module, class_ .def dispatching

[SVN r14963]

Jamfile

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+subproject libs/python ;
+
+# bring in the rules for python
+SEARCH on <module@>python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
+include <module@>python.jam ;
+
+local bpl-ldflags ;
+
+if $(UNIX) && ( $(OS) = AIX )
+{
+    bpl-linkflags = <linkflags>"-e initlibbpl" ;
+}
+
+dll bpl
+  : 
+  src/list.cpp
+  src/long.cpp
+  src/dict.cpp
+  src/tuple.cpp
+  src/str.cpp
+
+  src/aix_init_module.cpp
+  src/converter/from_python.cpp
+  src/converter/registry.cpp
+  src/converter/type_id.cpp
+  src/object/class.cpp
+  src/object/function.cpp
+  src/object/inheritance.cpp
+  src/object/life_support.cpp
+  src/object/pickle_support.cpp
+  src/errors.cpp
+  src/module.cpp
+  src/converter/builtin_converters.cpp
+  src/converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
+  src/object/iterator.cpp
+  src/object_protocol.cpp
+  src/object_operators.cpp
+  :
+  $(BOOST_PYTHON_V2_PROPERTIES)
+    <define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
+    $(bpl-linkflags)
+    ;

build/Jamfile

@@ -5,13 +5,16 @@
 #
 # Boost.Python build and test Jamfile
 #
+# To run all tests quietly: jam test
+# To run all tests with verbose output: jam -sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS=-v test
+#
 # Declares the following targets:
-#   1. libboost_python, a static link library to be linked with all
+#   1. libboost_python.dll/.so, a dynamic library to be linked with all
 #      Boost.Python modules
 #
 #   2. pairs of test targets of the form <name>.test and <name>.run
-#      <name>.test runs the test when it is out-of-date, and the "all" target
+#      <name>.test runs the test when it is out-of-date, and the "test"
-#      depends on it so that it it is built by default. <name>.run runs
+#      pseudotarget depends on it. <name>.run runs
 #      a test unconditionally, and can be used to force a test to run.. Each
 #      test target builds one or more Boost.Python modules and runs a Python
 #      script to test them. The test names are:
@@ -38,6 +41,12 @@
 #
 # subproject-specific environment/command-line variables:
 #
+# PYTHON                - How to invoke the Python interpreter. Defaults to "python"
+#
+# PYTHON_ROOT           - Windows only: where Python is installed. Defaults to "c:/tools/python"
+#
+# PYTHON_VERSION        - Version of Python. Defaults to "2.1" on Windows, "1.5" on Unix
+#
 # PYTHON_TEST_ARGS      - specifies arguments to be passed to test scripts on
 #                         the command line. "-v" can be useful if you want to
 #                         see the output of successful tests.
@@ -45,34 +54,26 @@
 # PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS - specifies the number of test iterations to use for
 #                          the dvect and ivect tests above.
 
-
 # declare the location of this subproject relative to the root
 subproject libs/python/build ;
 
-# Do some OS-specific setup
+# bring in the rules for python
-if $(NT)
+SEARCH on <module@>python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
-{
+include <module@>python.jam ;
-    PYTHON_ROOT ?= c:/tools/python ;
-    PYTHON_INCLUDES ?= <include>$(PYTHON_ROOT)/include <gcc><*><include>/usr/include/python2.1 ;
-    PYTHON_LIBS ?= c:/cygnus/lib/python2.1/config/libpython2.1.dll.a ;
-    PYTHON_LIB_PATH = $(PYTHON_ROOT)/libs ;
 
-    # common properties required for compiling any Python module.
+# This nasty hack works with versions of Python 1.5.2 -> 2.2 to avoid
-    PYTHON_PROPERTIES ?=
+# building any Python stuff if there's no installation.
-        <gcc><*><define>SIZEOF_LONG=4
+SEARCH on <find-python-install>__init__.py = $(PYTHON_STDLIB_PATH)/test $(SUBDIR) ;
-        <gcc><*><define>USE_DL_IMPORT
+include <find-python-install>__init__.py ;
-        <runtime-link>dynamic
+if ! $(gNO_PYTHON_INSTALL)
-        ;
-                        
-    SHELL_SET ?= "set " ;
-    SHELL_EXPORT ?= ; # shell variables are exported by default
-}
-else if $(UNIX)
 {
-    PYTHON_INCLUDES ?= <include>/usr/include/python1.5 ;
+    
-    PYTHON_LIBS ?= /usr/lib/python1.5/config/libpython1.5.a ;
+local PYTHON_PROPERTIES = $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) <define>BOOST_PYTHON_DYNAMIC_LIB ;
-    SHELL_SET ?= "" ;
+
-    SHELL_EXPORT ?= "export " ;
+#######################
+rule bpl-test ( test-name : sources + )
+{
+    boost-python-test $(test-name) : $(sources) <dll>boost_python ;
 }
 
 #######################
@@ -81,165 +82,92 @@ else if $(UNIX)
 # Declare the boost python static link library
 #
 
-# standard include requirements for anything using Boost.Python
-BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES = <include>$(BOOST_ROOT) $(PYTHON_INCLUDES) ;
-
 # Base names of the source files for libboost_python
-CPP_SOURCES =
+local CPP_SOURCES =
-    classes conversions extension_class functions 
+  types classes conversions extension_class functions 
-    init_function module_builder objects types cross_module ;
+  init_function module_builder objects cross_module errors
+  ;
 
-lib libboost_python : ../src/$(CPP_SOURCES).cpp
+lib boost_python_static : ../src/$(CPP_SOURCES).cpp
-    # requirements
+  # requirements
-    : $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
+  : $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
     <shared-linkable>true
-    $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) ;
+    <define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB=1
-    
+    [ difference $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) : <define>BOOST_PYTHON_DYNAMIC_LIB ] 
-#######################
+      : <suppress>true # don't build this unless the user asks for it by name
+      ;
 
-# boost-python name : sources : requirements : default-BUILD
+dll boost_python
-#
+  # $(SUFDLL[1])
-# Declare a boost python module. Return a list of the DLL files generated.
+    : ../src/$(CPP_SOURCES).cpp
-rule boost-python
+	# requirements
-{
+      : $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
-    # declare a DLL; add the boost python library to sources
+	<shared-linkable>true
-     dll $(<) : <lib>libboost_python $(>)
+        <runtime-link>dynamic
-            
+	$(PYTHON_PROPERTIES)
-            # Requirements
+          ;
-            : $(3) # caller-specified requirements
-            
-                # standard requirements
-                $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
-                <msvc><*><library-path>$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH)
-                <gcc><*><library-file>$(PYTHON_LIBS)
-                $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES)
-                
-        : $(4) ;                      # pass on the default-BUILD, if any
-}
 
-#######################
+stage bin-stage : <dll>boost_python
-
+    :
-# boost-python-test target : python-script sources : requirements : local-build : args
+        <tag><debug>"_debug"
-#
+        <tag><debug-python>"_pydebug"
-# declare two python module tests: $(<).test which builds when out-of-date, and
+    :
-# $(<).run which builds unconditionally.
+        debug release
-rule boost-python-test
+    ;
-{
-    # tell Jam that the python script is relative to this directory
-    SEARCH on $(>[1]) = $(SEARCH_SOURCE) ;
-    
-    # required command-line args can be specified in argument 5
-    # The user can add additional arguments in PYTHON_TEST_ARGS.
-    local gPYTHON_TEST_ARGS = $(5) $(PYTHON_TEST_ARGS) ;
-    
-    # declare the two subsidiary tests.
-    declare-local-target $(<:S=.test) : $(>) : $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) : $(4) : PYTHON_TEST ;
-    declare-local-target $(<:S=.run) : $(>) : $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) : $(4) : PYTHON_RUNTEST ;
-}
-
-# how do we invoke python?
-PYTHON ?= python ;
-
-# special rules for two new target types: PYTHON_TEST and PYTHON_RUNTEST.
-# These are identical except that PYTHON_TEST runs the test when out-of-date, and
-# PYTHON_RUNTEST runs the test unconditionally. These are used by boost-python-test.
-SUFPYTHON_TEST = .test ;
-gGENERATOR_FUNCTION(PYTHON_TEST) = python-test-target ;
-rule python-test-target # test-target : sources : 
-{
-    python-test-aux $(<) : $(>) ;
-    Clean clean : $(<) ; # remove the test-target as part of any clean operation
-    type-DEPENDS test : $(<) ;
-    MakeLocate $(<) : $(LOCATE_TARGET) ;
-}
-actions python-test-target
-{
-    $(SHELL_SET)PYTHONPATH=$(PYTHONPATH)
-    $(SHELL_EXPORT)PYTHONPATH
-    $(PYTHON) "$(>)" $(ARGS) > "$(<)"
-}
-
-SUFPYTHON_RUNTEST = .run ;
-gGENERATOR_FUNCTION(PYTHON_RUNTEST) = python-runtest-target ;
-rule python-runtest-target # test-target : sources : 
-{
-    python-test-aux $(<) : $(>) ;
-    NOTFILE $(<) ;
-    ALWAYS $(<) ;
-}
-actions python-runtest-target
-{
-    $(SHELL_SET)PYTHONPATH=$(PYTHONPATH)
-    $(SHELL_EXPORT)PYTHONPATH
-    $(PYTHON) "$(>)" $(ARGS)
-}
-
-rule python-test-aux # target : sources
-{
-    DEPENDS $(<) : $(>) ;
-
-    ARGS on $(<) += $(gPYTHON_TEST_ARGS) ;
-    
-    # Some tests need an extra command-line arg if built with
-    # msvc. Checking the target grist is a cheap way to
-    # find out. 
-    switch $(<)
-    {
-        case <*\\\\msvc\\\\*>* : ARGS on $(<) += --broken-auto-ptr ;
-    }
-
-    # compute the PYTHONPATH environment variable that will allow the test to
-    # find all of the modules on which it depends.
-    PYTHONPATH on $(<) = [ join
-        $(gLOCATE($(>[1])))                     # location of python test file
-        $(gRUN_PATH($(<)))                      # location of module dependencies
-        [ join-path $(TOP) libs python test ]   # location of doctest
-        $(PYTHONPATH)                           # base PYTHONPATH from environment
-        : $(SPLITPATH) ] ;                      # platform path separator
-}
 
 ############# comprehensive module and test ###########
-boost-python boost_python_test : ../test/comprehensive.cpp ;
+bpl-test boost_python_test
-boost-python-test comprehensive : [ join-path $(DOTDOT) test comprehensive.py ] <lib>boost_python_test ;
+      : ../test/comprehensive.cpp ;
+
+boost-python-runtest comprehensive
+         : ../test/comprehensive.py <pyd>boost_python_test <dll>boost_python ;
 
 ############# simple tests from ../example ############
 
-rule boost-python-example-test
+rule boost-python-example-runtest ( name )
 {
-    boost-python $(<) : ../example/$(<).cpp ;
+    bpl-test $(name)
-    boost-python-test $(<) : [ join-path $(DOTDOT) example test_$(<).py ] <lib>$(<) ;
+      : ../example/$(name).cpp ;
+    
+    boost-python-runtest $(name)
+      : ../example/test_$(name).py <pyd>$(name) <dll>boost_python ;
 }
 
 
-boost-python-example-test abstract ;
+boost-python-example-runtest abstract ;
-boost-python-example-test getting_started1 ;
+boost-python-example-runtest getting_started1 ;
-boost-python-example-test getting_started2 ;
+boost-python-example-runtest getting_started2 ;
-boost-python-example-test simple_vector ;
+boost-python-example-runtest simple_vector ;
-boost-python-example-test do_it_yourself_convts ;
+boost-python-example-runtest do_it_yourself_convts ;
-boost-python-example-test pickle1 ;
+boost-python-example-runtest pickle1 ;
-boost-python-example-test pickle2 ;
+boost-python-example-runtest pickle2 ;
-boost-python-example-test pickle3 ;
+boost-python-example-runtest pickle3 ;
 
 
-boost-python ivect : ../example/ivect.cpp ;
+bpl-test ivect : ../example/ivect.cpp ;
-boost-python dvect : ../example/dvect.cpp ;
+bpl-test dvect : ../example/dvect.cpp ;
-boost-python noncopyable_export : ../example/noncopyable_export.cpp ;
+bpl-test noncopyable_export : ../example/noncopyable_export.cpp ;
-boost-python noncopyable_import : ../example/noncopyable_import.cpp ;
+bpl-test noncopyable_import : ../example/noncopyable_import.cpp ;
 
 ############## cross-module tests from ../example ##########
 
 # A simple rule to build a test which depends on multiple modules in the PYTHONPATH
-rule boost-python-multi-example-test # test-name : python-file libs
+rule boost-python-multi-example-runtest ( test-name : modules + )
 {
-    boost-python-test $(<) : ../example/tst_$(<).py <lib>$(>) : : : $(PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS) ;
+    boost-python-runtest $(test-name)
+        : ../example/tst_$(test-name).py <pyd>$(modules) <dll>boost_python
+        : : : $(PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS) ;
 }
+
 PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS ?= 10 ;
 
-boost-python-multi-example-test dvect1 : ivect dvect ;
+boost-python-multi-example-runtest dvect1 : ivect dvect ;
-boost-python-multi-example-test dvect2 : ivect dvect ;
+boost-python-multi-example-runtest dvect2 : ivect dvect ;
 
-boost-python-multi-example-test ivect1 : ivect dvect ;
+boost-python-multi-example-runtest ivect1 : ivect dvect ;
-boost-python-multi-example-test ivect2 : ivect dvect ;
+boost-python-multi-example-runtest ivect2 : ivect dvect ;
 
-boost-python-multi-example-test noncopyable : noncopyable_import noncopyable_export ;
+boost-python-multi-example-runtest
+        noncopyable : noncopyable_import noncopyable_export ;
 
+}

build/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Dummy file actually to be included by Jam when the python headers
+# can't be found
+
+if ! $(gNO_PYTHON_INSTALL)
+{
+    ECHO "---------------------------------------------------------------------" ;
+    ECHO skipping Boost.Python library build ;
+    ECHO You can configure the location of your python installation, by setting: ;
+    ECHO "PYTHON_ROOT    - currently" \"$(PYTHON_ROOT:J=" ")\" ;
+    ECHO "PYTHON_VERSION - The 2-part python Major.Minor version number (e.g." ;
+    ECHO "                 \"2.2\", NOT \"2.2.1\")  - currently" \"$(PYTHON_VERSION)\" ;
+    ECHO ;
+    ECHO "The following are automatically configured from PYTHON_ROOT if not" ;
+    ECHO "otherwise set:" ;
+    ECHO "    PYTHON_INCLUDES    - path to Python #include directories; currently" \"$(PYTHON_INCLUDES:J=" ")\" ;
+    ECHO "    PYTHON_LIB_PATH    - path to Python library; currently" ;
+    ECHO "                         " \"$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH:J=" ")\" ;
+    ECHO "    PYTHON_STDLIB_PATH - path to Python standard library modules; currently" ;
+    ECHO "                         " \"$(PYTHON_STDLIB_PATH:J=" ")\" ;
+    ECHO "---------------------------------------------------------------------" ;
+}
+gNO_PYTHON_INSTALL ?= true ;

build/bpl_static.dsp

@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
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build/build.dsw

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
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build/como.mak

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ LIBSRC = \
     classes.cpp \
     conversions.cpp \
     cross_module.cpp \
+    errors.cpp \
     extension_class.cpp \
     functions.cpp \
     init_function.cpp \

build/example1/example1.dsp

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build/filemgr.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ bpl_exa = "/libs/python/example"
 files = (
 bpl_src + "/classes.cpp",
 bpl_src + "/conversions.cpp",
+bpl_src + "/errors.cpp",
 bpl_src + "/extension_class.cpp",
 bpl_src + "/functions.cpp",
 bpl_src + "/init_function.cpp",
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ bpl_exa + "/getting_started1.cpp",
 bpl_exa + "/getting_started2.cpp",
 bpl_exa + "/simple_vector.cpp",
 bpl_exa + "/do_it_yourself_convts.cpp",
+bpl_exa + "/nested.cpp",
 bpl_exa + "/pickle1.cpp",
 bpl_exa + "/pickle2.cpp",
 bpl_exa + "/pickle3.cpp",
@@ -32,6 +34,7 @@ bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started1.py",
 bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started2.py",
 bpl_exa + "/test_simple_vector.py",
 bpl_exa + "/test_do_it_yourself_convts.py",
+bpl_exa + "/test_nested.py",
 bpl_exa + "/test_pickle1.py",
 bpl_exa + "/test_pickle2.py",
 bpl_exa + "/test_pickle3.py",
@@ -68,6 +71,7 @@ defs = (
 "getting_started2",
 "simple_vector",
 "do_it_yourself_convts",
+"nested",
 "pickle1",
 "pickle2",
 "pickle3",

build/gcc.mak

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ LIBSRC = \
     classes.cpp \
     conversions.cpp \
     cross_module.cpp \
+    errors.cpp \
     extension_class.cpp \
     functions.cpp \
     init_function.cpp \

build/getting_started1/getting_started1.dsp

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-
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build/irix_CC.mak

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 ROOT=$(HOME)
 BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
 
-PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
+#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
-PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
+#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
-#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.1/bin/python
+PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
-#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.1/include/python2.1
+PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
 STLPORTINC=-I$(BOOST)/boost/compatibility/cpp_c_headers
 
 STDOPTS=
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ MAKEDEP=-M
 LD=CC -LANG:std -n32 -mips4
 LDOPTS=-shared
 
-OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
+OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
     init_function.o module_builder.o \
     objects.o types.o cross_module.o
 DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
        getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
        simple_vector.o \
        do_it_yourself_convts.o \
+       nested.o \
        pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
        noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
        ivect.o dvect.o \
@@ -57,6 +58,7 @@ all: libboost_python.a \
      getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
      simple_vector.so \
      do_it_yourself_convts.so \
+     nested.so \
      pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
      noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
      ivect.so dvect.so \
@@ -84,6 +86,9 @@ simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
 do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
 	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
 
+nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
+
 pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
 	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
 
@@ -126,6 +131,7 @@ test:
 	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
@@ -142,6 +148,7 @@ clean:
 	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
 	rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
 	rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
+	rm -f nested.o nested.so
 	rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
 	rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
 	rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so

build/linux_gcc.mak

@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
 ROOT=$(HOME)
 BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
 
-PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/bin/python
+#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/bin/python
-PYINC=-I/usr/include/python1.5
+#PYINC=-I/usr/include/python1.5
-#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
+#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
 #PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
-#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.1/bin/python
+PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
-#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.1/include/python2.1
+PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
 
 STDOPTS=-fPIC -ftemplate-depth-21
 WARNOPTS=
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ MAKEDEP=-M
 LD=$(CPP)
 LDOPTS=-shared
 
-OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
+OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
     init_function.o module_builder.o \
     objects.o types.o cross_module.o
 DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
        getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
        simple_vector.o \
        do_it_yourself_convts.o \
+       nested.o \
        pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
        noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
        ivect.o dvect.o \
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ all: libboost_python.a \
      getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
      simple_vector.so \
      do_it_yourself_convts.so \
+     nested.so \
      pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
      noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
      ivect.so dvect.so \
@@ -85,6 +87,9 @@ simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
 do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
 	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
 
+nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
+
 pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
 	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
 
@@ -127,6 +132,7 @@ test:
 	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
@@ -143,6 +149,7 @@ clean:
 	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
 	rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
 	rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
+	rm -f nested.o nested.so
 	rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
 	rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
 	rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so

build/mingw32.mak

@@ -30,13 +30,16 @@
 # -fvtable-thunks eliminates the compiler warning, but
 #                 "import boost_python_test" still causes a crash.
 
-ROOT=L:
+ROOT=R:
 BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
 BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
 
 PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
 PYINC=-I"C:\usr\include\python1.5"
 PYLIB="C:\usr\lib\libpython15.a"
+#PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
+#PYINC=-I"C:\usr\include\python2.1"
+#PYLIB="C:\usr\lib\libpython21.a"
 
 STDOPTS=-ftemplate-depth-21
 WARNOPTS=
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
 LD=g++
 LDOPTS=-shared
 
-OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
+OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
     init_function.o module_builder.o \
     objects.o types.o cross_module.o
 
@@ -60,6 +63,7 @@ all: libboost_python.a \
      getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
      simple_vector.pyd \
      do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
+     nested.pyd \
      pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
      noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
      ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
@@ -108,6 +112,12 @@ do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
           --def do_it_yourself_convts.def \
           $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o $(PYLIB)
 
+nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname nested.pyd \
+          --def nested.def \
+          $(OBJ) nested.o $(PYLIB)
+
 pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
 	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
           --dllname pickle1.pyd \
@@ -178,6 +188,7 @@ test:
 	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py

build/rwgk1/rwgk1.dsp

@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
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-# ADD BASE CPP /nologo /MTd /W3 /Gm /GX /ZI /Od /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /D "_MBCS" /D "_USRDLL" /D "TEST_EXPORTS" /YX /FD /GZ /c
-# ADD CPP /nologo /MDd /W3 /Gm- /GR /GX /Zi /Od /I "..\..\..\.." /I "c:\tools\python\include" /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /D "_MBCS" /D "_USRDLL" /D "TEST_EXPORTS" /YX /FD /GZ /Zm200 /c
-# SUBTRACT CPP /Fr
-# ADD BASE MTL /nologo /D "_DEBUG" /mktyplib203 /win32
-# ADD MTL /nologo /D "_DEBUG" /mktyplib203 /win32
-# ADD BASE RSC /l 0x409 /d "_DEBUG"
-# ADD RSC /l 0x409 /d "_DEBUG"
-BSC32=bscmake.exe
-# ADD BASE BSC32 /nologo
-# ADD BSC32 /nologo
-LINK32=link.exe
-# ADD BASE LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /dll /debug /machine:I386 /pdbtype:sept
-# ADD LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /dll /incremental:no /debug /machine:I386 /out:"Debug/boost_python_test.dll" /pdbtype:sept /libpath:"c:\tools\python\libs"
-# SUBTRACT LINK32 /pdb:none
-
-!ELSEIF  "$(CFG)" == "test - Win32 DebugPython"
-
-# PROP BASE Use_MFC 0
-# PROP BASE Use_Debug_Libraries 1
-# PROP BASE Output_Dir "test___Win32_DebugPython"
-# PROP BASE Intermediate_Dir "test___Win32_DebugPython"
-# PROP BASE Ignore_Export_Lib 0
-# PROP BASE Target_Dir ""
-# PROP Use_MFC 0
-# PROP Use_Debug_Libraries 1
-# PROP Output_Dir "DebugPython"
-# PROP Intermediate_Dir "DebugPython"
-# PROP Ignore_Export_Lib 1
-# PROP Target_Dir ""
-# ADD BASE CPP /nologo /MDd /W3 /Gm /GR /GX /Zi /Od /I "..\..\..\.." /I "c:\tools\python\include" /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /D "_MBCS" /D "_USRDLL" /D "TEST_EXPORTS" /YX /FD /GZ /Zm200 /c
-# ADD CPP /nologo /MDd /W3 /Gm- /GR /GX /Zi /Od /I "..\..\..\.." /I "c:\tools\python\include" /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /D "_MBCS" /D "_USRDLL" /D "TEST_EXPORTS" /D "BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON" /YX /FD /GZ /Zm200 /EHs /c
-# ADD BASE MTL /nologo /D "_DEBUG" /mktyplib203 /win32
-# ADD MTL /nologo /D "_DEBUG" /mktyplib203 /win32
-# ADD BASE RSC /l 0x409 /d "_DEBUG"
-# ADD RSC /l 0x409 /d "_DEBUG"
-BSC32=bscmake.exe
-# ADD BASE BSC32 /nologo
-# ADD BSC32 /nologo
-LINK32=link.exe
-# ADD BASE LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /dll /incremental:no /debug /machine:I386 /pdbtype:sept /libpath:"c:\tools\python\libs"
-# SUBTRACT BASE LINK32 /pdb:none
-# ADD LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /dll /incremental:no /debug /machine:I386 /out:"DebugPython/boost_python_test_d.dll" /pdbtype:sept /libpath:"c:\tools\python\src\PCbuild"
-# SUBTRACT LINK32 /pdb:none
-
-!ENDIF 
-
-# Begin Target
-
-# Name "test - Win32 Release"
-# Name "test - Win32 Debug"
-# Name "test - Win32 DebugPython"
-# Begin Group "Source Files"
-
-# PROP Default_Filter "cpp;c;cxx;rc;def;r;odl;idl;hpj;bat"
-# Begin Source File
-
-SOURCE=..\..\test\comprehensive.cpp
-# End Source File
-# End Group
-# Begin Group "Header Files"
-
-# PROP Default_Filter "h;hpp;hxx;hm;inl"
-# Begin Source File
-
-SOURCE=..\..\test\comprehensive.hpp
-# End Source File
-# End Group
-# Begin Group "Resource Files"
-
-# PROP Default_Filter "ico;cur;bmp;dlg;rc2;rct;bin;rgs;gif;jpg;jpeg;jpe"
-# End Group
-# End Target
-# End Project

build/tru64_cxx.mak

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
 ROOT=$(HOME)
 BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
 
-PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
+#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
-PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
+#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
-#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.1/bin/python
+PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
-#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.1/include/python2.1
+PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
 #STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b3/stlport
 #STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b4/stlport
 #STLPORTOPTS= \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ LDOPTS=-shared -expect_unresolved 'Py*' -expect_unresolved '_Py*'
 
 #HIDDEN=-hidden
 
-OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
+OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
     init_function.o module_builder.o \
     objects.o types.o cross_module.o
 DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
        getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
        simple_vector.o \
        do_it_yourself_convts.o \
+       nested.o \
        pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
        noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
        ivect.o dvect.o \
@@ -68,6 +69,7 @@ all: libboost_python.a \
      getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
      simple_vector.so \
      do_it_yourself_convts.so \
+     nested.so \
      pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
      noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
      ivect.so dvect.so \
@@ -99,6 +101,9 @@ simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
 do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
 	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
 
+nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
+
 pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
 	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
 
@@ -141,6 +146,7 @@ test:
 	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
@@ -157,6 +163,7 @@ clean:
 	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
 	rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
 	rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
+	rm -f nested.o nested.so
 	rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
 	rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
 	rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so

build/vc60.mak

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 # Usage:
 #
+#   Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
+#   Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
+#   Adjust the pathnames below.
+#
 #   make copy          Copy the sources and tests
 #   make               Compile all sources
 #   make test          Run doctest tests
@@ -10,18 +14,18 @@
 #   12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
 #   Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
 
-ROOT=L:
+ROOT=R:
 BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
 BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
 
-PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
+#PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
-PYINC=/I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
+#PYINC=/I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
-PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
+#PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
-#PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
+PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
-#PYINC=/I"C:\Python21\include"
+PYINC=/I"C:\Python21\include"
-#PYLIB="C:\Python21\libs\python21.lib"
+PYLIB="C:\Python21\libs\python21.lib"
 
-STDOPTS=/nologo /MD /GR /GX /Zm200
+STDOPTS=/nologo /MD /GR /GX /Zm300 /DBOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
 WARNOPTS=
 OPTOPTS=
 
@@ -32,7 +36,7 @@ CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) /I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
 LD=link.exe
 LDOPTS=/nologo /dll /incremental:no
 
-OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
+OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj errors.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
     init_function.obj module_builder.obj \
     objects.obj types.obj cross_module.obj
 
@@ -44,6 +48,7 @@ all: boost_python.lib \
      getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
      simple_vector.pyd \
      do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
+     nested.pyd \
      pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
      noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
      ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
@@ -70,6 +75,9 @@ simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj
 do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj
 	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdo_it_yourself_convts /out:"do_it_yourself_convts.pyd"
 
+nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initnested /out:"nested.pyd"
+
 pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.obj
 	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle1 /out:"pickle1.pyd"
 
@@ -110,6 +118,7 @@ test:
 	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
 	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py

build/win32_mwcc.mak

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# Usage:
+#
+#   make copy          Copy the sources and tests
+#   make               Compile all sources
+#   make test          Run doctest tests
+#   make clean         Remove all object files
+#   make del           Remove the sources and tests
+#
+# Revision history:
+#   14 Dec 01 derived from vc60.mak (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
+
+ROOT=R:
+BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
+BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
+
+#PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
+#PYINC=-I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
+#PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
+PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
+PYINC=-I"C:\Python21\include"
+PYLIB="C:\Python21\libs\python21.lib"
+
+STDOPTS=-gccinc -prefix UseDLLPrefix.h -DBOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
+WARNOPTS=-warn on,nounusedexpr,nounused
+OPTOPTS=-O
+
+CPP=mwcc
+CPPOPTS=$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS) \
+        $(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC)
+
+LD=mwld
+LDOPTS=-export dllexport -shared
+
+OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj errors.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
+    init_function.obj module_builder.obj \
+    objects.obj types.obj cross_module.obj
+
+.SUFFIXES: .obj .cpp
+
+all: libboost_python.lib \
+     boost_python_test.pyd \
+     abstract.pyd \
+     getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
+     simple_vector.pyd \
+     do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
+     nested.pyd \
+     pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
+     noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
+     ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
+     richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
+
+libboost_python.lib: $(OBJ)
+	$(LD) -library -o libboost_python.lib $(OBJ)
+
+boost_python_test.pyd: $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj $(PYLIB) -o boost_python_test.pyd
+
+abstract.pyd: $(OBJ) abstract.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.obj $(PYLIB)  -o abstract.pyd
+
+getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj $(PYLIB)  -o getting_started1.pyd
+
+getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj $(PYLIB)  -o getting_started2.pyd
+
+simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj $(PYLIB)  -o simple_vector.pyd
+
+do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj $(PYLIB)  -o do_it_yourself_convts.pyd
+
+nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.obj $(PYLIB)  -o nested.pyd
+
+pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.obj $(PYLIB)  -o pickle1.pyd
+
+pickle2.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle2.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.obj $(PYLIB)  -o pickle2.pyd
+
+pickle3.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle3.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.obj $(PYLIB)  -o pickle3.pyd
+
+noncopyable_export.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj $(PYLIB)  -o noncopyable_export.pyd
+
+noncopyable_import.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj $(PYLIB)  -o noncopyable_import.pyd
+
+ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) ivect.obj $(PYLIB)  -o ivect.pyd
+
+dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) dvect.obj $(PYLIB)  -o dvect.pyd
+
+richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj $(PYLIB)  -o richcmp1.pyd
+
+richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj $(PYLIB)  -o richcmp2.pyd
+
+richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj $(PYLIB)  -o richcmp3.pyd
+
+.cpp.obj:
+	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
+
+test:
+	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
+
+clean:
+	-del *.obj
+	-del *.lib
+	-del *.exp
+	-del *.idb
+	-del *.pyd
+	-del *.pyc
+
+softlinks:
+	python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks
+
+unlink:
+	python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) unlink
+
+cp:
+	python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) cp
+
+rm:
+	python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) rm
+
+copy:
+	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) copy
+
+del:
+	$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) del

build/win32_mwcc_setup.bat

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+call "c:\program files\metrowerks\codewarrior\other metrowerks tools\command line tools\cwenv.bat"
+set MWWinx86LibraryFiles=MSL_All-DLL_x86.lib;gdi32.lib;user32.lib;kernel32.lib

doc/boost.css

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+H1
+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 200%
+    COLOR: #00007f
+}
+H2
+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 150%;
+}
+H3
+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 125%;
+}
+H4
+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 108%;
+}
+BODY
+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 100%;
+    BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff
+}
+PRE
+{
+    MARGIN-LEFT: 2pc;
+    FONT-SIZE: 80%;
+    BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dfffff
+}
+CODE
+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 95%;
+     white-space: pre
+}
+.index
+{
+    TEXT-ALIGN: left
+}
+.page-index
+{
+	TEXT-ALIGN: left
+}
+.definition
+{
+	TEXT-ALIGN: left
+}
+.footnote
+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 66%;
+    VERTICAL-ALIGN: super;
+    TEXT-DECORATION: none
+}
+.function-semantics
+{
+    CLEAR: left
+}
+.metafunction-semantics
+{
+    CLEAR: left
+}

doc/building.html

@@ -9,172 +9,214 @@
       "../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Building an
       Extension Module</h1>
 
-      <p>The build process for Boost is currently undergoing some evolution,
+      <h2>Building Boost.Python</h2>
-      and, it is to be hoped, improvement. The following facts may help:
 
-      <hr>
+      <p>Every Boost.Python extension module must be linked with the
-      Makefiles for various platforms and a Visual Studio project
+      <code>boost_python</code> shared library. To build
-      reside in the Boost subdirectory <tt>libs/python/build</tt>.
+      <code>boost_python</code>, use <a
-      Build targets include:
+      href="../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> in the
+      usual way from the <code>libs/python/build</code> subdirectory
+      of your boost installation (if you have already built boost from
+      the top level this may have no effect, since the work is already
+      done). 
+
+      <h3>Configuration</h3>
+        You may need to configure the following variables to point Boost.Build at your Python installation:
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr><th>Variable Name <th>Semantics <th>Default <th>Notes
+   <tr>
+        <td><code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>
+        <td>The root directory of your Python installation
+        <td>Windows:&nbsp;<code>c:/tools/python</code>
+        Unix:&nbsp;<code>/usr/local</code>
+        <td>On Unix, this is the <code>--with-prefix=</code> directory
+        used to configure Python
+
+   <tr>
+        <td><code>PYTHON_VERSION</code>
+        <td>The The 2-part python Major.Minor version number
+        <td>Windows:&nbsp;<code>2.1</code>
+        Unix:&nbsp;<code>1.5</code>
+        <td>Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <b>not</b>
+        &quot;<code>2.2.1</code>&quot;, even if that's the version you
+        have.
+
+   <tr>
+        <td><code>PYTHON_INCLUDES</code>
+        <td>path to Python <code>#include</code> directories
+        <td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>
+
+   <tr>
+        <td><code>PYTHON_LIB_PATH</code>
+        <td>path to Python library object.
+        <td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>
+
+   <tr>
+        <td><code>PYTHON_STDLIB_PATH</code>
+        <td>path to Python standard library modules
+        <td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>
+
+   <tr>
+        <td><code>CYGWIN_ROOT</code>
+        <td>path to the user's Cygwin installation
+        <td>
+        <td><a href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> only. This and the following two settings are
+        useful when building with multiple toolsets on Windows, since
+        Cygwin requires a different build of Python.
+
+   <tr>
+        <td><code>GCC_PYTHON_ROOT</code>
+        <td>path to the user's Cygwin Python installation
+        <td><code>$(CYGWIN_ROOT)/usr/local</code>
+        <td><a href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> only
+
+   <tr>
+        <td><code>GCC_DEBUG_PYTHON_ROOT</code>
+        <td>path to the user's Cygwin <code><a
+        href="#variants">pydebug</a></code> build
+        <td><code>$(CYGWIN_ROOT)/usr/local/pydebug</code>
+        <td><a href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> only
+
+</table>
+
+<h3>Results</h3>
+      <p>The build process will create a
+      <code>libs/python/build/bin-stage</code> subdirectory of the
+      boost root (or of <code>$(ALL_LOCATE_TARGET)</code>,
+      if you have set that variable), containing the built
+      libraries. The libraries are actually built to unique
+      directories for each toolset and variant elsewhere in the
+      filesystem, and copied to the
+      <code>bin-stage</code> directory as a convenience, so if you
+      build with multiple toolsets at once, the product of later
+      toolsets will overwrite that of earlier toolsets in
+      <code>bin-stage</code>.
+
+<h3>Testing</h3>
+      <p>To build and test Boost.Python from within the
+      <code>libs/python/build</code> directory, invoke
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+bjam -sTOOLS=<i><a href="../../../tools/build/index.html#Tools">toolset</a></i> test
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+This will
+update all of the Boost.Python v1 test and example targets. The tests
+are relatively quiet by default. To get more-verbose output, you might try
+<blockquote>
+<pre>
+bjam -sTOOLS=<i><a href="../../../tools/build/index.html#Tools">toolset</a></i> -sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS=-v test
+</pre>
+</blockquote>
+which will print each test's Python code with the expected output as
+it passes.
+
+<h2>Building your Extension Module</h2>
+
+      Though there are other approaches, the easiest way to build an
+      extension module using Boost.Python is with Boost.Build. Until
+      Boost.Build v2 is released, cross-project build dependencies are
+      not supported, so it works most smoothly if you add a new
+      subproject to your boost installation. The
+      <code>libs/python/example</code> subdirectory of your boost
+      installation contains a minimal example (along with many extra
+      sources). To copy the example subproject:
+
+      <ol>
+      <li>Create a new subdirectory in, <code>libs/python</code>, say
+      <code>libs/python/my_project</code>.
+
+      <li>Copy <code><a
+      href="../example/Jamfile">libs/python/example/Jamfile</a></code>
+      to your new directory.
+
+      <li>Edit the Jamfile as appropriate for your project. You'll
+      want to change the &quot;<code>subproject</code>&quot; rule
+      invocation at the top, and the names of some of the source files
+      and/or targets.
+
+      </ol>
+
+      If you can't modify or copy your boost installation, the
+      alternative is to create your own Boost.Build project. A similar
+      example you can use as a starting point is available in <code><a
+      href="../example/project.zip">this archive</a></code>. You'll
+      need to edit the Jamfile and Jamrules files, depending on the
+      relative location of your Boost installation and the new
+      project. Note that automatic testing of extension modules is not
+      available in this configuration.
+
+<h2><a name="variants">Build Variants</a></h2>
+
+      Three <a
+      href="../../../tools/build/build_system.htm#variants">variant</a>
+      configurations of all python-related targets are supported, and
+      can be selected by setting the <code><a
+      href="../../../tools/build/build_system.htm#user_globals">BUILD</a></code>
+      variable:
 
       <ul>
-        <li>The <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static linking with your
+        <li><code>release</code> (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)
-        extension module. On the various Unices, this library will be
-        called <tt>libboost_python.a</tt>. When using Visual C++, the
-        library will be called <tt>boost_python.lib</tt>.
 
