, to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating
all the parts of your Python installation. If it isn't, consider
`Configuring Boost.Build`_ as detailed below.
If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
mailing lists may be able to help:
* The `Boost.Build mailing list`__ for issues related to Boost.Build
* The Python `C++ Sig`__ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
In Case Everything Seemed to Work
---------------------------------
Rejoice! If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be
a good idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on
learning the library by going through the tutorial_ and perhaps
some of the `reference documentation`_, trying out what you've
learned about the API by modifying the quickstart project.
.. _reference documentation: v2/reference.html
.. _tutorial: tutorial/index.html
Modifying the Example Project
-----------------------------
If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one
source file called |extending.cpp|_, inside your Boost
distribution, and import it forever as ``extending``, then you can
stop here. However, it's likely that you will want to make a few
changes. There are a few things you can do without having to learn
Boost.Build_ in depth.
The project you just built is specified in two files in the current
directory: |boost-build.jam|_, which tells ``bjam`` where it can
find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
|Jamroot|_, which describes the targets you just built. These
files are heavily commented, so they should be easy to modify.
Take care, however, to preserve whitespace. Punctuation such as
``;`` will not be recognized as intended by ``bjam`` if it is not
surrounded by whitespace.
.. |boost-build.jam| replace:: ``boost-build.jam``
.. _boost-build.jam: ../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam
.. |Jamroot| replace:: ``Jamroot``
.. _Jamroot: ../example/quickstart/Jamroot
.. |extending.cpp| replace:: ``extending.cpp``
.. _extending.cpp: ../example/quickstart/extending.cpp
Relocate the Project
....................
You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can
change it without modifying your Boost distribution. To do that,
simply
a. copy the entire ``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory
into a new directory.
b. In the new copies of |boost-build.jam|_ and |Jamroot|_, locate
the relative path near the top of the file that is clearly
marked by a comment, and edit that path so that it refers to the
same directory your Boost distribution as it referred to when
the file was in its original location in the
``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory.
For example, if you moved the project from
``/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/libs/python/example/quickstart`` to
``/home/dave/my-project``, you could change the first path in
|boost-build.jam|_ from
.. parsed-literal::
**../../../..**\ /tools/build/v2
to
.. parsed-literal::
**/home/dave/boost_1_34_0**\ /tools/build/v2
and change the first path in |Jamroot|_ from
.. parsed-literal::
**../../../..**
to
.. parsed-literal::
**/home/dave/boost_1_34_0**
Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files
................................................
The names of additional source files involved in building your
extension module or embedding application can be listed in
|Jamroot|_ right alongside ``extending.cpp`` or ``embedding.cpp``
respectively. Just be sure to leave whitespace around each
filename::
… file1.cpp file2.cpp file3.cpp …
Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can
tell Boost.Build about it by editing the name in |Jamroot|_.
Change the Name of your Extension Module
........................................
The name of the extension module is determined by two things:
1. the name in |Jamroot|_ immediately following ``python-extension``, and
2. the name passed to ``BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE`` in |extending.cpp|_.
To change the name of the extension module from ``extending`` to
``hello``, you'd edit |Jamroot|_, changing
.. parsed-literal::
python-extension **extending** : extending.cpp ;
to
.. parsed-literal::
python-extension **hello** : extending.cpp ;
and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing
.. parsed-literal::
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(\ **extending**\ )
to
.. parsed-literal::
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(\ **hello**\ )
Installing Boost.Python on your System
======================================
Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
`header-only`_) library, its user relies on the services of a
@@ -104,25 +320,24 @@ Boost.Python library binary.
.. _header-only: ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries
Installing Boost.Python on your System
--------------------------------------
If you need a regular, installation of the Boost.Python library
If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library
binaries on your system, the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_ will
walk you through the steps of installing one. If building binaries
walk you through the steps of creating one. If building binaries
from source, you might want to supply the ``--with-python``
argument to ``bjam`` (or the ``--with-libraries=python`` argument
to ``configure``), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
rather than all the Boost binaries.
Configuring Boost.Build
=======================
As described in the `Boost.Build reference manual`__, a file called
``user-config.jam`` in your home
directory [#home-dir]_ is used to
describe the build resources available to the build system. You'll
need to tell it about your Python installation.
``user-config.jam`` in your home directory [#home-dir]_ is used to
specify the tools and libraries available to the build system. You
may need to create or edit ``user-config.jam`` to tell Boost.Build
how to invoke Python, ``#include`` its headers, and link with its
libraries.
__ http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration
@@ -135,66 +350,58 @@ __ http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration
were built, your ``user-config.jam`` file is probably already
correct.
If you have a fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, there's very little you need to do to describe it.
Simply having ::
If you have one fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, you might not need to do anything special to describe it. If
you haven't configured python in ``user-config.jam`` (and you don't
specify ``--without-python`` on the Boost.Build command line),
Boost.Build will automatically execute the equivalent of ::
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
in a ``user-config.jam`` file in your home directory [#home-dir]_
should be enough. [#user-config.jam]_ For more complicated setups,
see `Advanced Configuration`_.
which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the quickstart_
method). If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a ``user-config.jam`` file
with at least the minimal incantation above.
.. Note:: You might want to pass the ``--debug-configuration``
option to ``bjam`` the first few times you invoke it, to make
sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating all the parts of
your Python installation. If it isn't, consider passing some of
the optional `Python configuration parameters`_ detailed below.
Building an Extension Module
============================
Testing
=======
Advanced Configuration
======================
Python Configuration Parameters
-------------------------------
If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
the following optional parameters to ``using python``.
Python Configuration Parameters
-------------------------------
version
the version of Python to use. Should be in Major.Minor
format, for example, ``2.3``. Do not include the subminor
version (i.e. *not* ``2.5.1``). If you have multiple Python
versions installed, the version will usually be the only
additional argument required.
configuration argument required.
cmd-or-prefix
preferably, a command that invokes a Python
interpreter. Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python
libraries and header files. Use the alternative formulation if
there is no appropriate Python executable available.
preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter.
Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python libraries and
header files. Only use the alternative formulation if there is
no appropriate Python executable available.
includes
the ``#include`` path for Python headers.
the ``#include`` paths for Python headers. Normally the correct
path(s) will be automatically deduced from ``version`` and/or
``cmd-or-prefix``.
libraries
the path to Python library binaries. On MacOS/Darwin,
you can also pass the path of the Python framework.
you can also pass the path of the Python framework. Normally the
correct path(s) will be automatically deduced from ``version``
and/or ``cmd-or-prefix``.
condition
if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
properties that are matched against the build configuration when
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use. See examples
below for details.
extension-suffix
A string to append to the name of extension
@@ -202,10 +409,12 @@ extension-suffix
don't need to use this. Usually this suffix is only used when
targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
automatically for you based on the value of the
``<python-debugging>`` feature. However, at least one Linux
|python-debugging|_ feature. However, at least one Linux
distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has a specially configured
`python-dbg`__ package that claims to use such a suffix.
.. |python-debugging| replace:: ``<python-debugging>``
__ https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds
@@ -247,6 +456,17 @@ significant.
: <toolset>intel # condition
;
- If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the
normal and the “\ `python debugging`_\ ” builds from source on
Windows, you might see::
using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python ;
using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python_d
: # includes
: # libs
: <python-debugging>on ;
- You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows
can build/test both Windows and Cygwin_ python extensions. Just pass
``<target-os>cygwin`` in the ``condition`` parameter
@@ -290,7 +510,7 @@ __ http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection
Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary
======================================
If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link withthe right
If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right
libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
library, you'll need to think about which one to link with. The
Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors. Take
@@ -332,6 +552,64 @@ any of the following cases:
use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
modules (and vice-versa).
``#include`` Issues
===================
1. If you should ever have occasion to ``#include "python.h"``
directly in a translation unit of a program using Boost.Python,
use ``#include "boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp"`` instead.
It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python,
one of which is mentioned in the next section.
2. Be sure not to ``#include`` any system headers before
``wrap_python.hpp``. This restriction is actually imposed by
Python, or more properly, by Python's interaction with your
operating system. See
http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html for details.
.. _python-debugging:
.. _python debugging:
Python Debugging Builds
=======================
Python can be built in a special “python debugging” configuration
that adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful
for developers of extension modules. The data structures used by
the debugging configuration contain additional members, so **a
Python executable built with python debugging enabled cannot be
used with an extension module or library compiled without it, and
vice-versa.**
Since pre-built “python debugging” versions of the Python
executable and libraries are not supplied with most distributions
of Python, [#get-debug-build]_ and we didn't want to force our users
to build them, Boost.Build does not automatically enable python
debugging in its ``debug`` build variant (which is the default).
Instead there is a special build property called
``python-debugging`` that, when used as a build property, will
define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right
libraries to link with.
On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data
structures will only be used if the symbol ``Py_DEBUG`` is defined.
On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
the preprocessor symbol ``_DEBUG``, Python defaults to force
linking with a special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since
that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not present,
Boost.Python temporarily undefines _DEBUG when Python.h
is #included from ``boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp`` - unless
``BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON`` is defined. The upshot is that if you want
“python debugging”and you aren't using Boost.Build, you should make
sure ``BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON`` is defined, or python debugging will be
suppressed.
Testing Boost.Python
====================
To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke ``bjam`` in the
``libs/python/test`` subdirectory of your Boost distribution.
Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users
=======================================================
@@ -365,13 +643,9 @@ __ http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming
__ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming
Be sure to read this section even if your compiler supports
auto-linking, as Boost.Python does not yet take advantage of
that feature.
.. [#toolset-specific] Because of the way most \*nix platforms
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not
certainextension modules built with different compiler toolsets
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
when loaded into the same Python instance. Not using different
libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
@@ -391,14 +665,16 @@ __ http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html
toolset, and you might need handle both explicitly if you also
have a MinGW GCC installed.
.. [#user-config.jam] Create the ``user-config.jam`` file if you don't
already have one.
.. [#home-dir] Windows users, your home directory can be
found by typing::
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
into a `Windows command prompt`__
into a `command prompt`_ window.
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#or-build-from-the-command-prompt
.. [#get-debug-build] On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging
python and associated libraries are built by adding
``--with-pydebug`` when configuring the Python build. On
Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by
the "Win32 Debug" target of the Visual Studio project in the
PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.

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@@ -147,7 +147,9 @@
<dt><a href="v2/faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a></dt>
<dt><a href="../pyste/index.html">Pyste (Boost.Python code generator)</a></dt>
<dt><a href="http://www.language-binding.net/pyplusplus/pyplusplus.html">Py++ Boost.Python code generator</a></dt>
<dt><a href="../pyste/index.html">Pyste Boost.Python code generator (no longer maintained)</a></dt>
<dt><a href="internals.html">Internals Documentation</a></dt>
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

0
doc/internals.html Executable file → Normal file
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0
doc/internals.rst Executable file → Normal file
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@@ -32,7 +32,79 @@
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt>Current CVS</dt>
<dt>Current SVN</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Python 3 support:</li>
<ul>
<li>All the current Boost.Python test cases passed. Extension modules using
Boost.Python expected to support Python 3 smoothly.</li>
<li>Introduced <code>object.contains</code> where <code>x.contains(y)</code>
is equivalent to Python code <code>y in x</code>.
Now <code>dict.has_key</code> is just a wrapper of <code>object.contains</code>.
</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, <code>str.decode</code> will be removed.</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, the original signature of <code>list.sort</code>, which is:
<pre>void sort(object_cref cmpfunc);</pre>
will change to:
<pre>void sort(args_proxy const &args, kwds_proxy const &kwds);</pre>
This is because in Python 3 <code>list.sort</code> requires all its arguments be keyword arguments.
So you should call it like this:
<pre>x.sort(*tuple(), **dict(make_tuple(make_tuple("reverse", true))));</pre>
</li>
<li>According to <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3123/">PEP 3123</a>,
when building Boost.Python against Python older than 2.6, the following macros will
be defined in Boost.Python header:
<pre>
# define Py_TYPE(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
# define Py_REFCNT(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
# define Py_SIZE(o) (((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)</pre>
So extension writers can use these macro directly, to make code clean and compatible with Python 3.
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.39.0 Release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Pythonic signatures are now automatically appended to the
docstrings.
<li>Use <a href="v2/docstring_options.html"
><code>docstring_options.hpp</code></a> header
control the content of docstrings.
<li>This new feature increases the size of the modules by about 14%.
If this is not acceptable it can be turned off by defining the macro
BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES. Modules compiled with and without the macro
defined are compatible.
</li>
<li> If BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES is undefined, this version defines the
macro BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES. This allows writing code that will compile
with older version of Boost.Python (see <a href="v2/pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>).
</li>
<li>By defining BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE, and at a cost
of another 14% size increase, proper pythonic type is generated for the "self"
parameter of the __init__ methods.
</li>
<li> To support this new feature changes were made to the
<a href="v2/to_python_converter.html"><code>to_python_converter.hpp</code></a>,
<a href="v2/default_call_policies.html"><code>default_call_policies</code></a>,
<a href="v2/ResultConverter.html"><code>ResultConverter</code></a>,
<a href="v2/CallPolicies.html"><code>CallPolicies</code></a> and some others.
Efforts were made not to have interface breaking changes.
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>12 May 2007 - 1.34.0 release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
@@ -293,7 +365,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
19 November 2004
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -375,6 +375,27 @@
application modules, including GUI and post-processing of results.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://polybori.sourceforge.net/">PolyBoRi</a></b></dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="mailto:brickenstein@mfo.de"
>Michael Brickenstein</a> writes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The core of PolyBoRi is a C++ library, which provides
high-level data types for Boolean polynomials and monomials,
exponent vectors, as well as for the underlying polynomial
rings and subsets of the powerset of the Boolean variables. As
a unique approach, binary decision diagrams are used as
internal storage type for polynomial structures. On top of
this C++-library we provide a Python interface. This allows
parsing of complex polynomial systems, as well as sophisticated
and extendable strategies for Gr&ouml;bner basis computation.
Boost.Python has helped us to create this interface in a
very clean way.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://www.rationaldiscovery.com">Rational Discovery
LLC</a></b></dt>
@@ -435,11 +456,11 @@
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 July, 2003</p>
29 May, 2008</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
12 Sept, 2003 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@ project boost/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc ;
import boostbook : boostbook ;
using quickbook ;
path-constant images : html ;
boostbook tutorial
:
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/*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Chapter 1. python 1.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title="Building Hello World">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
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<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
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<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
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</table>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div>
<div><h2 class="title">
<a name="python"></a>Chapter 1. python 1.0</h2></div>
<a name="python"></a>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0</h2></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Joel</span> <span class="surname">de Guzman</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Abrahams</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id2632684"></a><p>
<a name="id759709"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.quickstart"></a>QuickStart</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -94,15 +94,14 @@
(IDL).
</p>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h3>
<a name="id2595112"></a>
<a name="id759740"></a>
Hello World
</h3>
<p>
Following C/C++ tradition, let's start with the "hello, world". A
C++ Function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"hello, world"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -110,12 +109,11 @@
<p>
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
@@ -125,30 +123,23 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Next stop... Building your Hello World
module from start to finish...</strong></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Next stop... Building your Hello World module
from start to finish...</strong></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><small><p>Last revised: May 18, 2007 at 15:46:01 GMT</p></small></td>
<td align="right"><small></small></td>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: July 01, 2010 at 21:56:58 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer"></div></td>
</tr></table>
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@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Embedding</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
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<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="object.html" title="Object Interface">
<link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Iterators">
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<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
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<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="object.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.embedding"></a>Embedding</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="embedding.html#python.using_the_interpreter">Using the interpreter</a></span></dt></dl></div>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
Python/C API at all. So stay tuned... <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span>
</p>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h3>
<a name="id2654982"></a>
<a name="id773307"></a>
Building embedded programs
</h3>
<p>
@@ -82,69 +82,64 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
&lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
</pre>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h3>
<a name="id2655076"></a>
<a name="id773391"></a>
Getting started
</h3>
<p>
Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding the
Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4 steps:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
#include <code class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</code><br><br>
</li>
<li>
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module.<br><br>
</li>
<li>
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.<br><br>
</li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
#include <code class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Note that at this time you must
not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</strong></span>
</p>
</div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Note that at this time you must not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</strong></span>
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</strong></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</strong></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.using_the_interpreter"></a>Using the interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted. Naturally,
the <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
the <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully automatic
in Python, the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API requires you to do it [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html
by hand]. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html" target="_top">by
hand</a>. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
of C++ exceptions. Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html" target="_top">handle</a>
and <a href="../../../../v2/object.html" target="_top">object</a> class templates to
automate the process.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h3>
<a name="id2655255"></a>
<a name="id773549"></a>
Running Python code
</h3>
<p>
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">code</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">filename</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
@@ -163,8 +158,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
<p>
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
@@ -174,8 +168,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
Let's import the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module and run some Python code in its namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
@@ -188,7 +181,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h3>
<a name="id2655783"></a>
<a name="id774064"></a>
Manipulating Python objects
</h3>
<p>
@@ -198,8 +191,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <code class="literal">handle</code>.
The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"result"</span><span class="special">]);</span>
@@ -210,20 +202,18 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
this variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result
is to use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h3>
<a name="id2656116"></a>
<a name="id774390"></a>
Exception handling
</h3>
<p>
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression, <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>
is thrown:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5/0"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:
@@ -238,14 +228,13 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
The <code class="literal">error_already_set</code> exception class doesn't carry any
information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred,
you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">exception
handling functions</a> of the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API in your catch-statement.
This can be as simple as calling [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70
PyErr_Print()] to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing
the type of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
handling functions</a> of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This
can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70" target="_top">PyErr_Print()</a>
to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type
of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
exceptions</a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -266,12 +255,17 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" lang="en">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.exception"></a> Exception Translation</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -30,14 +30,12 @@
is the point where C++ meets Python. Boost.Python provides a default exception
handler that translates selected standard exceptions, then gives up:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
</pre>
<p>
Users may provide custom translation. Here's an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">void</span> <span class="identifier">translator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span> <span class="identifier">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PyErr_SetString</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_UserWarning</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"I'm sorry Dave..."</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -49,12 +47,17 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" lang="en">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.exposing"></a> Exposing Classes</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@
<p>
Consider a C++ class/struct that we want to expose to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -51,8 +50,7 @@
<p>
We can expose this to Python by writing a corresponding Boost.Python C++ Wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -71,14 +69,13 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'howdy'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="string">'howdy'</span>
</pre>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.constructors"></a>Constructors</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -87,8 +84,7 @@
exposes the default constructor by default, which is why we were able to
write
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
We may wish to wrap a class with a non-default constructor. Let us build
@@ -96,8 +92,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="comment">// added constructor
</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -111,8 +106,7 @@
We have to tell <code class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</code> about the constructor
we want to expose instead.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -133,8 +127,7 @@
to the <code class="literal">def()</code> member function. Say for example we have
another World constructor taking in two doubles:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"set"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -144,15 +137,14 @@
On the other hand, if we do not wish to expose any constructors at all, we
may use <code class="literal">no_init</code> instead:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
This actually adds an <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</code>
method which always raises a Python RuntimeError exception.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_data_members"></a>Class Data Members</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -161,8 +153,7 @@
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
or <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>. Consider this class <code class="literal">Var</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -173,8 +164,7 @@
Our C++ <code class="literal">Var</code> class and its data members can be exposed
to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"name"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -184,8 +174,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'is around'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="identifier">pi</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="identifier">around</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
@@ -194,14 +183,13 @@
Note that <code class="literal">name</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
while <code class="literal">value</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
</span><span class="identifier">Traceback</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">recent</span> <span class="identifier">call</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> #
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span>#<span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="error">?</span>
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span><span class="error">'</span><span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_properties"></a>Class Properties</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -212,8 +200,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -227,8 +214,7 @@
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <code class="literal">Num</code>
class using Boost.Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -237,8 +223,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -251,11 +236,10 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.inheritance"></a>Inheritance</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -268,24 +252,21 @@
<p>
Consider this trivial inheritance structure:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
</pre>
<p>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <code class="literal">Base</code> and <code class="literal">Derived</code>
object instances:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <code class="literal">Base</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -293,32 +274,30 @@
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <code class="literal">Derived</code>
and its base class <code class="literal">Base</code>. Thus:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Doing so, we get some things for free:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped C++
member functions)
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>If</strong></span> Base is polymorphic, <code class="literal">Derived</code>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Base</code> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Derived</code> is expected.
</li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped
C++ member functions)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>If</strong></span> Base is polymorphic, <code class="literal">Derived</code>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Base</code> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Derived</code> is expected.
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions <code class="literal">b</code> and <code class="literal">d</code>
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <code class="literal">b</code> and <code class="literal">d</code>
and <code class="literal">factory</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"d"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -328,25 +307,23 @@
<code class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</code> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <code class="literal">Base</code> and hold the instance
in a new Python <code class="literal">Base</code> object until the the Python object
is destroyed. We shall see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
policies</a> later.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_value_policy</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">manage_new_object</span><span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_virtual_functions"></a>Class Virtual Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In this section, we shall learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
In this section, we will learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our <code class="literal">Base</code> class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -364,8 +341,7 @@
that will unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
override may be called:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -382,9 +358,13 @@
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> as:<br> <br> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> as:
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
@@ -394,8 +374,7 @@
<p>
Finally, exposing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -404,15 +383,23 @@
that the function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> is a
pure virtual function.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>member function and methods</strong></span><br>
<br> Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><strong>methods</strong></span>. Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><strong>member functions</strong></span>
</p>
<span class="bold"><strong>member function and methods</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><strong>methods</strong></span>.
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><strong>member functions</strong></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.virtual_functions_with_default_implementations"></a>Virtual Functions with Default Implementations</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -422,12 +409,11 @@
functions instead, the mechanism is a bit different.