-        <p>
+        <li><code>debug</code> (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)
-        <li>A comprehensive test of Boost.Python features. This test builds
-        a Boost.Python extension module, then runs Python to import the
-        module, and runs a series of tests on it using <tt><a href=
-        "../test/doctest.py">doctest</a></tt>. Source code for the module
-        and tests is available in the Boost subdirectory
-        <tt>libs/python/test</tt>.
 
-        <p>
+        <li><code>debug-python</code> (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
-        <li>Various examples from the Boost subdirectory
-        <tt>libs/python/example</tt>.
-        All these examples include a doctest modeled
-        on the comprehensive test above.
-
-      </ul>
-
-      <hr>
-      There is a group of makefiles with support for simultaneous
-      compilation on multiple platforms and a consistent set of
-      features that build the <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static
-      linking, the comprehensive test, and all examples in
-      <tt>libs/python/example</tt>:
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="../build/vc60.mak">vc60.mak</a>:
-        Visual C++ 6.0 Service Pack 4
-
-        <li><a href="../build/mingw32.mak">mingw32.mak</a>:
-        mingw32 (Win32-targeted) gcc 2.95.2
-
-        <li><a href="../build/linux_gcc.mak">linux_gcc.mak</a>:
-        gcc 2.95.2 on Linux/Unix
-
-        <li><a href="../build/tru64_cxx.mak">tru64_cxx.mak</a>:
-        Compaq Alpha using the Compaq cxx compiler
-
-        <li><a href="../build/irix_CC.mak">irix_CC.mak</a>:
-        Silicon Graphics IRIX 6.5 CC compiler
-
-      </ul>
-      <a href="http://cctbx.sourceforge.net/page_installation_adv.html#installation_boost_python"
-      >Usage of these makefiles is described here.</a>
-
-      <hr>
-      There is another group of makefiles for GNU make.
-      These makefiles are less redundant than the makefiles
-      in the group above,
-      but the list of compilation targets is not as complete
-      and there is no support for simultaneous compilation
-      on multiple platforms.
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href="../build/como.mak">como.mak</a>:
-        Comeau C++ on Linux
-
-        <li><a href="../build/gcc.mak">gcc.mak</a>:
-        GCC on Linux/Unix.
-
-      </ul>
-
-      <hr>
-      A project workspace for Microsoft Visual Studio is provided at <tt><a
-      href="../build/build.dsw">libs/python/build/build.dsw</a></tt>. The
-      include paths for this project may need to be changed for your
-      installation. They currently assume that python has been installed at
-      <tt>c:\tools\python</tt>. Three configurations of all targets are
-      supported:
-
-      <ul>
-        <li>Release (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)
-
-        <li>Debug (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)
-
-        <li>DebugPython (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
         -DBOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>)
       </ul>
 
-      <p>When extension modules are built with Visual C++ using
+      <p>The first two variants of the <code>boost_python</code>
+      library are built by default, and are compatible with the
+      default Python distribution. The <code>debug-python</code>
+      variant corresponds to a specially-built debugging version of
+      Python. On Unix platforms, this python is built by adding
+      <code>--with-pydebug</code> when configuring the Python
+      build. On Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated
+      by the &quot;Win32 Debug&quot; target of the
+      <code>PCBuild.dsw</code> Visual C++ 6.0 project in the
+      <code>PCBuild</code> subdirectory of your Python distribution.
+
+      Extension modules built with Python debugging enabled are <b>not
+      link-compatible</b> with a non-debug build of Python. Since few
+      people actually have a debug build of Python (it doesn't come
+      with the standard distribution), the normal
+      <code>debug</code> variant builds modules which are compatible
+      with ordinary Python.
+
+
+      <p>On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built
+      with
       <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>, Python defaults to <i>force</i> linking with a
       special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since this debug DLL
       isn't supplied with the default Python installation for Windows,
       Boost.Python uses <tt><a href=
       "../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a></tt>
       to temporarily undefine <tt>_DEBUG</tt> when <tt>Python.h</tt> is
-      <tt>#include</tt>d.
+      <tt>#include</tt>d - unless <code>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</code> is defined.
 
-      <p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the debugging
+      <p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the
-      version of the library, <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to
+      debugging version of the library, <tt>#define
-      re-enable library forcing, and link with the DebugPython version of
+      BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to re-enable python debuggin, and link
-      <tt>boost_python.lib</tt>. You'll need to get the debugging version
+      with the <code>debug-python</code> variant of
-      of the Python executable (<tt>python_d.exe</tt>) and DLL
+      <tt>boost_python</tt>. 
-      (<tt>python20_d.dll</tt> or <tt>python15_d.dll</tt>). The Python
-      sources include project files for building these. If you <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org">download</a> them, change the name of the
-      top-level directory to <tt>src</tt>, and install it under
-      <tt>c:\tools\python</tt>, the workspace supplied by Boost.Python will
-      be able to use it without modification. Just open
-      <tt>c:\tools\python\src\pcbuild\pcbuild.dsw</tt> and invoke "build
-      all" to generate all the debugging targets.
 
       <p>If you do not <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>, be sure that
-      any source files <tt>#include &lt;<a href=
+      any source files in your extension module <tt>#include &lt;<a href=
           "../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a>&gt;</tt>
       instead of the usual <tt>Python.h</tt>, or you will have link
       incompatibilities.<br>
 
-      <hr>
-      If your platform isn't directly supported, you can build a static
-      library from the following source files (in the Boost subdirectory
-      <tt>libs/python/src</tt>), or compile them directly and link the
-      resulting objects into your extension module:
-
-      <ul>
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/classes.cpp">classes.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/conversions.cpp">conversions.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/cross_module.cpp">cross_module.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/extension_class.cpp">extension_class.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/functions.cpp">functions.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/init_function.cpp">init_function.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/module_builder.cpp">module_builder.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/objects.cpp">objects.cpp</a>
-
-        <li><a href=
-        "../../../libs/python/src/types.cpp">types.cpp</a>
-      </ul>
-
       <hr>
       Next: <a href="enums.html">Wrapping Enums</a> Previous: <a href=
       "under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a> Up: <a href=
       "index.html">Top</a>
 
       <hr>
-      <p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
+      <p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use, modify,
       sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
       notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
       express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
       any purpose.
 
-      <p>Updated: Apr 17, 2001 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
+      <p>Updated: May 15, 2002 (David Abrahams)
     </div>

doc/example1.html

@@ -37,19 +37,12 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
 {
-  try
-  {
     // Create an object representing this extension module.
     python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
 
     // Add regular functions to the module.
     this_module.def(greet, "greet");
     this_module.def(square, "square");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }
 </pre>
       </blockquote>

doc/exporting_classes.html

@@ -47,8 +47,6 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
 {
-  try
-  {
     // Create an object representing this extension module.
     python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
 
@@ -65,11 +63,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
 
     // Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
     hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }
 </blockquote></pre>
       <p>
@@ -98,6 +91,12 @@ Notes:<ul>
 
 <li>Any function added to a class whose initial argument matches the class (or
 any base) will act like a member function in Python.
+
+<li>To define a nested class, just pass the enclosing
+<tt>class_builder</tt> (instead of a <tt>module_builder</tt>) as the
+first argument to the nested <tt>class_builder</tt>'s constructor.
+
+
 </ul>
       <p>
          We can even make a subclass of <code>hello.world</code>:

doc/index.html

@@ -16,62 +16,101 @@
       intrusive on your C++ design. In most cases, you should not have to alter
       your C++ classes in any way in order to use them with Boost.Python. The system
       <em>should</em> simply ``reflect'' your C++ classes and functions into
-      Python. The major features of Boost.Python include support for:
+      Python. 
-<ul>
-<li><a href="inheritance.html">Subclassing extension types in Python</a>
-<li><a href="overriding.html">Overriding virtual functions in Python</a>
-<li><a href="overloading.html">[Member] function Overloading</a>
-<li><a href="special.html#numeric_auto">Automatic wrapping of numeric operators</a>
-</ul>
-among others.
 
+      <p>
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr><td> <b>Note:</b> this is the last official release of
+Boost.Python v1. Development of this version of the library has
+stopped; it will be retired soon in favor of the redesigned and
+improved version 2. A summary of the development goals is available on
+the Python <a href="http://www.python.org/sigs/c++-sig/">C++-sig</a>
+page, which also serves as a mailing list for users of both versions
+of the library. A preview of the v2 documentation is available <a
+href="http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/boost/boost/libs/python/doc/v2/index.html?rev=HEAD&content-type=text/html">here</a>,
+and instructions for getting started with a prerelease are available
+upon request.
+</table>
 
 <h2>Supported Platforms</h2>
-<p>Boost.Python is known to have been tested in the following configurations:
+<p>Boost.Python is known to have been tested
+against <a href="http://www.python/org/2.2.1">Python 2.2.1</a> using
+the following compilers:
 
-<ul>
-<li>Against Python 2.0 using the following compiler/library combinations:
 <ul>
   <li><a
-  href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>
+  href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/downloads/updates/sp/vs6/sp5/default.asp">MSVC++6sp5</a>.
-  with the native library.
+  All tests pass.
 
-  <li>An upcoming release of <a
+  <li><a
-        href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks
+  href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/downloads/updates/sp/vs6/sp5/default.asp">MSVC++6sp5</a>
-        CodeWarrior Pro6 for Windows</a> with the native library (the first
+  with <a href="http://www.stlport.org">STLPort</a>-4.5.3. A compiler bug interferes with
-        release has a bug that's fatal to Boost.Python)
+  <a
+  href="../example/simple_vector.cpp">libs/python/example/simple_vector.cpp</a>. All
+  other tests pass.
 
-        <li><a
+  <p>
+  <li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/visualc/">MSVC++7 (Visual
+       Studio .NET)</a>. All tests pass.
+
+  <p>
+  <li><a href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks
+        CodeWarrior Pro7.2 and Pro7.0 for Windows</a>. All tests pass.
+
+  <p>
+  <li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org">GCC 3.0.4</a> under <a
+       href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> and
+       <a href="http://www.redhat.com/">RedHat Linux 7.1</a>.
+       All tests pass.
+
+  <p>
+  <li>Compaq C++ V6.2-024 for Digital UNIX (an <a
+      href="http://www.edg.com/">EDG</a>-based compiler).
+      All tests pass.<br>
+      Note that the Boost.Compatibility
+      library must be included (see e.g. tru64_cxx.mak in the build
+      directory).
+
+  <p>
+  <li>Silicon Graphics MIPSpro Version 7.3.1.2m (an <a
+      href="http://www.edg.com/">EDG</a>-based compiler).
+      All tests pass.<br>
+      Note that the Boost.Compatibility
+      library must be included (see e.g. irix_CC.mak in the build
+      directory).
+
+  <p>
+  <li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org">GCC 2.95.2</a> under <a
+       href="http://www.mingw.org">MinGW</a> and <a
+       href="http://www.redhat.com/">RedHat Linux 7.1</a>.
+       Compilation succeeds, but some tests fail at runtime due to
+       exception handling bugs. It is therefore highly recommended
+       to use GCC 3.0.4 instead.
+
+  <p>
+  <li><a
         href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/c50/">Intel
-        C++ 5.0</a>. Compilation succeeds, but tests <font
+        C++ 6.0</a> beta: Comprehensive test fails to link due to a
-        color="#FF0000"><b>FAILED at runtime</b></font> due to a bug in its
+        linker bug. Other tests seem to work.
-        exception-handling implementation.
+
+  <p>
+  <li><a
+        href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/c50/">Intel
+        C++ 5.0</a> Comprehensive test fails at runtime due to an
+        exception-handling bug. Other tests seem to work.
+
 </ul>
 
-<li>Against Python 1.5.2 using the following compiler/library: 
+<p>
+Note that pickling doesn't work with Python 2.2
+due to a core language bug. This is fixed in
+<a href="http://www.python/org/2.2.1">2.2.1</a>.
 
-  <ul>
+<p>
-  <li><a
+Boost.Python has also been used with other versions of Python back to
-  href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a> 
+Python 1.5.2. It is expected that the older Python releases still work,
-
+but we are not regularly testing for backward compatibility.
-  <li><a
-  href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>/<a
-  href="http://www.stlport.org">STLport 4.0</a> 
-
-  <li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC 2.95.2</a> [by <a href="mailto:koethe@informatik.uni-hamburg.de">Ullrich
-  Koethe</a>]
-
-  <li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC 2.95.2</a>/<a href="http://www.stlport.org">STLport 4.0</a>
-
-  <li>Compaq C++ V6.2-024 for Digital UNIX V5.0 Rev. 910 (an <a
-  href="http://www.edg.com/">EDG</a>-based compiler) with <a
-  href="http://www.stlport.org/beta.html">STLport-4.1b3</a> [by <a
-  href="mailto:rwgk@cci.lbl.gov">Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve</a>] 
-
-  <li>An upcoming release of <a href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks CodeWarrior
-        Pro6 for Windows</a> (the first release has a bug that's fatal to Boost.Python)
-  </ul>
-</ul>
 
 <h2>Credits</h2>
 <ul>
@@ -152,8 +191,8 @@ among others.
       href="../test/comprehensive.cpp">cpp</a>]</code>
 
     <p>
-       Questions should be directed to <a href= 
+       Questions should be directed to the <a href= 
-      "http://www.yahoogroups.com/list/boost">the boost mailing list</a>.
+      "http://www.python.org/sigs/c++-sig/">Python C++ SIG</a>.
 
     <p>
        &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify,
@@ -162,5 +201,5 @@ among others.
       express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
       any purpose.
     <p>
-       Updated: Mar 6, 2001
+       Updated: Apr 2002
 

doc/inheritance.html

@@ -78,26 +78,19 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
 {
-    try
+    python::module_builder my_module("my_module");                            
-    {
+                                                                              
-       python::module_builder my_module("my_module");
+    python::class_builder<Base> base_class(my_module, "Base");          
-
+    base_class.def(python::constructor<>());                        
-       python::class_builder<Base> base_class(my_module, "Base");
+                                                                              
-       base_class.def(python::constructor<void>());
+    python::class_builder<Derived> derived_class(my_module, "Derived"); 
-
+    derived_class.def(python::constructor<>());                     
-       python::class_builder<Derived> derived_class(my_module, "Derived");
+    <b>// Establish the inheritance relationship between Base and Derived     
-       derived_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
+    derived_class.declare_base(base_class);</b>                               
-       <b>// Establish the inheritance relationship between Base and Derived
+                                                                              
-       derived_class.declare_base(base_class);</b>
+    my_module.def(derived_as_base, "derived_as_base");                        
-
+    my_module.def(get_name, "get_name");                                      
-       my_module.def(derived_as_base, "derived_as_base");
+    my_module.def(get_derived_x, "get_derived_x"); 
-       my_module.def(get_name, "get_name");
-       my_module.def(get_derived_x, "get_derived_x");
-    }
-    catch(...)
-    {
-       python::handle_exception();    // Deal with the exception for Python
-    }
 }
 </pre>
 </blockquote>
@@ -144,10 +137,10 @@ struct Derived2 { int f(); };
 <hr>
    ...
    python::class_builder&lt;Base&gt; base2_class(my_module, "Base2");
-   base2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
+   base2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
 
    python::class_builder&lt;Derived2&gt; derived2_class(my_module, "Derived2");
-   derived2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
+   derived2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
    derived_class.declare_base(base_class, <b>python::without_downcast</b>);
 </pre>
 </blockquote>

doc/new-conversions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+<html>
+
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
+<title>A New Type Conversion Mechanism for Boost.Python</title>
+</head>
+
+<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
+
+<p><img border="0" src="../../../c++boost.gif" width="277" height="86"
+alt="boost logo"></p>
+
+<h1>A New Type Conversion Mechanism for Boost.Python</h1>
+
+<p>By <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">David Abrahams</a>.
+
+<h2>Introduction</h2>
+
+This document describes a redesign of the mechanism for automatically
+converting objects between C++ and Python. The current implementation
+uses two functions for any type <tt>T</tt>:
+
+<blockquote><pre>
+U from_python(PyObject*, type&lt;T&gt;);
+void to_python(V);
+</pre></blockquote>
+
+where U is convertible to T and T is convertible to V. These functions
+are at the heart of C++/Python interoperability in Boost.Python, so
+why would we want to change them? There are many reasons:
+
+<h3>Bugs</h3>
+<p>Firstly, the current mechanism relies on a common C++ compiler
+bug. This is not just embarrassing: as compilers get to be more
+conformant, the library stops working. The issue, in detail, is the
+use of inline friend functions in templates to generate
+conversions. It is a very powerful, and legal technique as long as
+it's used correctly:
+
+<blockquote><pre>
+template &lt;class Derived&gt;
+struct add_some_functions
+{
+     friend <i>return-type</i> some_function1(..., Derived <i>cv-*-&amp;-opt</i>, ...);
+     friend <i>return-type</i> some_function2(..., Derived <i>cv-*-&amp;-opt</i>, ...);
+};
+
+template &lt;class T&gt;
+struct some_template : add_some_functions&lt;some_template&lt;T&gt; &gt;
+{
+};
+</pre></blockquote>
+
+The <tt>add_some_functions</tt> template generates free functions
+which operate on <tt>Derived</tt>, or on related types. Strictly
+speaking the related types are not just cv-qualified <tt>Derived</tt>
+values, pointers and/or references. Section 3.4.2 in the standard
+describes exactly which types you must use as parameters to these
+functions if you want the functions to be found
+(there is also a less-technical description in section 11.5.1 of
+C++PL3 <a href="#ref_1">[1]</a>). Suffice it to say that
+with the current design, the <tt>from_python</tt> and
+<tt>to_python</tt> functions are not supposed to be callable under any
+conditions!
+
+<h3>Compilation and Linking Time</h3>
+
+The conversion functions generated for each wrapped class using the
+above technique are not function templates, but regular functions. The
+upshot is that they must <i>all</i> be generated regardless of whether
+they are actually used. Generating all of those functions can slow
+down module compilation, and resolving the references can slow down
+linking.
+
+<h3>Efficiency</h3>
+
+The conversion functions are primarily used in (member) function
+wrappers to convert the arguments and return values. Being functions,
+converters have no interface which allows us to ask &quot;will the
+conversion succeed?&quot; without calling the function. Since the
+return value of the function must be the object to be passed as an
+argument, Boost.Python currently uses C++ exception-handling to detect
+an unsuccessful conversion. It's not a particularly good use of
+exception-handling, since the failure is not handled very far from
+where it occurred. More importantly, it means that C++ exceptions are
+thrown during overload resolution as we seek an overload that matches
+the arguments passed. Depending on the implementation, this approach
+can result in significant slowdowns.
+
+<p>It is also unclear that the current library generates a minimal
+amount of code for any type conversion. Many of the conversion
+functions are nontrivial, and partly because of compiler limitations,
+they are declared <tt>inline</tt>. Also, we could have done a better
+job separating the type-specific conversion code from the code which
+is type-independent.
+
+<h3>Cross-module Support</h3>
+
+The current strategy requires every module to contain the definition
+of conversions it uses. In general, a new module can never supply
+conversion code which is used by another module. Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve
+designed a clever system which imports conversions directly from one
+library into another using some explicit declarations, but it has some
+disadvantages also:
+
+<ol>
+<li>The system Ullrich Koethe designed for implicit conversion between
+wrapped classes related through inheritance does not currently work if
+the classes are defined in separate modules.
+
+<li>The writer of the importing module is required to know the name of
+the module supplying the imported conversions.
+
+<li>There can be only one way to extract any given C++ type from a
+Python object in a given module.
+</ol>
+
+The first item might be addressed by moving Boost.Python into a shared
+library, but the other two cannot. Ralf turned the limitation in item
+two into a feature: the required module is loaded implicitly when a
+conversion it defines is invoked. We will probably want to provide
+that functionality anyway, but it's not clear that we should require
+the declaration of all such conversions. The final item is a more
+serious limitation. If, for example, new numeric types are defined in
+separate modules, and these types can all be converted to
+<tt>double</tt>s, we have to choose just one conversion method.
+
+<h3>Ease-of-use</h3>
+
+One persistent source of confusion for users of Boost.Python has been
+the fact that conversions for a class are not be visible at
+compile-time until the declaration of that class has been seen. When
+the user tries to expose a (member) function operating on or returning
+an instance of the class in question, compilation fails...even though
+the user goes on to expose the class in the same translation unit!
+
+<p>
+The new system lifts all compile-time checks for the existence of
+particular type conversions and replaces them with runtime checks, in
+true Pythonic style. While this might seem cavalier, the compile-time
+checks are actually not much use in the current system if many classes
+are wrapped in separate modules, since the checks are based only on
+the user's declaration that the conversions exist.
+
+<h2>The New Design</h2>
+
+<h3>Motivation</h3>
+
+The new design was heavily influenced by a desire to generate as
+little code as possible in extension modules. Some of Boost.Python's
+clients are enormous projects where link time is proportional to the
+amount of object code, and there are many Python extension modules. As
+such, we try to keep type-specific conversion code out of modules
+other than the one the converters are defined in, and rely as much as
+possible on centralized control through a shared library.
+
+<h3>The Basics</h3>
+
+The library contains a <tt>registry</tt> which maps runtime type
+identifiers (actually an extension of <tt>std::type_info</tt> which
+preserves references and constness) to entries containing type
+converters. An <tt>entry</tt> can contain only one converter from C++ to Python
+(<tt>wrapper</tt>), but many converters from Python to C++
+(<tt>unwrapper</tt>s). <font color="#ff0000">What should happen if
+multiple modules try to register wrappers for the same type?</font>. Wrappers
+and unwrappers are known as <tt>body</tt> objects, and are accessed
+by the user and the library (in its function-wrapping code) through
+corresponding <tt>handle</tt> (<tt>wrap&lt;T&gt;</tt> and
+<tt>unwrap&lt;T&gt;</tt>) objects. The <tt>handle</tt> objects are
+extremely lightweight, and delegate <i>all</i> of their operations to
+the corresponding <tt>body</tt>.
+
+<p>
+When a <tt>handle</tt> object is constructed, it accesses the
+registry to find a corresponding <tt>body</tt> that can convert the
+handle's constructor argument. Actually the registry record for any
+type
+<tt>T</tt>used in a module is looked up only once and stored in a
+static <tt>registration&lt;T&gt;</tt> object for efficiency. For
+example, if the handle is an <tt>unwrap&lt;Foo&amp;&gt;</tt> object,
+the <tt>entry</tt> for <tt>Foo&amp;</tt> is looked up in the
+<tt>registry</tt>, and each <tt>unwrapper</tt> it contains is queried
+to determine if it can convert the
+<tt>PyObject*</tt> with which the <tt>unwrap</tt> was constructed. If
+a body object which can perform the conversion is found, a pointer to
+it is stored in the handle. A body object may at any point store
+additional data in the handle to speed up the conversion process.
+
+<p>
+Now that the handle has been constructed, the user can ask it whether
+the conversion can be performed. All handles can be tested as though
+they were convertible to <tt>bool</tt>; a <tt>true</tt> value
+indicates success. If the user forges ahead and tries to do the
+conversion without checking when no conversion is possible, an
+exception will be thrown as usual. The conversion itself is performed
+by the body object. 
+
+<h3>Handling complex conversions</h3>
+
+<p>Some conversions may require a dynamic allocation. For example,
+when a Python tuple is converted to a <tt>std::vector&lt;double&gt;
+const&amp;</tt>, we need some storage into which to construct the
+vector so that a reference to it can be formed. Furthermore, multiple
+conversions of the same type may need to be &quot;active&quot;
+simultaneously, so we can't keep a single copy of the storage
+anywhere. We could keep the storage in the <tt>body</tt> object, and
+have the body clone itself in case the storage is used, but in that
+case the storage in the body which lives in the registry is never
+used. If the storage was actually an object of the target type (the
+safest way in C++), we'd have to find a way to construct one for the
+body in the registry, since it may not have a default constructor.
+
+<p>
+The most obvious way out of this quagmire is to allocate the object using a
+<i>new-expression</i>, and store a pointer to it in the handle. Since
+the <tt>body</tt> object knows everything about the data it needs to
+allocate (if any), it is also given responsibility for destroying that
+data. When the <tt>handle</tt> is destroyed it asks the <tt>body</tt>
+object to tear down any data it may have stored there. In many ways,
+you can think of the <tt>body</tt> as a &quot;dynamically-determined
+vtable&quot; for the handle.
+
+<h3>Eliminating Redundancy</h3>
+
+If you look at the current Boost.Python code, you'll see that there
+are an enormous number of conversion functions generated for each
+wrapped class. For a given class <tt>T</tt>, functions are generated
+to extract the following types <tt>from_python</tt>:
+
+<blockquote><pre>
+T*
+T const*
+T const* const&amp;
+T* const&amp;
+T&amp;
+T const&amp;
+T
+std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;&amp;
+std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;
+std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt; const&amp;
+boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;&amp;
+boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;
+boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt; const&amp;
+</pre></blockquote>
+
+Most of these are implemented in terms of just a few conversions, and
+<t>if you're lucky</t>, they will be inlined and cause no extra
+overhead. In the new system, however, a significant amount of data
+will be associated with each type that needs to be converted. We
+certainly don't want to register a separate unwrapper object for all
+of the above types.
+
+<p>Fortunately, much of the redundancy can be eliminated. For example,
+if we generate an unwrapper for <tt>T&</tt>, we don't need an
+unwrapper for <tt>T const&</tt> or <tt>T</tt>. Accordingly, the user's
+request to wrap/unwrap a given type is translated at compile-time into
+a request which helps to eliminate redundancy. The rules used to
+<tt>unwrap</tt> a type are:
+
+<ol>
+<li> Treat built-in types specially: when unwrapping a value or
+   constant reference to one of these, use a value for the target
+   type. It will bind to a const reference if neccessary, and more
+   importantly, avoids having to dynamically allocate room for
+   an lvalue of types which can be cheaply copied.
+<li>
+ Reduce everything else to a reference to an un-cv-qualified type
+   where possible. Since cv-qualification is lost on Python
+   anyway, there's no point in trying to convert to a
+   <tt>const&amp;</tt>. <font color="#ff0000">What about conversions
+   to values like the tuple-&gt;vector example above? It seems to me
+   that we don't want to make a <tt>vector&lt;double&gt;&amp;</tt>
+   (non-const) converter available for that case. We may need to
+   rethink this slightly.</font>
+</ol>
+
+<p>To handle the problem described above in item 2, we modify the
+procedure slightly. To unwrap any non-scalar <tt>T</tt>, we seek an
+unwrapper for <tt>add_reference&lt;T&gt;::type</tt>. Unwrappers for
+<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> always return <tt>T&amp;</tt>, and are
+registered under both <tt>T&nbsp;&amp;</tt> and
+<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt>.
+
+<p>For compilers not supporting partial specialization, unwrappers for
+<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> must return <tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt>
+(since constness can't be stripped), but a separate unwrapper object
+need to be registered for <tt>T&nbsp;&amp;</tt> and
+<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> anyway, for the same reasons.
+
+<font color="#ff0000">We may want to make it possible to compile as
+though partial specialization were unavailable even on compilers where
+it is available, in case modules could be compiled by different
+compilers with compatible ABIs (e.g. Intel C++ and MSVC6).</font>
+
+<h3>Efficient Argument Conversion</h3>
+
+Since type conversions are primarily used in function wrappers, an
+optimization is provided for the case where a group of conversions are
+used together. Each <tt>handle</tt> class has a corresponding
+&quot;<tt>_more</tt>&quot; class which does the same job, but has a
+trivial destructor. Instead of asking each &quot;<tt>_more</tt>&quot;
+handle to destroy its own body, it is linked into an endogenous list
+managed by the first (ordinary) handle. The <tt>wrap</tt> and
+<tt>unwrap</tt> destructors are responsible for traversing that list
+and asking each <tt>body</tt> class to tear down its
+<tt>handle</tt>. This mechanism is also used to determine if all of
+the argument/return-value conversions can succeed with a single
+function call in the function wrapping code. <font color="#ff0000">We
+might need to handle return values in a separate step for Python
+callbacks, since the availablility of a conversion won't be known
+until the result object is retrieved.</font>
+
+<br>
+<hr>
+<h2>References</h2>
+
+<p><a name="ref_1">[1]</a>B. Stroustrup, The C++ Programming Language
+Special Edition Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-70073-5.
+
+<hr>
+<p>Revised <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B %Y" startspan -->19 December 2001<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="31283" --></p>
+<p>© Copyright David Abrahams, 2001</p>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>

doc/new-conversions.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+This hierarchy contains converter handle classes.
+
+
+                +-------------+
+                | noncopyable |
+                +-------------+
+                      ^
+                      |            A common base class used so that
+             +--------+--------+   conversions can be linked into a
+             | conversion_base |   chain for efficient argument
+             +-----------------+   conversion
+                      ^
+                      |
+            +---------+-----------+
+            |                     |
++-----------+----+         +------+-------+  only used for
+| unwrap_more<T> |         | wrap_more<T> |  chaining, and don't manage any
++----------------+         +--------------+  resources.
+         ^                         ^
+         |                         |
+   +-----+-----+           +-------+-+  These converters are what users
+   | unwrap<T> |           | wrap<T> |  actually touch, but they do so
+   +-----------+           +---------+  through a type generator which
+                                        minimizes the number of converters
+                                        that must be generated, so they
+
+
+Each unwrap<T>, unwrap_more<T>, wrap<T>, wrap_more<T> converter holds
+a reference to an appropriate converter object
+
+This hierarchy contains converter body classes
+
+                                          Exposes use/release which
+                                          are needed in case the converter
+                           +-----------+  in the registry needs to be
+                           | converter |  cloned. That occurs when a
+                           +-----------+  unwrap target type is not
+                                 ^        contained within the Python object.
+                                 |
+              +------------------+-----+
+              |                        |
+     +--------+-------+ Exposes        |
+     | unwrapper_base | convertible()  |
+     +----------------+                |
+              ^                        |
+              |                        |
+     +--------+----+             +-----+-----+
+     | unwrapper<T>|             | wrapper<T>|
+     +-------------+             +-----------+
+ Exposes T convert(PyObject*)    Exposes PyObject* convert(T)
+
+
+unwrap:
+
+    constructed with a PyObject*, whose reference count is
+    incremented.
+
+    find the registry entry for the target type
+
+    look in the collection of converters for one which claims to be
+    able to convert the PyObject to the target type.
+
+    stick a pointer to the unwrapper in the unwrap object
+
+    when unwrap is queried for convertibility, it checks to see
+    if it has a pointer to an unwrapper.
+
+    on conversion, the unwrapper is asked to allocate an
+    implementation if the unwrap object isn't already holding
+    one. The unwrap object "takes ownership" of the unwrapper's
+    implementation. No memory allocation will actually take place
+    unless this is a value conversion.
+
+    on destruction, the unwrapper is asked to free any implementation
+    held by the unwrap object. No memory deallocation actually
+    takes place unless this is a value conversion
+
+    on destruction, the reference count on the held PyObject is
+    decremented.
+
+    We need to make sure that by default, you can't instantiate
+    callback<> for reference and pointer return types: although the
+    unwrappers may exist, they may convert by-value, which would cause
+    the referent to be destroyed upon return.
+
+wrap:
+
+    find the registry entry for the source type
+
+    see if there is a converter. If found, stick a pointer to it in
+    the wrap object.
+
+    when queried for convertibility, it checks to see if it has a
+    pointer to a converter.
+
+    on conversion, a reference to the target PyObject is held by the
+    converter. Generally, the PyObject will have been created by the
+    converter, but in certain cases it may be a pre-existing object,
+    whose reference count will have been incremented.
+
+    when a wrap<T> x is used to return from a C++ function,
+    x.release() is returned so that x no longer holds a reference to
+    the PyObject when destroyed.
+
+    Otherwise, on destruction, any PyObject still held has its
+    reference-count decremented.
+
+
+When a converter is created by the user, the appropriate element must
+be added to the registry; when it is destroyed, it must be removed
+from the registry.

doc/overriding.html

@@ -151,16 +151,9 @@ struct baz_callback {
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(foobar)
 {
-    try
+     boost::python::module_builder foobar("foobar");                          
-    {
+     boost::python::class_builder<baz,baz_callback> baz_class("baz");   
-       boost::python::module_builder foobar("foobar");
+     baz_class.def(&baz::calls_pure, "calls_pure"); 
-       boost::python::class_builder<baz,baz_callback> baz_class("baz");
-       baz_class.def(&baz::calls_pure, "calls_pure");
-    }
-    catch(...)
-    {
-       boost::python::handle_exception();    // Deal with the exception for Python
-    }
 }
 </pre>
     </blockquote>

doc/special.html

@@ -287,6 +287,35 @@ bignum_class.def(&rmod,  "__rmod__");
         found first (be it ``<code>int</code>`` or ``<code>float</code>'') will be
         used for either of the two types.
 
+<h3><a name="inplace">Inplace Operators</a></h3>
+<p>
+        Boost.Python can also be used to expose inplace numeric operations
+        (i.e., <code>+=</code> and so forth).  These operators must be wrapped
+        manually, as described in the previous section.  For example, suppose
+        the class BigNum has an <code>operator+=</code>:
+
+<blockquote><pre>
+BigNum& operator+= (BigNum const&amp; right);
+</pre></blockquote>
+
+      This can be exposed by first writing a wrapper function:
+
+<blockquote><pre>
+BigNum& iadd (BigNum&amp; self, const BigNum&amp; right)
+{
+  return self += right;
+}
+</pre></blockquote>
+
+      and then exposing the wrapper with
+
+<blockquote><pre>
+bignum_class.def(&amp;iadd, "__iadd__");
+</pre></blockquote>
+
+
+
+
 <h3><a name="coercion">Coercion</a></h3>
 
 
@@ -739,7 +768,7 @@ void throw_key_error_if_end(
     if (p == m.end())
     {
         PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, boost::python::converters::to_python(key));
-        throw boost::python::error_already_set();
+        boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
     }
 }
 

doc/under-the-hood.html

@@ -35,8 +35,7 @@
       "example1.html#world_class"><code>extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code></a>
       template defines a whole raft of these conversions (for <code>T, T*,
       T&amp;, std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;</code>, etc.), using the same inline
-      friend function technique employed by <a href= 
+      friend function technique employed by <a href="../../utility/operators.htm">the boost operators
-      "file:///c:/boost/site/libs/utility/operators.htm">the boost operators
       library</a>.
     <p>
       Because the <code>to_python</code> and <code>from_python</code> functions

doc/v2/Apr2002.html

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - April 2002 Progress Report</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">April 2002 Progress Report</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<dl class="index">
+  <dt><a href="#accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></dt>
+  <dl class="index">
+    <dt><a href="#arity">Arbitrary Arity Support</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#callbacks">New Callback Interface</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#policies">Call Policies for Construtors</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#bugs">Real Users, Real Bugs</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#insights">New Insights</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#v1">Boost.Python V1 Maintenance</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+
+  <dt><a href="#missing">What's Missing</a></dt>
+
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></h2>
+
+April was a short month as far as Boost.Python was concerned, since
+the spring ISO C++ Committee Meeting (and associated vacation)
+occupied me for the 2nd half of the month. However, a suprising amount
+of work got done...
+
+<h3><a name="arity">Arbitrary Arity Support</a></h3>
+
+I began using the <a
+href="../../../preprocessor/doc/index.htm">Boost.Preprocessor</a>
+metaprogramming library to generate support for functions and member
+functions of arbitrary arity, which was, to say the least, quite an
+adventure. The feedback cycle resulting from my foray into
+Boost.Preprocessor resulted in several improvements to the library,
+most notably in its documentation. 
+
+<p>
+
+Boost.Python now supports calls of up to 17 arguments on most
+compilers. Because most EDG-based compilers have dismal preprocessor
+performance, I had to &quot;manually&quot; expand the metaprograms for
+arities from zero to fifteen arguments, and EDG-based compilers with
+<code>__EDG_VERSION__&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;245</code> only support 15
+arguments by default. If some crazy program finds a need for more than
+the default arity support, users can increase the base support by
+setting the <code>BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY</code> preprocessor symbol.
+
+<h3><a name="callbacks">New Callback Interface</a></h3>
+
+I mentioned in <a href="Mar2002.html">last month's report</a> that I
+wasn't pleased with the interface for the interface for calling into
+Python, so now it has been redesigned. The new interface is outlined
+in <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-April/000953.html">this
+message</a> (though the GCC 2.95.3 bugs have been fixed).
+
+<h3><a name="policies">Call Policies for Constructors</a></h3>
+
+On April 2nd, I <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-April/000916.html">announced</a>
+support for the use of call policies with constructors.
+
+<h3><a name="bugs">Real Users, Real Bugs</a></h3>
+
+At least two people outside of Kull began actually using Boost.Python
+v2 in earnest this month. Peter Bienstman and Pearu Pearson both
+provided valuable real-world bug reports that helped me to improve the
+library's robustness.
+
+<h3><a name="insights">New Insights</a></h3>
+
+<a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001010.html"
+>Answering some of Pearu's questions</a> about explicitly converting
+objects between Python and C++ actually led me to a new understanding
+of the role of the current conversion facilities. In Boost.Python v1,
+all conversions between Python and C++ were handled by a single family
+of functions, called <code>to_python()</code> and
+<code>from_python()</code>. Since the primary role of Boost.Python is
+to wrap C++ functions in Python, I used these names for the first kind
+of converters I needed: those that extract C++ objects to be used as
+function arguments and which C++ function return values to
+Python. The better-considered approach in Boost.Python v2 uses a
+completely different mechanism for conversions used when calling
+Python from C++, as in wrapped virtual function implementations. I
+usually think of this as a &quot;callback&quot;, as in &quot;calling
+back into Python&quot;, and I named the converters used in callbacks
+accordingly: <code>to_python_callback</code> and
+<code>from_python_callback</code>. However, as it turns out, the
+behavior of the &quot;callback&quot; converters is the appropriate one
+for users who want to explicitly extract a C++ value from a Python
+object, or create a Python object from a C++ value. The upshot is that
+it probably makes sense to change the name of the existing <code>to_python</code> and
+<code>from_python</code> so those names are available for the
+user-friendly explicit converters.
+
+<p>
+<a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001013.html">Another
+of Pearu's questions</a> pushes momentum further in the direction of a
+more-sophisticated overloading mechanism than the current
+simple-minded &quot;first match&quot; approach, as I suggested <a
+href="Mar2002.html#implicit_conversions">last month</a>.
+
+<h3><a name="v1">Boost.Python V1 Maintenance</a></h3>
+
+As much as I'm looking forward to retiring Boost.Python v1, a
+significant amount of effort has been being spent dealing with support
+problems; the saying that code rots when left alone is true, and
+Boost.Python is no exception. Eventually it became obvious to me that
+we were going to have to invest some effort in keeping V1 healthy
+while working on V2. Ralf and I have expanded support for various
+compilers and stabilized the V1 codebase considerably. We discarded
+the obsolete Visual Studio projects which were causing so much
+confusion. Still to do before the next Boost release:
+<ol>
+<li>Update the build/test documentation with detailed instructions for
+configuring various toolsets.
+<li>Provide some links to Boost.Python v2 to let people know what's
+coming.
+</ol>
+
+
+<h2><a name="missing">What's Missing</a></h2>
+
+Last month I announced that I would implement the following which are
+not yet complete:
+<ol>
+<li>Document all implemented features
+<li>Implement conversions for <code>char</code> types. This is
+implemented but not tested, so we have to assume it doesn't work.
+</ol>
+
+These are my first priority for this month (especially the
+documentation).
+
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  3 May, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/CallPolicies.html

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - CallPolicies Concept</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">CallPolicies Concept</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="page-index"> 
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#composition">CallPolicies Composition</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
+  <dl class="page-index"> 
+    <dt><a href="#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies Concept</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>Models of the CallPolicies concept are used to specialize the
+behavior of Python callable objects generated by Boost.Python to
+wrapped C++ objects like function and member function
+pointers, providing three behaviors:
+<ol>
+<li> <code>precall</code> - Python argument tuple management before
+the wrapped object is invoked
+<li> <code>result_converter</code> - C++ return value handling
+<li> <code>postcall</code> - Python argument tuple and result
+management after the wrapped object is invoked
+</ol>
+
+<h2><a name="composition"></a>CallPolicies Composition</h2>
+
+In order to allow the use of multiple models of CallPolicies in the
+same callable object, Boost.Python's CallPolicies class templates
+provide a chaining interface which allows them to be recursively
+composed. This interface takes the form of an optional template
+parameter, <code>Base</code> which defaults to <a
+href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">
+<code>default_call_policies</code></a>.  By convention, the
+<code>precall</code> function of the
+<code>Base</code> is invoked <i>after</i> the <code>precall</code>
+function supplied by the outer template, and the <code>postcall</code>
+function of the <code>Base</code> is invoked <i>before</i> the
+<code>postcall</code> function of the outer template. If a
+<code>result_converter</code> is supplied by the outer template, it
+<i>replaces</i> any <code>result_converter</code> supplied by the
+<code>Base</code>. For an example, see <a
+href="return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec">
+<code>return_internal_reference</code></a>.
+
+<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
+<h3><a name="CallPolicies-concept"></a>CallPolicies Concept</h3>
+
+<p>In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes an object whose
+type <code><b>P</b></code> is a model of CallPolicies,
+<code><b>a</b></code> denotes a <code>PyObject*</code> pointing to
+a Python argument tuple object, and <code><b>r</b></code> denotes a
+<code>PyObject*</code> referring to a &quot;preliminary&quot; result
+object.
+
+<table summary="CallPolicies expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
+    <td><b>Type</b></td>
+    <td><b>Result/Semantics</b></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>x.precall(a)</code></td>
+    <td>convertible  to <code>bool</code>
+    <td>returns <code>false</code> and <code><a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
+    upon failure, <code>true</code> otherwise.
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>P::result_converter</code></td>
+    <td>A model of <a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a>.
+    <td>An MPL unarymetafunction object used produce the
+    &quot;preliminary&quot result object.
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>x.postcall(a, r)</code></td>
+    <td>convertible  to <code>PyObject*</code>
+    <td>0 <code>0</code> and <code><a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
+    upon failure. Must &quot;conserve references&quot; even in the
+    event of an exception. In other words, if <code>r</code> is not
+    returned, its reference count must be decremented; if another
+    existing object is returned, its reference count must be
+    incremented.
+</table>
+
+Models of CallPolicies are required to be <a
+href="../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html">CopyConstructible</a>.
+
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  19 May, 2002
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+
+<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
+ and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
+ in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
+ warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/Dereferenceable.html

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Dereferenceable Concept</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="page-index"> 
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
+  <dl class="page-index"> 
+    <dt><a href="#Dereferenceable-concept">Dereferenceable Concept</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>Instances of a dereferenceable type can be used like a pointer to access an lvalue.
+
+<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
+<h3><a name="Dereferenceable-concept"></a>Dereferenceable Concept</h3>
+
+<p>In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes an object whose
+type is a model of Dereferenceable.
+
+<table summary="Dereferenceable expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
+    <td><b>Requirements</b></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>*x</code></td>
+    <td>An lvalue
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  10 May, 2002
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+
+<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
+ and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
+ in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
+ warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/Extractor.html

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Extractor Concept</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="page-index"> 
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
+  <dl class="page-index"> 
+    <dt><a href="#Extractor-concept">Extractor Concept</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+  <dt><a href="#notes">Notes</a></dt>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>An Extractor is a class which Boost.Python can use to extract C++
+objects from Python objects, and is typically used by facilities that
+define <code>from_python</code> conversions for
+&quot;traditional&quot; Python extension types. 
+
+<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
+<h3><a name="Extractor-concept"></a>Extractor Concept</h3>
+
+<p>In the table below, <code><b>X</b></code> denotes a model of
+Extractor and <code><b>a</b></code> denotes an instance of a Python
+object type.
+
+<table summary="Extractor expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
+    <td><b>Type</b></td>
+    <td><b>Semantics</b></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>X::execute(a)</code></td>
+    <td>non-void
+    <td>Returns the C++ object being extracted. The
+    <code>execute</code> function must not be overloaded.
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>&amp;a.ob_type</code>
+    <td><code><a
+        href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-type-methods.html">PyTypeObject</a>**</code>
+    <td>Points to the <code>ob_type</code> field of an object which is
+    layout-compatible with <code>PyObject</code>
+  </tr>
+
+  </tr>
+
+</table>
+
+<h2><a name="notes"></a>Notes</h2>
+
+Informally, an Extractor's <code>execute</code> member must be a
+non-overloaded static function whose single argument is a Python
+object type. Acceptable Python object types include those publicly (and
+unambiguously) derived from <code>PyObject</code>, and POD types which
+are layout-compatible with PyObject.
+
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  22 May, 2002
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+
+<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
+ and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
+ in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
+ warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/HolderGenerator.html

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">HolderGenerator Concept</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="page-index"> 
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
+  <dl class="page-index"> 
+    <dt><a href="#HolderGenerator-concept">HolderGenerator Concept</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>A HolderGenerator is a unary metafunction class which returns types
+suitable for holding instances of its argument in a wrapped C++ class
+instance.
+
+<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
+<h3><a name="HolderGenerator-concept"></a>HolderGenerator Concept</h3>
+
+<p>In the table below, <code><b>G</b></code> denotes an type which
+models HolderGenerator, and <code><b>X</b></code> denotes a class
+type.
+
+<table summary="Holder expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
+    <td><b>Requirements</b></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>G::apply&lt;X&gt;::type</code></td>
+    <td>A concrete subclass of <a
+    href="instance_holder.html#instance_holder-spec">instance_holder</a>
+    which can hold objects of type <code>X</code>.
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  20 May, 2002
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+
+<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
+ and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
+ in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
+ warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/Jun2002.html

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - June 2002 Progress Report</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">June 2002 Progress Report</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<dl class="index">
+  <dt><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#handle"><code>handle&lt;T&gt;</code></a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#object"><code>object</code></a></dt>
+  <dl class="index">
+    <dt><a href="#operators"><code>object</code> operators</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#conversions"><code>object</code> conversions</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+  <dt><a href="#list"><code>list</code></a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#numerics"><code>Numerics</code></a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#community">Community</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#next">What's Next</a></dt>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
+
+July was mostly focused on allowing expressive manipulation of
+individual Python objects, or what Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve calls
+&quot;Writing Python in C++&quot;. The work began with this <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001311.html">posting</a>,
+which outlines the issues and intention.
+
+<h2><a name="handle"><code>handle&lt;T&gt;</code></a></h2>
+
+The most basic element needed was a replacement for the
+<code>reference&lt;&gt;</code> class template and the
+<code>ref</code> typedef from Boost.Python v1, a simple smart
+pointer to a Python object. The old v1 typedef
+&quot;<code>ref</code>&quot; (for
+<code>reference&lt;PyObject&gt;</code>) had to be retired because I
+thought it would be too confusing given the importance of <code><a
+href="../../../bind/ref.html">boost::ref</a>()</code> to this
+library. I began a <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001311.html">discussion</a>of
+possible names, and it was eventually <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001337.html">decided</a>
+to rename <code>reference</code> to <code>handle</code> and supply a
+default argument so that <code>ref</code> could be spelled
+<code>handle&lt;&gt;</code> without an additional typedef. There
+were also some interface changes to make it safer and more-efficient
+to interface with the raw
+<code>PyObject*</code>s forced on us by Python's 'C' API. A
+discussion of those protocols can be found <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001401.html">here</a>.
+
+<h2><a name="handle"><code>object</code></a></h2>
+
+It is intended that users will seldom need or want to work with
+<code>handle&lt;&gt;</code>; its major distinguishing features are
+that it gives direct access to the underlying object representation
+through <code>operator*</code> and <code>operator-&gt;</code>, and
+that can be <code>NULL</code>, both sources of danger. Instead the
+library provides a class called <code>object</code>, which
+encapsulates a valid Python object and provides a similar interface to
+Python's.
+
+<h3><a name="operators"><code>object</code> operators</a></h3>
+
+The first challenge was to provide support for object manipulations
+using a Python-like syntax, mostly in the form of operator overloads:
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr><th>Python <th>C++
+
+<tr>
+  <td><code>y = x.foo</code>  <td><code>y = x.attr(&quot;foo&quot;); 
+<tr>
+  <td><code>x.foo = 1</code>  <td><code>x.attr(&quot;foo&quot;) = 1; 
+
+<tr>
+  <td><code>y = x[z]</code>  <td><code>y = x[z];
+<tr>
+  <td><code>x[z] = 1</code>  <td><code>x[z] = 1; 
+
+<tr>
+  <td><code>y = x[3:-1]</code>  <td><code>y = x.slice(3,-1); 
+
+<tr>
+  <td><code>y = x[3:]</code>  <td><code>y = x.slice(3,_); 
+
+<tr>
+  <td><code>y = x[:-2]</code>  <td><code>y = x.slice(_,-2); 
+
+<tr>
+  <td><code>z = x(1, y)</code>  <td><code>z = x(1, y);
+<tr>
+  <td><code>z = x.f(1, y)</code>  <td><code>z = x.attr(&quot;f&quot;)(1, y);
+
+<tr>
+  <td><code>not x</code>  <td><code>!x
+
+<tr>
+  <td><code>x and y</code>  <td><code>x and y
+</table>
+
+I'm still a unsatisfied with the interface for attribute access. There
+original proposal  used a syntax like this one:
+<pre>
+y = x._(&quot;foo&quot;); 
+x._(&quot;foo&quot;) = 1; 
+</pre>
+
+which was only marginally better than what we've got. Niki Spahiev
+then <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001447.html">pointed
+out</a> a potential conflict with the macro which GNU Gettext <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/manual/gettext/html_mono/gettext.html#SEC6">suggests</a>
+people define. This unfortunate state of affairs forced us into using
+<code>attr</code> instead. I'd still like to find a better interface,
+but the lack of overloadable C++ operators which aren't already used
+in Python is an obstacle. The comma operator is still a possibility,
+but it has the wrong precedence:
+<pre>
+y = x,&quot;foo&quot;    // error
+x,&quot;foo&quot; = 1;   // error
+
+y = (x,&quot;foo&quot;); // ok
+(x,&quot;foo&quot;) = 1; // ok
+</pre>
+
+Well, I guess we could consider adding that to the interface without
+removing <code>attr()</code>, to see how it plays out...
+
+<h3><a name="operators"><code>object</code> conversions</a></h3>
+
+The <code>object</code> class also provided an opportunity to replace
+Boost.Python v1's <code>to_python()</code> as a user-level
+interface. Instead, <code>object</code> has a templated constructor
+which can be used to convert any C++ object to Python using the same
+underlying mechanisms used for the arguments to <code><a
+href="call.html">call</a>&lt;&gt;</code>.
+
+<p>Incidentally, the implementation of operator and conversion support
+for object uncovered an inordinate number of compiler bugs in our
+targeted platforms. It was a lot more &quot;interesting&quot; than it
+should have been.
+
+<h2><a name="list"><code>list</code></a></h2>
+
+With <code>object</code> implemented, it was time to begin replacing
+the ad-hoc implementations of <code>list</code>, <code>string</code>,
+and <code>dictionary</code> supplied by Boost.Python v1 with something
+more robust. I started with <code>list</code> as an example. Because
+<code>object</code> already provides all of the requisite operators,
+publicly deriving <code>list</code> from object seemed like a good
+choice. The remaining issues were what do do about the one-argument
+list constructor (which in Python attempts to convert its argument to
+a list), and how to deal converting with <code>list</code> arguments
+to wrapped functions. Some of the issues are laid out in <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001551.html">this
+thread</a>. Ultimately, it was decided that <code>list(x)</code>
+should do the same thing in C++ as in Python (conversion), while
+<code>list</code> arguments should only match Python
+<code>list</code>s (and <code>list</code> subclasses). The
+implementation worked well, and provided a <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001586.html">roadmap</a>
+for the protocol to be used for implementation of the other built-in
+types.
+
+<h2><a name="numerics">Numerics</a></h2>
+
+Support for C++ <code>long long</code> and <code>unsigned long
+long</code>
+(and <code>__int64</code> on MSVC) to/from python conversions was
+added this month. We also improved handling of numeric overflows when
+converting, e.g., a Python int to a type with a more limited range of
+representation.
+
+<h2><a name="community">Community</a></h2>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve and Nick Sauter have implemented
+<a href="http://cci.lbl.gov/boost/">multiplatform nightly
+build-and-test</a> runs for Boost.Python V2 at LBL.
+
+<li>Dave Hawkes has made significant progress on generating the
+Python <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001503.html">built-in
+function and API wrappers</a>
+
+<li>Achim Domma has agreed to take up the job of implementing the
+<code>str</code>, <code>dict</code>, and <code>tuple</code> classes.
+</ul>
+
+Deep thanks to all the Boost.Python contributors! This project
+wouldn't be possible without your participation.
+
+  <h2><a name="next">What's Next</a></h2>
+
+As I write this we are already well into the month of July, so I
+suggest you consult the <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-July/">Mailing
+List Archive</a> if you want to know what's been happening. Otherwise
+you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
+
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  19 July, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/Mar2002.html

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - March 2002 Progress Report</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">March 2002 Progress Report</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<dl class="index">
+  <dt><a href="#accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></dt>
+  <dl class="index">
+    <dt><a href="#calling_python">Calling Python from C++</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#virtual_functions">Virtual Functions</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#abstract_classes">Abstract Classes</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#implicit_conversions">C++ Implicit Conversions</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#data_members">C++ Data Members</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+
+  <dt><a href="#future">The Near future</a></dt>
+
+  <dt><a href="#notes">Notes</a></dt>
+
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></h2>
+
+March was mostly devoted to the reimplementation of features from
+Boost.Python v1, and some new features. Re-examination of the features
+from Boost.Python v1 allowed me to make significant improvements.
+
+<h3><a name="calling_python">Calling Python from C++</a></h3>
+
+The ability to call Python from C++ is crucial for virtual function
+support. Implementing this feature well for V2 proved to be more
+interesting than I expected. You can review most of the relevant
+design decisions
+<a href="callbacks.txt">here</a>.
+
+<p>
+One point which <i>isn't</i> emphasized in that document is that there
+are subtle differences in the way <code>from_python</code> conversions
+work when used for C++ function arguments and Python function return
+values. In particular, while <code>T const&amp;</code> arguments may
+invoke rvalue converters, a reference-to-const return value requires
+an lvalue converter, since a temporary conversion result would leave
+the returned reference dangling.
+
+<p>I'm not particularly pleased with the current callback interface,
+since it usually results in constructs like:
+<pre>
+<u>return returning</u>&lt;X&amp;&gt;::call(f, obj);
+</pre>
+However, I think the following may be possible and I plan to investigate:
+<pre>
+return apply&lt;X&amp;&gt;(f, obj);
+</pre>
+I'm open to suggestion for better names (and syntaxes)!
+
+<h3><a name="virtual_functions">Virtual Functions</a></h3>
+
+Once Python callbacks were implemented, it was just a short step to
+implementing virtual functions. Python extension class exposing a C++
+class whose virtual functions are overridable in Python must actually
+hold a C++ instance of a class <i>derived</i> from the one exposed to
+Python. Needing some way for users to specify that class, I added an
+optional template argument to <code>value_holder_generator</code> and
+<code>pointer_holder_generator&lt;&gt;</code> to specify the class
+actually held. This move began to put pressure on the
+<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface, since the need for the user to
+produce complicated instantations of
+<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> was increased:
+
+<pre>
+class&lt;Foo, bases&lt;&gt;, value_holder_generator&lt;Foo_callback&gt; &gt;(&quot;Foo&quot;)
+.def(&quot;hello&quot;, &amp;Foo::hello)
+...
+</pre>
+
+<h3><a name="abstract_classes">Abstract Classes</a></h3>
+
+Normally when a C++ class is exposed to Python, the library registers
+a conversion function which allows users to wrap functions returning
+values of that type. Naturally, these return values are temporaries,
+so the conversion function must make a copy in some
+dynamically-allocated storage (a &quot;holder&quot;) which is managed
+by the corresponding Python object.
+
+<p>Unfortunately, in the case of abstract classes (and other types
+without a publicly-accessible copy constructor), instantiating this
+conversion function causes a compilation error.  In order to support
+non-copyable classes, there had to be some way to prevent the library
+from trying to instantiate the conversion function. The only practical
+approach I could think of was to add an additional template parameter
+to the <code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface. When the number of
+template parameters with useful defaults begins to grow, it is often
+hard to choose an order which allows users to take advantage of the
+defaults.
+
+<p>
+
+This was the straw that broke the
+<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface's back and caused the redesign
+whose outcome is detailed <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-March/000892.html">here</a>.
+The approach allows the user to supply the optional parameters in an
+arbitrary order. It was inspired by the use of <a
+href="../../../utility/iterator_adaptors.htm#named_tempalte_parameters">named
+template parameters</a> in the <a
+href="../../../utility/iterator_adaptors.htm">Boost Iterator Adaptor
+Library</a>, though in this case it is possible to deduce the meaning
+of the template parameters entirely from their type properties,
+resulting in a simpler interface. Although the move from a
+policy-based design to what resembles a configuration DSL usually
+implies a loss of flexibility, in this case I think any costs are far
+outweighed by the advantages.
+
+<p>Note: working around the limitations of the various compilers I'm
+supporting was non-trivial, and resulted in a few messy implementation
+details. It might be a good idea to switch to a more-straightforward
+approach once Metrowerks CodeWarrior Pro8 is released.
+
+<h3><a name="implicit_conversions">C++ Implicit Conversions</a></h3>
+
+Support for C++ implicit conversion involves creating
+<code>from_python</code> converters for a type <code>U</code> which in
+turn use <code>from_python</code> converters registered for a type
+<code>T</code> where there exists a implicit conversion from
+<code>T</code> to <code>U</code>. The current implementation is
+subject to two inefficiencies:
+<ol>
+
+<li>Because an rvalue <code>from_python</code> converter produces two
+pieces of data (a function and a <code>void*</code>) from its
+<code>convertible()</code> function, we end up calling the function
+for <code>T</code> twice: once when the converter is looked up in the
+registry, and again when the conversion is actually performed. 
+
+<li>A vector is used to mark the "visited" converters, preventing
+infinite recursion as <code>T</code> to
+<code>U</code> and <code>U</code> to <code>T</code> converters
+continually search through one-another.
+
+</ol>
+
+I consider the former to be a minor issue. The second may or may not
+prove to be computationally significant, but I believe that
+architecturally, it points toward a need for more sophisticated
+overload resolution. It may be that we want CLOS-style multimethod
+dispatching along with C++ style rules that prevent more than one
+implicit conversion per argument.
+
+<h3><a name="data_members">C++ Data Members</a></h3>
+
+To supply the ability to directly access data members, I was able to
+hijack the new Python <a
+href="http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property">property</a>
+type. I had hoped that I would also be able to re-use the work of <a
+href="make_function.html">make_function</a> to create callable python
+objects from C++ functions which access a data member of a given
+class. C++ facilities for specifying data member pointer non-type
+template arguments require the user to explicitly specify the type of
+the data member and this under-utilized feature is also not
+well-implemented on all compilers, so passing the member pointer as a
+runtime value is the only practical approach. The upshot is that any
+such entity would actually have to be a function <i>object</i>, and I
+haven't implemented automatic wrapping of C++ callable function
+objects yet, so there is less re-use in the implementation than I'd
+like. I hope to implement callable object wrapping and refactor this
+code one day. I also hope to implement static data member support,
+for which Python's property will not be an appropriate descriptor.
+
+<h3><a name="miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></h3>
+<ul>
+<li>Moved <code>args&lt;&gt;</code> and <code>bases&lt;&gt;</code> from unnamed namespace to <code>boost::python</code> in their own header files.
+<li>Convert <code>NULL</code> pointers returned from wrapped C++ functions to <code>None</code>.
+<li>Improved some compile-time error checks.
+<li>Eliminated <code>boost/python/detail/eval.hpp</code> in favor of
+more-general <code>boost/mpl/apply.hpp</code>.
+<li>General code cleanup and refactoring.
+<li>Works with Microsoft Visual C++ 7.0
+<li>Warning suppression for many compilers
+<li>Elegant interface design for exporting <code>enum</code> types.
+</ul>
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="future">The Near Future</a></h2>
+
+Before April 15th I plan to 
+<ol>
+<li>Document all implemented features
+<li>Implement a <code>CallPolicy</code> interface for constructors of wrapped
+classes
+<li>Implement conversions for <code>char</code> types.
+<li>Implement automated code generation for all headers containing
+families of overloaded functions to handle arbitrary arity.
+</ol>
+
+I also hope to implement a mechanism for generating conversions
+between arbitrary Python sequences and C++ containers, if time permits
+(and others haven't already done it)!
+
+<h2><a name="notes">Notes</a></h2>
+
+The older version of KCC used by Kull is generating lots of warnings
+about a construct I use to instantiate static members of various class
+templates. I'm thinking of moving to an idiom which uses a function
+template to suppress it, but worry about bloating the size of debug
+builds. Since KCC users may be moving to GCC, I'm not sure that it's
+worth doing anything about it.
+
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  1 April, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/May2002.html