</p>
<p>
Recall that in the <a href="exposing.html#python.class_virtual_functions" title="Class Virtual Functions">previous
Recall that in the <a class="link" href="exposing.html#python.class_virtual_functions" title="Class Virtual Functions">previous
section</a>, we wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then
implemented in C++, or Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
@@ -436,8 +422,7 @@
had a pure virtual function <code class="literal">f</code>. If, however, its member
function <code class="literal">f</code> was not declared as pure virtual:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -446,8 +431,7 @@
<p>
We wrap it this way:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -467,17 +451,20 @@
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite
the line with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></code> as:<br> <br> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite the line
with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></code> as:
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Finally, exposing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -492,8 +479,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">42</span>
@@ -503,23 +489,21 @@
<p>
Calling <code class="literal">base.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">0</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <code class="literal">derived.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">42</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_operators_special_functions"></a>Class Operators/Special Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h3>
<a name="id2646169"></a>
<a name="id764956"></a>
Python Operators
</h3>
<p>
@@ -533,8 +517,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -548,8 +531,7 @@
The class and the various operators can be mapped to Python rather easily
and intuitively:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __add__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __radd__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__
@@ -568,7 +550,7 @@
expressions".
</p>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h3>
<a name="id2646853"></a>
<a name="id765570"></a>
Special Methods
</h3>
<p>
@@ -578,8 +560,7 @@
wrap C++ functions that correspond to these Python <span class="emphasis"><em>special functions</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">Rational</span> <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -596,25 +577,31 @@
<p>
Need we say more?
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> What is the business of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>? Well, the method <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></code>
requires the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>
to do its work (i.e. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code> is used by the method defined by
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
What is the business of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>? Well, the method <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></code> requires the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code> to do its work (i.e. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>
is used by the method defined by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.functions"></a>Functions</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -33,20 +33,14 @@
</dl></div>
<p>
In this chapter, we'll look at Boost.Python powered functions in closer detail.
We shall see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to Python safe
from potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and references. We shall also
see facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions
that take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
We will see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to Python safe from
potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and references. We will also see
facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions that
take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
But before you do, you might want to fire up Python 2.2 or later and type
<code class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</code>.
@@ -73,7 +67,7 @@ If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</pre>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.call_policies"></a>Call Policies</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -87,16 +81,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
so Boost.Python must deal with them. To do this, it may need your help. Consider
the following C++ function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
How should the library wrap this function? A naive approach builds a Python
X object around result reference. This strategy might or might not work out.
Here's an example where it didn't
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">y</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
@@ -106,8 +98,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Well, what if f() was implemented as shown below:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -124,29 +115,30 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Here's what's happening:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">y</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">x</code> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">x.some_method()</code> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span></li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">y</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">x</code> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">x.some_method()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
We could copy result into a new object:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># No crash, but still bad
</span><span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
@@ -160,8 +152,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -171,16 +162,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Notice that the data member <code class="literal">z</code> is held by class Y using
a raw pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="preprocessor"># Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
For reference, here's the implementation of <code class="literal">f</code> again:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -189,30 +178,33 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Here's what's happening:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li>
A pointer to <code class="literal">z</code> is held by <code class="literal">y</code>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">z</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">y.z</code> is a dangling pointer
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">y.z_value()</code> is called
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">z-&gt;value()</code> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span></li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A pointer to <code class="literal">z</code> is held by <code class="literal">y</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">z</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">y.z</code> is a dangling
pointer
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">y.z_value()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">z-&gt;value()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h3>
<a name="id2648560"></a>
<a name="id767074"></a>
Call Policies
</h3>
<p>
@@ -220,8 +212,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
In our example, <code class="literal">return_internal_reference</code> and <code class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</code>
are our friends:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
@@ -229,8 +220,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
What are the <code class="literal">1</code> and <code class="literal">2</code> parameters, you
ask?
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <code class="literal">Y&amp;
@@ -239,8 +229,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
In short: "return an internal reference <code class="literal">X&amp;</code> owned
by the 1st argument <code class="literal">Y&amp; y</code>".
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the lifetime of the argument indicated by ward
@@ -252,8 +241,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
It is also important to note that we have defined two policies above. Two
or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy2</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy3</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
@@ -261,48 +249,54 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Here is the list of predefined call policies. A complete reference detailing
these can be found <a href="../../../../v2/reference.html#models_of_call_policies" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward</strong></span><br> Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</strong></span><br>
Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>return_internal_reference</strong></span><br> Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</strong></span><br>
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>reference_existing_object</strong></span><br> naive
(dangerous) approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_const_reference</strong></span><br> Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_non_const_reference</strong></span><br>
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>manage_new_object</strong></span><br> Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward</strong></span>: Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</strong></span>: Ties
lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>return_internal_reference</strong></span>: Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</strong></span>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>reference_existing_object</strong></span>: naive
(dangerous) approach
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_const_reference</strong></span>: Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_non_const_reference</strong></span>:
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>manage_new_object</strong></span>: Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Remember the Zen, Luke:</strong></span><br>
<br> "Explicit is better than implicit"<br> "In the face
of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"<br>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Remember the Zen, Luke:</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
"Explicit is better than implicit"
</p>
<p>
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.overloading"></a>Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -313,8 +307,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
We have here our C++ class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -338,11 +331,10 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We shall start by introducing some member
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some member
function pointer variables:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -350,14 +342,13 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
With these in hand, we can proceed to define and wrap this for Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.default_arguments"></a>Default Arguments</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -365,30 +356,26 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <code class="literal">f</code>
with default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
But the type of a pointer to the function <code class="literal">f</code> has no information
about its default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
When we pass this function pointer to the <code class="literal">def</code> function,
there is no way to retrieve the default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
Because of this, when wrapping C++ code, we had to resort to manual wrapping
as outlined in the <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
as outlined in the <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
or writing thin wrappers:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -402,23 +389,22 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
When you want to wrap functions (or member functions) that either:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
have default arguments, or
</li>
<li>
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
have default arguments, or
</li>
<li class="listitem">
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h3>
<a name="id2650414"></a>
<a name="id769042"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h3>
<p>
Boost.Python now has a way to make it easier. For instance, given a function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -426,8 +412,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will automatically create the thin wrappers for us. This macro will create
@@ -437,11 +422,10 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <code class="literal">def(...)</code>
function will automatically add all the foo variants for us:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h3>
<a name="id2650701"></a>
<a name="id769301"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h3>
<p>
@@ -456,8 +440,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
may be used to automatically create the thin wrappers for wrapping member
functions. Let's have an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span>
<span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'x'</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -469,8 +452,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <code class="literal">wack_em</code>
@@ -479,15 +461,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
in a class named <code class="literal">george_overloads</code> that can then be used
as an argument to <code class="literal">def(...)</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
See the <a href="../../../../v2/overloads.html#BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS-spec" target="_top">overloads
reference</a> for details.
</p>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h3>
<a name="id2651031"></a>
<a name="id769596"></a>
init and optional
</h3>
<p>
@@ -495,8 +476,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>?
For example, given a class X with a constructor:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"constructor"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
@@ -505,15 +485,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
You can easily add this constructor to Boost.Python in one shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice the use of <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code> and <code class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</code>
to signify the default (optional arguments).
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.auto_overloading"></a>Auto-Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -522,8 +501,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
used for overloaded functions and member functions with a common sequence
of initial arguments. Here is an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -547,66 +525,66 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Like in the previous section, we can generate thin wrappers for these overloaded
functions in one-shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
</p>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h3>
<a name="id2651734"></a>
<a name="id770226"></a>
Manual Wrapping
</h3>
<p>
It is important to emphasize however that <span class="bold"><strong>the overloaded
functions must have a common sequence of initial arguments</strong></span>. Otherwise,
our scheme above will not work. If this is not the case, we have to wrap
our functions <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
our functions <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
</p>
<p>
Actually, we can mix and match manual wrapping of overloaded functions and
automatic wrapping through <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
and its sister, <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>. Following
up on our example presented in the section <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
up on our example presented in the section <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
overloading</a>, since the first 4 overload functins have a common sequence
of initial arguments, we can use <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
to automatically wrap the first three of the <code class="literal">def</code>s and
manually wrap just the last. Here's how we'll do this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Create a member function pointers as above for both X::f overloads:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" lang="en">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.hello"></a> Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h3>
<a name="id2595436"></a>
<a name="id760024"></a>
From Start To Finish
</h3>
<p>
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we shall outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We shall use the build tool that comes bundled with
every boost distribution: <span class="bold"><strong>bjam</strong></span>.
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we will outline the steps necessary
to achieve that. We will use the build tool that comes bundled with every boost
distribution: <span class="bold"><strong>bjam</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
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<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Building without bjam</strong></span><br>
<br> Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from <code class="literal">bjam</code>.<br>
<br> Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is
bjam. There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
</p>
</div>
<span class="bold"><strong>Building without bjam</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
We shall skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the
hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to building
Boost.Python, check out: <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">building.html</a>.
After this brief <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> tutorial, we should have built two
DLLs:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
boost_python.dll
</li>
<li>
hello.pyd
</li>
</ul></div>
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built. What's
written here should not be taken as "the one and only way". There
are of course other build tools apart from <code class="literal">bjam</code>.
</p>
<p>
if you are on Windows, and
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
libboost_python.so
</li>
<li>
hello.so
</li>
</ul></div>
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from
people who had to use a different tool.
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
if you are on Unix.
We will skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the hello
world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to building Boost.Python,
check out: <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">building.html</a>. After
this brief <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> tutorial, we should have built the DLLs
and run a python program using the extension.
</p>
<p>
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>.
There, you can find:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
hello.cpp
</li>
<li>
Jamfile
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
hello.cpp
</li>
<li class="listitem">
hello.py
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Jamroot
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<code class="literal">Jamfile</code> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us.
<code class="literal">Jamroot</code> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us. Finally, <code class="literal">hello.py</code> is our Python
program that uses the extension in <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code>.
</p>
<p>
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost directory
@@ -101,205 +92,104 @@
platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found <a href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h3>
<a name="id2595623"></a>
<a name="id760177"></a>
Let's Jam!
</h3>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/jam.png" alt="jam"></span>
</p>
<p>
Here is our minimalist Jamfile:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"># This is the top of our own project tree
project-root ;
import python ;
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
&lt;template&gt;@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
</pre>
<p>
First, we need to specify our location. You may place your project anywhere.
<code class="literal">project-root</code> allows you to do that.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">project-root ;
</pre>
<p>
By doing so, you'll need a Jamrules file. Simply copy the one in the <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">example/tutorial directory</a>
and tweak the <code class="literal">path-global BOOST_ROOT</code> to where your boost
root directory is. The file has <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">detailed
instructions</a> you can follow.
<a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamroot" target="_top">Here</a> is our minimalist
Jamroot file. Simply copy the file and tweak <code class="literal">use-project boost</code>
to where your boost root directory is and your OK.
</p>
<p>
Then we will import the definitions needed by Python modules:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">import python ;
</pre>
<p>
Finally we declare our <code class="literal">hello</code> extension:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
&lt;template&gt;@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
</pre>
<p>
The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
The comments contained in the Jamrules file above should be sufficient to get
you going.
</p>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h3>
<a name="id2595752"></a>
<a name="id760225"></a>
Running bjam
</h3>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> is run using your operating system's command line
interpreter.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Start it up.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
</p>
<p>
Start it up.
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<p>
Make sure that the environment is set so that we can invoke the C++ compiler.
With MSVC, that would mean running the <code class="literal">Vcvars32.bat</code> batch
file. For instance:
A file called user-config.jam in your home directory is used to configure your
tools. In Windows, your home directory can be found by typing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\Tools\vsvars32.bat
<pre class="programlisting">ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
</pre>
<p>
Some environment variables will have to be setup for proper building of our
Python modules. Example:
into a command prompt window. Your file should at least have the rules for
your compiler and your python installation. A specific example of this on Windows
would be:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">set PYTHON_ROOT=c:/dev/tools/python
set PYTHON_VERSION=2.2
<pre class="programlisting"># MSVC configuration
using msvc : 8.0 ;
# Python configuration
using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools<span class="emphasis"><em>Python</em></span> ;
</pre>
<p>
The above assumes that the Python installation is in <code class="literal">c:/dev/tools/python</code>
and that we are using Python version 2.2. You'll have to tweak these appropriately.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <span class="bold"><strong>not</strong></span> "2.2.1", even if that's the version you
have.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Take note that you may also do that through the Jamrules file we put in our
project as detailed above. The file has <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">detailed
instructions</a> you can follow.
The first rule tells Bjam to use the MSVC 8.0 compiler and associated tools.
The second rule provides information on Python, its version and where it is
located. The above assumes that the Python installation is in <code class="literal">C:/dev/tools/Python/</code>.
If you have one fairly "standard" python installation for your platform,
you might not need to do this.
</p>
<p>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <code class="literal">cd</code> to <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>
where the tutorial <code class="literal">"hello.cpp"</code> and the <code class="literal">"Jamfile"</code>
where the tutorial <code class="literal">"hello.cpp"</code> and the <code class="literal">"Jamroot"</code>
is situated.
</p>
<p>
Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">sTOOLS</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="identifier">_1</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span>
</pre>
<p>
We are again assuming that we are using Microsoft Visual C++ version 7.1. If
not, then you will have to specify the appropriate tool. See <a href="../../../../../../../tools/build/index.html" target="_top">Building
Boost Libraries</a> for further details.
</p>
<p>
It should be building now:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">cd C:\dev\boost\libs\python\example\tutorial
bjam -sTOOLS=msvc
bjam
...patience...
...found 1703 targets...
...updating 40 targets...
...found 1101 targets...
...updating 35 targets...
</pre>
<p>
And so on... Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">Creating library bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_python.dll\vc-7_1\debug\th
reading-multi\boost_python.lib and object bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_pyth
on.dll\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\boost_python.exp
vc-C++ bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.obj
hello.cpp
vc-Link bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.pyd bin\tutori
al\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.lib
Creating library bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.li
b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
...updated 31 targets...
<pre class="programlisting">Creating library <span class="emphasis"><em>path-to-boost_python.dll</em></span>
Creating library <span class="emphasis"><em>path-to-'''hello_ext'''.exp</em></span>
**passed** ... hello.test
...updated 35 targets...
</pre>
<p>
If all is well, you should now have:
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
boost_python.dll
</li>
<li>
hello.pyd
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
if you are on Windows, and
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
libboost_python.so
</li>
<li>
hello.so
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
if you are on Unix.
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost_python.dll</code> and <code class="literal">hello.pyd</code> can be
found somewhere in your project's <code class="literal">bin</code> directory. After a
successful build, you make it possible for the system to find boost_python.dll
or libboost_python.so (usually done with LD_LIBRARY_PATH, DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH,
or some other variable on *nix and with PATH on Windows) and for Python to
find the hello module (Done with PYTHONPATH on all systems.)
</p>
<p>
You may now fire up Python and run our hello module:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>There you go... Have fun!</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong>There you go... Have fun!</strong></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.iterators"></a>Iterators</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -32,31 +32,31 @@
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>C++ iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input,
output)
</li>
<li>
There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access
</li>
<li>
A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input,
output)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Python Iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
1 category (forward)
</li>
<li>
1 operation category (next())
</li>
<li>
Raises StopIteration exception at end
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
1 category (forward)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
1 operation category (next())
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Raises StopIteration exception at end
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The typical Python iteration protocol: <code class="literal"><span class="bold"><strong>for y
@@ -64,8 +64,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
</span><span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get each item
@@ -79,16 +78,14 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Or for use in class_&lt;&gt;:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>range</strong></span>
@@ -96,34 +93,34 @@
<p>
We can create a Python savvy iterator using the range function:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
range(start, finish)
</li>
<li>
range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
range(start, finish)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Here, start/finish may be one of:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
member data pointers
</li>
<li>
member function pointers
</li>
<li>
adaptable function object (use Target parameter)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
member data pointers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
member function pointers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
adaptable function object (use Target parameter)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>iterator</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Given a container <code class="literal">T</code>, iterator is a shortcut that simply
calls <code class="literal">range</code> with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.
@@ -134,8 +131,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pions</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">smash</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">bogons</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -146,8 +142,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"pions"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_end</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bogons"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_end</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
@@ -163,8 +158,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">list_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Turn a Python sequence into an STL input range
</span> <span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -183,19 +177,23 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">([</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">])</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.object"></a> Object Interface</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python variables
may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc., among other
things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these Pythonic variables
are just instances of class <code class="literal">object</code>. We shall see in this
are just instances of class <code class="literal">object</code>. We will see in this
chapter how to deal with Python objects.
</p>
<p>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/python.png" alt="python"></span>
</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.basic_interface"></a>Basic Interface</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">'foo'</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'bar'</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -78,8 +77,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">slice</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
@@ -95,54 +93,51 @@
in C++, the look and feel should be immediately apparent to the Python coder.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.derived_object_types"></a>Derived Object types</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <code class="literal">object</code> types
corresponding to that of Python's:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
list
</li>
<li>
dict
</li>
<li>
tuple
</li>
<li>
str
</li>
<li>
long_
</li>
<li>
enum
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
list
</li>
<li class="listitem">
dict
</li>
<li class="listitem">
tuple
</li>
<li class="listitem">
str
</li>
<li class="listitem">
long_
</li>
<li class="listitem">
enum
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
These derived <code class="literal">object</code> types act like real Python types.
For instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
</pre>
<p>
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <code class="literal">object</code> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <code class="literal">dict</code>
has a <code class="literal">keys()</code> method:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
<code class="literal">make_tuple</code> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
In C++, when Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>s are used as arguments
@@ -150,8 +145,7 @@
<code class="literal">f</code>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <code class="literal">str</code> type and subtypes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">n2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"upper"</span><span class="special">)();</span> <span class="comment">// NAME = name.upper()
</span> <span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// better
@@ -161,15 +155,13 @@
<p>
In finer detail:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Illustrates that we provide versions of the str type's methods as C++ member
functions.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <code class="literal">"format"
@@ -187,19 +179,17 @@
<p>
Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="comment"># modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<p>
C++:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h3>
<a name="id2653534"></a>
<a name="id771905"></a>
class_&lt;T&gt; as objects
</h3>
<p>
@@ -210,8 +200,7 @@
<p>
We can use this to create wrapped instances. Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Vec2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"angle"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">angle</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -220,7 +209,7 @@
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vec345</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">5.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.extracting_c___objects"></a>Extracting C++ objects</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -228,16 +217,14 @@
can be achieved with the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code> function. Consider
the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
</span></pre>
<p>
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>
can't be implicitly converted to <code class="literal">double</code>s. Instead, what
we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
@@ -254,8 +241,7 @@
be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
@@ -263,12 +249,11 @@
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code>
facility in fact solves the mutable copying problem:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"whatever"</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies x.__dict__ !
</span></pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.enums"></a>Enums</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -279,14 +264,12 @@
typing to C++'s strong static typing (in C++, ints cannot be implicitly converted
to enums). To illustrate, given a C++ enum:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
the construct:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"red"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"blue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
@@ -297,22 +280,28 @@
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <code class="literal">int</code>
type which is associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>what is a scope?</strong></span><br>
<br> The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found <a href="../../../../v2/scope.html" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
</div>
<span class="bold"><strong>what is a scope?</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found <a href="../../../../v2/scope.html" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
You can access those values in Python as
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -321,8 +310,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
@@ -337,12 +325,17 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>General Techniques</title>
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</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.techniques"></a> General Techniques</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
Here are presented some useful techniques that you can use while wrapping code
with Boost.Python.
</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.creating_packages"></a>Creating Packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@
<code class="literal">sounds</code>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
like so:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
</pre>
@@ -62,16 +61,14 @@
We would like to present this same hierarchy to the Python user, allowing
him to write code like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span> <span class="comment"># echo is a C++ function
</span></pre>
<p>
The first step is to write the wrapping code. We have to export each module
separately with Boost.Python, like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">export</span> <span class="identifier">everything</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span> <span class="identifier">namespace</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
@@ -96,15 +93,18 @@
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <code class="literal">core.pyd</code>,
<code class="literal">io.pyd</code> and <code class="literal">filters.pyd</code>.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> The extension <code class="literal">.pyd</code> is used for python
extension modules, which are just shared libraries. Using the default for
your system, like <code class="literal">.so</code> for Unix and <code class="literal">.dll</code>
for Windows, works just as well.
</p>
</div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
The extension <code class="literal">.pyd</code> is used for python extension modules,
which are just shared libraries. Using the default for your system, like
<code class="literal">.so</code> for Unix and <code class="literal">.dll</code> for Windows,
works just as well.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
Now, we create this directory structure for our Python package:
</p>
@@ -126,8 +126,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'file.mp3'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">new_sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1.0</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -149,8 +148,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
@@ -182,8 +180,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -193,15 +190,13 @@
entire namespace from <code class="literal">_core.pyd</code> to <code class="literal">core/__init__.py</code>.