@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - May 2002 Progress Report</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">May 2002 Progress Report</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<dl class="index">
+  <dt><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#features">New Features</a></dt>
+  <dl>
+    <dt><a href="#aix_shared">Shared Library Support for AIX</a><dd>
+    <dt><a href="#class_enhancements">Class Enhancements</a><dd>
+    <dl>
+      <dt><a href="#operators">Operators</a><dd>
+      <dt><a href="#iterators">Iterators</a><dd>
+      <dt><a href="#properties">Properties</a><dd>
+      <dt><a href="#setattr">setattr</a><dd>
+      <dt><a href="#module">__module__ Attribute</a><dd>
+    </dl>
+    <dt><a href="#back_reference">back_reference</a><dd>
+ </dl>
+
+  <dt><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a></dt>
+   <dt><a href="#misc">Miscellaneous</a></dt>
+  <dl class="index">
+    <dt><a href="#converters">Converters</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#shared">Shared Libraries</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+
+  <dt><a href="#next">What's Next</a></dt>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
+
+Aside from library development, work on Boost.Python in May was
+focused on reducing the support burden. In recent weeks, responding to
+requests for support, espcially surrounding building the library, had
+begun to impede progress on development. There was a major push to
+release a stable 1.28.0 of Boost, including documentation of <a
+href="../../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> and specific
+<a href="../building.html">instructions</a> for building Boost.Python
+v1. The documentation for Boost.Python v2 was also updated as
+described <a href="#documentation">here</a>.
+
+<h2><a name="features">New Features</a></h2>
+
+  <h3><a name="aix_shared">Shared Library Support for AIX</a></h3>
+
+  The Kull group required the ability to build and test Boost.Python
+  extensions on AIX, a platform with &quot;creatively designed&quot;
+  shared library semantics. Making this work was a multi-pronged
+  effort, involving changes to Boost.Build and some great research by
+  Martin Casado which uncovered the key mechanism required to allow
+  shared libraries to use functions from the Python executable. The
+  current solution used in Boost.Build relies on a <a
+  href="../../../../tools/build/gen_aix_import_file.py">Python
+  Script</a> as part of the build process. This is not a problem for
+  Boost.Python, as Python will be available. However, the commands
+  issued by the script are so simple that a 100%-pure-Boost.Jam
+  solution is surely possible. Linking on AIX is sufficiently
+  interesting to have skewed the Boost.Python development schedule a
+  bit.
+
+  <h3><a name="class_enhancements">Class Enhancements</a></h3>
+
+      <h4><a name="operators">Operators</a></h4>
+
+Support for exposing C++ operators and functions as the corresponding
+Python special methods was added. Thinking that the Boost.Python
+<a href="../special.html#numeric">v1 interface</a> was a little too
+esoteric (especially the use of
+<code>left_operand&lt;...&gt;/right_operand&lt;...&gt;</code> for
+asymmetric operands), I introduced a simple form of <a
+href="http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html">expression
+templates</a> which allow users to simply write the expressions that
+should be wrapped, as in this <a href="operators.html#examples">example</a>.
+
+      <h4><a name="iterators">Iterators</a></h4>
+
+Python iterator support as required by the Kull project resulted in a
+highly flexible interface allowing:
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt>Direct exposure of a class' <code>begin()</code> and
+<code>end()</code> functions:
+
+<pre>
+    ...
+    .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;, iterator&lt;list_int&gt;())
+</pre>
+<dd>
+
+<dt>Creation of iterators from member functions...
+<pre>
+    ...
+    .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;
+         , range(&amp;my_class::x_begin, &amp;my_class::x_end))
+    )
+</pre>
+<dd>
+
+<dt>...and member data:
+<pre>
+    ...
+    .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;
+         , range(&amp;std::pair&lt;char*,char*&gt;::first, &amp;std::pair&lt;char*,char*&gt;::second))
+    )
+</pre>
+<dd>
+
+<dt>The ability to specify <a
+href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>, e.g. to prevent copying of
+heavyweight values:
+
+<pre>
+    ...
+    .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;, 
+         , range&lt;return_value_policy&lt;copy_non_const_reference&gt; &gt;(
+               &amp;my_sequence&lt;heavy&gt;::begin
+             , &amp;my_sequence&lt;heavy&gt;::end))
+</pre>
+<dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+      <h4><a name="properties">Properties</a></h4>
+
+The Kull iteration interfaces also required the ability to iterate
+over a sequence specified by an instance's attribute:
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f = field()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; for e in f.elements:
+...     print e,
+</pre>
+
+This forced the exposure of the <a
+      href="http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property"><code>property</code></a>
+      interface used internally to implement the data member exposure
+      facility described in <a
+      href="Mar2002#data_members">March</a>. Properties are an
+      incredibly useful idiom, so it's good to be able to provide them
+      at little new development cost.
+
+      <h4><a name="setattr">setattr</a></h4>
+
+<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> acquired a <code>setattr</code> member
+function which allows users to easily add new Python objects as class
+attributes.
+
+      <h4><a name="module">__module__ Attribute</a></h4>
+
+Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve has been working on pickling support for v2. To
+make it work correctly, he had to make sure that a class'
+<code>__module__</code> attribute was set correctly.
+
+<h3><a name="back_reference"><code>back_reference</code></a></h3>
+
+The new <code>back_reference&lt;T&gt;</code> template can be used as a
+function parameter when the user needs access to both a <code>T</code>
+argument and to the Python object which manages it. The function will
+only match in the overload resolution process if it would match the
+same function signature with <code>T</code> substituted for
+<code>back_reference&lt;T&gt;</code>. This feature is not yet
+documented.
+
+<h2><a name="documentation">Documentation</a></h2>
+
+In a major effort to prepare Boost.Python v2 to replace v1, many pages
+of new reference documentation were added:
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<dl>
+        <dt><a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="Dereferenceable.html">Dereferenceable.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="Extractor.html">Extractor.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="HolderGenerator.html">HolderGenerator.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="ResultConverter.html">ResultConverter.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="call_method.html">call_method.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="callbacks.html">callbacks.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="data_members.html">data_members.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="has_back_reference.html">has_back_reference.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="implicit.html">implicit.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="instance_holder.html">instance_holder.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="operators.html">operators.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="ptr.html">ptr.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="type_id.html">type_id.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="with_custodian_and_ward.html">with_custodian_and_ward.html</a><dd>
+</dl>
+
+</blockquote>
+Major updates were made to the following pages:
+
+
+<blockquote>
+<dl>
+        <dt><a href="call.html">call.html</a><dd> <dt><a href="updated">updated</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="class.html">class.html</a><dd>
+        <dt><a href="reference.html">reference.html</a><dd>
+</dl>
+</blockquote>
+
+         As usual, careful documentation forces one to consider the
+         interface again, and there were many interface changes
+         associated with this effort, including the elevation of the
+         following components from implementation detail to
+         first-class library citizen:
+
+<blockquote>
+<dl>
+        <dt>type_id.hpp<dd>
+        <dt>pointee.hpp<dd>
+        <dt>lvalue_from_pytype.hpp<dd></dl>
+</dl>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h2><a name="misc">Miscellaneous</a></h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="converters">Converters</a></h3>
+
+It appears that the world of C++ &lt;==&gt; Python conversion rules is
+an endlessly-rich area of exploration. Completing the conversions for
+<code>char</code> and <code>char const*</code> types, as described at
+the end of <a href="Apr2002.html#missing">April's report</a>,
+uncovered some interesting new shades to the problem. It turns out to
+be worth distinguishing mutable and immutable lvalue conversions,
+because despite the fact that Python doesn't understand
+<code>const</code>, it does understand immutability (c.f. Python
+strings, which expose an immutable <code>char</code> pointer). It is
+also worth recognizing types which represent lvalue <i>sequences</i>,
+to prevent Python <code>&quot;foobar&quot;</code> from being silently
+truncated to C++ <code>'f'</code>. More details on this insight can be
+found in the mailing list <a
+href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001023.html">
+archive</a>. I don't plan to do anything about this immediately, but I
+do think it's the right direction to go in the long run.
+
+    <h3><a name="checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
+
+In order to better coordinate changes made by multiple developers, I
+enabled <a
+href="http://sourceforge.net/docman/display_doc.php?docid=772&group_id=1">syncmail</a>
+for the Boost.Python CVS trees, and established an associated <a
+href="http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/boost-python-cvs">mailing
+list</a>. Subscribe to this list to receive notices of each new
+checkin.
+
+    <h3><a name="shared">Shared Libraries</a></h3>
+
+Beyond the vagaries of dynamic linking on AIX, I have been
+participating in a more-general discussion of dynamic linking for
+C++. Needless to say, C++ dynamic linking is of critical importance to
+Boost.Python: all extension modules are normally built as shared
+libraries, and Boost.Python extension modules share a common library
+as well. 
+
+In fact, there are at least two separate conversations. One
+in the C++ standard extensions mailing list concerns what can be
+standardized for C++ and shared libraries; the other, mostly on the <a
+href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/">gcc</a> mailing list, concerns the
+behavior of GCC on Posix/ELF platforms. 
+
+Some of the GCC threads are here:
+
+<blockquote>
+<a
+href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02002.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02002.html</a><br>
+<a
+href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02945.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02945.html</a><br>
+<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg01758.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg01758.html</a>
+</blockquote>
+
+  <h2><a name="next">What's Next</a></h2>
+
+Development is focused on what's needed to be able to retire
+Boost.Python v1. At the moment, that means deciding the user-friendly
+interfaces for to_/from_python conversion, and formally exposing the
+Python object smart pointers and object wrapper classes. Quite a few
+questions have also been showing up recently about how to embed Python
+with Boost.Python, and how to link with it statically; the solutions
+to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
+
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  11 June, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/ResultConverter.html

@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - ResultConverter Concept</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">ResultConverter Concept</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="page-index"> 
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
+  <dl class="page-index"> 
+    <dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
+    <dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+<p>A ResultConverter for a type <code>T</code> is a type whose
+instances can be used to convert C++ return values of type
+<code>T</code> <code>to_python</code>. A ResultConverterGenerator is
+an MPL unary metafunction class which, given the return type of a C++
+function, returns a ResultConverter for that type. ResultConverters in
+Boost.Python generally inspect library's registry of converters to
+find a suitable converter, but converters which don't use the registry
+are also possible.
+
+<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
+<h3><a name="ResultConverter-concept"></a>ResultConverter Concept</h3>
+
+<p>In the table below, <code><b>C</b></code> denotes a ResultConverter
+type for a type <b><code>R</code></b> , <code><b>c</b></code> denotes
+an object of type <code><b>C</b></code> , and <code><b>r</b></code>
+denotes an object of type <code><b>R</b></code>.
+
+<table summary="ResultConverter expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
+    <td><b>Type</b></td>
+    <td><b>Semantics</b></td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>C c;</code></td>
+    <td>
+    <td>Constructs a <code>C</code> object.
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>c.convertible()</code></td>
+    <td>convertible to <code>bool</code></td>
+    <td><code>false</code> iff no conversion from any <code>R</code> value
+    to a Python object is possible.</td>
+  </tr>
+
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>c(r)</code></td>
+    <td>convertible to <code>PyObject*</code></td>
+    <td>A pointer to a Python object corresponding to <code>r</code>,
+    or <code>0</code> iff <code>r</code> could not be converted
+    <code>to_python</code>, in which case <a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>
+    should return non-zero.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<h3><a name="ResultConverterGenerator-concept"></a>ResultConverterGenerator Concept</h3>
+<p>In the table below, <code><b>G</b></code> denotes a
+ResultConverterGenerator type and <code><b>R</b></code> denotes a possible
+C++ function return type.
+
+<table summary="ResultConverterGenerator expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
+  <tr> 
+    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
+    <td><b>Requirements</b></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top"><code>G::apply&lt;R&gt;::type</code></td>
+    <td>A ResultConverter type for <code>R</code>.</td>
+</table>
+
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  09 May, 2002    <!--Luann's birthday! -->
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+
+<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
+ and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
+ in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
+ warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/acknowledgments.html

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Acknowledgments</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Acknowledgments</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+{{text}}
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  05 November, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/bibliography.html

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Bibliography</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Bibliography</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+{{bibliographical information}}
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  05 November, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/call.html

@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - &lt;call.hpp&gt;</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Header &lt;call.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<dl class="page-index"> 
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
+  <dl class="page-index">
+    <dt><a href="#call-spec">call</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+
+  <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
+
+</dl>
+<hr>
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+<p>
+  <code>&lt;boost/python/call.hpp&gt;</code> defines the <a
+  href="#call-spec"><code>call</code></a> family of overloaded function
+  templates, used to invoke Python callable objects from C++.
+
+<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+<pre>
+<a name="call-spec">template &lt;class R, class A1, class A2, ... class A<i>n</i>&gt;</a>
+R call(PyObject* callable, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;, ... A<i>n</i> const&amp;)
+</pre>
+<dl class="function-semantics"> 
+  <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>R</code> is a pointer type, reference
+  type, or a complete type with an accessible copy constructor</dt>
+
+  <dt><b>Effects:</b> Invokes <code>callable(a1,&nbsp;a2,&nbsp;...a<i>n</i>)</code> in
+  Python, where <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>n</i></code> are the arguments to
+  <code>call()</code>, converted to Python objects.
+  <dt><b>Returns:</b> The result of the Python call, converted to the C++ type <code>R</code>.</dt>
+
+</dt>
+  <dt><b>Rationale:</b> For a complete semantic description and
+  rationale, see <a href="callbacks.html">this page</a>.
+</dt>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
+
+The following C++ function applies a Python callable object to its two
+arguments and returns the result. If a Python exception is raised or
+the result can't be converted to a <code>double</code>, an exception
+is thrown.
+
+<pre>
+double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
+{
+   return boost::python::call&lt;double&gt;(func, x, y);
+}
+</pre>
+
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/call_method.html

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - &lt;call_method.hpp&gt;</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Header &lt;call_method.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<dl class="page-index"> 
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
+  <dl class="page-index">
+    <dt><a href="#call_method-spec">call_method</a></dt>
+  </dl>
+
+  <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
+
+</dl>
+<hr>
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+<p>
+  <code>&lt;boost/python/call_method.hpp&gt;</code> defines the <a
+  href="#call_method-spec"><code>call_method</code></a> family of overloaded function
+  templates, used to invoke callable attributes of Python objects from C++.
+
+<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+<pre>
+<a name="call_method-spec">template &lt;class R, class A1, class A2, ... class A<i>n</i>&gt;</a>
+R call_method(PyObject* self, char const* method, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;, ... A<i>n</i> const&amp;)
+</pre>
+<dl class="function-semantics"> 
+  <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>R</code> is a pointer type, reference
+  type, or a complete type with an accessible copy constructor</dt>
+
+  <dt><b>Effects:</b> Invokes <code>self.<i>method</i>(a1,&nbsp;a2,&nbsp;...a<i>n</i>)</code> in
+  Python, where <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>n</i></code> are the arguments to
+  <code>call_method()</code>, converted to Python objects. For a
+  complete semantic description, see <a href="callbacks.html">this
+  page</a>.
+
+  <dt><b>Returns:</b> The result of the Python call, converted to the
+  C++ type <code>R</code>.</dt>
+
+</dt>
+  <dt><b>Rationale:</b> <code>call_method</code> is critical to
+  implementing C++ virtual functions which are overridable in Python,
+  as shown by the example below.
+</dt>
+</dl>
+
+<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
+
+The following C++ illustrates the use of <code>call_method</code> in
+wrapping a class with a virtual function that can be overridden in
+Python:
+
+<h3>C++ Module Definition</h3>
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/utility.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;cstring&gt;
+
+// class to be wrapped
+class Base
+{
+ public:
+   virtual char const* class_name() const { return &quot;Base&quot;; }
+   virtual ~Base();
+};
+
+bool is_base(Base* b)
+{
+   return !std::strcmp(b-&gt;class_name(), &quot;Base&quot;);
+}
+
+// Wrapper code begins here
+using namespace boost::python;
+
+// Callback class
+class Base_callback : public Base
+{
+ public:
+   Base_callback(PyObject* self) : m_self(self) {}
+
+   char const* class_name() const { return <b>call_method</b>(m_self, &quot;class_name&quot;); }
+   char const* Base_name() const { return Base::class_name(); }
+ private:
+   PyObject* m_self;
+};
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
+{
+   module("my_module")
+      .def(&quot;is_base&quot;, is_base)
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Base,Base_callback, noncopyable&gt;(&quot;Base&quot;)
+             .def(&quot;class_name&quot;, &#24;Base_callback::Base_name);
+         )
+       ;
+}
+</pre>
+
+<h3>Python Code</h3>
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; class Derived(Base):
+...    def __init__(self):
+...       Base.__init__(self)
+...    def class_name(self):
+...       return self.__class__.__name__
+...
+&gt;&gt;&gt; is_base(Base()) # calls the class_name() method from C++
+1
+&gt;&gt;&gt; is_base(Derived())
+0
+</pre>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  10 May, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/callbacks.html

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Calling Python Functions and Methods</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Calling Python Functions and Methods</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<dl class="page-index"> 
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#argument_handling">Argument Handling</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#result_handling">Result Handling</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#result_handling">Rationale</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<hr>
+
+<h2><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
+<p>
+Boost.Python provides two families of function templates,
+<code><a href="call.html#call-spec">call</a></code> and <code><a
+href="call_method.html#call_method-spec">call_method</a></code>, for
+invoking Python functions and methods respectively. The interface for
+calling a Python function object (or any Python callable object) looks
+like:
+
+<pre>
+call&lt;ResultType&gt;(callable_object, a1, a2... a<i>N</i>);
+</pre>
+
+Calling a method of a Python object is similarly easy:
+
+<pre>
+call_method&lt;ResultType&gt;(self_object, &quot;<i>method-name</i>&quot;, a1, a2... a<i>N</i>);
+</pre>
+
+
+<h2><a name="argument_handling">Argument Handling</a></h2>
+<p>
+
+Arguments are converted to Python according to their type. By default,
+the arguments <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>N</i></code> are copied into
+new Python objects, but this behavior can be overridden by the use of
+<code><a href="ptr.html#ptr-spec">ptr()</a></code> and <a
+href="../../../bind/ref.html#reference_wrapper">ref()</a>:
+
+<pre>
+class X : boost::noncopyable
+{
+   ...
+};
+
+void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
+{
+   // Invoke callable, passing a Python object which holds a reference to x
+   boost::python::call&lt;void&gt;(callable, boost::ref(x));
+}
+</pre>
+
+In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes the actual argument
+object and <code><b>cv</b></code> denotes an optional
+<i>cv-qualification</i>: &quot;<code>const</code>&quot;,
+&quot;<code>volatile</code>&quot;, or &quot;<code>const
+volatile</code>&quot;.
+
+    <table border="1" summary="class_ template parameters">
+      <tr>
+        <th>Argument Type
+
+        <th>Behavior
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>T cv&amp;</code><br>
+        <code>T cv</code>
+
+        <td>The Python argument is created by the same means used 
+        for the return value of a wrapped C++ function returning
+        <code>T</code>. When
+        <code>T</code> is a class type, that normally means
+        <code>*x</code> is copy-constructed into the new Python
+        object. 
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>T*</code> 
+
+        <td>If <code>x&nbsp;==&nbsp;0</code>, the Python argument will
+        be <code><a
+        href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a></code>. Otherwise,
+        the Python argument is created by the same means used for the
+        return value of a wrapped C++ function returning
+        <code>T</code>. When
+        <code>T</code> is a class type, that normally means
+        <code>*x</code> is copy-constructed into the new Python
+        object. 
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code><a
+        href="../../../bind/ref.html#reference_wrapper">boost::reference_wrapper</a>&lt;T&gt; </code>
+
+        <td>The Python argument contains a pointer to, rather than a
+        copy of, <code>x.get()</code>. Note: failure to ensure that no
+        Python code holds a reference to the resulting object beyond
+        the lifetime of <code>*x.get()</code> <b>may result in a
+        crash!</b> 
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code><a
+        href="ptr.html#pointer_wrapper-spec">pointer_wrapper</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>
+
+        <td>If <code>x.get()&nbsp;==&nbsp;0</code>, the Python
+        argument will be <code><a
+        href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a></code>.
+        Otherwise, the Python argument contains a pointer to, rather
+        than a copy of, <code>*x.get()</code>. Note: failure to ensure
+        that no Python code holds a reference to the resulting object
+        beyond the lifetime of <code>*x.get()</code> <b>may result in
+        a crash!</b>  
+
+    </table>
+
+<h2><a name="result_handling">Result Handling</a></h2>
+
+In general, <code>call&lt;ResultType&gt;()</code> and
+<code>call_method&lt;ResultType&gt;()</code> return
+<code>ResultType</code> by exploiting all lvalue and rvalue
+<code>from_python</code> converters registered for ResultType and
+returning a copy of the result. However, when
+<code>ResultType</code> is a pointer or reference type, Boost.Python
+searches only for lvalue converters. To prevent dangling pointers and
+references, an exception will be thrown if the Python result object
+has only a single reference count.
+
+<h2><a name="rationale">Rationale</a></h2>
+
+In general, to get Python arguments corresponding to
+<code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>N</i></code>, a new Python object must be
+created for each one; should the C++ object be copied into that Python
+object, or should the Python object simply hold a reference/pointer to
+the C++ object? In general, the latter approach is unsafe, since the
+called function may store a reference to the Python object
+somewhere. If the Python object is used after the C++ object is
+destroyed, we'll crash Python.
+
+<p>In keeping with the philosophy that users on the Python side
+shouldn't have to worry about crashing the interpreter, the default
+behavior is to copy the C++ object, and to allow a non-copying
+behavior only if the user writes <code><a
+href="../../../bind/ref.html">boost::ref</a>(a1)</code> instead of a1
+directly. At least this way, the user doesn't get dangerous behavior
+&quot;by accident&quot;. It's also worth noting that the non-copying
+(&quot;by-reference&quot;) behavior is in general only available for
+class types, and will fail at runtime with a Python exception if used
+otherwise[<a href="#1">1</a>].
+
+<p>
+However, pointer types present a problem: one approach is to refuse
+to compile if any aN has pointer type: after all, a user can always pass
+<code>*aN</code> to pass &quot;by-value&quot; or <code>ref(*aN)</code>
+to indicate a pass-by-reference behavior. However, this creates a
+problem for the expected null pointer to
+<code>None</code> conversion: it's illegal to dereference a null
+pointer value.
+
+<p>
+
+The compromise I've settled on is this: 
+
+<ol>
+<li>The default behavior is pass-by-value. If you pass a non-null
+   pointer, the pointee is copied into a new Python object; otherwise
+   the corresponding Python argument will be None.
+
+<li>if you want by-reference behavior, use <code>ptr(aN)</code> if
+   <code>aN</code> is a pointer and <code>ref(aN)</code> otherwise. If
+   a null pointer is passed to <code>ptr(aN)</code>, the corresponding
+   Python argument will be <code>None</code>.
+   </ol>
+
+<p>
+As for results, we have a similar problem: if <code>ResultType</code>
+is allowed to be a pointer or reference type, the lifetime of the
+object it refers to is probably being managed by a Python object. When
+that Python object is destroyed, our pointer dangles. The problem is
+particularly bad when the <code>ResultType</code> is char const* - the
+corresponding Python String object is typically uniquely-referenced,
+meaning that the pointer dangles as soon as <code>call&lt;char
+const*&gt;(...)</code> returns.
+
+<p>
+The old Boost.Python v1 deals with this issue by refusing to compile
+any uses of <code>call&lt;char const*&gt;()</code>, but this goes both
+too far and not far enough. It goes too far because there are cases
+where the owning Python string object survives beyond the call (just
+for instance, when it's the name of a Python class), and it goes not
+far enough because we might just as well have the same problem with a
+returned pointer or reference of any other type.
+
+<p>
+
+In Boost.Python v2 this is dealt with by:
+
+<ol>
+   <li> lifting the compile-time restriction on const
+    char* callback returns
+
+   
+   <li> detecting the case when the reference count on the result
+    Python object is 1 and throwing an exception inside of
+    <code>call&lt;U&gt;(...)</code> when <code>U</code> is a pointer
+    or reference type.
+</ol>
+
+This should be acceptably safe because users have to explicitly
+specify a pointer/reference for <code>U</code> in
+<code>call&lt;U&gt;</code>, and they will be protected against dangles
+at runtime, at least long enough to get out of the
+<code>call&lt;U&gt;(...)</code> invocation.
+
+<hr>
+
+<a name="1">[1]</a> It would be possible to make it fail at compile-time for non-class
+types such as int and char, but I'm not sure it's a good idea to impose
+this restriction yet.
+
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  17 April, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/callbacks.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+Here's the plan:
+
+I aim to provide an interface similar to that of Boost.Python v1's
+callback<>::call(...) for dealing with callbacks. The interface will
+look like:
+
+    returning<ResultType>::call("method_name", self_object, a1, a2...);
+
+or
+
+    returning<ResultType>::call(callable_object, a1, a2...);
+
+ARGUMENT HANDLING
+
+There is an issue concerning how to make Python objects from the
+arguments a1...aN. A new Python object must be created; should the C++
+object be copied into that Python object, or should the Python object
+simply hold a reference/pointer to the C++ object? In general, the
+latter approach is unsafe, since the called function may store a
+reference to the Python object somewhere. If the Python object is used
+after the C++ object is destroyed, we'll crash Python.
+
+I plan to make the copying behavior the default, and to allow a
+non-copying behavior if the user writes boost::ref(a1) instead of a1
+directly. At least this way, the user doesn't get dangerous behavior "by
+accident". It's also worth noting that the non-copying ("by-reference")
+behavior is in general only available for class types, and will fail at
+runtime with a Python exception if used otherwise**
+
+However, pointer types present a problem: My first thought is to refuse
+to compile if any aN has pointer type: after all, a user can always pass
+*aN to pass "by-value" or ref(*aN) to indicate a pass-by-reference
+behavior. However, this creates a problem for the expected NULL pointer
+=> None conversion: it's illegal to dereference a null pointer value.
+
+We could use another construct, say "ptr(aN)", to deal with null
+pointers, but then what does it mean? We know what it does when aN is
+NULL, but it might either have by-value or by-reference behavior when aN
+is non-null.
+
+The compromise I've settled on is this: 
+
+1. The default behavior is pass-by-value. If you pass a non-null
+   pointer, the pointee is copied into a new Python object; otherwise
+   the corresponding Python argument will be None.
+
+2. if you want by-reference behavior, use ptr(aN) if aN is a pointer
+   and ref(aN) otherwise. If a null pointer is passed to ptr(aN), the
+   corresponding Python argument will be None.
+
+RESULT HANDLING
+
+As for results, we have a similar problem: if ResultType is allowed to
+be a pointer or reference type, the lifetime of the object it refers to
+is probably being managed by a Python object. When that Python object is
+destroyed, our pointer dangles. The problem is particularly bad when the
+ResultType is char const* - the corresponding Python String object is
+typically uniquely-referenced, meaning that the pointer dangles as soon
+as returning<char const*>::call() returns.
+
+Boost.Python v1 deals with this issue by refusing to compile any uses of
+callback<char const*>::call(), but IMO this goes both too far and not
+far enough. It goes too far because there are cases where the owning
+String object survives beyond the call (just for instance when it's the
+name of a Python class), and it goes not far enough because we might
+just as well have the same problem with any returned pointer or
+reference.
+
+I propose to address this in Boost.Python v2 by
+
+    1. lifting the compile-time restriction on const
+    char* callback returns
+
+    2. detecting the case when the reference count on the
+    result Python object is 1 and throwing an exception
+    inside of returning<U>::call() when U is a pointer or
+    reference type.
+
+I think this is acceptably safe because users have to explicitly specify
+a pointer/reference for U in returning<U>, and they will be protected
+against dangles at runtime, at least long enough to get out of the
+returning<U>::call() invocation.
+
+-Dave
+
+**It would be possible to make it fail at compile-time for non-class
+types such as int and char, but I'm not sure it's a good idea to impose
+this restriction yet.

doc/v2/class.html

@@ -0,0 +1,589 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;,
+    &lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Headers &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;,
+          &lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#class_-spec">Class template <code>class_</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#class_-spec-synopsis">Class <code>class_</code>
+              synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#class_-spec-ctors">Class <code>class_</code>
+              constructors</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#class_-spec-modifiers">Class <code>class_</code>
+              modifier functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#class_-spec-observers">Class <code>class_</code>
+              observer functions</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="#bases-spec">Class template <code>bases</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#bases-spec-synopsis">Class <code>bases</code>
+              synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="#args-spec">Class template <code>args</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#args-spec-synopsis">Class <code>args</code>
+              synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;</code> defines the interface
+    through which users expose their C++ classes to Python. It declares the
+    <code>class_</code> class template, which is parameterized on the
+    class type being exposed. It also exposes the <code>args</code>
+    and <code>bases</code> utility class templates, which are used in
+    conjunction with <code>class_</code>.
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</code> contains a forward
+    declaration of the <code>class_</code> class template.
+
+  <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="class_-spec"></a>Class template <code>class_&lt;T, <font color="#007f00">Bases, HeldType, NonCopyable</font>&gt;</code></h3>
+
+    <p>Creates a Python class associated with the C++ type passed as
+    its first parameter. Although it has four template parameters,
+    only the first one is required. The three optional arguments can
+    actually be supplied <font color="#007f00"><b>in any
+    order</b></font>; Boost.Python determines the role of the argument
+    from its type.<br>
+    <br>
+
+    <table border="1" summary="class_ template parameters">
+      <tr>
+        <th>Template Parameter
+
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Semantics
+
+        <th>Default
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>T</code> 
+
+        <td>A class type.
+
+        <td>The class being wrapped
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code><font color="#007f00">Bases</font></code> 
+
+        <td>A specialization of <a
+        href="#bases-spec"><code>bases&lt;...&gt;</code></a> which
+        specifies previously-exposed C++ base classes of <code>T</code><a href="#footnote_1">[1]</a>.
+
+        <td>Registers <code>from_python</code> conversions from
+        wrapped <code>T</code> instances to each of its exposed direct
+        and indirect bases. For each polymorphic base <code>B</code>,
+        registers conversions from indirectly-held wrapped
+        <code>B</code> instances to <code>T</code>.
+
+        <td><code><a href="#bases">bases&lt;&gt;</a></code>
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code><font color="#007f00">HeldType</font></code> 
+
+        <td>Must be <code>T</code>, a class derived
+           from <code>T</code>, or a <a
+           href="Dereferenceable.html">Dereferenceable</a> type for which
+           <code><a
+           href="pointee.html#pointee-spec">pointee</a>&lt;HeldType&gt;::type</code>
+           is <code>T</code> or a class derived from <code>T</code>.
+         </dl>
+
+        <td>Specifies the type which is actually embedded in a Python
+        object wrapping a <code>T</code> instance. More details <a
+        href="#HeldType">below</a>.
+
+        <td><code>T</code> 
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code><font color="#007f00">NonCopyable</font></code> 
+
+        <td>If supplied, must be <a
+        href="../../../utility/utility.htm#Class noncopyable">boost::noncopyable</a>.
+
+        <td> Suppresses automatic registration of <code>to_python</code>
+        conversions which copy
+        <code>T</code> instances. Required when <code>T</code> has no
+        publicly-accessible copy constructor.
+
+        <td>An unspecified type other than <code>boost::noncopyable</code>.
+
+    </table>
+
+<h4><a name="#HeldType">HeldType Semantics</a></h4>
+
+<ol>
+<li>
+    If <code>HeldType</code> is derived from T, its
+    exposed constructor(s) must accept an initial
+    <code>PyObject*</code> argument which refers back to the Python
+    object that contains it, as shown in <a
+    href="call_method.html#example">this example</a>. This argument is
+    not included in the argument list type passed to <a
+    href="#def_init-spec"><code>def_init()</code></a>, below, nor is
+    it passed explicitly by users when Python instances of
+    <code>T</code> are created. This is the idiom which allows C++ virtual
+    functions to be overridden in Python. Boost.Python automatically
+    registers additional converters which allow wrapped instances of
+    <code>T</code> to be passed to wrapped C++ functions expecting
+    <code>HeldType</code> arguments.
+
+<li>Because Boost.Python will always allow
+  wrapped instances of <code>T</code> to be passed in place of
+  <code>HeldType</code> arguments, specifying a smart pointer for
+  <code>HeldType</code> allows users to pass Python
+  <code>T</code> instances where a smart pointer-to-<code>T</code> is
+  expected. Smart pointers such as <code>std::auto_ptr&lt;&gt;</code>
+  or <code><a
+  href="../../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm">boost::shared_ptr&lt;&gt;</a></code>
+  which contain a nested type <code>element_type</code> designating
+  the referent type are automatically supported; additional smart
+  pointer types can be supported by specializing <a
+  href="pointee.html#pointee-spec">pointee&lt;HeldType&gt;</a>.
+
+<li>
+  As in case 1 above, when <code>HeldType</code> is a smart pointer to
+  a class derived from <code>T</code>, the initial
+  <code>PyObject*</code> argument must be supplied by all exposed
+  constructors.
+
+<li>
+   Except in cases 1 and 3, users may optionally specify that T itself
+   gets initialized with a similar initial <code>PyObject*</code>
+   argument by specializing <a
+   href="has_back_reference.html#has_back_reference-spec">has_back_reference<T></a>.
+</ol>
+
+      <h4><a name="class_-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template
+      <code>class_</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;class T
+<font color="#007f00">            , class Bases = bases&lt;&gt;
+            , class HeldType = T
+            , class NonCopyable = <i>unspecified</i>
+           &gt;
+</font>  class class_
+  {
+    class_();
+    class_(char const* name);
+
+    // exposing constructors
+    class_&amp; def_init();
+
+    template &lt;class Args&gt;
+    class_&amp; def_init(Args const&amp; = Args());
+
+    template &lt;class Args, class CallPolicy&gt;
+    class_&amp; def_init(Args const&amp;, CallPolicy policy);
+
+    // exposing member functions
+    template &lt;class F&gt;
+    class_&amp; def(char const* name, F f);
+
+    template &lt;class Fn, class CallPolies&gt;
+    class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, CallPolies);
+
+    // exposing operators
+    template &lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt;
+    class_&amp; def(<a href="operators.html#operator_-spec">detail::operator_</a>&lt;unspecified&gt;);
+
+    // exposing data members
+    template &lt;class D&gt;
+    class_&amp; def_readonly(char const* name, D T::*pm);
+
+    template &lt;class D&gt;
+    class_&amp; def_readwrite(char const* name, D T::*pm);
+
+    // Raw attribute modification
+    class_& setattr(char const* name, ref const&);
+
+    // property creation
+    void add_property(char const* name, ref const&amp; fget);
+    void add_property(char const* name, ref const&amp; fget, ref const&amp; fset);
+
+    // accessing the Python class object
+    ref object() const;
+  };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="class_-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>class_</code> constructors</h4>
+
+<pre>
+class_();
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> The platform's <code>std::type_info::name()</code>
+      implementation produces a string which corresponds to the type's
+      declaration in C++
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>class_</code> object which
+      generates a Boost.Python extension class with the same name as
+      <code>T</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Many platforms can generate reasonable names for
+      Python classes without user intervention.
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+class_(char const* name);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
+      Python's <a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
+      naming rules</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>class_</code> object which
+      generates a Boost.Python extension class named <code>name</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Gives the user full control over class naming.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="class_-spec-modifiers"></a>Class template <code>class_</code>
+    modifier functions</h4>
+
+<pre>
+class_&amp; def_init();
+
+template &lt;class Args&gt;
+class_&amp; def_init(Args const&amp; argument_types);
+
+template &lt;class Args, class CallPolicies&gt;
+class_&amp; def_init(Args const&amp; argument_types, CallPolicies policies);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Args</code> is an <a
+      href="../../../mpl/doc/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a> of C++ argument
+      types (<i>A1, A2,... AN</i>) such that if
+      <code>a1, a2</code>... <code>aN</code> are objects of type
+      <i>A1, A2,... AN</i> respectively, the expression
+      <code>T(a1, a2</code>... <code>aN</code>) is valid. In the first form,
+      the expression <code>T()</code> must be valid.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds the result of 
+
+<code><a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>&lt;args&lt;&gt;,Holder&gt;()</code>,
+
+<code><a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>&lt;Args,Holder&gt;()</code>, or
+
+<code><a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>&lt;Args,Holder&gt;(policies)</code>,
+      respectively, to the Boost.Python extension class being defined under the name
+      "__init__". <code>Holder</code> is a concrete subclass of <a
+      href="instance_holder.html#instance_holder-spec">instance_holder</a>
+      which holds the <code>HeldType</code>. If the extension class
+      already has an "__init__" attribute, the usual <a
+      href="http:overloading.html">overloading procedure</a> applies.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class' constructor
+      to Python.
+    </dl>
+
+<br>
+
+<pre>
+template &lt;class F&gt;
+class_&amp; def(char const* name, F f);
+
+template &lt;class Fn, class CallPolicies&gt;
+class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn f, CallPolicies policies);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>f</code> is a non-null
+      pointer-to-function or pointer-to-member-function, or a callable
+      Python object passed as a <code>PyObject*</code> or <a
+      href="reference_hpp.html#ref-spec"><code>ref</code></a>. <code>name</code>
+      is a ntbs which conforms to Python's <a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
+      naming rules</a>. In the first form, the return type of
+      <code>f</code> is not a reference and is not a pointer other
+      than <code>char const*</code> or <code>PyObject*</code>. In the
+      second form <code>policies</code> is a model of <a
+      href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds the result of <code><a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>(f)</code> or <code><a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>(f,&nbsp;policies)</code> to
+      the Boost.Python extension class being defined, with the given
+      <code>name</code>. If the extension class already has an attribute named
+      <code><i>name</i></code>, the usual <a href=
+      "overloading.html">overloading procedure</a> applies.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+    </dl>
+
+<pre>
+template &lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt;
+class_&amp; def(<a href="operators.html#operator_-spec">detail::operator_</a>&lt;unspecified&gt;);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds a Python <a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/ref/specialnames.html">special
+    method</a> as described <a href="operators.html">here</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+    </dl>
+
+<pre>
+template &lt;class F&gt;
+class_&amp; setattr(char const* name, ref x);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
+      Python's <a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
+      naming rules</a>. 
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> <code><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/object.html#l2h-166">PyObject_SetAttrString</a>(this->object(),&nbsp;name,&nbsp;x.get());</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+    </dl>
+
+<br>
+
+<pre>
+void add_property(char const* name, ref const&amp; fget);
+void add_property(char const* name, ref const&amp; fget, ref const&amp; fset);
+</pre>
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
+      Python's <a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
+      naming rules</a>. 
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a new Python <a
+      href="http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property"><code>property</code></a>
+      class instance, passing <code>fget.get()</code> (and
+      <code>fset.get()</code> in the second form) to its constructor,
+      then adds that property to the Python class object under
+      construction with the given attribute <code>name</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class'
+      data member such that it can be inspected from Python with a
+      natural syntax.
+    </dl>
+
+<br>
+<pre>
+    template &lt;class D&gt;
+    class_&amp; def_readonly(char const* name, D T::*pm);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
+      Python's <a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
+      naming rules</a>. 
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> 
+<pre>
+this-&gt;add_property(name, ref(<a href="data_members.html#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>(pm)));
+</pre>
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class'
+      data member such that it can be inspected from Python with a
+      natural syntax.
+    </dl>
+
+<br>
+
+<pre>
+template &lt;class D&gt;
+class_&amp; def_readwrite(char const* name, D T::*pm);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> 
+<pre>
+ref fget(<a href="data_members.html#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>(pm));
+ref fset(<a href="data_members.html#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>(pm));
+this-&gt;add_property(name, fget, fset);
+</pre>
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class'
+      data member such that it can be inspected and set from Python with a
+      natural syntax.
+
+    <h4><a name="class_-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>class_</code>
+    observer functions</h4>
+<pre>
+ref object() const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> A <code>ref</code> object which holds a reference to
+      the Boost.Python extension class object created by the
+      <code>class_</code> constructor.
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Mostly not needed by users, since <code><a href=
+      "module.html#add-spec">module::add</a>()</code> uses this to insert the
+      extension class in the module.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h3><a name="args-spec"></a>Class template
+    <code>args&lt;T1, T2,</code>...<code>TN&gt;</code></h3>
+
+    <p>A conveniently-named <a
+      href="../../../mpl/doc/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a> which
+      users pass to <code><a
+      href="#class_-spec-modifiers">def_init</a></code> calls to make
+      their code more readable.  
+
+    <h4><a name="args-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>args</code>
+    synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;T1 = <i>unspecified</i>,...TN = <i>unspecified</i>&gt;
+  struct args
+  {};
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h3><a name="bases-spec"></a>Class template
+    <code>bases&lt;T1, T2,</code>...<code>TN&gt;</code></h3>
+
+    <p>An <a
+      href="../../../mpl/doc/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a>  which
+      can be used in <code>class_&lt;</code>...<code>&gt;</code>
+      instantiations indicate a list of base classes. Although users
+      can pass any MPL sequence in place of args, above, the use of
+      <code>bases</code> to indicate base classes is mandatory.
+
+    <h4><a name="bases-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>bases</code>
+    synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;T1 = <i>unspecified</i>,...TN = <i>unspecified</i>&gt;
+  struct bases
+  {};
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
+
+    <p>Given a C++ class declaration:
+<pre>
+class Foo : public Bar, public Baz
+{
+ public:
+   Foo(int, char const*);
+   Foo(double);
+
+   std::string const&amp; name() { return m_name; }
+   void name(char const*);
+
+   double value; // public data
+ private:
+   ...
+};
+</pre>
+
+   A corresponding Boost.Python extension class can be created with: 
+<pre>
+using namespace boost::python;
+
+ref foo = class_&lt;Foo,bases&lt;Bar,Baz&gt; &gt;()
+   .def_init(args&lt;int,char const*&gt;())
+   .def_init(args&lt;double&gt;())
+   .def("get_name", &amp;Foo::get_name, return_internal_reference&lt;&gt;())
+   .def("set_name", &amp;Foo::set_name)
+   .def_readwrite("value", &amp;Foo::value)
+   .object();
+</pre>
+
+<hr>
+
+<a name="footnote_1">[1]</a> By &quot;previously-exposed&quot; we mean that the for each
+<code>B</code> in <code>bases</code>, an instance of
+<code>class_&lt;B&gt;</code> must have already been
+constructed. Ensuring this in a portable manner when a class and its
+bases are exposed in the same module entails using separate
+<i>full-expressions</i>, rather than chaining consecutive definitions with
+&quot;<code>.add(...)</code>.
+
+<pre>
+module m(&quot;module_name&quot;);
+m.add(class_&lt;Base&gt;()
+        .def_init());
+m.add(class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt;&gt;()
+        .def_init());
+</pre>
+
+    Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     09 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! --> 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+     
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/configuration.html

@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Configuration</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Configuration</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="page-index">
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#app-defined">Application Defined Macros</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#lib-defined-public">Public Library Defined Macros</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#lib-defined-impl">Library Defined Implementation Macros</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+<p>Boost.Python uses several configuration macros in <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/config/config.htm">&lt;boost/config.hpp&gt;</a>, 
+  as well as configuration macros meant to be supplied by the application. These 
+  macros are documented here.</p>
+<h2><a name="app-defined"></a>Application Defined Macros</h2>
+<p>These are the macros that may be defined by an application using Boost.Python.</p>
+<table summary="application defined macros" cellspacing="10" width="100%">
+  <tr>
+    <td><b>Macro</b></td>
+    <td><b>Meaning</b></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>{{macro}}</td>
+	<td>{{meaning}}</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>{{macro}}</td>
+	<td>{{meaning}}</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<h2><a name="lib-defined-public"></a>Public Library Defined Macros</h2>
+<p>These macros are defined by Boost.Python but are expected to be used by application 
+  code.</p>
+<table summary="public library defined macros" cellspacing="10" width="100%">
+  <tr>
+    <td><b>Macro</b></td>
+    <td><b>Meaning</b></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>{{macro}}</td>
+	<td>{{meaning}}</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>{{macro}}</td>
+	<td>{{meaning}}</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<h2><a name="lib-defined-impl"></a>Library Defined Implementation Macros</h2>
+<p>These macros are defined by Boost.Python and are implementation details of interest 
+  only to implementers.</p>
+<table summary="library defined implementation macros" cellspacing="10" width="100%">
+  <tr>
+    <td><b>Macro</b></td>
+    <td><b>Meaning</b></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>{{macro}}</td>
+	<td>{{meaning}}</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>{{macro}}</td>
+	<td>{{meaning}}</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  05 November, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/copy_const_reference.html

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header
+          &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec">Class
+          <code>copy_const_reference</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>copy_const_reference</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec-metafunctions">Class
+              <code>copy_const_reference</code> metafunctions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="copy_const_reference-spec"></a>Class
+    <code>copy_const_reference</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>copy_const_reference</code> is a model of <a href=
+    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
+    used to wrap C++ functions returning a reference-to-const type such that
+    the referenced value is copied into a new Python object.
+
+    <h4><a name="copy_const_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    <code>copy_const_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    struct copy_const_reference
+    {
+        template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="copy_const_reference-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
+    <code>copy_const_reference</code> metafunctions</h4>
+<pre>
+template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U const&amp;</code> for some
+      <code>U</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
+      "to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T&gt;
+      type;</code>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+<h3>C++ Module Definition</h3>
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
+
+// classes to wrap
+struct Bar { int x; }
+
+struct Foo {
+   Foo(int x) : { b.x = x; }
+   Bar const&amp; get_bar() const { return b; }
+ private:
+   Bar b;
+};
+
+// Wrapper code
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
+{
+   module m("my_module")
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Bar&gt;()
+         )
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
+            .def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
+            .def("get_bar", &amp;Foo::get_bar
+                , return_value_policy&lt;copy_const_reference&gt;())
+         )
+       ;
+}
+</pre>
+<h3>Python Code</h3>
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3)         # create a Foo object
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b = f.get_bar()    # make a copy of the internal Bar object
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     15 February, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/copy_non_const_reference.html

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python -
+    &lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header
+          &lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#copy_non_const_reference-spec">Class
+          <code>copy_non_const_reference</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#copy_non_const_reference-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>copy_non_const_reference</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#copy_non_const_reference-spec-metafunctions">Class
+              <code>copy_non_const_reference</code> metafunctions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec"></a>Class
+    <code>copy_non_const_reference</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>copy_non_const_reference</code> is a model of <a href=
+    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
+    used to wrap C++ functions returning a reference-to-non-const type such
+    that the referenced value is copied into a new Python object.
+
+    <h4><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    <code>copy_non_const_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    struct copy_non_const_reference
+    {
+        template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
+    <code>copy_non_const_reference</code> metafunctions</h4>
+<pre>
+template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U&amp;</code> for some
+      non-const <code>U</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
+      "to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T&gt;
+      type;</code>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+    <p>C++ code:
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
+
+// classes to wrap
+struct Bar { int x; }
+
+struct Foo {
+   Foo(int x) : { b.x = x; }
+   Bar&amp; get_bar() { return b; }
+ private:
+   Bar b;
+};
+
+// Wrapper code
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
+{
+   module("my_module")
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Bar&gt;()
+         )
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
+            .def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
+            .def("get_bar", &amp;Foo::get_bar
+                , return_value_policy&lt;copy_non_const_reference&gt;())
+         );
+}
+</pre>
+    Python Code: 
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3)         # create a Foo object
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b = f.get_bar()    # make a copy of the internal Bar object
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     05 November, 2001 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/data_members.html

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>
+
+          <dt><a href="#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code><a href="#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>()</code> and
+    <code><a href="#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>()</code> are
+    the functions used internally by <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
+    "class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def_readonly</a></code> and
+    <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
+    "class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def_readwrite</a></code> to
+    produce Python callable objects which wrap C++ data members.
+
+    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+
+<pre>
+<a name="make_getter-spec">template &lt;class C, class D&gt;</a>
+objects::function* make_getter(D C::*pm);
+
+template &lt;class C, class D, class Policies&gt;
+objects::function* make_getter(D C::*pm, Policies const&amp; policies);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Policies</code> is a model of <a
+      href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which
+      accepts a single argument that can be converted
+      <code>from_python</code> to <code>C*</code>, and returns the
+      corresponding member <code>D</code> member of the <code>C</code>
+      object, converted <code>to_python</code>. If
+      <code>policies</code> is supplied, it will be applied to the
+      function as described <a href=
+      "CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> A pointer convertible to <code>PyObject*</code> which
+      refers to the new Python callable object.
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+<a name="make_setter-spec">template &lt;class C, class D&gt;</a>
+objects::function* make_setter(D C::*pm);
+
+template &lt;class C, class D, class Policies&gt;
+objects::function* make_setter(D C::*pm, Policies const&amp; policies);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function*-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Policies</code> is a model of <a
+      href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when
+      called from Python, expects two arguments which can be converted
+      <code>from_python</code> to <code>C*</code> and
+      <code>D&nbsp;const&amp;</code>, respectively, and sets the
+      corresponding <code>D</code> member of the <code>C</code>
+      object. If <code>policies</code> is supplied, it will be applied
+      to the function as described <a
+      href="CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> A pointer convertible to
+      <code>PyObject*</code> which refers to the new Python callable
+      object.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+    <p>The code below uses make_getter and make_setter to expose a
+    data member as functions:
+
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+
+struct X
+{
+    X(int x) : y(x) {}
+    int y;
+};
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
+{
+    module("data_members_example")
+        .add(
+            class_&lt;X&gt;(&quot;X&quot;)
+               .def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
+               .def(&quot;get&quot;, make_getter(&amp;X::y))
+               .def(&quot;set&quot;, make_setter(&amp;X::y))
+        )
+        ;
+}
+</pre>
+    It can be used this way in Python: 
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from data_members_example import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x = X(1)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x.get()
+1
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x.set(2)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x.get()
+2
+</pre>
+
+    <p>
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+    8 May 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/default_call_policies.html

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python -
+    &lt;boost/python/default_call_policies.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header
+          &lt;boost/python/default_call_policies.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec">Class
+          <code>default_call_policies</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>default_call_policies</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec-statics">Class
+              <code>default_call_policies</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec">Class
+          <code>default_result_converter</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>default_result_converter</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec-metafunctions">Class
+              <code>default_result_converter</code> metafunctions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="default_call_policies-spec"></a>Class
+    <code>default_call_policies</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>default_call_policies</code> is a model of <a href=
+    "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> with no <code>precall</code> or
+    <code>postcall</code> behavior and a <code>result_converter</code> which
+    handles by-value returns. Wrapped C++ functions and member functions use
+    <code>default_call_policies</code> unless otherwise specified. You may find
+    it convenient to derive new models of <a href=
+    "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> from
+    <code>default_call_policies</code>.
+
+    <h4><a name="default_call_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    <code>default_call_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    struct default_call_policies
+    {
+        static bool precall(PyObject*);
+        static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
+        typedef <a href=
+"#default_result_converter-spec">default_result_converter</a> result_converter;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="default_call_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
+    <code>default_call_policies</code> static functions</h4>
+<pre>
+bool precall(PyObject*);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>result</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
+    </dl>
+
+    <h3><a name="default_result_converter-spec"></a>Class
+    <code>default_result_converter</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>default_result_converter</code> is a model of <a href=
+    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
+    used to wrap C++ functions returning non-pointer types, <code>char
+    const*</code>, and <code>PyObject*</code>, by-value.
+
+    <h4><a name="default_result_converter-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    <code>default_result_converter</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    struct default_result_converter
+    {
+        template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="default_result_converter-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
+    <code>default_result_converter</code> metafunctions</h4>
+<pre>
+template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is not a reference type. If
+      <code>T</code> is a pointer type, <code>T</code> is <code>const
+      char*</code> or <code>PyObject*</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
+      "to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T
+      const&amp;&gt; type;</code>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+    <p>This example comes from the Boost.Python implementation itself. Because
+    the <a href=
+    "return_value_policy.html#return_value_policy-spec">return_value_policy</a>
+    class template does not implement <code>precall</code> or
+    <code>postcall</code> behavior, its default base class is
+    <code>default_call_policies</code>:
+<pre>
+template &lt;class Handler, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
+struct return_value_policy : Base
+{
+   typedef Handler result_converter;
+};
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     05 November, 2001 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/definitions.html

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Definitions</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Definitions</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="definitions">
+  <dt><b>{{term}}:</b> {{definition}}</dt>
+  <dt><b>{{term}}:</b> {{definition}}</dt>
+</dl>
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  05 November, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/errors.html

@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#error_already_set-spec">Class <code>error_already_set</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#error_already_set-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>error_already_set</code> synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#handle_exception-spec">handle_exception</a>
+
+          <dt><a href="#expect_non_null-spec">expect_non_null</a>
+          <dt><a href="#throw_error_already_set-spec">throw_error_already_set</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</code> provides types and
+    functions for managing and translating between Python and C++ exceptions.
+    This is relatively low-level functionality that is mostly used internally
+    by Boost.Python. Users should seldom need it.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="error_already_set-spec"></a>Class
+    <code>error_already_set</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>error_already_set</code> is an exception type which can be thrown
+    to indicate that a Python error has occurred. If thrown, the precondition
+    is that <a href=
+    "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred()</a>
+    returns a value convertible to <code>true</code>.
+
+    <h4><a name="error_already_set-spec-synopsis"></a>Class error_already_set synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    class error_already_set {};
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+<pre>
+<a name=
+"handle_exception-spec">template &lt;class T&gt; bool handle_exception</a>(T f) throw();
+
+void handle_exception() throw();
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="handle_exception-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> The first form requires that the expression <code><a
+      href=
+      "../../../function/doc/reference.html#functionN">function0</a>&lt;void&gt;(f)</code>
+      is valid. The second form requires that a C++ exception is currently
+      being handled (see section 15.1 in the C++ standard).
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> The first form calls <code>f()</code> inside a
+      <code>try</code> block whose <code>catch</code> clauses set an
+      appropriate Python exception for the C++ exception caught, returning
+      <code>true</code> if an exception was caught, <code>false</code>
+      otherwise. The second form passes a function which rethrows the exception
+      currently being handled to the first form.
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> No exception is being handled
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> At inter-language boundaries it is important to
+      ensure that no C++ exceptions escape, since the calling language usually
+      doesn't have the equipment neccessary to properly unwind the stack. Use
+      <code>handle_exception</code> to manage exception translation whenever
+      your C++ code is called directly from the Python API. This is done for
+      you automatically by the usual function wrapping facilities: <a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function()</a>, <a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor()</a>, <a
+      href="module.html#def-spec">module::def</a> and <a href=
+      "class.html#def-spec">class_::def</a>). The second form can be more
+      convenient to use (see the <a href="#examples">example</a> below), but
+      various compilers have problems when exceptions are rethrown from within
+      an enclosing <code>try</code> block.
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+<a name="expect_non_null-spec">template &lt;class T&gt; T* expect_non_null(T* x);</a>
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="expect_non_null-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>x</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
+      "#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set()</a></code> iff <code>x ==
+      0</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Simplifies error-handling when calling many
+      functions in the <a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/api.html">Python/C API</a>, which
+      return 0 on error.
+    </dl>
+
+<pre>
+<a name="throw_error_already_set-spec">void throw_error_already_set();</a>
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="throw_error_already_set-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> <code>throw&nbsp;<a href=
+      "#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a>();</code> 
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
+<pre>
+#include &lt;string&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
+
+// Returns a std::string which has the same value as obj's "__name__"
+// attribute.
+std::string get_name(boost::python::ref obj)
+{
+   // throws if there's no __name__ attribute
+   PyObject* p = boost::python::expect_non_null(
+      PyObject_GetAttrString(obj.get(), "__name__"));
+
+   // throws if it's not a Python string
+   std::string result(
+      boost::python::expect_non_null(
+         PyString_AsString(p)));
+
+   Py_XDECREF(p); // Done with p
+   
+   return result;
+}
+
+//
+// Demonstrate form 1 of handle_exception
+//
+
+// Place a Python Int object whose value is 1 if a and b have
+// identical "__name__" attributes, 0 otherwise.
+void same_name_impl(PyObject*&amp; result, PyObject* a, PyObject* b)
+{
+   result = PyInt_FromLong(
+      get_name(boost::python::ref(a1)) == get_name(boost::python::ref(a2)));
+}
+
+// This is an example Python 'C' API interface function
+extern "C" PyObject*
+same_name(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
+{
+   PyObject* a1;
+   PyObject* a2;
+   PyObject* result = 0;
+
+   if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, const_cast&lt;char*&gt;("OO"), &amp;a1, &amp;a2))
+      return 0;
+   
+   // Use boost::bind to make an object compatible with
+   // boost::Function0&lt;void&gt;
+   if (boost::python::handle_exception(
+         boost::bind&lt;void&gt;(same_name_impl, boost::ref(result), a1, a2)))
+   {
+      // an exception was thrown; the Python error was set by
+      // handle_exception()
+      return 0;
+   }
+
+   return result;
+}
+
+//
+// Demonstrate form 2 of handle_exception. Not well-supported by all
+// compilers.
+//
+extern "C" PyObject*
+same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
+{
+   PyObject* a1;
+   PyObject* a2;
+   PyObject* result = 0;
+
+   if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, const_cast&lt;char*&gt;("OO"), &amp;a1, &amp;a2))
+      return 0;
+   try {
+      return PyInt_FromLong(
+         get_name(boost::python::ref(a1)) == get_name(boost::python::ref(a2)));
+   }
+   catch(...)
+   {
+      // If an exception was thrown, translate it to Python
+      boost::python::handle_exception();
+      return 0;
+   }
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     17 November, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/faq.html

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - FAQ</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="page-index">
+  <dt><a href="#question1">{{question}}</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#question2">{{question}}</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<h2><a name="question1"></a>{{question}}</h2>
+<p>{{answer}}</p>
+<h2><a name="question2"></a>{{question}}</h2>
+<p>{{answer}}</p>
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  05 November, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/feb2002.html

@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+    "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - February 2002 Progress Report</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+ :link { color: #0000ff }
+ :visited { color: #800080 }
+ p.c3 {font-style: italic}
+ h2.c2 {text-align: center}
+ h1.c1 {text-align: center}
+</style>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width=
+    "100%" summary="header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 class="c2">February 2002 Progress Report</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="index">
+      <dt><a href="#Python10">Python10 Conference Report</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#progress">Boost.Python v2 Progress</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a>
+
+          <dt><a href="#conversion">Overhaul of
+          <code>to_python</code>/<code>from_python</code>
+          conversion mechanism</a>
+
+          <dt><a href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a>
+        </dl>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="Python10">Python10 Conference Report</a></h2>
+    I spent the first week of February at the Python10 conference
+    in Alexandria, VA. I&#39;m including this experience report
+    for two reasons: firstly, it documents where my time was
+    used. Secondly, a public presence for Boost.Python and
+    interaction between the Python and C++ communities is
+    important to the future of Boost.Python, which in turn is
+    important to the Kull Project. 
+
+    <p>Andy Koenig, of all people, was the keynote speaker of
+    this year&#39;s opening plenary session. He presented his
+    &quot;impressions of a polyglot outsider&quot;, which
+    studiously avoided any mention of C++ until the end of his
+    talk, when he was asked about standardization. I was
+    surprised to learn that the C++ community at large wanted a
+    few more years before beginning but when ANSI accepted
+    HP&#39;s request for a standard, the process was forced to
+    start: it was a matter of participating or having
+    standardization proceed without one&#39;s input. Andy managed
+    to highlight very effectively the balance of strengths in
+    Python, one of the most important being its support for
+    extension via libraries. In many ways that makes Python a
+    good analogue for C++ in the interpreted world
+
+    <p>There were several kind mentions of the Boost.Python
+    library from people who found it indispensable. I was
+    particularly happy that Karl MacMillan, Michael Droettboom,
+    and Ichiro Fujinaga from Johns Hopkins is using it to do OCR
+    on a vast library of music notation, since in a previous life
+    I was an author of music notation software. These guys are
+    also drawing on Ullrich Koethe&#39;s VIGRA library for image
+    manipulation (Ullrich has been a major contributor to
+    Boost.Python). They also have a system for writing the
+    Boost.Python wrapper code in C++ comments, which allows them
+    to keep all of the code in one place. I&#39;ve asked them to
+    send me some information on that.
+
+    <p>The development of Swig has been gaining momentum again
+    (the basic description at
+    www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/comparisons.html still
+    applies). The talk given about it by David Beazly was very
+    well-attended, and they appear to have quite a few users.
+    Swig&#39;s strengths (coverage of many langauages) and
+    weaknesses (incomplete C++ language support) haven&#39;t
+    changed, although the C++ support seems to have improved
+    considerably - they now claim to have a complete model of the
+    C++ type system. It seems to be mostly geared at wrapping
+    what Walter Landry calls &quot;C-Tran&quot;: C++ code which
+    traffics in built-in types with little use of abstraction.
+    I&#39;m not knocking that, either: I&#39;m sure a lot of that
+    code exists, so it&#39;s a valuable service. One feature Swig
+    has which I&#39;d like to steal is the ability to unwrap a
+    single Python argument into multiple C++ arguments, for
+    example, by converting a Python string into a pointer and
+    length. When his talk was over, David approached me about a
+    possible joint workshop on language binding, which sounds
+    like a fun idea to me.
+
+    <p>I spent some considerable time talking with Steven Knight,
+    the leader of the Scons build tool effort. We had a lot to
+    share with one another, and I gained a much better
+    appreciation for many of the Scons design decisions. Scons
+    seems to be concentrating on being the ultimate build system
+    substrate, and Steve seemed to think that we were on the
+    right track with our high-level design. We both hope that the
+    Boost.Build V2 high-level architecture can eventually be
+    ported to run on top of Scons.
+
+    <p>They also have a highly-refined and successful development
+    procedure which I&#39;d like to emulate for Boost.Build V2.
+    Among many other things they do, their source-control system
+    automatically ensures that when you check in a new test, it
+    is automatically run on the currently checked-in state of the
+    code, and is expected to fail -- a relatively obvious good
+    idea which I&#39;ve never heard before.
+
+    <p>Guido Van Rossum&#39;s &quot;State of the Python
+    Union&quot; address was full of questions for the community
+    about what should be done next, but the one idea Guido seemed
+    to stress was that core language stability and continuing
+    library development would be a good idea (sound familiar?) I
+    mentioned the Boost model as a counterpoint to the idea of
+    something like CPAN (the massive Perl library archives), and
+    it seemed to generate some significant interest. I&#39;ve
+    offered to work with anyone from the Python community who
+    wants to set up something like Boost.
+
+    <p>There was some discussion of &quot;string
+    interpolation&quot; (variable substitution in strings), and
+    Guido mentioned that he had some thoughts about the
+    strengths/weaknesses of Python&#39;s formatting interface. It
+    might be useful for those working on formatting for boost to
+    contact him and find out what he has to say.
+
+    <p>Ka-Ping Yee demoed a Mailman discussion thread weaver.
+    This tool weaves the various messages in a discussion thread
+    into a single document so you can follow the entire
+    conversation. Since we&#39;re looking very seriously at
+    moving Boost to Mailman, this could be a really useful thing
+    for us to have. If we do this, we&#39;ll move the yahoogroups
+    discussions into the mailman archive so old discussions can
+    be easily accessed in the same fashion.
+
+    <p>And, just because it&#39;s cool, though perhaps not
+    relevant: http://homepages.ulb.ac.be/~arigo/psyco/ is a
+    promising effort to accelerate the execution of Python code
+    to speeds approaching those of compiled languages. It
+    reminded me a lot of Todd Veldhuizen&#39;s research into
+    moving parts of C++ template compilation to runtime, only
+    coming from the opposite end of things.
+
+    <h2><a name="progress">Boost.Python v2 Progress</a></h2>
+    Here&#39;s what actually got accomplished. 
+
+    <h3><a name="documentation">Documentation</a></h3>
+
+    <p>My first priority upon returning from Python10 was to get
+    some documentation in place. After wasting an unfortunate
+    amount of time looking at automatic documentation tools which
+    don&#39;t quite work, I settled down to use Bill Kempf&#39;s
+    HTML templates designed to be a boost standard. While they
+    are working well, it is highly labor-intensive.
+
+    <p>I decided to begin with the high-level reference material,
+    as opposed to tutorial, narrative, or nitty-gritty details of
+    the framework. It seemed more important to have a precise
+    description of the way the commonly-used components work than
+    to have examples in HTML (since we already have some test
+    modules), and since the low-level details are much
+    less-frequently needed by users it made sense for me to
+    simply respond to support requests for the time being.
+
+    <p>After completing approximately 60% of the high-level docs
+    (currently checked in to libs/python/doc/v2), I found myself
+    ready to start documenting the mechanisms for creating
+    to-/from-python converters. This caused a dilemma: I had
+    realized during the previous week that a much simpler,
+    more-efficient, and easier-to-use implementation was
+    possible, but I hadn&#39;t planned on implementing it right
+    away, since what was already in place worked adequately. I
+    had also received my first query on the C++-sig about how to
+    write such a converter
+
+    <p>Given the labor-intensive nature of documentation writing,
+    I decided it would be a bad idea to document the conversion
+    mechanism if I was just going to rewrite it. Often the best
+    impetus for simplifying a design is the realization that
+    understandably documenting its current state would be too
+    difficult, and this was no exception.
+
+    <h3><a name="conversion">Overhaul of
+    <code>to_python</code>/<code>from_python</code> conversion
+    mechanism</a></h3>
+
+    <p>There were two basic realizations involved here:
+
+    <ol>
+      <li><code>to_python</code> conversion could be a one-step
+      process, once an appropriate conversion function is found.
+      This allows elimination of the separate indirect
+      convertibility check
+
+      <li>There are basically two categories of from_python
+      conversions: those which lvalues stored within or held by
+      the Python object (essentially extractions), like what
+      happens when an instance of a C++ class exposed with class_
+      is used as the target of a wrapped member function), and
+      those in which a new rvalue gets created, as when a Python
+      Float is converted to a C++
+      <code>complex&lt;double&gt;</code> or a Python tuple is
+      converted to a C++ <code>std::vector&lt;&gt;</code>. From
+      the client side, there are two corresponding categories of
+      conversion: those which demand an lvalue conversion and
+      those which can accept an lvalue or an rvalue conversion.
+    </ol>
+    The latter realization allowed the following collapse, which
+    considerably simplified things: 
+
+    <blockquote>
+      <table border="1" summary="Conversion protocol">
+        <tr>
+          <th>Target Type
+
+          <th>Eligible Converters
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T</code> 
+
+          <td rowspan="5"><code>T</code> rvalue or lvalue
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T const</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T volatile</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T const volatile</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T const&amp;</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T const*</code> 
+
+          <td rowspan="9"><code>T</code> lvalue
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T volatile*</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T const volatile*</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T&amp;</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T volatile&amp;</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T const volatile&amp;</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T* const&amp;</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T const* const&amp;</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T volatile*const&amp;</code> 
+
+        <tr>
+          <td><code>T const volatile*const&amp;</code> 
+      </table>
+    </blockquote>
+    This job included the following additional enhancements: 
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>Elimination of virtual functions, which cause object
+      code bloat
+
+      <li>Registration of a single converter function for all
+      lvalue conversions, two for all rvalue conversions
+
+      <li>Killed lots of unneeded code
+
+      <li>Increased opacity of registry interface
+
+      <li>Eliminated all need for decorated runtime type
+      identifiers
+
+      <li>Updated test modules to reflect new interface
+
+      <li>Eliminated the need for users to worry about converter
+      lifetime issues Additional Builtin Conversion Enhancements
+
+      <li>Support for complex&lt;float&gt;,
+      complex&lt;double&gt;, and complex&lt;long double&gt;
+      conversions
+
+      <li>Support for bool conversions
+
+      <li>NULL pointers representable by None in Python
+
+      <li>Support for conversion of Python classic classes to
+      numeric types
+    </ul>
+
+    <h3><a name="miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></h3>
+    These don&#39;t fit easily under a large heading: 
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>Support CallPolicies for class member functions
+
+      <li>from_python_data.hpp: revamped type alignment
+      metaprogram so that it&#39;s fast enough for KCC
+
+      <li>classfwd.hpp header forward-declares class_&lt;T&gt;
+
+      <li>indirect_traits.hpp:
+
+      <li>added is_pointer_to_reference
+
+      <li>fixed bugs
+
+      <li>Reduced recompilation dependencies
+
+      <li>msvc_typeinfo works around broken MS/Intel typeid()
+      implementation
+
+      <li>Many fixes and improvements to the type_traits library
+      in order to work around compiler bugs and suppress warnings
+
+      <li>Eliminated the need for explicit acquisition of
+      converter registrations
+
+      <li>Expanded constructor support to 6 arguments
+
+      <li>Implemented generalized pointer lifetime support
+
+      <li>Updated code generation for returning.hpp
+
+      <li>Tracked down and fixed cycle GC bugs
+
+      <li>Added comprehensive unit tests for destroy_reference,
+      pointer_type_id, select_from_python, complex&lt;T&gt;,
+      bool, and classic class instance conversions
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     4 April, 2002 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href= 
+    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
+    2002. All Rights Reserved.
+