So add this line of code to <code class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
</pre>
<p>
We do the same for the other packages. Now the user accesses the functions
and classes in the extension modules like before:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -214,8 +209,7 @@
a file named <code class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</code> and code our
function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -224,27 +218,24 @@
<p>
Next, we add this line to <code class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
</pre>
<p>
And that's it. The user now accesses this function like any other function
from the <code class="literal">filters</code> package:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"></a>Extending Wrapped Objects in Python</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Thanks to Python's flexibility, you can easily add new methods to a class,
even after it was already created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'A C instance!'</span>
@@ -267,8 +258,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -276,13 +266,12 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a class="link" href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
Packages</a>, we can code directly into <code class="literal">geom/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
@@ -295,27 +284,26 @@
<span class="bold"><strong>All</strong></span> point instances created from C++ will
also have this member function! This technique has several advantages:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
Cut down compile times to zero for these additional functions
</li>
<li>
Reduce the memory footprint to virtually zero
</li>
<li>
Minimize the need to recompile
</li>
<li>
Rapid prototyping (you can move the code to C++ if required without changing
the interface)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Cut down compile times to zero for these additional functions
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Reduce the memory footprint to virtually zero
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Minimize the need to recompile
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Rapid prototyping (you can move the code to C++ if required without changing
the interface)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
You can even add a little syntactic sugar with the use of metaclasses. Let's
create a special metaclass that "injects" methods in other classes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
</span><span class="comment"># You can use here any class exported by Boost instead of "point"
</span><span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__class__</span>
@@ -338,8 +326,7 @@
<p>
Now let's see how it got:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">!</span>
@@ -347,8 +334,7 @@
<p>
Another useful idea is to replace constructors with factory functions:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -360,7 +346,7 @@
support.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.reducing_compiling_time"></a>Reducing Compiling Time</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -371,8 +357,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -394,8 +379,7 @@
Now you create a file <code class="literal">main.cpp</code>, which contains the <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</code>
macro, and call the various export functions inside it.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_triangle</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -408,8 +392,7 @@
Compiling and linking together all this files produces the same result as
the usual approach:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">triangle</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -427,33 +410,43 @@
exporting it to Python at the same time: changes in a class will only demand
the compilation of a single cpp, instead of the entire wrapper code.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <code class="literal">--multiple</code> option, that generates the
wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> This method is useful too if you are getting the error
message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure
overflow"</em></span> when compiling a large source file, as explained
in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <code class="literal">--multiple</code> option, that generates
the wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
This method is useful too if you are getting the error message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal
error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow"</em></span>
when compiling a large source file, as explained in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[library python
[version 1.0]
[version 2.0]
[authors [de Guzman, Joel], [Abrahams, David]]
[copyright 2002 2003 2004 2005 Joel de Guzman, David Abrahams]
[category inter-language support]
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ Function:
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
#include <boost/python.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello_ext)
{
using namespace boost::python;
def("greet", greet);
}
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
[python]
>>> import hello
>>> import hello_ext
>>> print hello.greet()
hello, world
@@ -75,43 +75,39 @@ resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
[h2 From Start To Finish]
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we shall outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We shall use the build tool that comes bundled
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we will outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We will use the build tool that comes bundled
with every boost distribution: [*bjam].
[blurb __note__ [*Building without bjam]\n\n
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from [^bjam].\n\n
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
[note [*Building without bjam]
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from [^bjam].
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
]
We shall skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the
hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to
building Boost.Python, check out: [@../../../building.html building.html].
After this brief ['bjam] tutorial, we should have built two DLLs:
* boost_python.dll
* hello.pyd
if you are on Windows, and
* libboost_python.so
* hello.so
if you are on Unix.
We will skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create
the hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to
building Boost.Python, check out: [@../../../building.html
building.html]. After this brief ['bjam] tutorial, we should have built
the DLLs and run a python program using the extension.
The tutorial example can be found in the directory:
[^libs/python/example/tutorial]. There, you can find:
* hello.cpp
* Jamfile
* hello.py
* Jamroot
The [^hello.cpp] file is our C++ hello world example. The [^Jamfile] is a
minimalist ['bjam] script that builds the DLLs for us.
The [^hello.cpp] file is our C++ hello world example. The [^Jamroot] is
a minimalist ['bjam] script that builds the DLLs for us. Finally,
[^hello.py] is our Python program that uses the extension in
[^hello.cpp].
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost
directory or somewhere in your path such that [^bjam] can be executed in
@@ -122,51 +118,12 @@ platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found
[h2 Let's Jam!]
__jam__
Here is our minimalist Jamfile:
[@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamroot Here] is our minimalist Jamroot
file. Simply copy the file and tweak [^use-project boost] to where your
boost root directory is and your OK.
[pre
# This is the top of our own project tree
project-root ;
import python ;
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
<template>@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
]
First, we need to specify our location. You may place your project anywhere.
[^project-root] allows you to do that.
[pre
project-root ;
]
By doing so, you'll need a Jamrules file. Simply copy the one in the
[@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules example/tutorial directory] and tweak
the [^path-global BOOST_ROOT] to where your boost root directory is. The file
has [@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules detailed instructions] you can follow.
Then we will import the definitions needed by Python modules:
[pre
import python ;
]
Finally we declare our [^hello] extension:
[pre
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
<template>@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
]
The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
The comments contained in the Jamrules file above should be sufficient
to get you going.
[h2 Running bjam]
@@ -174,98 +131,60 @@ The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
[:Start it up.]
Make sure that the environment is set so that we can invoke the C++
compiler. With MSVC, that would mean running the [^Vcvars32.bat] batch
file. For instance:
A file called user-config.jam in your home directory is used to
configure your tools. In Windows, your home directory can be found by
typing:
[pre
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\Tools\vsvars32.bat
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
]
Some environment variables will have to be setup for proper building of our
Python modules. Example:
into a command prompt window. Your file should at least have the rules
for your compiler and your python installation. A specific example of
this on Windows would be:
[pre
set PYTHON_ROOT=c:/dev/tools/python
set PYTHON_VERSION=2.2
# MSVC configuration
using msvc : 8.0 ;
# Python configuration
using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools/Python/ ;
]
The above assumes that the Python installation is in [^c:/dev/tools/python]
and that we are using Python version 2.2. You'll have to tweak these
appropriately.
[blurb __tip__ Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. [*not] "2.2.1",
even if that's the version you have.]
Take note that you may also do that through the Jamrules file we put in
our project as detailed above. The file
has [@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules detailed instructions] you
can follow.
The first rule tells Bjam to use the MSVC 8.0 compiler and associated
tools. The second rule provides information on Python, its version and
where it is located. The above assumes that the Python installation is
in [^C:/dev/tools\/Python/]. If you have one fairly "standard" python
installation for your platform, you might not need to do this.
Now we are ready... Be sure to [^cd] to [^libs/python/example/tutorial]
where the tutorial [^"hello.cpp"] and the [^"Jamfile"] is situated.
where the tutorial [^"hello.cpp"] and the [^"Jamroot"] is situated.
Finally:
bjam -sTOOLS=vc-7_1
We are again assuming that we are using Microsoft Visual C++ version 7.1. If
not, then you will have to specify the appropriate tool. See
[@../../../../../../tools/build/index.html Building Boost Libraries] for
further details.
bjam
It should be building now:
[pre
cd C:\dev\boost\libs\python\example\tutorial
bjam -sTOOLS=msvc
bjam
...patience...
...found 1703 targets...
...updating 40 targets...
...found 1101 targets...
...updating 35 targets...
]
And so on... Finally:
[pre
Creating library bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_python.dll\vc-7_1\debug\th
reading-multi\boost_python.lib and object bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_pyth
on.dll\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\boost_python.exp
vc-C++ bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.obj
hello.cpp
vc-Link bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.pyd bin\tutori
al\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.lib
Creating library bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.li
b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
...updated 31 targets...
Creating library /path-to-boost_python.dll/
Creating library /path-to-'''hello_ext'''.exp/
'''**passed**''' ... hello.test
...updated 35 targets...
]
If all is well, you should now have:
* boost_python.dll
* hello.pyd
if you are on Windows, and
* libboost_python.so
* hello.so
if you are on Unix.
[^boost_python.dll] and [^hello.pyd] can be found somewhere in your project's
[^bin] directory. After a successful build, you make it possible for the system
to find boost_python.dll or libboost_python.so (usually done with LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, or some other variable on *nix and with PATH on Windows) and
for Python to find the hello module (Done with PYTHONPATH on all systems.)
You may now fire up Python and run our hello module:
[python]
>>> import hello
>>> print hello.greet()
hello, world
[c++]
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
[:[*There you go... Have fun!]]
@@ -495,7 +414,7 @@ Doing so, we get some things for free:
Python via a pointer or reference to [^Base] can be passed where a pointer
or reference to [^Derived] is expected.
Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions [^b] and [^d] and [^factory]:
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions [^b] and [^d] and [^factory]:
def("b", b);
def("d", d);
@@ -505,7 +424,7 @@ Note that free function [^factory] is being used to generate new
instances of class [^Derived]. In such cases, we use
[^return_value_policy<manage_new_object>] to instruct Python to adopt
the pointer to [^Base] and hold the instance in a new Python [^Base]
object until the the Python object is destroyed. We shall see more of
object until the the Python object is destroyed. We will see more of
Boost.Python [link python.call_policies call policies] later.
// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
@@ -516,7 +435,7 @@ Boost.Python [link python.call_policies call policies] later.
[section Class Virtual Functions]
In this section, we shall learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
In this section, we will learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our [^Base] class:
@@ -526,13 +445,13 @@ to our [^Base] class:
virtual int f() = 0;
};
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing C++
design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for a 3rd
party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything to our class
`Base`. Yet, when you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in
Python and called polymorphically *from C++*, we'll need to add some
scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write a class
wrapper that derives from `Base` that will unintrusively hook into the virtual
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing C++
design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for a 3rd
party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything to our class
`Base`. Yet, when you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in
Python and called polymorphically *from C++*, we'll need to add some
scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write a class
wrapper that derives from `Base` that will unintrusively hook into the virtual
functions so that a Python override may be called:
struct BaseWrap : Base, wrapper<Base>
@@ -548,8 +467,10 @@ inherited `wrapper<Base>` (See [@../../../v2/wrapper.html Wrapper]). The
`wrapper` template makes the job of wrapping classes that are meant to
overridden in Python, easier.
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]\n\n
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write `f` as:\n\n
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write `f` as:
`return call<int>(this->get_override("f").ptr());`.]
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function `f` in effect calls the
@@ -561,24 +482,25 @@ Finally, exposing `Base`:
.def("f", pure_virtual(&Base::f))
;
`pure_virtual` signals Boost.Python that the function `f` is a pure virtual
`pure_virtual` signals Boost.Python that the function `f` is a pure virtual
function.
[blurb __note__ [*member function and methods]\n\n Python, like
many object oriented languages uses the term [*methods]. Methods
correspond roughly to C++'s [*member functions]]
[note [*member function and methods]
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term [*methods].
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s [*member functions]]
[endsect]
[section Virtual Functions with Default Implementations]
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions are
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions are
wrapped using Boost.Python's [@../../../v2/wrapper.html class wrapper]
facilities. If we wish to wrap [*non]-pure-virtual functions instead, the
facilities. If we wish to wrap [*non]-pure-virtual functions instead, the
mechanism is a bit different.
Recall that in the [link python.class_virtual_functions previous section], we
wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then implemented in C++, or
Recall that in the [link python.class_virtual_functions previous section], we
wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then implemented in C++, or
Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
struct Base
@@ -596,7 +518,7 @@ not declared as pure virtual:
};
We wrap it this way:
struct BaseWrap : Base, wrapper<Base>
{
int f()
@@ -608,24 +530,26 @@ We wrap it this way:
int default_f() { return this->Base::f(); }
};
Notice how we implemented `BaseWrap::f`. Now, we have to check if there is an
Notice how we implemented `BaseWrap::f`. Now, we have to check if there is an
override for `f`. If none, then we call `Base::f()`.