doc/v2/from_python.html

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/from_python.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/from_python.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#from_python-spec">Class
+          Template<code>from_python</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#from_python-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>from_python</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#from_python-spec-ctors">Class Template
+              <code>from_python</code> constructor</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#from_python-spec-observers">Class Template
+              <code>from_python</code> observer functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/from_python.hpp&gt;</code> introduces a class
+    template <code>from_python&lt;T&gt;</code> for extracting a C++ object of
+    type <code>T</code> from a Python object.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="from_python-spec"></a>Class Template
+    <code>from_python&lt;class T&gt;</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>from_python&lt;T&gt;</code> is the type used internally by
+    Boost.Python to extract C++ function arguments from a Python argument tuple
+    when calling a wrapped function. It can also be used directly to make
+    similar conversions in other contexts.
+
+    <h4><a name="from_python-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template
+    <code>from_python</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+   template &lt;class T&gt;
+   struct from_python : private <a href=
+"../../../utility/utility.htm#Class noncopyable">boost::noncopyable</a> // Exposition only.
+       // from_python&lt;T&gt; meets the <a href=
+"NonCopyable.html">NonCopyable</a> requirements
+   {
+      from_python(PyObject*);
+      bool convertible() const;
+      <i>convertible-to-T</i> operator()(PyObject*) const;
+   };
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="from_python-spec-ctors"></a>Class Template
+    <code>from_python</code> constructor</h4>
+<pre>
+from_python(PyObject* p);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>p != 0</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>from_python</code> object suitable
+      for extracting a C++ object of type <code>T</code> from <code>p</code>.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="from_python-spec-observers"></a>Class Template
+    <code>from_python</code> observer functions</h4>
+<pre>
+bool convertible() const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>false</code> if the conversion cannot succeed.
+      This indicates that either:
+
+      <dd>
+        <ol>
+          <li>No <code>from_python_converter</code> was registered for
+          <code>T</code>, or
+
+          <li>any such converter rejected the constructor argument
+          <code>p</code> by returning <code>0</code> from its
+          <code>convertible()</code> function
+        </ol>
+        Note that conversion may still fail in <code>operator()</code> due to
+        an exception. 
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Because <code>from_python&lt;&gt;</code> is used in
+      overload resolution, and throwing an exception can be slow, it is useful
+      to be able to rule out a broad class of unsuccessful conversions without
+      throwing an exception.
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+<i>convertible-to-T</i> operator()(PyObject* p) const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>*p</code> refers to the same object which was
+      passed to the constructor, and <code>convertible()</code> returns
+      <code>true</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> performs the conversion
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> an object convertible to <code>T</code>.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+<pre>
+#include &lt;string&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/from_python.hpp&gt;
+
+// If a std::string can be extracted from p, return its
+// length. Otherwise, return 0.
+std::size_t length_if_string(PyObject* p)
+{
+   from_python&lt;std::string&gt; converter(p);
+   if (!converter.convertible())
+      return 0;
+   else
+      return converter(p).size();
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     05 November, 2001 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/has_back_reference.html

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+    "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python -
+    &lt;boost/python/has_back_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+ p.c3 {font-style: italic}
+ h2.c2 {text-align: center}
+ h1.c1 {text-align: center}
+</style>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width=
+    "100%" summary="header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86"
+          width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src= 
+          "../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 class="c2">Header
+          &lt;boost/python/has_back_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#has_back_reference-spec">Class template
+          <code>has_back_reference</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "#has_back_reference-spec-synopsis">Class template
+              <code>has_back_reference</code> synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
+        </dl>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/has_back_reference.hpp&gt;</code>
+    defines the traits class template
+    <code>has_back_reference&lt;&gt;</code>, which can be
+    specialized by the user to indicate that a wrapped class
+    instance holds a <code>PyObject*</code> corresponding to a
+    Python object.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="has_back_reference-spec"></a>Class template
+    <code>has_back_reference</code></h3>
+
+    <p>A unary metafunction whose <code>value</code> is true iff
+    its argument is a <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
+
+    <h4><a name="has_back_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    template <code>has_back_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    template&lt;class WrappedClass&gt; class has_back_reference
+    { 
+        static <i>unspecified</i> value = false;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>A &quot;<a href= 
+    "../../../../more/generic_programming.html#traits">traits
+    class</a>&quot; which is inspected by Boost.Python to
+    determine how wrapped classes can be constructed.
+
+    <dl class="traits-semantics">
+
+      <dt><code>value</code> is an integral constant convertible
+      to bool of unspecified type.
+
+      <dt>Specializations may substitute a value convertible to
+ <code>true</code> for <code>value</code> iff for each invocation of
+ <code>class_&lt;WrappedClass&gt;::def_init(args&lt;</code><i>type-sequence...</i><code>&gt;())</code>,
+ there exists a corresponding constructor
+ <code>WrappedClass::WrappedClass(PyObject*,&nbsp;</code><i>type-sequence...</i><code>)</code>. If
+ such a specialization exists, the <code>WrappedClass</code>
+ constructors will be called with a &quot;back reference&quot; pointer
+ to the corresponding Python object whenever they are invoked from
+ Python.
+
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
+
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/has_back_reference.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/shared_ptr.hpp&gt;
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+
+struct X
+{
+    X(PyObject* self) : m_self(self), m_x(0) {}
+    X(PyObject* self, int x) : m_self(self), m_x(x) {}
+    
+    PyObject* self() { return m_self; }
+    int get() { return m_x; }
+    void set(int x) { m_x = x; }
+
+    PyObject* m_self;
+    int x;
+};
+
+// specialize has_back_reference for X
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;&gt;
+  struct has_back_reference&lt;X&gt;
+  {
+     enum { value = true; }
+  }
+}}
+
+struct Y
+{
+    Y() : m_x(0) {}
+    Y(int x) : m_x(x) {}
+    int get() { return m_x; }
+    void set(int x) { m_x = x; }
+
+    int x;
+};
+
+boost::shared_ptr&lt;Y&gt; Y_self(boost::shared_ptr&lt;Y&gt; self) const { return self; }
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(back_references)
+{
+    module(&quot;back_references&quot;)
+        .add(
+            class_&lt;X&gt;(&quot;X&quot;)
+               .def_init()
+               .def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
+               .def(&quot;self&quot;, &amp;X::self)
+               .def(&quot;get&quot;, &amp;X::get)
+               .def(&quot;set&quot;, &amp;X::set)
+            )
+        .add(
+            class_&lt;Y, shared_ptr&lt;Y&gt; &gt;(&quot;Y&quot;)
+               .def_init()
+               .def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
+               .def(&quot;get&quot;, &amp;Y::get)
+               .def(&quot;set&quot;, &amp;Y::set)
+               .def(&quot;self&quot;, Y_self)
+            )
+        ;
+}
+</pre>
+
+The following Python session illustrates that <code>x.self()</code>
+returns the same Python object on which it is invoked, while
+<code>y.self()</code> must create a new Python object which refers to
+the same Y instance.
+
+<h3>Python code</h3>
+
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from back_references import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x = X(1)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x2 = x.self()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x2 is x
+<b>1</b>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; (x.get(), x2.get())
+(1, 1)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x.set(10)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; (x.get(), x2.get())
+(10, 10)
+&gt;&gt;&gt;
+&gt;&gt;&gt;
+&gt;&gt;&gt; y = Y(2)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; y2 = y.self()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; y2 is y
+<b>0</b>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; (y.get(), y2.get())
+(2, 2)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; y.set(20)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; (y.get(), y2.get())
+(20, 20)
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     07 May, 2002 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href= 
+    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
+    2002. All Rights Reserved. 
+

doc/v2/header.html

@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;{{header}}&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;{{header}}&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#macros">Macros</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#macro-spec">{{macro name}}</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#values">Values</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#value-spec">{{value name}}</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#types">Types</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#type-spec">{{type name}}</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#class-spec">Class <code>{{name}}</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#class-spec-synopsis">Class <code>{{name}}</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#class-spec-ctors">Class <code>{{name}}</code>
+              constructors and destructor</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#class-spec-comparisons">Class <code>{{name}}</code> comparison functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#class-spec-modifiers">Class <code>{{name}}</code> modifier functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#class-spec-observers">Class <code>{{name}}</code> observer functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#class-spec-statics">Class <code>{{name}}</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#function-spec">{{function name}}</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#objects">Objects</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#object-spec">{{object name}}</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p>{{Introductory text}}
+
+    <h2><a name="macros"></a>Macros</h2>
+
+    <p><a name="macro-spec"></a>{{Macro specifications}}
+
+    <h2><a name="values"></a>Values</h2>
+
+    <p><a name="value-spec"></a>{{Value specifications}}
+
+    <h2><a name="types"></a>Types</h2>
+
+    <p><a name="type-spec"></a>{{Type specifications}}
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="class-spec"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code></h3>
+
+    <p>{{class overview text}}
+
+    <h4><a name="class-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost
+{
+    class {{name}}
+  {
+  };
+};
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="class-spec-ctors"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> constructors and
+    destructor</h4>
+<pre>
+{{constructor}}
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+{{destructor}}
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="class-spec-comparisons"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> comparison
+    functions</h4>
+<pre>
+{{function}}
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="class-spec-modifiers"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> modifier
+    functions</h4>
+<pre>
+{{function}}
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="class-spec-observers"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> observer
+    functions</h4>
+<pre>
+{{function}}
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="class-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> static functions</h4>
+<pre>
+{{function}}
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+<pre>
+
+
+<a name="function-spec"></a>{{function}}
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="objects"></a>Objects</h2>
+
+    <p><a name="object-spec"></a>{{Object specifications}}
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
+
+    <p>{{Example(s)}}
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     05 November, 2001 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/implicit.html

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/implicit.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/implicit.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl function="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl function="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#implicitly_convertible-spec">Function Template <code>implicitly_convertible</code></a>
+
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <code>implicitly_convertible</code> allows Boost.Python to
+    implicitly take advantage of a C++ implicit or explicit conversion
+    when matching Python objects to C++ argument types.
+
+    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="implicitly_convertible-spec"></a>Function template <code>implicitly_convertible</code></h3>
+<pre>
+template &lt;class Source, class Target&gt;
+void implicitly_convertible();
+</pre>
+
+    <table border="1" summary="implicitly_convertible template parameters">
+      <caption>
+        <b><code>implicitly_convertible</code> template parameters</b><br>
+      </caption>
+      <tr>
+        <th>Parameter
+        <th>Description
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Source</code> 
+        <td>The source type of the implicit conversion
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Target</code> 
+        <td>The target type of the implicit conversion
+      <tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> The expression <code>Target(s)</code>,
+      where <code>s</code> is of type <code>Source</code>, is valid.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> registers an rvalue <code>from_python</code>
+      converter to <code>Target</code> which can succeed for any
+      <code>PyObject*&nbsp;p</code> iff there exists any registered
+      converter which can produce <code>Source</code> rvalues
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> C++ users expect to be able to take
+      advantage of the same sort of interoperability in Python as they
+      do in C++.
+    </dl>
+
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+
+<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
+
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/implicit.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+
+struct X
+{
+    X(int x) : v(x) {}
+    operator int() { return v; }
+    int v;
+};
+
+int x_value(X const&amp; x)
+{
+    return x.v;
+}
+
+X make_x(int n) { return X(n); }
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(implicit_ext)
+{
+    module(&quot;implicit_ext&quot;)
+        .def(&quot;x_value&quot;, x_value)
+        .def(&quot;make_x&quot;, make_x)
+        .add(
+            class_&lt;X&gt;(&quot;X&quot;)
+            .def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
+            )
+        ;
+    implicitly_convertible&lt;X,int&gt;();
+    implicitly_convertible&lt;int,X&gt;();
+}
+</pre>
+
+<h3>Python code</h3>
+
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from implicit_ext import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x_value(X(42))
+42
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x_value(42)
+42
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x = make_x(X(42))
+&gt;&gt;&gt; x_value(x)
+42
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     08 May, 2002 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Index</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<h2>Contents</h2>
+<dl class="index">
+  <dt><a href="overview.html">Overview</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="reference.html">Reference</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="configuration.html">Configuration Information</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="rationale.html">Rationale</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="definitions.html">Definitions</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="progress_reports.html">Progress Reports</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="bibliography.html">Bibliography</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="acknowledgments.html">Acknowledgments</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  05 November, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/instance_holder.html

@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+    "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/instance_holder.hpp&gt;</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+ p.c4 {font-style: italic}
+ span.c3 {color: #ff0000}
+ h2.c2 {text-align: center}
+ h1.c1 {text-align: center}
+</style>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
+    summary="header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width= 
+          "277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border=
+          "0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 class="c2">Header &lt;boost/python/instance_holder.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec">Class
+          <code>instance_holder</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>instance_holder</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec-ctors">Class
+              <code>instance_holder</code> destructor</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec-modifiers">Class
+              <code>instance_holder</code> modifier functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec-observers">Class
+              <code>instance_holder</code> observer functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/instance_holder.hpp&gt;</code> provides
+    <code>class&nbsp;instance_holder</code>, the base class for types
+    which hold C++ instances of wrapped classes.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="instance_holder-spec"></a>Class <code>instance_holder</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>instance_holder</code> is an abstract base class whose
+    concrete derived classes hold C++ class instances within their
+    Python object wrappers. To allow multiple inheritance in Python
+    from C++ class wrappers, each such Python object contains a chain
+    of <code>instance_holder</code>s. When an <code>__init__</code>
+    function for a wrapped C++ class is invoked, a new
+    <code>instance_holder</code> instance is created and installed in
+    the Python object using its <code><a
+    href="#instance_holder-spec-modifiers">install</a></code>()
+    function. Each concrete class derived from
+    <code>instance_holder</code> must provide a <code><a
+    href="#instance_holder-spec-observers">holds</a>()</code>
+    implementation which allows Boost.Python to query it for the
+    type(s) it is holding. In order to support the held type's wrapped
+    constructor(s), the class must also provide constructors that can
+    accept an initial <code>PyObject*</code> argument referring to the
+    owning Python object, and which forward the rest of their
+    arguments to the constructor of the held type. The initial
+    argument is needed to enable virtual function overriding in
+    Python, and may be ignored, depending on the specific
+    <code>instance_holder</code> subclass.
+
+    <h4><a name="instance_holder-spec-synopsis"></a>Class instance_holder
+    synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  class instance_holder : <a href="../../../utility/utility.htm#Class noncopyable">noncopyable</a>
+  {
+   public:
+      // destructor
+      virtual ~instance_holder();
+
+      // instance_holder modifiers
+      void install(PyObject* inst) throw();
+
+      // instance_holder observers
+      virtual void* holds(type_info) = 0;
+  };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="instance_holder-spec-ctors">Class <code>instance_holder</code>
+    destructor</a></h4>
+<pre>
+virtual ~instance_holder();
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> destroys the object
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="instance_holder-spec-modifiers">Class
+    <code>instance_holder</code> modifiers</a></h4>
+<pre>
+void install(PyObject* inst) throw();
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>inst</code> is a Python instance of a
+      wrapped C++ class type, or is a type derived from a wrapped C++
+      class type.
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> installs the new instance at the head of the
+      Python object's chain of held instances.
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="instance_holder-spec-observers">Class <code>instance_holder</code>
+    observers</a></h4>
+<pre>
+virtual void* holds(type_info x) = 0;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> A pointer to an object of the type described
+      by <code>x</code> if <code>*this</code> contains such an object,
+      0 otherwise.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2> 
+
+The following is a simplified version of the instance holder template
+used by Boost.Python to wrap classes held by smart pointers:
+<pre>
+template &lt;class SmartPtr, class Value&gt;
+struct pointer_holder : instance_holder
+{
+   // construct from the SmartPtr type
+   pointer_holder(SmartPtr p)
+       :m_p(p)
+
+   // Forwarding constructors for the held type
+   pointer_holder(PyObject*)
+       :m_p(new Value())
+   {
+   }
+
+   template&lt;class A0&gt;
+   pointer_holder(PyObject*,A0 a0)
+       :m_p(new Value(a0))
+   {
+   }
+
+   template&lt;class A0,class A1&gt;
+   pointer_holder(PyObject*,A0 a0,A1 a1)
+       :m_p(new Value(a0,a1))
+   {
+   }
+   ...
+
+ private: // required holder implementation
+   void* holds(type_info dst_t)
+   {
+       // holds an instance of the SmartPtr type...
+       if (dst_t == python::type_id&lt;SmartPtr&gt;())
+           return &amp;this-&gt;m_p;
+
+       // ...and an instance of the SmartPtr's element_type, if the
+       // pointer is non-null
+       return python::type_id&lt;Value&gt;() == dst_t ? &amp;*this-&gt;m_p : 0;
+   }
+
+ private: // data members
+   SmartPtr m_p;
+};
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     29 May, 2002 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href= 
+    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All
+    Rights Reserved.
+

doc/v2/iterator.html

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/iterator.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/iterator.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#iterator-spec">Class template <code>iterator</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#iterator-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>iterator</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#iterator-spec-ctors">Class template <code>iterator</code>
+              constructor</a>
+            </dl>
+         </dl>
+
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#iterators-spec">Class template <code>iterators</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#iterators-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>iterators</code> synopsis</a>
+              <dt><a href="#iterators-spec-types">Class template
+              <code>iterators</code> nested types</a>
+              <dt><a href="#iterators-spec-statics">Class template
+              <code>iterators</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#range-spec">range</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/iterator.hpp&gt;</code> provides types
+    and functions for creating <a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/typeiter.html">Python
+    iterators</a> from <a
+    href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Container.html">C++
+    Containers</a> and <a
+    href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Iterators.html">Iterators</a>. Note
+    that if your <code>class_</code> supports random-access iterators,
+    implementing 
+    <code><a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/sequence-types.html#l2h-128">__getitem__</a></code>
+    (also known as the Sequence Protocol) may serve you better than
+    using this facility: Python will automatically create an iterator
+    type for you (see <a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/built-in-funcs.html#l2h-35">iter()</a>),
+    and each access can be range-checked, leaving no possiblity of
+    accessing through an invalidated C++ iterator.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="iterator-spec"></a>Class Template <code>iterator</code></h3>
+
+    <p>Instances of <code>iterator&lt;C,P&gt;</code> hold a reference
+    to a callable Python object which, when invoked from Python,
+    expects a single argument <code>c</code> convertible to
+    <code>C</code> and creates a Python iterator that traverses
+    [<code>c.begin()</code>,
+    <code>c.end()</code>). The optional <a
+    href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
+    <code>P</code> can be used to control how elements are returned
+    during iteration.
+
+    <p>In the table below, <code><b>c</b></code> is an instance of <code>Container</code>.
+
+    <table border="1" summary="iterator template parameters">
+      <tr>
+        <th>Template Parameter
+
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Semantics
+
+        <th>Default
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Container</code> 
+
+        <td>[c.begin(),c.end()) is a valid <a
+        href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Iterators.html">Iterator
+        range</a>.
+
+        <td>The result will convert its argument to
+        <code>c</code> and call
+        <code>c.begin()</code> and <code>c.end()</code> to acquire
+        iterators. To invoke <code>Container</code>'s
+        <code>const</code> <code>begin()</code> and <code>end()</code>
+        functions, make it <code>const</code>.
+
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>NextPolicies</code> 
+
+        <td>A default-constructible model of <a
+        href="CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>.
+
+        <td>Applied to the resulting iterators' <code>next()</code> method.
+
+        <td>An unspecified model of <a
+        href="CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>
+        which always makes a copy of the
+        result of deferencing the underlying C++ iterator
+
+    </table>
+
+    <h4><a name="iterator-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template iterator synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;class Container
+             , class NextPolicies = <i>unspecified</i>&gt;
+  struct iterator : reference&lt;PyObject*&gt;
+  {
+      iterator();
+  };
+}}
+</pre>
+    <h4><a name="iterator-spec-constructors"></a>Class Template
+    iterator constructor</h4>
+
+<pre>
+iterator()
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Initializes its base class with the result
+      of:
+<pre>
+range&lt;NextPolicies&gt;(&amp;iterators&lt;Container&gt;::begin, &amp;iterators&lt;Container&gt;::end)
+</pre>
+
+      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> <code>this-&gt;get()</code> points to
+      a Python callable object which creates a Python iterator as
+      described above.
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Provides an easy way to create iterators
+      for the common case where a C++ class being wrapped provides
+      <code>begin()</code> and <code>end()</code>.
+    </dl>
+
+<!-- -->
+
+    <h3><a name="iterators-spec"></a>Class Template <code>iterators</code></h3>
+
+    <p>A utility class template which provides a way to reliably call
+    its argument's <code>begin()</code> and <code>end()</code> member
+    functions. Note that there is no portable way to take the address
+    of a member function of a C++ standard library container, so
+    <code>iterators&lt;&gt;</code> can be particularly helpful when
+    wrapping them.
+    
+
+    <p>In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> is an instance of <code>C</code>.
+
+    <table border="1" summary="iterator template parameters">
+      <tr>
+        <th>Required Valid Expression
+
+        <th>Type
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>x.begin()</code>
+        
+        <td>Convertible to <code>C::const_iterator</code> if <code>C</code> is a
+        <code>const</code> type; convertible to <code>C::iterator</code> otherwise.
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>x.end()</code>
+        
+        <td>Convertible to <code>C::const_iterator</code> if <code>C</code> is a
+        <code>const</code> type; convertible to <code>C::iterator</code> otherwise.
+
+    </table>
+
+    <h4><a name="iterators-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template iterators synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;class C&gt;
+  struct iterators
+  {
+      typedef typename C::[const_]iterator iterator;
+      static iterator begin(C&amp; x);
+      static iterator end(C&amp; x);
+  };
+}}
+
+</pre>
+    <h4><a name="iterators-spec-types"></a>Class Template
+    iterators nested types</h4>
+
+If C is a <code>const</code> type,
+<pre>
+typedef typename C::const_iterator iterator;
+</pre>
+Otherwise:
+<pre>
+typedef typename C::iterator iterator;
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="iterators-spec-statics"></a>Class Template
+    iterators static functions</h4>
+
+<pre>
+static iterator begin(C&amp;);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>x.begin()</code>
+    </dl>
+
+<pre>
+static iterator end(C&amp;);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>x.end()</code>
+    </dl>
+
+<!-- -->
+
+    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+<pre>
+<a name=
+"range-spec">template</a> &lt;class NextPolicies, class Target, class Accessor1, class Accessor2&gt;
+reference&lt;PyObject*&gt range(Accessor1 start, Accessor2 finish);
+
+template &lt;class NextPolicies, class Accessor1, class Accessor2&gt;
+reference&lt;PyObject*&gt range(Accessor1 start, Accessor2 finish);
+
+template &lt;class Accessor1, class Accessor2&gt;
+reference&lt;PyObject*&gt range(Accessor1 start, Accessor2 finish);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="range-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>NextPolicies</code> is a
+        default-constructible model of <a
+        href="CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> <dl>
+
+The first form creates a Python callable
+      object which, when invoked, converts its argument to a
+      <code>Target</code> object
+      <code>x</code>, and creates a Python iterator which traverses
+       [<code><a
+       href="../../../bind/bind.html">bind</a>(start,_1)(x)</code>,&nbsp;<code><a
+       href="../../../bind/bind.html">bind</a>(finish,_1)(x)</code>),
+       applying <code>NextPolicies</code> to the iterator's
+       <code>next()</code> function. 
+<dd>
+       <dt>The second form is identical to
+       the first, except that <code>Target</code> is deduced from
+       <code>Accessor1</code> as follows:
+       <ol>
+       <li>If <code>Accessor1</code> is a function type,
+       <code>Target</code> is the type of its first argument.
+       <li>If <code>Accessor1</code> is a data member pointer of the
+       form <code>R&nbsp;(T::*)</code>, <code>Target</code> is
+       identical to <code>T</code>.
+       <li>If <code>Accessor1</code> is a member function pointer of
+       the form
+       <code>R&nbsp;(T::*)(</code><i>arguments...</i><code>)</code>&nbsp;<i>cv-opt</i>,
+       where <i>cv-opt</i> is an optional <code>cv-qualifier</code>,
+       <code>Target</code> is identical to <code>T</code>.
+        </ol>
+<dd>
+
+       <dt>The third form is identical to the second, except that
+       <code>NextPolicies</code> is an unspecified model of <a
+        href="CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>
+        which always makes a copy of the
+        result of deferencing the underlying C++ iterator<dd>
+</dl>
+
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> The use of <code><a
+      href="../../../bind/bind.html">boost::bind</a>()</code> allows
+      C++ iterators to be accessed through functions, member functions
+      or data member pointers. Customization of
+      <code>NextPolicies</code> (e.g. using <code><a
+      href="return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec"
+      >return_internal_reference</a></code>) is useful when it is
+      expensive to copy sequence elements of a wrapped class
+      type. Customization of <code>Target</code> is useful when
+      <code>Accessor1</code> is a function object, or when a base
+      class of the intended target type would otherwise be deduced.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
+
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/return_internal_reference.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;vector&gt;
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(demo)
+{
+   module(&quot;demo&quot;)
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt; &gt;(&quot;dvec&quot;)
+            .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;, iterator&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt; &gt;())
+            ...
+         )
+      ;
+}
+</pre>
+
+A more comprehensive example can be found in:
+<code><dl>
+<dt><a href="../../test/iterator.cpp">libs/python/test/iterator.cpp</a><dd>
+<dt><a href="../../test/input_iterator.cpp">libs/python/test/input_iterator.cpp</a><dd>
+<dt><a href="../../test/iterator.py">libs/python/test/input_iterator.py</a><dd>
+</code>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     17 May, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/lvalue_from_pytype.html

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/lvalue_from_python.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/lvalue_from_pytype.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#lvalue_from_pytype-spec">Class Template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#lvalue_from_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#lvalue_from_pytype-spec-ctors">Class Template
+              <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> constructor</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#extract_identity-spec">Class Template <code>extract_identity</code></a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#extract_identity-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>extract_identity</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#extract_identity-spec-statics">Class Template
+              <code>extract_identity</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+          <dt><a href="#extract_member-spec">Class Template <code>extract_member</code></a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#extract_member-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>extract_member</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#extract_member-spec-statics">Class Template
+              <code>extract_member</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <code>&lt;boost/python/lvalue_from_pytype.hpp&gt;</code> supplies
+    a facility for extracting C++ objects from within Python instances
+    of a given type. This is typically useful for dealing with
+    &quot;traditional&quot; Python extension types.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="lvalue_from_pytype-spec"></a>Class template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code></h3>
+
+    <p>Class template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> will register
+    from_python converters which, given an object of the given Python
+    type, can extract references and pointers to a particular C++
+    type. Its template arguments are:
+
+    <p>
+
+
+    <table border="1" summary="lvalue_from_pytype template parameters">
+      <caption>
+        <b><code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> Requirements</b><br>
+
+        In the table below, <b><code>x</code></b> denotes an object of type <code>PythonObject&amp;</code>
+
+      </caption>
+      <tr>
+        <th>Parameter
+        
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Semantics
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Extractor</code> 
+
+        <td>a model of <a
+        href="Extractor.html#Extractor-concept">Extractor</a> whose
+        execute function returns a reference type.
+
+        <td>Extracts the lvalue from the Python object once its type has been confirmed
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>python_type</code> 
+
+        <td>A compile-time constant <code><a
+        href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-type-methods.html">PyTypeObject</a>*</code>
+
+        <td>The Python type of instances convertible by this
+        converter. Python subtypes are also convertible.
+
+    </table>
+
+    <h4><a name="lvalue_from_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+   template &lt;class Extractor, PyTypeObject const* python_type&gt;
+   struct lvalue_from_pytype
+   {
+       lvalue_from_pytype();
+   };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="lvalue_from_pytype-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> constructor</h4>
+<pre>
+lvalue_from_pytype();
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Registers converters which can convert
+      Python objects of the given type to lvalues of the type returned
+      by <code>Extractor::execute</code>.
+
+    </dl>
+
+    <h3><a name="extract_identity-spec"></a>Class template <code>extract_identity</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>extract_identity</code> is a model of <a
+    href="Extractor.html#Extractor-concept">Extractor</a> which can be
+    used in the common case where the C++ type to be extracted is the
+    same as the Python object type.
+
+    <h4><a name="extract_identity-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template
+    <code>extract_identity</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+   template &lt;class InstanceType&gt;
+   struct extract_identity
+   {
+      static InstanceType&amp; execute(InstanceType&amp; c);
+   };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="extract_identity-spec-statics"></a>Class template <code>extract_identity</code> static functions</h4>
+<pre>
+InstanceType&amp; execute(InstanceType&amp; c);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>c</code>
+
+    </dl>
+
+
+    <h3><a name="extract_member-spec"></a>Class template <code>extract_member</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>extract_member</code> is a model of <a
+    href="Extractor.html#Extractor-concept">Extractor</a> which can be
+    used in the common case in the common case where the C++
+    type to be extracted is a member of the Python object.
+
+    <h4><a name="extract_member-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>extract_member</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+   template &lt;class InstanceType, class MemberType, MemberType (InstanceType::*member)&gt;
+   struct extract_member
+   {
+      static MemberType&amp; execute(InstanceType&amp; c);
+   };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="extract_member-spec-statics"></a>Class template <code>extract_member</code> static functions</h4>
+<pre>
+static MemberType&amp; execute(InstanceType&amp; c);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>c.*member</code>
+
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+This example presumes that someone has implemented the standard <a
+href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-basics.html">noddy
+example module</a> from the Python documentation, and we want to build
+a module which manipulates <code>Noddy</code>s. Since
+<code>noddy_NoddyObject</code> is so simple that it carries no
+interesting information, the example is a bit contrived: it assumes
+you want to keep track of one particular object for some reason. This
+module would have to be dynamically linked to the module which defines
+<code>noddy_NoddyType</code>.
+
+<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
+
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+
+// definition lifted from the Python docs
+typedef struct {
+   PyObject_HEAD
+} noddy_NoddyObject;
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+static reference&lt;PyObject&gt; cache;
+
+bool is_cached(noddy_NoddyObject* x)
+{
+   return x == cache.get();
+}
+
+void set_cache(noddy_NoddyObject* x)
+{
+   cache.reset((PyObject*)x, ref::increment_count);
+}
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noddy_cache)
+{
+   module noddy_cache(&quot;noddy_cache&quot;)
+      .def(&quot;is_cached&quot;, is_cached)
+      .def(&quot;set_cache&quot;, set_cache)
+      ;
+
+   // register Noddy lvalue converter
+   lvalue_from_pytype&lt;extract_identity&lt;noddy_NoddyObject&gt;,&amp;noddy_NoddyType&gt;();
+}
+</pre>
+
+<h3>Python code</h3>
+
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; import noddy
+&gt;&gt;&gt; n = noddy.new_noddy()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; import noddy_cache
+&gt;&gt;&gt; noddy_cache.is_cached(n)
+0
+&gt;&gt;&gt; noddy_cache.set_cache(n)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; noddy_cache.is_cached(n)
+1
+&gt;&gt;&gt; noddy_cache.is_cached(noddy.new_noddy())
+0
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     05 November, 2001 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/make_function.html

@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/make_function.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/make_function.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#make_function-spec">make_function</a>
+
+          <dt><a href="#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code><a href="#make_function-spec">make_function</a>()</code> and
+    <code><a href="#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>()</code> are
+    the functions used internally by <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
+    "class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def</a></code>, <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a
+    href="module.html#module-spec-modifiers">def</a></code>, and
+    <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
+    "class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def_init</a></code> to produce Python
+    callable objects which wrap C++ functions and member functions.
+
+    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+<pre>
+<a name="make_function-spec">template &lt;class F&gt;</a>
+objects::function* make_function(F f)
+
+template &lt;class F, class Policies&gt;
+objects::function* make_function(F f, Policies const&amp; policies)
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>F</code> is a function pointer or member
+      function pointer type
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when called
+      from Python, converts its arguments to C++ and calls <code>f</code>. If
+      <code>F</code> is a pointer-to-member-function type, the target object of
+      the function call (<code>*this</code>) will be taken from the first
+      Python argument, and subsequent Python arguments will be used as the
+      arguments to <code>f</code>. If <code>policies</code> are supplied, it
+      must be a model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>, and will
+      be applied to the function as described <a href=
+      "CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> A pointer convertible to <code>PyObject*</code> which
+      refers to the new Python callable object.
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+<a name=
+"make_constructor-spec">template &lt;class T, class ArgList, class Generator&gt;
+objects::function* make_constructor();</a>
+
+template &lt;class ArgList, class Generator, class Policies&gt;
+objects::function* make_constructor(Policies const&amp; policies)
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is a class
+      type. <code>Policies</code> is a model of <a
+      href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>. <code>ArgList</code>
+      is an <a href="../../../mpl/doc/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a>
+      of C++ argument types (<i>A1, A2,... AN</i>) such that if
+      <code>a1, a2</code>... <code>aN</code> are objects of type
+      <i>A1, A2,... AN</i> respectively, the expression <code>new
+      Generator::apply&lt;T&gt;::type(a1, a2</code>... <code>aN</code>) is
+      valid. Generator is a model of <a href=
+      "HolderGenerator.html">HolderGenerator</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when called
+      from Python, expects its first argument to be a Boost.Python extension
+      class object. It converts its remaining its arguments to C++ and passes
+      them to the constructor of a dynamically-allocated
+      <code>Generator::apply&lt;T&gt;::type</code> object, which is
+      then installed in the extension class object. In the second
+      form, the <code>policies</code> are applied to the arguments and
+      result (<a
+      href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a>)
+      of the Python callable object
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> The new Python callable object
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+    <p>C++ function exposed below returns a callable object wrapping one of two
+    functions.
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/make_function.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+
+char const* foo() { return "foo"; }
+char const* bar() { return "bar"; }
+
+PyObject* choose_function(bool selector)
+{
+    if (selector)
+        return boost::python::make_function(foo);
+    else
+        return boost::python::make_function(bar);
+}
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(make_function_test)
+{
+    module("make_function_test")
+        .def("choose_function", choose_function);
+}
+</pre>
+    It can be used this way in Python: 
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from make_function_test import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f = choose_function(1)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; g = choose_function(0)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f()
+'foo'
+&gt;&gt;&gt; g()
+'bar'
+</pre>
+
+    <p>
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+    14 February 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/manage_new_object.html

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/manage_new_object.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header
+          &lt;boost/python/manage_new_object.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#manage_new_object-spec">Class
+          <code>manage_new_object</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#manage_new_object-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>manage_new_object</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#manage_new_object-spec-metafunctions">Class
+              <code>manage_new_object</code> metafunctions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="manage_new_object-spec"></a>Class
+    <code>manage_new_object</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>manage_new_object</code> is a model of <a href=
+    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
+    used to wrap C++ functions which return a pointer to an object allocated
+    with a <i>new-expression</i>, and expect the caller to take responsibility
+    for deleting that object.
+
+    <h4><a name="manage_new_object-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    <code>manage_new_object</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    struct manage_new_object
+    {
+        template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="manage_new_object-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
+    <code>manage_new_object</code> metafunctions</h4>
+<pre>
+template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U*</code> for some
+      <code>U</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
+      "to_python_indirect.html#to_python_indirect-spec">to_python_indirect</a>&lt;T&gt;
+      type;</code>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+    <p>In C++:
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/manage_new_object.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
+
+
+struct Foo {
+   Foo(int x) : x(x){}
+   int get_x() { return x; }
+   int x;
+};
+
+Foo* make_foo(int x) { return new Foo(x); }
+
+// Wrapper code
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
+{
+   module("my_module")
+      .def("make_foo", make_foo, return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;)
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
+            .def("get_x", &amp;Foo::get_x)
+         )
+}
+</pre>
+In Python: 
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f = make_foo(3)     # create a Foo object
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f.get_x()
+3
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     14 February 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/module.html

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#macros">Macros</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href=
+          "#BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT-spec">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#module-spec">Class <code>module</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#module-spec-synopsis">Class <code>module</code>
+              synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#module-spec-ctors">Class <code>module</code>
+              constructor</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#module-spec-modifiers">Class <code>module</code>
+              modifier functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#module-spec-observers">Class <code>module</code>
+              observer functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p>This header provides the basic facilities needed to create an
+    extension module.
+
+    <h2><a name="macros"></a>Macros</h2>
+
+    <p><a name=
+    "BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT-spec"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(name)</code></a>
+    is used to declare Python <a href=
+    "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/methodTable.html#SECTION003400000000000000000">
+    module initialization functions</a>. The <code>name</code> argument must
+    exactly match the name of the module to be initialized, and must conform to
+    Python's <a href=
+    "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier naming
+    rules</a>. Where you would normally write
+<pre>
+void init<i>name</i>()
+{
+   ...
+</pre>
+    Boost.Python modules should be initialized with 
+<pre>
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(<i>name</i>)
+{
+   ...
+</pre>
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="module-spec">Class <code>module</code></a></h3>
+
+    <p>This class represents the Python extension module under construction. It
+    provides functions for adding attributes and for retrieving the underlying
+    Python module object.
+
+    <h4><a name="module-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>module</code>
+    synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  class module : public module_base
+  {
+   public:
+      module(const char* name);
+
+      // modifier functions
+      module&amp; setattr(const char* name, PyObject*);
+      module&amp; setattr(const char* name, PyTypeObject*);
+      module&amp; setattr(const char* name, ref const&amp;);
+
+      module&amp; add(PyTypeObject* x);
+      template &lt;class T, class Bases, class HolderGenerator&gt;
+      module&amp; add(class_&lt;T,Bases,HolderGenerator&gt; const&amp; c);
+
+      template &lt;class Fn&gt;
+      module&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn);
+      template &lt;class Fn, class ResultHandler&gt;
+      module&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, ResultHandler handler);
+
+      // observer function
+      ref object() const;
+  };
+
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="module-spec-ctors">Class <code>module</code></a>
+    constructor</h4>
+<pre>
+module(const char* name);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs whose value matches the
+      argument passed to <a href=
+      "#BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT-spec">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a <code>module</code> object representing a
+      Python module named <code>name</code>.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="module-spec-modifiers">Class <code>module</code></a> modifier
+    functions</h4>
+<pre>
+module&amp; setattr(const char* name, PyObject* obj);
+module&amp; setattr(const char* name, PyTypeObject* obj);
+module&amp; setattr(const char* name, ref const&amp; r);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
+      Python's <a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
+      naming rules</a>. In the first two forms, <code>obj</code> is non-null.
+      In the third form, <code>r.get()</code> is non-null.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds the given Python object to the module. If the
+      object is a product of <code><a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>()</code>, the
+      usual <a href="overloading.html">overloading procedure</a> applies.
+      In the first two forms, ownership of a reference to obj is transferred
+      from caller to callee, even if an exception is thrown.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+module&amp; add(PyTypeObject* x);
+
+template &lt;class T, class Bases, class HolderGenerator&gt;
+module&amp; add(class_&lt;T,Bases,HolderGenerator&gt; const&amp; c);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> In the first form, <code>x</code> is non-null
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> The first form adds the Python type object named by
+      <code>x</code> to the Python module under construction, with the name
+      given by the type's <code><a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-type-methods.html">tp_name</a></code>
+      field. The second form adds the extension class object being constructed
+      by <code>c</code> to the module, with the same name that was passed to
+      <code>c</code>'s constructor.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Provides a way to set type attributes in the module
+      without having to explicitly specify the name.
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+template &lt;class Fn&gt;
+module&amp; def(char const* name, Fn f);
+
+template &lt;class Fn, class ResultHandler&gt;
+module&amp; def(char const* name, Fn f, ResultHandler handler);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>f</code> is a non-null pointer-to-function or
+      pointer-to-member-function. <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
+      Python's <a href=
+      "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
+      naming rules</a>. In the first form, the return type of
+      <code>f</code> is not a reference and is not a pointer other
+      than <code>char const*</code> or <code>PyObject*</code>. In the
+      second form <code>policy</code> is a model of <a
+      href="CallPolicy.html">CallPolicy</a>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds the result of <code><a href=
+      "make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>(f)</code> to
+      the extension module being defined, with the given <code>name</code>. If
+      the module already has an attribute named <code><i>name</i></code>, the
+      usual <a href="http:overloading.html">overloading procedure</a> applies.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="module-spec-observers">Class <code>module</code></a> observer
+    functions</h4>
+<pre>
+ref object() const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> A <code>ref</code> object which holds a reference to
+      the Python module object created by the <code>module</code> constructor.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
+
+    <p>C++ module definition:
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+
+char const* greet()
+{
+    return "hello, Boost.Python!";
+}
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(boost_greet)
+{
+    module("boost_greet")
+        .def("greet", greet);
+}
+</pre>
+
+Interactive Python: 
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; import boost_greet
+&gt;&gt;&gt; boost_greet.greet()
+'hello, Boost.Python!'
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     14 February, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/operators.html

@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/operators.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/operators.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+
+          <dt><a href="#self_t-spec">Class <code>self_ns::self_t</code></a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#self_t-spec-synopsis">Class <code>self_t</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#self_t-spec-inplace">Class <code>self_t</code> inplace operators</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#self_t-spec-comparisons">Class <code>self_t</code> comparison functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#self_t-spec-ops">Class <code>self_t</code> non-member operations</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#self_t-spec-value-unary-ops">Class <code>self_t</code> unary operations</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#self_t-spec-value-value-ops">Class <code>self_t</code> value operations</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="#other-spec">Class template <code>other</code></a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#other-spec-synopsis">Class <code>other</code> synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="#operator_-spec">Class template <code>operator_</code></a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#operator_-spec-synopsis">Class <code>operator_</code> synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+ 
+         </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#objects">Objects</a>
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#self-spec">self</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/operators.hpp&gt;</code> provides types
+    and functions for automatically generating Python <a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/ref/specialnames.html">special
+    methods</a> from the corresponding C++ constructs. Most of these
+    constructs are operator expressions, hence the name. To use the
+    facility, substitute the <code><a
+    href="#self-spec">self</a></code> object for an object of the
+    class type being wrapped in the expression to be exposed, and pass
+    the result to <a
+    href="class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">class_&lt;&gt;::def()</a>. Much
+    of what is exposed in this header should be considered part of the
+    implementation, so is not documented in detail here.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="self_t-spec"></a>Class <code>self_ns::self_t</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>self_ns::self_t</code> is the actual type of the <a
+    href="#self-spec"><code>self</code></a> object. The library
+    isolates <code>self_t</code> in its own namespace,
+    <code>self_ns</code>, in order to prevent the generalized operator
+    templates which operate on it from being found by
+    argument-dependent lookup in other contexts. This should be
+    considered an implementation detail, since users should never have
+    to mention <code>self_t</code> directly.
+
+    <h4><a name="self_t-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>self_ns::self_t</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace self_ns {
+{
+   class self_t {};
+
+   // inplace operators
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator+=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator-=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator*=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator/=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator%=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&gt;&gt;=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&lt;&lt;=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&amp;=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator^=(self_t, T);
+   template &lt;class T&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator|=(self_t, T);
+
+   // comparisons
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator==(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator!=(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&lt;(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&gt;(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&lt;=(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&gt;=(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
+
+   // non-member operations
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator+(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator-(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator*(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator/(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator%(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&gt;&gt;(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&lt;&lt;(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&amp;(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator^(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator|(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+   template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
+   href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; pow(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
+
+   // unary operations
+   <a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator-(self_t);
+   <a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator+(self_t);
+   <a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator~(self_t);
+
+   // value operations
+   <a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; int_(self_t);
+   <a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; long_(self_t);
+   <a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; float_(self_t);
+   <a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; complex_(self_t);
+   <a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; str(self_t);
+
+}}};
+</pre>
+
+The tables below describe the methods generated when the results of
+the expressions described are passed as arguments to <a
+href="class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">class_&lt;&gt;::def()</a>.
+<code><b>x</b></code> is an object of the class type being wrapped.
+
+
+    <h4><a name="self_t-spec-inplace"></a>Class <code>self_t</code> inplace operators</h4>
+
+
+
+In the table below, If <code><b>r</b></code> is an object of type
+<code><a href="#other-spec">other</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>, 
+<code><b>y</b></code> is an object of type <code>T</code>; otherwise,
+<code><b>y</b></code> is an object of the same type as
+<code><b>r</b></code>.
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr>
+  <th>C++ Expression
+  <th>Python Method Name
+  <th>C++ Implementation
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;+=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__iadd__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;+=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;-=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__isub__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;-=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;*=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__imul__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;*=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;/=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__idiv__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;/=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;%=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__imod__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;%=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;&gt;&gt;=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__irshift__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;&gt;&gt;=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;&lt;&lt;=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__ilshift__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;&lt;&lt;=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;&amp;=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__iand__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;&amp;=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;^=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__ixor__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;^=&nbsp;y</code>
+
+<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;|=&nbsp;r</code>
+<td><code>__ior__</code>
+<td><code>x&nbsp;|=&nbsp;y</code>
+</table>
+
+    <h4><a name="self_t-spec-comparisons"></a>Class <code>self_t</code> comparison
+    functions</h4>
+
+In the tables below, if <code><b>r</b></code> is of type <code><a
+href="#self_t-spec">self_t</a></code>, <code><b>y</b></code> is an object
+of the same type as <code>x</code>;
+<br>
+if <code><b>l</b></code>  or <code><b>r</b></code> is an object of type <code><a
+href="#other-spec">other</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>,
+<code><b>y</b></code> is an object of type <code>T</code>; 
+<br>
+otherwise, <code><b>y</b></code> is an object of the same type as
+<code><b>l</b></code> or <code><b>r</b></code>.<br>
+<code><b>l</b></code>
+is never of type <code><a href="#self_t-spec">self_t</a></code>.
+
+<p>
+The column of <b>Python Expressions</b> illustrates the expressions
+that will be supported in Python for objects convertible to the types
+of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>. The secondary operation arises
+due to Python's <a
+href="http://www.python.org/doc/ref/customization.html#l2h-89">reflection
+rules</a> for rich comparison operators, and are only used when the
+corresponding operation is not defined as a method of the
+<code>y</code> object.
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr><th>C++ Expression <th>Python Method Name <th>C++ Implementation
+<th>Python Expressions<br>(primary, secondary)
+<code>
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;==&nbsp;r <td>__eq__ <td>x&nbsp;==&nbsp;y
+<td>x&nbsp;==&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;==&nbsp;x 
+
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;==&nbsp;self <td>__eq__ <td>y&nbsp;==&nbsp;x
+<td>y&nbsp;==&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;==&nbsp;y
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;!=&nbsp;r <td>__ne__ <td>x&nbsp;!=&nbsp;y
+<td>x&nbsp;!=&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;!=&nbsp;x 
+
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;!=&nbsp;self <td>__ne__ <td>y&nbsp;!=&nbsp;x
+<td>y&nbsp;!=&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;!=&nbsp;y
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;r <td>__lt__ <td>x&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;y
+<td>x&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;x 
+
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;self <td>__gt__ <td>y&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;x
+<td>y&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;y
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;r <td>__gt__ <td>x&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;y
+<td>x&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;x 
+
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;self <td>__lt__ <td>y&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;x
+<td>y&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;y
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;r <td>__le__ <td>x&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;y
+<td>x&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;x 
+
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;self <td>__ge__ <td>y&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;x
+<td>y&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;y
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;r <td>__ge__ <td>x&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;y
+<td>x&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;x 
+
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;self <td>__le__ <td>y&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;x
+<td>y&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;y
+
+</code>
+</table>
+
+
+    <h4><a name="self_t-spec-ops"></a>Class
+    <code>self_t</code> non-member operations</h4>
+
+The operations whose names begin with &quot;<code>__r</code>&quot;
+below will only be called if the left-hand operand does not already
+support the given operation, as described <a
+href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/numeric-types.html#l2h-152">here</a>.
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr><th>C++ Expression <th>Python Method Name <th>C++ Implementation
+<code>
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;+&nbsp;r <td>__add__ <td>x&nbsp;+&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;+&nbsp;self <td>__radd__ <td>y&nbsp;+&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;-&nbsp;r <td>__sub__ <td>x&nbsp;-&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;-&nbsp;self <td>__rsub__ <td>y&nbsp;-&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;*&nbsp;r <td>__mul__ <td>x&nbsp;*&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;*&nbsp;self <td>__rmul__ <td>y&nbsp;*&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;/&nbsp;r <td>__div__ <td>x&nbsp;/&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;/&nbsp;self <td>__rdiv__ <td>y&nbsp;/&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;%&nbsp;r <td>__mod__ <td>x&nbsp;%&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;%&nbsp;self <td>__rmod__ <td>y&nbsp;%&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;r <td>__rshift__ <td>x&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;self <td>__rrshift__ <td>y&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;&lt;&lt;&nbsp;r <td>__lshift__ <td>x&nbsp;&lt;&lt;&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;&lt;&lt;&nbsp;self <td>__rlshift__ <td>y&nbsp;&lt;&lt;&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;r <td>__and__ <td>x&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;self <td>__rand__ <td>y&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;^&nbsp;r <td>__xor__ <td>x&nbsp;^&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;^&nbsp;self <td>__rxor__ <td>y&nbsp;^&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>self&nbsp;|&nbsp;r <td>__or__ <td>x&nbsp;|&nbsp;y
+<tr><td>l&nbsp;|&nbsp;self <td>__ror__ <td>y&nbsp;|&nbsp;x
+
+<tr><td>pow(self,&nbsp;r) <td>__pow__ <td>pow(x,&nbsp;y)
+<tr><td>pow(l,&nbsp;self) <td>__rpow__ <td>pow(y,&nbsp;x)
+
+</code>
+</table>
+
+
+    <h4><a name="self_t-spec-unary-ops"></a>Class
+    <code>self_t</code> unary operations</h4>
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr><th>C++ Expression <th>Python Method Name <th>C++ Implementation
+<code>
+
+<tr><td>-self <td>__neg__ <td>-x
+<tr><td>+self<td>__pos__ <td>+x
+<tr><td>~self<td>__invert__ <td>~x
+
+</code>
+</table>
+
+
+    <h4><a name="self_t-spec-value-ops"></a>Class
+    <code>self_t</code> value operations</h4>
+
+<table border="1">
+<tr><th>C++ Expression <th>Python Method Name <th>C++ Implementation
+<code>
+
+<tr><td>int_(self)<td>__int__ <td>long(x)
+<tr><td>long_<td>__long__ <td>PyLong_FromLong(x)
+<tr><td>float_<td>__float__ <td>double(x)
+<tr><td>complex_<td>__complex__ <td>std::complex&lt;double&gt;(x)
+<tr><td>str<td>__str__ <td><a href="../../../conversion/lexical_cast.htm#lexical_cast">lexical_cast</a>&lt;std::string&gt;(x)
+
+</code>
+</table>
+
+
+
+    <h3><a name="other-spec"></a>Class Template <code>other</code></h3>
+
+    <p>Instances of <code>other&lt;T&gt;</code> can be used in
+    operator expressions with <a href="#self-spec">self</a>; the
+    result is equivalent to the same expression with a <code>T</code>
+    object in place of <code>other&lt;T&gt;</code>. Use
+    <code>other&lt;T&gt;</code> to prevent construction of a
+    <code>T</code> object in case it is heavyweight, when no
+    constructor is available, or simply for clarity.
+
+    <h4><a name="other-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template other synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;class T&gt;
+  struct other
+  {
+  };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+<!-- -->
+
+    <h3><a name="operator_-spec"></a>Class Template <code>detail::operator_</code></h3>
+
+    <p>Instantiations of <code>detail::operator_&lt;&gt;</code> are
+    used as the return type of operator expressions involving <code><a
+    href="#self-spec">self</a></code>. This should be considered an
+    implementation detail and is only documented here as a way of
+    showing how the result of <code>self</code>-expressions match
+    calls to <a
+    href="class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">class_&lt;&gt;::def()</a>.
+    
+    <h4><a name="operator_-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template
+    <code>detail::operator_</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace detail
+{
+  template &lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt;
+  struct operator_
+  {
+  };
+}}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h2><a name="objects"></a>Objects</h2>
+
+    <p><a name="self-spec"><code>self</code></a>
+
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  extern self_ns self;
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/operators.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/operators.hpp&gt;
+
+struct number
+   : boost::<a href="../../../utility/operators.htm#grpd_oprs">integer_arithmetic</a>&lt;number&gt;
+{
+   number(long x_) : x(x_) {}
+   operator long() const { return x; }
+
+   number&amp; operator+=(number const&amp; rhs)
+      { x += rhs }
+   number&amp; operator-=(number const&amp; rhs);
+      { x -= rhs }
+   number&amp; operator*=(number const&amp; rhs)
+      { x *= rhs }
+   number&amp; operator/=(number const&amp; rhs);
+      { x /= rhs }
+   number&amp; operator%=(number const&amp; rhs);
+      { x %= rhs }
+
+   long x;
+};
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(demo)
+{
+   module(&quot;demo&quot;)
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;number&gt;(&quot;number&quot;)
+            // interoperate with self
+            .def(self += self)
+            .def(self + self)
+            .def(self -= self)
+            .def(self - self)
+            .def(self *= self)
+            .def(self * self)
+            .def(self /= self)
+            .def(self / self)
+            .def(self %= self)
+            .def(self % self)
+            
+            // Convert to Python int
+            .def(int_(self))
+
+            // interoperate with long
+            .def(self += long())
+            .def(self + long())
+            .def(long() + self)
+            .def(self -= long())
+            .def(self - long())
+            .def(long() - self)
+            .def(self *= long())
+            .def(self * long())
+            .def(long() * self)
+            .def(self /= long())
+            .def(self / long())
+            .def(long() / self)
+            .def(self %= long())
+            .def(self % long())
+            .def(long() % self)
+
+         )
+      ;
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     3 June, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/overview.html

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
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+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
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+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
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+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Overview</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="index">
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#topic1">First topic</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#topic2">Second topic</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+<p>{{text}}</p>
+<h2><a name="topic1"></a>First Topic</h2>
+<p>{{text}}</p>
+<h2><a name="topic2"></a>Second Topic</h2>
+<p>{{text}}</p>
+<h2><a name="footnotes"></a>Footnotes</h2>
+<dl>
+  <dt><a name="footnote1" class="footnote">(1)</a> {{text}}</dt>
+  <dt><a name="footnote2" class="footnote">(2)</a> {{text}}</dt>
+</dl>
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  05 November, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/progress_reports.html

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Progress Reports</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Progress Reports</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+
+Monthly progress reports are required as part of Boost Consulting's
+contract with LLNL for Boost.Python development. These reports contain
+a useful record of the project history, including the rationale for
+design decisions and links to relevant discussions.
+
+<dl class="page-index">
+  <dt><a href="feb2002.html">February 2002</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="Mar2002.html">March 2002</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="Apr2002.html">April 2002</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="May2002.html">May 2002</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="Jun2002.html">June 2002</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  18 July, 2002
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/ptr.html

@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/ptr.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/ptr.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#ptr-spec">ptr</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec">Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec-types">Class
+              <code>pointer_wrapper</code> types</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec-ctors">Class
+              <code>pointer_wrapper</code> constructors and destructor</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec-observers">Class
+              <code>pointer_wrapper</code> observer functions</a>
+
+            </dl>
+         </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#metafunctions">Metafunctions</a>
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#is_pointer_wrapper-spec">Class template <code>is_pointer_wrapper</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#is_pointer_wrapper-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>is_pointer_wrapper</code> synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+
+
+          <dt><a href="#unwrap_pointer-spec">Class template <code>unwrap_pointer</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#unwrap_pointer-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>unwrap_pointer</code> synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+
+        </dl>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/ptr.hpp&gt;</code> defines the
+    <code>ptr()</code> function template, which allows users to
+    specify how to convert C++ pointer values to python in the context
+    of implementing overridable virtual functions, invoking Python
+    callable objects, or explicitly converting C++ objects to
+    Python. Normally, when passing pointers to Python callbacks, the
+    pointee is copied to ensure that the Python object
+    never holds a dangling reference. To specify that the new Python
+    object should merely contain a copy of a pointer <code>p</code>,
+    the user can pass <code><a href="#ptr-spec">ptr</a>(p)</code> instead of passing
+    <code>p</code> directly. This interface is meant to mirror the use
+    of <a href="../../../bind/ref.html"><code>boost::ref()</code></a>,
+    which can be similarly used to prevent copying of referents.
+
+    <p><code>ptr(p)</code> returns an instance of <code><a
+    href="#pointer_wrapper-spec">pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</a></code>, which
+    can be detected using the <code><a
+    href="#is_pointer_wrapper-spec">is_pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</a></code>
+    metafunction; <code><a
+    href="#unwrap_pointer-spec">unwrap_pointer&lt;&gt;</a></code> is a
+    metafunction which extracts the original pointer type from a
+    <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>. These classes can be thought
+    of as implementation details.
+
+    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+<pre>
+
+<a name="ptr-spec">template &lt;class T&gt;</a>
+pointer_wrapper&lt;T&gt; ptr(T x);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="ptr-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is a pointer type.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec">pointer_wrapper</a>&lt;T&gt;(x)</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec"></a>Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code></h3>
+
+    <p>A &quot;type envelope&quot; which is returned by <a
+    href="#ptr-spec">ptr()</a>, used to indicate reference semantics
+    for pointers passed to Python callbacks.
+
+    <h4><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    <code>pointer_wrapper</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    template&lt;class Ptr&gt; class pointer_wrapper
+    { 
+     public:
+        typedef Ptr type;
+
+        explicit pointer_wrapper(Ptr x);
+        operator Ptr() const;
+        Ptr get() const;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec-types"></a>Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code> types</h4>
+<pre>
+typedef Ptr type;
+</pre>
+The type of the pointer being wrapped.
+
+    <h4><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code> constructors and
+    destructor</h4>
+<pre>
+explicit pointer_wrapper(Ptr x);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Ptr</code> is a pointer type.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Stores <code>x</code> in a the <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
+      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code> observer
+    functions</h4>
+<pre>
+operator Ptr() const;
+Ptr get() const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> a copy of the stored pointer.
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> <code>pointer_wrapper</code> is intended
+      to be a stand-in for the actual pointer type, but sometimes it's
+      better to have an explicit way to retrieve the pointer.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h3><a name="is_pointer_wrapper-spec"></a>Class template <code>is_pointer_wrapper</code></h3>
+
+    <p>A unary metafunction whose <code>value</code> is true iff its
+    argument is a <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
+
+    <h4><a name="is_pointer_wrapper-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>is_pointer_wrapper</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    template&lt;class T&gt; class is_pointer_wrapper
+    { 
+        static <i>unspecified</i> value = ...;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+
+    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code> iff <code>T</code> is a
+      specialization of
+<code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
+<dt><code>value</code> is an integral constant convertible to bool of
+unspecified type
+
+    </dl>
+
+<h3><a name="unwrap_pointer-spec"></a>Class template <code>unwrap_pointer</code></h3>
+
+A unary metafunction which extracts the wrapped pointer type from a
+specialization of <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
+
+    <h4><a name="unwrap_pointer-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>unwrap_pointer</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    template&lt;class T&gt; class unwrap_pointer
+    { 
+        typedef <i>unspecified</i> type;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>T::type</code> if <code>T</code> is a
+      specialization of
+<code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>, <code>T</code> otherwise
+    </dl>
+
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
+
+This example illustrates the use of <code>ptr()</code> to prevent an
+object from being copied:
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/call.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/ptr.hpp&gt;
+
+class expensive_to_copy
+{
+   ...
+};
+
+void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
+{
+   // call the Python function f, passing a Python object built around
+   // which refers to *x by-pointer.
+   //
+   // *** Note: ensuring that *x outlives the argument to f() is    ***
+   // *** up to the user! Failure to do so could result in a crash! ***
+
+   boost::python::call&lt;void&gt;(f, ptr(x));
+}
+...
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     29 May, 2002 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/rationale.html