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]\n\n
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite the line
with the `*note*` as:\n\n
with the `*note*` as:
`return call<char const*>(f.ptr());`.]
Finally, exposing:
class_<BaseWrap, boost::noncopyable>("Base")
.def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::default_f)
;
Take note that we expose both `&Base::f` and `&BaseWrap::default_f`.
Boost.Python needs to keep track of 1) the dispatch function [^f] and 2) the
forwarding function to its default implementation [^default_f]. There's a
Take note that we expose both `&Base::f` and `&BaseWrap::default_f`.
Boost.Python needs to keep track of 1) the dispatch function [^f] and 2) the
forwarding function to its default implementation [^default_f]. There's a
special [^def] function for this purpose.
In Python, the results would be as expected:
@@ -715,7 +639,7 @@ that correspond to these Python ['special functions]. Example:
Need we say more?
[blurb __note__ What is the business of `operator<<`?
[note What is the business of `operator<<`?
Well, the method `str` requires the `operator<<` to do its work (i.e.
`operator<<` is used by the method defined by `def(str(self))`.]
@@ -725,9 +649,9 @@ Well, the method `str` requires the `operator<<` to do its work (i.e.
[section Functions]
In this chapter, we'll look at Boost.Python powered functions in closer
detail. We shall see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to
detail. We will see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to
Python safe from potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and
references. We shall also see facilities that will make it even easier for
references. We will also see facilities that will make it even easier for
us to expose C++ functions that take advantage of C++ features such as
overloading and default arguments.
@@ -890,18 +814,21 @@ or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
Here is the list of predefined call policies. A complete reference detailing
these can be found [@../../../v2/reference.html#models_of_call_policies here].
* [*with_custodian_and_ward]\n Ties lifetimes of the arguments
* [*with_custodian_and_ward_postcall]\n Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
* [*return_internal_reference]\n Ties lifetime of one argument to that of result
* [*return_value_policy<T> with T one of:]\n
* [*reference_existing_object]\nnaive (dangerous) approach
* [*copy_const_reference]\nBoost.Python v1 approach
* [*copy_non_const_reference]\n
* [*manage_new_object]\n Adopt a pointer and hold the instance
* [*with_custodian_and_ward]: Ties lifetimes of the arguments
* [*with_custodian_and_ward_postcall]: Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
* [*return_internal_reference]: Ties lifetime of one argument to that of result
* [*return_value_policy<T> with T one of:]
* [*reference_existing_object]: naive (dangerous) approach
* [*copy_const_reference]: Boost.Python v1 approach
* [*copy_non_const_reference]:
* [*manage_new_object]: Adopt a pointer and hold the instance
[blurb :-) [*Remember the Zen, Luke:]\n\n
"Explicit is better than implicit"\n
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"\n]
[blurb :-) [*Remember the Zen, Luke:]
"Explicit is better than implicit"
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"
]
[endsect]
[section Overloading]
@@ -935,7 +862,7 @@ We have here our C++ class:
};
};
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We shall start by introducing some
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some
member function pointer variables:
bool (X::*fx1)(int) = &X::f;
@@ -1141,7 +1068,7 @@ Then...
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python
variables may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc.,
among other things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these
Pythonic variables are just instances of class [^object]. We shall see in
Pythonic variables are just instances of class [^object]. We will see in
this chapter how to deal with Python objects.
As mentioned, one of the goals of Boost.Python is to provide a
@@ -1290,14 +1217,14 @@ we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
Vec2& v = extract<Vec2&>(o);
assert(l == v.length());
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the Boost.Python
[^object]. The second line attempts to ['extract] the [^Vec2] object from held
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the Boost.Python
[^object]. The second line attempts to ['extract] the [^Vec2] object from held
by the Boost.Python [^object].
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python [^object]
does not really hold a [^Vec2] type? This is certainly a possibility considering
the dynamic nature of Python [^object]s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type
can't be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python [^object]
does not really hold a [^Vec2] type? This is certainly a possibility considering
the dynamic nature of Python [^object]s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type
can't be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
extract<Vec2&> x(o);
@@ -1335,10 +1262,12 @@ current [^scope()], which is usually the current module. The snippet above
creates a Python class derived from Python's [^int] type which is
associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
[blurb __note__ [*what is a scope?]\n\n The scope is a class that has an
associated global Python object which controls the Python namespace in
which new extension classes and wrapped functions will be defined as
attributes. Details can be found [@../../../v2/scope.html here].]
[note [*what is a scope?]
The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found
[@../../../v2/scope.html here].]
You can access those values in Python as
@@ -1433,15 +1362,15 @@ Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding
the Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4
steps:
# '''#include''' [^<boost/python.hpp>]\n\n
# '''#include''' [^<boost/python.hpp>]
# Call Py_Initialize() to start the interpreter and create the [^__main__] module.\n\n
# Call Py_Initialize() to start the interpreter and create the [^__main__] module.
# Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.\n\n
# Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
[/ # Call Py_Finalize() to stop the interpreter and release its resources.]
[blurb __note__ [*Note that at this time you must not call Py_Finalize() to stop the
[note [*Note that at this time you must not call Py_Finalize() to stop the
interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
]
@@ -1452,10 +1381,10 @@ interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
[section Using the interpreter]
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully
automatic in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html by hand]. This is
automatic in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html by hand]. This is
messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
Fortunately Boost.Python provides the [@../../../v2/handle.html handle] and
[@../../../v2/object.html object] class templates to automate the process.
@@ -1499,10 +1428,10 @@ containing a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
[h2 Manipulating Python objects]
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects.
But we have already seen such a class above, and in the
[@python/object.html previous section]: the aptly named [^object] class
and its derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects.
But we have already seen such a class above, and in the
[@python/object.html previous section]: the aptly named [^object] class
and its derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from
a [^handle]. The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
object main_module = import("__main__");
@@ -1537,7 +1466,7 @@ If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression,
The [^error_already_set] exception class doesn't carry any information in itself.
To find out more about the Python exception that occurred, you need to use the
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html exception handling functions]
of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70 PyErr_Print()] to
print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the
exception with those of the [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html
@@ -1650,7 +1579,7 @@ So far, we have seen how to expose C++ iterators and ranges to Python.
Sometimes we wish to go the other way, though: we'd like to pass a
Python sequence to an STL algorithm or use it to initialize an STL
container. We need to make a Python iterator look like an STL iterator.
For that, we use `stl_input_iterator<>`. Consider how we might
For that, we use `stl_input_iterator<>`. Consider how we might
implement a function that exposes `std::list<int>::assign()` to
Python:
@@ -1754,7 +1683,7 @@ separately with Boost.Python, like this:
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions:
[^core.pyd], [^io.pyd] and [^filters.pyd].
[blurb __note__ The extension [^.pyd] is used for python extension modules, which
[note The extension [^.pyd] is used for python extension modules, which
are just shared libraries. Using the default for your system, like [^.so] for
Unix and [^.dll] for Windows, works just as well.]
@@ -2025,11 +1954,11 @@ This method is recommended too if you are developing the C++ library and
exporting it to Python at the same time: changes in a class will only demand
the compilation of a single cpp, instead of the entire wrapper code.
[blurb __note__ If you're exporting your classes with [@../../../../pyste/index.html Pyste],
[note If you're exporting your classes with [@../../../../pyste/index.html Pyste],
take a look at the [^--multiple] option, that generates the wrappers in
various files as demonstrated here.]
[blurb __note__ This method is useful too if you are getting the error message
[note This method is useful too if you are getting the error message
['"fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow"] when compiling
a large source file, as explained in the [@../../../v2/faq.html#c1204 FAQ].]

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@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
<a href="doc/html/index.html">link</a> &nbsp;<hr>
<p>© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2001</p>
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
accompanying file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
accompanying file <a href="../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
</body>
</html>
</html>

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@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ documentation).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
<meta name="generator" content=
"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - CallPolicies Concept</title>
</head>
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
<li><code>postcall</code> - Python argument tuple and result management
after the wrapped object is invoked</li>
<li><code>extract_return_type</code> - metafunction for extracting the return type from a given signature type sequence</li>
</ol>
<h2><a name="composition"></a>CallPolicies Composition</h2>
@@ -132,7 +133,16 @@
reference count must be decremented; if another existing object is
returned, its reference count must be incremented.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>P::extract_return_type</code></td>
<td>A model of <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
<td>An MPL unary <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a> used extract the return type from a given signature. By default it is derived from mpl::front.</td>
</tr>
</table>
Models of CallPolicies are required to be <a href=
"../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html">CopyConstructible</a>.
<hr>
@@ -144,7 +154,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This

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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type <code>T</code>. In addition, all pointers are Dereferenceable.
18 December, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
doc/v2/Extractor.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ are layout-compatible with PyObject.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
doc/v2/HolderGenerator.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ worth doing anything about it.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ instances of the associated Python type will be considered a match.
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - ResultConverter Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -24,10 +26,12 @@
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
@@ -79,6 +83,13 @@ denotes an object of type <code><b>R</b></code>.
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>
should return non-zero.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>c.get_pytype()</code></td>
<td><code>PyTypeObject const*</code></td>
<td>A pointer to a Python Type object corresponding to result of the conversion,
or <code>0</code>. Used for documentation generation. If <code>0</code> is returned
the generated type in the documentation will be <b>object</b> .</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="ResultConverterGenerator-concept"></a>ResultConverterGenerator Concept</h3>
@@ -102,7 +113,7 @@ C++ function return type.
09 May, 2002 <!--Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
</table>
<hr>
<p><a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
the architect, designer, and implementor of <b>Boost.Python</b>.</p>
<p><a href="mailto:brett.calcott@paradise.net.nz">Brett Calcott</a>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
argument support</a> and wrote the excellent <a href=
"../tutorial/index.html">tutorial documentation</a>.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> implemented the <a href="pickle.html">pickle
support</a>, and has enthusiastically supported the library since its
birth, contributing to design decisions and providing invaluable
@@ -59,15 +59,15 @@
C++ and Python for solving the problems of large-scale software
construction.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
wrote an incredible C++ <a href="http://www.mywikinet.com/mpl">Template
Metaprogramming Library</a> which allows Boost.Python to perform much of
its compile-time magic. In addition, Aleksey very generously contributed
his time and deep knowledge of the quirks of various buggy compilers to
help us get around problems at crucial moments.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="../../../../people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
Karvonen</a>, wrote a similarly amazing <a href=
"../../../preprocessor/doc/index.html">Preprocessor Metaprogramming
Library</a>, and generously contributed the time and expertise to get it
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
struct arg
{
template &lt;class T&gt;
arg &amp;perator = (T const &amp;value);
arg &amp;operator = (T const &amp;value);
explicit arg (char const *name){elements[0].name = name;}
};
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(xxx)
<p>Revised 01 August, 2003</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt; &gt;("Derived");
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
1 November, 2005 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -106,6 +106,33 @@
function from being treated as an exported symbol on platforms which
support that distinction in-code</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__cdecl
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__stdcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__fastcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="lib-defined-impl"></a>Library Defined Implementation
@@ -139,6 +166,41 @@
compares <code>typeid(T).name()</code> instead of using and comparing
the <code>std::type_info</code> objects directly.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined for a module no pythonic signatures are generated
for the docstrings of the module functions, and no python type is associated with any
of the converters registered by the module. This also reduces the binary size of the
module by about 14% (gcc compiled).<br>
If defined for the boost_python runtime library, the default for the
<code>docstring_options.enable_py_signatures()</code> is set to <code>false</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>defined if <code>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</code> is undefined</i></td>
<td valign="top">This macro is defined to enable a smooth transition from older Boost.Python versions
which do not support pythonic signatures. For example usage see
<a href="pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined the python type of <code>__init__</code> method "self" parameters
is properly generated, otherwise <code><b>object</b></code> is used. It is undefined
by default because it increases the binary size of the module by about 14% (gcc compiled).</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
@@ -149,7 +211,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(def_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
typedef <a href=
"#default_result_converter-spec">default_result_converter</a> result_converter;
template &lt;class Sig&gt; struct extract_return_type : mpl::front&lt;Sig&gt;{};
};
}}
</pre>
@@ -161,11 +162,11 @@ struct return_value_policy : Base
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 November, 2002
11 June, 2007
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dict swap_object_dict(object target, dict d)
<p>Revised 30 September, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_signatures);
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_py_signatures, bool show_cpp_signatures);
~docstring_options();
void
@@ -117,6 +119,18 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
void
enable_signatures();
void
disable_py_signatures();
void
enable_py_signatures();
void
disable_cpp_signatures();
void
enable_cpp_signatures();
void
disable_all();
@@ -139,7 +153,7 @@ docstring_options(bool show_all=true);
object which controls the appearance of function and
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows. If
<code>show_all</code> is <code>true</code>, both the
user-defined docstrings and the automatically generated C++
user-defined docstrings and the automatically generated Python and C++
signatures are shown. If <code>show_all</code> is
<code>false</code> the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
@@ -154,12 +168,29 @@ docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_signatures);
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows.
Iff <code>show_user_defined</code> is <code>true</code>, the
user-defined docstrings are shown. Iff
<code>show_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, C++
<code>show_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, Python and C++
signatures are automatically added. If both
<code>show_user_defined</code> and <code>show_signatures</code>
are <code>false</code>, the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_py_signatures, bool show_cpp_signatures);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>docstring_options</code>
object which controls the appearance of function and
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows.
Iff <code>show_user_defined</code> is <code>true</code>, the
user-defined docstrings are shown. Iff
<code>show_py_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, Python
signatures are automatically added. Iff
<code>show_cpp_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, C++
signatures are automatically added. If all parameters are
<code>false</code>, the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<h4><a name="docstring_options-spec-dtors" id=
"docstring_options-spec-dtors"></a>Class
@@ -186,6 +217,10 @@ void disable_user_defined();
void enable_user_defined();
void disable_signatures();
void enable_signatures();
void disable_py_signatures();
void enable_py_signatures();
void disable_cpp_signatures();
void enable_cpp_signatures();
void disable_all();
void enable_all();
</pre>
@@ -196,7 +231,7 @@ void enable_all();
<code>*_user_defined()</code> and <code>*_signatures()</code>
member functions are provided for fine-grained control. The
<code>*_all()</code> member functions are convenient shortcuts
to manipulate both settings simultaneously.</dt>
to manipulate all settings simultaneously.</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
@@ -219,7 +254,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import demo
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo.__doc__
foo doc
foo() -&gt; None : foo doc
C++ signature:
foo(void) -&gt; void
</pre>If compiled with
@@ -253,21 +288,33 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
def("foo3", foo3, arg("f"), "foo3 doc");
doc_options.enable_user_defined();
def("foo4", foo4, arg("d"), "foo4 doc");
doc_options.enable_py_signatures();
def("foo5", foo4, arg("d"), "foo5 doc");
doc_options.disable_py_signatures();
doc_options.enable_cpp_signatures();
def("foo6", foo4, arg("d"), "foo6 doc");
}
</pre>Python code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import demo
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo1.__doc__
foo1 doc
foo1( (int)i) -&gt; int : foo1 doc
C++ signature:
foo1(int i) -&gt; int
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo2.__doc__
foo2( (int)l) -&gt; int :
C++ signature:
foo2(long l) -&gt; int
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo3.__doc__
None
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo4.__doc__
foo4 doc
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo5.__doc__
foo5( (float)d) -&gt; int : foo5 doc
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo6.__doc__
foo6 doc
C++ signature:
foo6(double d) -&gt; int
</pre>
<h4>Wrapping from multiple C++ scopes</h4>
@@ -333,7 +380,7 @@ bar2 doc
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
template &lt;class T&gt;
class enum_ : public <a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a>
{
enum_(char const* name);
enum_(char const* name, char const* doc = 0);
enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T);
enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
};
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
<h4><a name="enum_-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>enum_</code>
constructors</h4>
<pre>
enum_(char const* name);
enum_(char const* name, char const* doc=0);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T x);
<dt><b>Effects:</b> adds an instance of the wrapped enumeration
type with value <code>x</code> to the type's dictionary as the
<code>name</code>d attribute</dt>.
<code>name</code>d attribute.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets attributes in the current <a
href="scope.html#scope-spec"><code>scope</code></a> with the
same names and values as all enumeration values exposed so far
by calling <code>value()</code></dt>.
by calling <code>value()</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(exception_translator_ext)
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extract_ext)
<p>Revised 15 November, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -856,6 +856,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright Nikolay Mladenov 2007. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/doobject/function_doc_signature.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border=
"0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href=
"../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/object/function_doc_signature.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function_doc_signature_generator-spec">Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Boost.Python supports docstrings with automatic
appending of Pythonic and C++ signatures. This feature is implemented
by <code>class function_doc_signature_generator</code>
The class uses all of the overloads, supplied arg names and default values, as well as
the user-defined docstrings, to generate documentation for a given function.</p>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="function_doc_signature_generator-spec" id=
"function_doc_signature_generator-spec"></a>Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></h3>
<p>
The class has only one public function which returns a list of strings documenting the
overloads of a function.
</p>
<h4><a name="function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis" id=
"function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace objects {
class function_doc_signature_generator
{
public:
static list function_doc_signatures(function const *f);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
<h4>Docstrings generated with <code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></h4>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/args.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/tuple.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/overloads.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/raw_function.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
tuple f(int x = 1, double y = 4.25, char const* z = "wow")
{
return make_tuple(x, y, z);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS(f_overloads, f, 0, 3)
struct X
{
tuple f(int x = 1, double y = 4.25, char const* z = "wow")
{
return make_tuple(x, y, z);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS(X_f_overloads, X::f, 0, 3)
tuple raw_func(tuple args, dict kw)
{
return make_tuple(args, kw);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
{
def("f", f, (arg("x")=1, arg("y")=4.25, arg("z")="wow")
, "This is f's docstring"
);
def("raw", raw_function(raw_func));
def("f1", f, f_overloads("f1's docstring", args("x", "y", "z")));
class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring", init&lt;&gt;(args("self")))
.def("f", &amp;X::f
, "This is X.f's docstring"
, args("self","x", "y", "z"))
;
}
</pre>
Python code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import args_ext
&gt;&gt;&gt; help(args_ext)
Help on module args_ext:
NAME
args_ext
FILE
args_ext.pyd
CLASSES
Boost.Python.instance(__builtin__.object)
X
class X(Boost.Python.instance)
| This is X's docstring
|
| Method resolution order:
| X
| Boost.Python.instance
| __builtin__.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(...)
| __init__( (object)self) -> None :
| C++ signature:
| void __init__(struct _object *)
|
| f(...)
| f( (X)self, (int)x, (float)y, (str)z) -> tuple : This is X.f's docstring
| C++ signature:
| class boost::python::tuple f(struct X {lvalue},int,double,char const *)
|
| .................
|
FUNCTIONS
f(...)
f([ (int)x=1 [, (float)y=4.25 [, (str)z='wow']]]) -> tuple : This is f's docstring
C++ signature:
class boost::python::tuple f([ int=1 [,double=4.25 [,char const *='wow']]])
f1(...)
f1([ (int)x [, (float)y [, (str)z]]]) -> tuple : f1's docstring
C++ signature:
class boost::python::tuple f1([ int [,double [,char const *]]])
raw(...)
object raw(tuple args, dict kwds) :
C++ signature:
object raw(tuple args, dict kwds)
</pre>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="mailto:nickm at sitius dot com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> 2007.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ null_ok&lt;T&gt;* allow_null(T* p)
</p>
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
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@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(back_references)
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
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@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(implicit_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring.",
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
doc/v2/instance_holder.html Executable file → Normal file
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@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ struct pointer_holder : instance_holder
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
</body>
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@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ long zeroes(list l)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ python::long_ fact(long n)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
doc/v2/lvalue_from_pytype.html Executable file → Normal file
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@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(noddy_cache)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(make_function_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ RuntimeError: Unidentifiable C++ Exception
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ void set_first_element(numeric::array&amp; y, double value)
<p>Revised 07 October, 2006</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -74,6 +74,32 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></a></dt>
@@ -328,6 +354,102 @@ static void del(object const&amp;target, char const* key);
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct const_objattribute_policies
{
typedef object const& key_type;
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the
attribute access.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<h3><a name="objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a mutable <code>object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct objattribute_policies : const_objattribute_policies
{
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by
<code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_item_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></h3>
@@ -533,6 +655,11 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
template &lt;class A0, class A1,...class An&gt;
object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;,...An const&amp;) const;
detail::args_proxy operator* () const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
// truth value testing
//
typedef unspecified bool_type;
@@ -542,6 +669,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
//
proxy&lt;const_object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*) const;
proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*);
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&);
// item access
//
@@ -580,6 +709,25 @@ object operator()(A0 const&amp; a1, A1 const&amp; a2,...An const&amp; aN) const;
call&lt;object&gt;(object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this)).ptr(), a1,
a2,...aN)</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname>, and named
arguments given by the dictionary <varname>kwds</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
operator bool_type() const;
</pre>
@@ -608,6 +756,21 @@ proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const* name);
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> name is a <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of
<code>*this</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds
<code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt;
proxy&lt;const_object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key) const;
template &lt;class T&gt;
@@ -672,6 +835,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
object&amp; operator=(object const&amp;);
PyObject* ptr() const;
bool is_none() const;
};
}}}
</pre>
@@ -732,6 +897,14 @@ PyObject* ptr() const;
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a pointer to the internally-held Python
object.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
bool is_none() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> result of (ptr() == Py_None)</dt>
</dl>
<!-- -->
<h3><a name="proxy-spec"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code></h3>
@@ -938,11 +1111,11 @@ object sum_items(object seq)
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 January, 2006
15 March, 2010
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
doc/v2/operators.html Executable file → Normal file
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@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,112 +1,93 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
</head>
<div>
<body>
<div>
<img src="../../../../boost.png" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" align=
"center" width="277" height="86" />
<hr />
<img src="../../../../boost.png"
alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)"
align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>Pickle is a Python module for object
serialization, also known as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<hr>
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>
<p>It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions that
read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that can
be written to a file.</p>
Pickle is a Python module for object serialization, also known
as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<p>The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module through the
interface as described in detail in the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html">Python Library
Reference for pickle.</a> This interface involves the special methods
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt>, <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
as described in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully
compatible with Python's cPickle module.</p>
<hr />
<p>
It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions
that read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that
can be written to a file.
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>At the user level, the
Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special methods:
<p>
The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module
through the interface as described in detail in the
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html"
>Python Library Reference for pickle.</a> This interface
involves the special methods <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>,
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> as described
in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully compatible
with Python's cPickle module.
<dl>
<dt><strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong></dt>
<hr>
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
At the user level, the Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special
methods:
<p>If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.</p>
</dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
<dt><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<p>
If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method. This
method should return a Python object representing the state of the
instance.</dd>
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong>
<dt><strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method.
This method should return a Python object representing the state of
the instance.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by
the unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above).
Subsequently the unpickler tests if the new instance has a
<tt>__setstate__</tt> method. If so, this method is called with the
result of <tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.</dd>
</dl>The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr />
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong>
<h2>Examples</h2>There are three files in <tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt>
that show how to provide pickle support.
<hr />
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by the
unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above). Subsequently
the unpickler tests if the new instance has a <tt>__setstate__</tt>
method. If so, this method is called with the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example can be fully restored by passing the appropriate
argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient to define the
pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This is done in the
following way:
</dl>
The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr>
<h2>Examples</h2>
There are three files in
<tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt> that show how to
provide pickle support.
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The C++ class in this example can be fully restored by passing the
appropriate argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient
to define the pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>.
This is done in the following way:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -117,26 +98,28 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example contains member data that cannot be restored by any
of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to provide the
<tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of pickle interface
methods:
The C++ class in this example contains member data that cannot be
restored by any of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to
provide the <tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of
pickle interface methods:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -161,92 +144,76 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result
of <tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a
valid approach if it is anticipated that the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> will always be empty. Note that the safety guard
described below will catch the cases where this assumption is violated.
<p>For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a valid
approach if it is anticipated that the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> will
always be empty. Note that the safety guard described below will catch
the cases where this assumption is violated.</p>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>This
example is similar to <a href=
"../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of <tt>__getstate__</tt>.
This requires a little more code but is unavoidable if the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<hr />
This example is similar to <a
href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the
object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This requires a little more code but is
unavoidable if the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>The pickle protocol described above has
an important pitfall that the end user of a Boost.Python extension module
might not be aware of:
<hr>
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>
<p><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty.</strong></p>
The pickle protocol described above has an important pitfall that the
end user of a Boost.Python extension module might not be aware of:
<p>
<strong>
<tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt>
is not empty.
</strong>
<p>
<p>The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:</p>
The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:
<ul>
<li>his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be pickled
in order to restore the instances correctly.</li>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be
pickled in order to restore the instances correctly.
<li>the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<li>
the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.
</ul>
<p>
To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has
an attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is
raised if this attribute is not defined:
<pre>
<p>To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has an
attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is raised if
this attribute is not defined:</p>
<pre>
RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__getstate_manages_dict__ not set)
</pre>
To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard
should intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from
<a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
</pre>To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the <tt>
__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard should
intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from <a href=
"../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
// ...
static bool getstate_manages_dict() { return true; }
};
</pre>
Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
</pre>Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
import your_bpl_module
class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
__getstate_manages_dict__ = 1
@@ -255,54 +222,41 @@ is not empty.
def __setstate__(self, state):
# your code here
</pre>
<hr />
<hr>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<ul>
<li>
In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should
only be implemented for extension classes that will eventually
be pickled.
<ul>
<li>In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should only be
implemented for extension classes that will eventually be pickled.</li>
<p>
<li>
Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.
<li>Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.</li>
<p>
<li>
If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.
<li>If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</ul>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<hr>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The <tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique
for implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via
the <tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only
the basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>The
<tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique for
implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via the
<tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only the
basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.enable_pickling()
// ...
</pre>
This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described
in the Python documentation. By &quot;injecting&quot; a
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into the definition of the wrapped
class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
</pre>This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described in the
Python documentation. By "injecting" a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into
the definition of the wrapped class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
# import the wrapped world class
from pickle4_ext import world
@@ -312,18 +266,15 @@ class we make all instances pickleable:
# now inject __getinitargs__ (Python is a dynamic language!)
world.__getinitargs__ = world_getinitargs
</pre>
</pre>See also the <a href=
"../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">
tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr />
© Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under the
Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
See also the
<a href="../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"
>tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under
the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
<p>
Updated: Feb 2004.
</div>
<p>Updated: Feb 2004.</p>
</div>
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View File

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pointee_demo)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ design decisions and links to relevant discussions.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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370
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@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright Nikolay Mladenov 2007. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/doobject/pytype_function.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border=
"0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href=
"../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/converter/pytype_function.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#wrap_pytype-spec">Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#registered_pytype-spec">Class
<code>registered_pytype</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#registered_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>registered_pytype</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#expected_from_python_type-spec">Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_target_type-spec">Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>To support Pythonic signatures the converters should supply a <code>get_pytype</code> function
returning a pointer to the associated <code>PyTypeObject</code>. See for example
<a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a> or
<a href="to_python_converter.html#to_python_converter-spec">to_python_converter</a>.
The classes in this header file are meant to be used when implmenting <code>get_pytype</code>.
There are also <code>_direct</code> versions of the templates of <code>class T</code> which
should be used with undecorated type parameter, expected to be in the conversion registry when the module loads.
</p>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="wrap_pytype-spec" id=
"wrap_pytype-spec"></a>Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member returning the template parameter.
</p>
<h4><a name="wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis" id=
"wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; PyTypeObject const *pytype &gt;
class wrap_pytype
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype(){return pytype; }
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="registered_pytype-spec" id=
"registered_pytype-spec"></a>Class
<code>registered_pytype</code></h3>
<p>
This template should be used with template parameters which are (possibly decorated)
types exported to python using <a href="class.html"><code>class_</code></a>.
The generated a static <code>get_pytype</code> member
returns the corresponding python type.
</p>
<h4><a name="registered_pytype-spec-synopsis" id=
"registered_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>registered_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class registered_pytype
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="expected_from_python_type-spec" id=
"expected_from_python_type-spec"></a>Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member which inspects the registered
<code>from_python</code> converters for the type <code>T</code> and returns a matching python type.
</p>
<h4><a name="expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis" id=
"expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class expected_from_python_type
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="to_python_target_type-spec" id=
"to_python_target_type-spec"></a>Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member returning the
python type to which T can be converted.
</p>
<h4><a name="to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis" id=
"to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class to_python_target_type
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
This example presumes that someone has implemented the standard <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-basics.html">noddy example
module</a> from the Python documentation, and placed the corresponding
declarations in <code>"noddy.h"</code>. Because
<code>noddy_NoddyObject</code> is the ultimate trivial extension type,
the example is a bit contrived: it wraps a function for which all
information is contained in the <i>type</i> of its return value.
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include "noddy.h"
struct tag {};
tag make_tag() { return tag(); }
using namespace boost::python;
struct tag_to_noddy
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //unnecessary overhead if py signatures are not supported
: wrap_pytype<&amp;noddy_NoddyType> //inherits get_pytype from wrap_pytype
#endif
{
static PyObject* convert(tag const&amp; x)
{
return PyObject_New(noddy_NoddyObject, &amp;noddy_NoddyType);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
{
def("make_tag", make_tag);
to_python_converter&lt;tag, tag_to_noddy
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
, true
#endif
&gt;(); //"true" because tag_to_noddy has member get_pytype
}
</pre>
<p>The following example registers to and from python converters using the templates
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> and <code>to_pyhton_target_type</code>.
</p>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/extract.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
struct A
{
};
struct B
{
A a;
B(const A& a_):a(a_){}
};
// Converter from A to python int
struct BToPython
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //unnecessary overhead if py signatures are not supported
: converter::to_python_target_type&lt;A&gt; //inherits get_pytype
#endif
{
static PyObject* convert(const B& b)
{
return incref(object(b.a).ptr());
}
};
// Conversion from python int to A
struct BFromPython
{
BFromPython()
{
boost::python::converter::registry::push_back
( &amp;convertible
, &amp;construct
, type_id&lt; B &gt;()
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
, &amp;converter::expected_from_python_type&lt;A&gt;::get_pytype//convertible to A can be converted to B
#endif
);
}
static void* convertible(PyObject* obj_ptr)
{
extract&lt;const A&&gt; ex(obj_ptr);
if (!ex.check()) return 0;
return obj_ptr;
}
static void construct(
PyObject* obj_ptr,
converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
{
void* storage = (
(converter::rvalue_from_python_storage&lt; B &gt;*)data)-&gt; storage.bytes;
extract&lt;const A&&gt; ex(obj_ptr);
new (storage) B(ex());
data->convertible = storage;
}
};
B func(const B& b) { return b ; }
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pytype_function_ext)
{
to_python_converter&lt; B , BToPython
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
,true
#endif
&gt;(); //has get_pytype
BFromPython();
class_&lt;A&gt;("A") ;
def("func", &amp;func);
}
&gt;&gt;&gt; from pytype_function_ext import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; print func.__doc__
func( (A)arg1) -> A :
C++ signature:
struct B func(struct B)
</pre>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="mailto:nickm at sitius dot com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> 2007.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Python:
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -609,6 +609,66 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<a name="function_documentation"></a>
<h3>Function documentation</h3>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html">function_doc_signature.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html#function_doc_signature_generator-spec">function_doc_signature_generator</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html">pytype_function.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#wrap_pytype-spec">wrap_pytype</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#expected_from_python_type-spec">expected_from_python_type</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#to_python_target_type-spec">to_python_target_type</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#registered_pytype-spec">registered_pytype</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<a name="models_of_call_policies"></a>
@@ -1125,7 +1185,7 @@
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(singleton)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ TypeError: No to_python (by-value) converter found for C++ type: class boost::sh
24 Jun, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
{
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
struct result_converter{ template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply; };
template &lt;class Sig&gt; struct extract_return_type : mpl::at_c&lt;Sig, arg_pos&gt;{};
};
}}
</pre>
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(return_self_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
Mladenov 2003. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -167,12 +167,13 @@ PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
class Bar
{
public:
Bar(int x) : x(x) {}
int get_x() const { return x; }
void set_x(int x) { this-&gt;x = x; }
private:
int x;
}
};
class Foo
{
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ class Foo
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
{
class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar")
class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar", init&lt;int&gt;())
.def("get_x", &amp;Bar::get_x)
.def("set_x", &amp;Bar::set_x)
;
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(nested)
<p>Revised 09 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ ssize_t const ssize_t_min = INT_MIN;
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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