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+<title>Boost.Python - Rationale</title>
+</head>
+<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
+<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+  <tr> 
+    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+    </td>
+    <td valign="top"> 
+      <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+      <h2 align="center">Rationale</h2>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<hr>
+<dl class="index">
+  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#topic1">First topic</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#topic2">Second topic</a></dt>
+  <dt><a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
+</dl>
+<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+<p>{{text}}</p>
+<h2><a name="topic1"></a>First Topic</h2>
+<p>{{text}}</p>
+<h2><a name="topic2"></a>Second Topic</h2>
+<p>{{text}}</p>
+<h2><a name="footnotes"></a>Footnotes</h2>
+<dl>
+  <dt><a name="footnote1" class="footnote">(1)</a> {{text}}</dt>
+  <dt><a name="footnote2" class="footnote">(2)</a> {{text}}</dt>
+</dl>
+<hr>
+<p>Revised 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+  05 November, 2002 
+  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+</p>
+<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
+  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
+</body>
+</html>

doc/v2/reference.html

@@ -0,0 +1,611 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+    "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - Reference</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+ p.c3 {font-style: italic}
+ h2.c2 {text-align: center}
+ h1.c1 {text-align: center}
+</style>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
+    summary="reference">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="http://www.boost.org"><img height="86" width=
+          "277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border=
+          "0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 class="c2">Reference</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="Reference">
+      <dt><a href="#concepts">Concepts</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#high_level">High Level Components</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#invocation">Function Invocation and Creation</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="#models_of_call_policies">Models of
+          CallPolicies</a>
+
+          <dt><a href="#models_of_result_converter">Models of
+          ResultConverter</a>
+
+          <dt><a href="#result_converter_generators">Models of
+          ResultConverterGenerator</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#type_conversion">To/From Python Type Conversion</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#utility">Utility and Infrastructure</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+    <!-- xxxxx -->
+
+    <h2><a name="concepts">Concepts</a></h2>
+
+    <dl class="index">
+      <dt><a href=
+      "CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>
+
+      <dt><a href=
+      "Dereferenceable.html#Dereferenceable-concept">Dereferenceable</a>
+
+      <dt><a href=
+      "Dereferenceable.html#Extractor-concept">Extractor</a>
+
+      <dt><a href=
+      "HolderGenerator.html#HolderGenerator-concept">HolderGenerator</a>
+
+      <dt><a href=
+      "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a>
+
+      <dt><a href=
+      "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="high_level">High Level Components</a></h2>
+
+    <dl>
+      <dt><a href="class.html">class.hpp/class_fwd.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="class.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="class.html#class_-spec">class_</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="class.html#bases-spec">bases</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="class.html#args-spec">args</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="errors.html">errors.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="errors.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="errors.html#functions">Functions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "errors.html#handle_exception-spec">handle_exception</a>
+
+              <dt><a href=
+              "errors.html#expect_non_null-spec">expect_non_null</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="iterator.html">iterator.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+
+          <dt><a href="iterator.html#classes">Classes</a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="iterator.html#iterator-spec">iterator</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="iterator.html#iterators-spec">iterators</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="iterator.html#functions">Functions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="iterator.html#range-spec">range</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="module.html">module.hpp</a>
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="module.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="module.html#module-spec">module</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="objects.html">objects.hpp</a>
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="objects.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="objects.html#xxx-spec">not yet
+              documented</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="operators.html">operators.hpp</a>
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="operators.html#classes">Classes</a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="operators.html#self_t-spec">self_t</a>
+              <dt><a href="operators.html#other-spec">other</a>
+              <dt><a href="operators.html#operator_-spec">operator_</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="operators.html#functions">Objects</a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="operators.html#self-spec">self</a>
+            </dl>
+
+        </dl>
+
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="invocation">Function Invocation and Creation</a></h2>
+
+    <dl class="index">
+      <dt><a href="call.html">call.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="call.html#functions">Functions</a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="call.html#call-spec">call</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="call_method.html">call_method.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="call_method.html#functions">Functions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "call_method.html#call_method-spec">call_method</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="data_members.html">data_members.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="data_members.html#functions">Functions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "data_members.html#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>
+
+              <dt><a href=
+              "data_members.html#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="make_function.html">make_function.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="make_function.html#classes">Functions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>
+
+              <dt><a href=
+              "make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="ptr.html">ptr.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="ptr.html#functions">Functions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="ptr.html#ptr-spec">ptr</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="ptr.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "ptr.html#pointer_wrapper-spec">pointer_wrapper</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="ptr.html#metafunctions">MetaFunctions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "ptr.html#is_pointer_wrapper-spec">is_pointer_wrapper</a>
+
+              <dt><a href=
+              "ptr.html#unwrap_pointer-spec">unwrap_pointer</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+        <a name="models_of_call_policies"></a> 
+
+        <h3>Models of CallPolicies</h3>
+
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href=
+          "default_call_policies.html">default_call_policies.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "default_call_policies.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">
+                  default_call_policies</a>
+
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "default_call_policies.html#default_result_converter-spec">
+                  default_result_converter</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href=
+          "return_internal_reference.html">return_internal_reference.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "return_internal_reference.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec">
+                  return_internal_reference</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href=
+          "return_value_policy.html">return_value_policy.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "return_value_policy.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "return_value_policy.html#return_value_policy-spec">return_value_policy</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href=
+          "with_custodian_and_ward.html">with_custodian_and_ward.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "with_custodian_and_ward.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "with_custodian_and_ward.html#with_custodian_and_ward-spec">
+                  with_custodian_and_ward</a>
+
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "with_custodian_and_ward.html#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec">
+                  with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+        <a name="models_of_result_converter"></a> 
+
+        <h3>Models of ResultConverter</h3>
+
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href=
+          "to_python_indirect.html">to_python_indirect.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="to_python_indirect.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "to_python_indirect.html#to_python_indirect-spec">to_python_indirect</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="to_python_value.html">to_python_value.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="to_python_value.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href=
+                  "to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+        <a name="result_converter_generators"></a> 
+
+        <h3>Models of ResultConverterGenerator</h3>
+
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href=
+          "copy_const_reference.html">copy_const_reference.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "copy_const_reference.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "copy_const_reference.html#copy_const_reference-spec">
+                  copy_const_reference</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href=
+          "copy_non_const_reference.html">copy_non_const_reference.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "copy_non_const_reference.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "copy_non_const_reference.html#copy_non_const_reference-spec">
+                  copy_non_const_reference</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href=
+          "manage_new_object.html">manage_new_object.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="manage_new_object.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "manage_new_object.html#manage_new_object-spec">manage_new_object</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href=
+          "reference_existing_object.html">reference_existing_object.hpp</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "reference_existing_object.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+              <dd>
+                <dl class="index">
+                  <dt><a href= 
+                  "reference_existing_object.html#reference_existing_object-spec">
+                  reference_existing_object</a>
+                </dl>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="type_conversion">To/From Python Type
+    Conversion</a></h2>
+
+    <dl class="index">
+      <dt><a href="from_python.html">from_python.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="from_python.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "from_python.html#from_python-spec">from_python</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="implicit.html">implicit.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="implicit.html#functions">Functions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "implicit.html#implicitly_convertible-spec">implicitly_convertible</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="lvalue_from_pytype.html">lvalue_from_pytype.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="lvalue_from_pytype.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href= 
+              "lvalue_from_pytype.html#lvalue_from_pytype-spec">lvalue_from_pytype</a>
+
+              <dt><a href=
+              "lvalue_from_pytype.html#extract_identity-spec">extract_identity</a>
+
+              <dt><a href=
+              "lvalue_from_pytype.html#extract_member-spec">extract_member</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href=
+      "to_python_converter.html">to_python_converter.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="to_python_converter.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href= 
+              "to_python_converter.html#to_python_converter-spec">to_python_converter</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="utility">Utility and Infrastructure</a></h2>
+
+    <dl>
+      <dt><a href="has_back_reference.html">has_back_reference.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="has_back_reference.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href= 
+              "has_back_reference.html#has_back_reference-spec">has_back_reference</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="instance_holder.html">instance_holder.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="instance_holder.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "instance_holder.html#instance_holder-spec">instance_holder</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="pointee.html">pointee.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="pointee.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt>class template <a href=
+              "pointee.html#pointee">pointee</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="reference_hpp.html">reference.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="reference_hpp.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href=
+              "reference_hpp.html#reference-spec">reference</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="reference_hpp.html#types">Types</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="reference_hpp.html#ref-spec">ref</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="type_id.html">type_id.hpp</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="index">
+          <dt><a href="type_id.html#functions">Functions</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="type_id.html#type_id-spec">type_id</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="type_id.html#classes">Classes</a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="index">
+              <dt><a href="type_id.html#type_info-spec">type_info</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+    3 June, 2002 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href= 
+    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All
+    Rights Reserved.
+

doc/v2/reference_existing_object.html

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python -
+    &lt;boost/python/reference_existing_object.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header
+          &lt;boost/python/reference_existing_object.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#reference_existing_object-spec">Class
+          <code>reference_existing_object</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#reference_existing_object-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>reference_existing_object</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#reference_existing_object-spec-metafunctions">Class
+              <code>reference_existing_object</code> metafunctions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="reference_existing_object-spec"></a>Class
+    <code>reference_existing_object</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>reference_existing_object</code> is a model of <a href=
+    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
+    used to wrap C++ functions which return a reference or pointer to a C++
+    object. When the wrapped function is called, the value referenced by its
+    return value is not copied. A new Python object is created which contains a
+    pointer to the referent, and no attempt is made to ensure that the lifetime
+    of the referent is at least as long as that of the corresponding Python
+    object. Thus, it can be <font color="#ff0000"><b>highly
+    dangerous</b></font> to use <code>reference_existing_object</code> without
+    additional lifetime management from such models of <a href=
+    "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> as <a href=
+    "with_custodian_and_ward.html#with_custodian_and_ward-spec">with_custodian_and_ward</a>.
+    This class is used in the implementation of <a href=
+    "return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec">return_internal_reference</a>.
+
+    <h4><a name="reference_existing_object-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    <code>reference_existing_object</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+    struct reference_existing_object
+    {
+        template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
+    };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="reference_existing_object-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
+    <code>reference_existing_object</code> metafunctions</h4>
+<pre>
+template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U&amp;</code> or
+      <code>U*</code>for some <code>U</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
+      "to_python_indirect.html#to_python_indirect-spec">to_python_indirect</a>&lt;T,V&gt;
+      type</code>, where <code>V</code> is a <a href=
+      "to_python_indirect.html#HolderObjectGenerator">HolderObjectGenerator</a>
+      which constructs an instance holder containing an <i>unowned</i>
+      <code>U*</code> pointing to the referent of the wrapped function's return
+      value.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+    <p>In C++:
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/reference_existing_object.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;utility&gt;
+
+// classes to wrap
+struct Singleton
+{
+   Singleton() : x(0) {}
+
+   int exchange(int n)  // set x and return the old value
+   {
+        std::swap(n, x);
+        return n;
+   }
+
+   int x;
+};
+
+Singleton&amp; get_it()
+{
+   static Singleton just_one;
+   return just_one;
+}
+
+// Wrapper code
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(singleton)
+{
+   module("singleton")
+      .def("get_it", get_it)
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Singleton&gt;()
+            .def("exchange", &amp;Singleton::exchange)
+         );
+}
+</pre>
+    In Python: 
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; import singleton
+&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = singleton.get_it()  
+&gt;&gt;&gt; s2 = singleton.get_it()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; id(s1) == id(s2)  # s1 and s2 are not the same object
+0
+&gt;&gt;&gt; s1.exchange(42)   # but they reference the same C++ Singleton
+0
+&gt;&gt;&gt; s2.exchange(99)
+42
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     14 February 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/return_internal_reference.html

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/return_internal_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/return_internal_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#return_internal_reference-spec">Class Template <code>return_internal_reference</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#return_internal_reference-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>return_internal_reference</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#return_internal_reference-spec-statics">Class
+              <code>return_internal_reference</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <code>return_internal_reference</code> instantiations are models of <a href=
+    "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> which allow pointers and
+    references to objects held internally by a free or member function
+    argument or from the target of a member function to be returned
+    safely without making a copy of the referent. The default for its
+    first template argument handles the common case where the
+    containing object is the target (<code>*this</code>) of a wrapped
+    member function.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="return_internal_reference-spec"></a>Class template <code>return_internal_reference</code></h3>
+
+
+    <table border="1" summary="return_internal_reference template parameters">
+      <caption>
+        <b><code>return_internal_reference</code> template parameters</b>
+      </caption>
+      <tr>
+        <th>Parameter
+        
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Description
+
+        <th>Default
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>owner_arg</code> 
+
+        <td>A positive compile-time constant of type
+        <code>std::size_t</code>.
+
+        <td>The index of the parameter which contains the object to
+        which the reference or pointer is being returned. If used to
+        wrap a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
+        (<code>*this</code>). Note that if the target Python object
+        type doesn't support weak references, a Python
+        <code>TypeError</code> exception will be raised when the
+        function being wrapped is called.
+
+        <td>1
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Base</code> 
+
+        <td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
+
+        <td>Used for policy composition. Any
+        <code>result_converter</code> it supplies will be overridden by
+        <code>return_internal_reference</code>, but its
+        <code>precall</code> and <code>postcall</code> policies are
+        composed as described here <a
+        href="CallPolicies.html#composition">CallPolicies</a>.
+
+        <td><code><a href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">default_call_policies</a></code>
+
+    </table>
+
+    <h4><a name="return_internal_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>return_internal_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+   template &lt;std::size_t owner_arg = 1, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
+   struct return_internal_reference : Base
+   {
+      static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
+      typedef <a href="reference_existing_object.html#reference_existing_object-spec">reference_existing_object</a> result_converter;
+   };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="default_call_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
+    <code>default_call_policies</code> static functions</h4>
+
+<pre>
+PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/tupleObjects.html#l2h-476">PyTuple_Check</a>(args) != 0</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code><a href="with_custodian_and_ward.html#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-statics">with_custodian_and_ward_postcall::postcall(args, result)</a></code>
+    </dl>
+
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
+
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/return_internal_reference.hpp&gt;
+
+class Bar
+{
+   Bar(int x) : x(x) {}
+   int get_x() const { return x; }
+   void set_x(int x) { this-&gt;x = x; }
+ private:
+   int x;
+}
+
+class Foo
+{
+ public:
+   Foo(int x) : b(x) {}
+
+   // Returns an internal reference
+   Bar const&amp; get_bar() const { return b; }
+
+ private:
+   Bar b;
+};
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(internal_refs)
+{
+   module m(&quot;internal_refs&quot;)
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Bar&gt;()
+            .def(&quot;get_x&quot;, &amp;Bar::get_x)
+            .def(&quot;set_x&quot;, &amp;Bar::set_x)
+         )
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
+            .def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
+            .def(&quot;get_bar&quot;, &amp;Foo::get_bar
+                , return_internal_reference&lt;&gt;())
+         )
+      ;
+}
+</pre>
+
+<h3>Python code</h3>
+
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from internal_refs import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b1 = f.get_bar()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b2 = f.get_bar()
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b1.get_x()
+3
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b2.get_x()
+3
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b1.set_x(42)
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b2.get_x()
+42
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+    15 February, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/return_value_policy.html

@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#return_value_policy-spec">Class Template <code>return_value_policy</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#return_value_policy-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>return_value_policy</code> synopsis</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <code>return_value_policy</code> instantiations are simply models
+    of <a href=
+    "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> which are composed of a <a href=
+    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> and optional <code>Base</code> <a href=
+    "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="return_value_policy-spec"></a>Class template <code>return_value_policy</code></h3>
+
+
+    <table border="1" summary="return_value_policy template parameters">
+      <caption>
+        <b><code>return_value_policy</code> template parameters</b>
+      </caption>
+      <tr>
+        <th>Parameter
+        
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Default
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a>
+
+        <td>A model of <a href=
+    "ResultConverterGenerator.html">ResultConverterGenerator</a>.
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Base</code> 
+
+        <td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
+
+        <td><code><a href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">default_call_policies</a></code>
+
+    </table>
+
+    <h4><a name="return_value_policy-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>return_value_policy</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;class ResultConverterGenerator, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
+  struct return_value_policy : Base
+  {
+      typedef ResultConverterGenerator result_converter;
+  };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+<h3>C++ Module Definition</h3>
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
+
+// classes to wrap
+struct Bar { int x; }
+
+struct Foo {
+   Foo(int x) : { b.x = x; }
+   Bar const&amp; get_bar() const { return b; }
+ private:
+   Bar b;
+};
+
+// Wrapper code
+using namespace boost::python;
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
+{
+   module("my_module")
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Bar&gt;()
+         )
+      .add(
+         class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
+            .def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
+            .def("get_bar", &amp;Foo::get_bar
+                , return_value_policy&lt;copy_const_reference&gt;())
+         )
+       ;
+}
+</pre>
+<h3>Python Code</h3>
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
+&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3)         # create a Foo object
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b = f.get_bar()    # make a copy of the internal Bar object
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+    15 February, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/to_python_converter.html

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#to_python_converter-spec">Class Template <code>to_python_converter</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#to_python_converter-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>to_python_converter</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#to_python_converter-spec-ctors">Class Template
+              <code>to_python_converter</code> constructor</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <code>to_python_converter</code> registers a conversion from
+    objects of a given C++ type into a Python object.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="to_python_converter-spec"></a>Class template <code>to_python_converter</code></h3>
+
+    <code>to_python_converter</code> adds a wrapper around a static
+    member function of its second template parameter, handling
+    low-level details such as insertion into the converter registry.
+
+    <table border="1" summary="to_python_converter template parameters">
+      <caption>
+        <b><code>to_python_converter</code> template parameters</b><br>
+In the table below, <b><code>x</code></b> denotes an object of type <code>T</code>
+      </caption>
+      <tr>
+        <th>Parameter
+        
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Description
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>T</code> 
+
+        <td>
+
+        <td>The C++ type of the source object in the conversion
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Conversion</code> 
+
+        <td><code>PyObject*&nbsp;p&nbsp;=&nbsp;Conversion::convert(x)</code>,<br>
+        if <code>p&nbsp;==&nbsp;0</code>, <code><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>.
+
+        <td>A class type whose static member function
+        <code>convert</code> does the real work of the conversion.
+
+      <tr>
+    </table>
+
+    <h4><a name="to_python_converter-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>to_python_converter</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;class T, class Conversion&gt;
+  struct to_python_converter
+  {
+      to_python_converter();
+  };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="to_python_converter-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>to_python_converter</code> constructor</h4>
+<pre>
+to_python_converter();
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Registers a to_python converter which uses
+      <code>Conversion::convert()</code> to do its work.
+
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+This example presumes that someone has implemented the standard <a
+href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-basics.html">noddy example
+module</a> from the Python documentation, and placed the corresponding
+declarations in <code>&quot;noddy.h&quot;</code>.  Because
+<code>noddy_NoddyObject</code> is the ultimate trivial extension type,
+the example is a bit contrived: it wraps a function for which all
+information is contained in the <i>type</i> of its return value.
+
+<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
+
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
+#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
+#include &quot;noddy.h&quot;
+
+struct tag {};
+tag make_tag() { return tag(); }
+
+using namespace boost::python;
+
+struct tag_to_noddy
+{
+    static PyObject* convert(tag const&amp; x)
+    {
+        return PyObject_New(noddy_NoddyObject, &amp;noddy_NoddyType);
+    }
+};
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(to_python_converter)
+{
+    module(&quot;to_python_converter&quot;)
+        .def(&quot;make_tag&quot;, make_tag)
+        ;
+    to_python_converter&lt;tag, tag_to_noddy&gt;();
+}
+</pre>
+
+<h3>Python code</h3>
+
+<pre>
+&gt;&gt;&gt; import to_python_converter
+&gt;&gt;&gt; def always_none():
+...     return None
+...
+&gt;&gt;&gt; def choose_function(x):
+...     if (x % 2 != 0):
+...         return to_python_converter.make_tag
+...     else:
+...         return always_none
+...
+&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [ choose_function(x) for x in range(5) ]
+&gt;&gt;&gt; b = [ f() for f in a ]
+&gt;&gt;&gt; type(b[0])
+&lt;type 'NoneType'&gt;
+&gt;&gt;&gt; type(b[1])
+&lt;type 'Noddy'&gt;
+&gt;&gt;&gt; type(b[2])
+&lt;type 'NoneType'&gt;
+&gt;&gt;&gt; type(b[3])
+&lt;type 'Noddy'&gt;
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     05 November, 2001 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/to_python_indirect.html

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/to_python_indirect.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/to_python_indirect.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#to_python_indirect-spec">Class Template <code>to_python_indirect</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#to_python_indirect-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>to_python_indirect</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#to_python_indirect-spec-observers">Class Template
+              <code>to_python_indirect</code> observer functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#to_python_indirect-spec-statics">Class Template
+              <code>to_python_indirect</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <code>&lt;boost/python/to_python_indirect.hpp&gt;</code> supplies
+    a way to construct new Python objects that hold wrapped C++ class
+    instances via a pointer or smart pointer.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="to_python_indirect-spec"></a>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code></h3>
+    <p>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code> converts objects
+of its first argument type to python as extension class instances, using the ownership policy provided by its 2nd argument.
+
+    <p>
+
+
+    <table border="1" summary="to_python_indirect template parameters">
+      <caption>
+        <b><code>to_python_indirect</code> Requirements</b><br>
+
+        In the table below, <b><code>x</code></b> denotes an object of
+        type <code>T</code>, <b><code>h</code></b> denotes an
+        object of type
+        <code>boost::python::objects::instance_holder*</code>, and
+        <b><code>p</code></b> denotes an object of type
+        <code>U*</code>.
+
+      </caption>
+      <tr>
+        <th>Parameter
+        
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Description
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>T</code> 
+
+        <td>Either <code>U</code>&nbsp;<i>cv</i><code>&amp;</code>
+        (where <i>cv</i> is any optional cv-qualification) or a <a
+        href="Dereferenceable.html">Dereferenceable</a> type such that
+        <code>*x</code> is convertible to <code>U const&amp;</code>, where
+        <code>U</code> is a class type.
+
+        <td>A type deferencing a C++ class exposed to Python using
+        class template <code><a
+        href="class.html#class_-spec">class_</a></code>.
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>MakeHolder</code> 
+
+        <td>h = MakeHolder::execute(p);
+
+        <td>A class whose static <code>execute()</code> creates an
+        <code>instance_holder</code>.
+
+    </table>
+
+    Instantiations of <code>to_python_indirect</code> are models of <a
+    href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a>.
+
+
+    <h4><a name="to_python_indirect-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template &lt;class T, class MakeHolder&gt;
+  struct to_python_indirect
+  {
+     static bool convertible();
+     PyObject* operator()(T ptr_or_reference) const;
+   private:
+     static PyTypeObject* type();
+  };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="to_python_indirect-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code> observers</h4>
+<pre>
+PyObject* operator()(T x) const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>x</code> refers to an object (if it
+      is a pointer type, it is non-null). <code>convertible() ==
+      true</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates an appropriately-typed Boost.Python
+      extension class instance, uses <code>MakeHolder</code> to create
+      an <code>instance_holder</code> from <code>x</code>, installs
+      the <code>instance_holder</code> in the new extension class
+      instance, and returns a pointer to it.
+
+    </dl>
+
+
+    <h4><a name="to_python_indirect-spec-statics"></a>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code> statics</h4>
+<pre>
+bool convertible();
+</pre>
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Returns <code>true</code> iff any module has
+      registered a Python type corresponding to <code>U</code>.
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+This example replicates the functionality of <a
+href="reference_existing_object.html#reference_existing_object-spec">reference_existing_object</a>,
+but without some of the compile-time error checking.
+
+
+<pre>
+
+struct make_reference_holder
+{
+   typedef boost::python::objects::instance_holder* result_type;
+   template &lt;class T&gt;
+   static result_type execute(T* p)
+   {
+      return new boost::python::objects::pointer_holder&lt;T*, T&gt;(p);
+   }
+};
+
+struct reference_existing_object
+{
+   // metafunction returning the <a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a>
+   template &lt;class T&gt;
+   struct apply
+   {
+      typedef boost::python::to_python_indirect&lt;T,make_reference_holder&gt; type;
+   };
+};
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     16 February, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/to_python_value.html

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/to_python_value.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header
+          &lt;boost/python/to_python_value.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#to_python_value-spec">Class
+          <code>to_python_value</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#to_python_value-spec-synopsis">Class template
+              <code>to_python_value</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#to_python_value-spec-observers">Class template
+              <code>to_python_value</code> observer functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="to_python_value-spec"></a>Class template
+    <code>to_python_value</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>to_python_value</code> is a model of <a href=
+    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a>
+    which copies its argument into a new Python object.
+
+    <h4><a name="to_python_value-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
+    <code>to_python_value</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+   template &lt;class T&gt;
+   struct to_python_value
+   {
+      typedef typename <a href="../../../type_traits/index.htm#transformations">add_reference</a>&lt;
+         typename <a href="../../../type_traits/index.htm#transformations">add_const</a>&lt;T&gt;::type
+      &gt;::type argument_type;
+
+      static bool convertible();
+      PyObject* operator()(argument_type) const;
+   };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="to_python_value-spec-observers"></a>Class
+    <code>to_python_value</code> observers</h4>
+<pre>
+static bool convertible();
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code> iff a converter has been registered which can convert <code>T</code> to python by-value.
+    </dl>
+
+<pre>
+PyObject* operator()(argument_type x) const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>convertible()&nbsp;==&nbsp;true</code>
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> converts <code>x</code> to python 
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> the resulting Python object iff a converter for <code>T</code> has been registered, <code>0</code> otherwise.
+    </dl>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     15 February, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

doc/v2/type_id.html

@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+    "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/type_id.hpp&gt;</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+ p.c4 {font-style: italic}
+ span.c3 {color: #ff0000}
+ h2.c2 {text-align: center}
+ h1.c1 {text-align: center}
+</style>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
+    summary="header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width= 
+          "277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border=
+          "0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 class="c2">Header &lt;boost/python/type_id.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#type_info-spec">Class
+          <code>type_info</code></a>
+
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+              <dt><a href="#type_info-spec-synopsis">Class
+              <code>type_info</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#type_infospec-ctors">Class
+              <code>type_info</code> constructor</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#type_infospec-comparisons">Class
+              <code>type_info</code> comparison functions</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#type_infospec-observers">Class
+              <code>type_info</code> observer functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
+
+      <dd>
+        <dl class="page-index">
+          <dt><a href="#type_id-spec">type_id</a>
+        </dl>
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
+
+    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/type_id.hpp&gt;</code> provides types and
+    functions for runtime type identification like those of of
+    <code>&lt;typeinfo&gt;</code>. It exists mostly to work around
+    certain compiler bugs and platform-dependent interactions with
+    shared libraries.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="type_info-spec"></a>Class <code>type_info</code></h3>
+
+    <p><code>type_info</code> instances identify a type. As
+    <code>std::type_info</code> is specified to (but unlike its
+    implementation in some compilers),
+    <code>boost::python::type_info</code> never represents top-level
+    references or cv-qualification (see section 5.2.8 in the C++
+    standard). Unlike <code>std::type_info</code>,
+    <code>boost::python::type_info</code> instances are copyable, and
+    comparisons always work reliably across shared library boundaries.
+
+    <h4><a name="type_info-spec-synopsis"></a>Class type_info
+    synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  class type_info : <a href= 
+"../../../utility/operators.htm#totally_ordered1">totally_ordered</a>&lt;type_info&gt;
+  {
+   public:
+      // constructor
+      type_info(std::type_info const&amp; = typeid(void));
+
+      // comparisons
+      bool operator&lt;(type_info const&amp; rhs) const;
+      bool operator==(type_info const&amp; rhs) const;
+
+      // observers
+      char const* name() const;
+  };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="type_infospec-ctors">Class <code>type_info</code>
+    constructor</a></h4>
+<pre>
+type_info(std::type_info const&amp; = typeid(void));
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> constructs a <code>type_info</code> object
+      which identifies the same type as its argument.
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Since it is occasionally neccessary to make
+      an array of <code>type_info</code> objects a benign default
+      argument is supplied. <span class="c3"><b>Note:</b></span> this
+      constructor does <i>not</i> correct for non-conformance of
+      compiler <code>typeid()</code> implementations. See <code><a
+      href="#type_id-spec">type_id</a></code>, below.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="type_infospec-comparisons">Class
+    <code>type_info</code> comparisons</a></h4>
+<pre>
+bool operator&lt;(type_info const&amp; rhs) const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> yields a total order over
+      <code>type_info</code> objects.
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+bool operator==(type_info const&amp; rhs) const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code> iff the two values describe
+      the same type.
+    </dl>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Note:</b> The use of <code><a href= 
+      "../../../utility/operators.htm#totally_ordered1">totally_ordered</a>&lt;type_info&gt;</code>
+      as a private base class supplies operators <code>&lt;=</code>,
+      <code>&gt;=</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, and <code>!=</code>
+    </dl>
+
+    <h4><a name="type_infospec-observers">Class <code>type_info</code>
+    observers</a></h4>
+<pre>
+char const* name() const;
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> The result of calling <code>name()</code> on
+      the argument used to construct the object.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
+<pre>
+std::ostream&amp; operator&lt;&lt;(std::ostream&amp;s, type_info const&amp;x);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Writes a description of the type described by
+      to <code>x</code> into <code>s</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Not every C++ implementation provides a
+      truly human-readable <code>type_info::name()</code> string, but
+      for some we may be able to decode the string and produce a
+      reasonable representation.
+    </dl>
+<pre>
+<a name="type_id-spec">template &lt;class T&gt; type_info type_id</a>()
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>type_info(typeid(T))</code>
+
+      <dt><b>Note:</b> On some non-conforming C++ implementations, the
+      code is not actually as simple as described above; the semantics
+      are adjusted to work <i>as-if</i> the C++ implementation were
+      conforming.
+    </dl>
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+    The following example, though silly, illustrates how the
+    <code>type_id</code> facility might be used 
+<pre>
+#include &lt;boost/python/type_id.hpp&gt;
+
+// Returns true iff the user passes an int argument
+template &lt;class T&gt;
+bool is_int(T x)
+{
+   using boost::python::type_id;
+   return type_id&lt;T&gt;() == type_id&lt;int&gt;();
+}
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+     18 November, 2002 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+
+    <p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href= 
+    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All
+    Rights Reserved.
+

doc/v2/with_custodian_and_ward.html

@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
+
+    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/with_custodian_and_ward.hpp&gt;</title>
+
+    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
+    "header">
+      <tr>
+        <td valign="top" width="300">
+          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
+          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
+
+        <td valign="top">
+          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
+
+          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/with_custodian_and_ward.hpp&gt;</h2>
+    </table>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2>Contents</h2>
+
+    <dl class="page-index">
+      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
+      <dd>
+
+        <dl class="page-index">
+
+          <dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward-spec">Class Template <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code></a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward-spec-statics">Class
+              <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+
+          <dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec">Class Template <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code></a>
+          <dd>
+            <dl class="page-index">
+
+              <dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-synopsis">Class Template
+              <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> synopsis</a>
+
+              <dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-statics">Class
+              <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> static functions</a>
+            </dl>
+        </dl>
+
+
+      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
+    </dl>
+    <hr>
+
+    <h2><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
+
+    This header provides faciliites for establishing a lifetime
+    dependency between two of a function's Python argument or result
+    objects. The <i>ward</i> object will not be destroyed until after
+    the custodian as long as the <i>custodian</i> object supports <a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-weakref.html">weak
+    references</a> (Boost.Python extension classes all support weak
+    references). The two class templates
+    <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> and
+    <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> differ in the point
+    at which they take effect. 
+
+    <p>In order to reduce the chance of inadvertently
+    creating dangling pointers, the default is to do lifetime binding
+    <i>before</i> the underlying C++ object is invoked. However,
+    before invocation the result object is not available, so
+    <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> is provided to bind
+    lifetimes after invocation. Also, if a C++ exception is thrown
+    after <code>with_custodian_and_ward&lt;&gt;::precall</code> but 
+    before the underlying C++ object actually stores a pointer, the
+    lifetime of the custodian and ward objects will be artificially
+    bound together, so one might choose
+    <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> instead, depending
+    on the semantics of the function being wrapped.
+
+    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
+
+    <h3><a name="with_custodian_and_ward-spec"></a>Class template <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code></h3>
+
+
+    <table border="1" summary="with_custodian_and_ward template parameters">
+      <caption>
+        <b><code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> template parameters</b>
+      </caption>
+      <tr>
+        <th>Parameter
+        
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Description
+
+        <th>Default
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>custodian</code> 
+
+        <td>A positive compile-time constant of type
+        <code>std::size_t</code>.
+
+        <td>The 1-based index of the parameter which is the dependency in the
+        lifetime relationship to be established. If used to
+        wrap a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
+        (<code>*this</code>). Note that if the target Python object
+        type doesn't support weak references, a Python
+        <code>TypeError</code> exception will be raised when the
+        C++ object being wrapped is called.
+
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>ward</code> 
+
+        <td>A positive compile-time constant of type
+        <code>std::size_t</code>.
+
+        <td>The 1-based index of the parameter which is the dependent in the
+        lifetime relationship to be established. If used to
+        wrap a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
+        (<code>*this</code>). 
+
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Base</code> 
+
+        <td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
+
+        <td>Used for <a href="CallPolicies.html#composition">policy composition</a>. 
+
+        <td><code><a href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">default_call_policies</a></code>
+
+    </table>
+
+    <h4><a name="with_custodian_and_ward-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+   template &lt;std::size_t custodian, std::size_t ward, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
+   struct with_custodian_and_ward : Base
+   {
+      static bool precall(PyObject* args);
+   };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="with_custodian_and_ward-spec-statics"></a>Class
+    <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> static functions</h4>
+
+<pre>
+bool precall(PyObject* args);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/tupleObjects.html#l2h-476">PyTuple_Check</a>(args) != 0</code>
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Makes the lifetime of the argument indicated
+      by <code>ward</code> dependent on the lifetime of the argument
+      indicated by <code>custodian</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>false</code> and <code><a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
+    upon failure, <code>true</code> otherwise.
+    </dl>
+
+
+<!-- xxxxxx -->
+
+    <h3><a name="with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec"></a>Class template <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code></h3>
+
+
+    <table border="1" summary="with_custodian_and_ward_postcall template parameters">
+      <caption>
+        <b><code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> template parameters</b>
+      </caption>
+      <tr>
+        <th>Parameter
+        
+        <th>Requirements
+
+        <th>Description
+
+        <th>Default
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>custodian</code> 
+
+        <td>A compile-time constant of type
+        <code>std::size_t</code>.
+
+        <td>The index of the parameter which is the dependency in the
+        lifetime relationship to be established. Zero indicates the
+        result object; 1 indicates the first argument. If used to wrap
+        a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
+        (<code>*this</code>). Note that if the target Python object
+        type doesn't support weak references, a Python
+        <code>TypeError</code> exception will be raised when the
+        C++ object being wrapped is called.
+
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>ward</code> 
+
+        <td>A compile-time constant of type <code>std::size_t</code>.
+
+        <td>The index of the parameter which is the dependent in the
+        lifetime relationship to be established. Zero indicates the
+        result object; 1 indicates the first argument. If used to wrap
+        a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
+        (<code>*this</code>). 
+
+      <tr>
+        <td><code>Base</code> 
+
+        <td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
+
+        <td>Used for <a href="CallPolicies.html#composition">policy
+        composition</a>.
+
+        <td><code><a href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">default_call_policies</a></code>
+
+    </table>
+
+    <h4><a name="with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> synopsis</h4>
+<pre>
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+   template &lt;std::size_t custodian, std::size_t ward, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
+   struct with_custodian_and_ward_postcall : Base
+   {
+      static PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
+   };
+}}
+</pre>
+
+    <h4><a name="with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-statics"></a>Class
+    <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> static functions</h4>
+
+<pre>
+PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
+</pre>
+
+    <dl class="function-semantics">
+      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code><a
+      href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/tupleObjects.html#l2h-476">PyTuple_Check</a>(args)
+      != 0</code>, <code>result&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Makes the lifetime of the object indicated
+      by <code>ward</code> dependent on the lifetime of the object
+      indicated by <code>custodian</code>.
+
+      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>0</code> and <code><a
+    href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
+    upon failure, <code>true</code> otherwise.
+    </dl>
+
+
+
+    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
+
+The following example shows how
+<code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> is used by the library
+to implement <code><a
+href="return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec">return_internal_reference</a></code>
+
+<pre>
+template &lt;std::size_t owner_arg = 1, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
+struct return_internal_reference
+    : with_custodian_and_ward_postcall&lt;0, owner_arg, Base&gt;
+{
+   typedef <a href="reference_existing_object.html#reference_existing_object-spec">reference_existing_object</a> result_converter;
+};
+</pre>
+
+    <p>Revised 
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
+    29 May, 2002
+    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
+
+    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
+    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
+

example/Jamfile

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Specify our location in the boost project hierarchy
+subproject libs/python/example ;
+
+# Declares the following targets:
+#    
+#  1. an extension module called "getting_started1", which is
+#     built from "getting_started1.cpp". Built by default
+#
+#  2. A test target called my-test.test which runs
+#     test_getting_started1.py with the extension module above. Built
+#     when out-of date, but only if invoked by name or if the global
+#     "test" target is invoked.
+#
+#  3. A test target called my-test.run wihch runs the above test
+#     unconditionally. Built only when invoked by name.
+#
+# To see verbose test output, add "-sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS=-v" to the bjam
+# command-line before the first target.
+#
+
+# Include definitions needed for Python modules
+SEARCH on python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
+include python.jam ;
+
+# Declare a Python extension called getting_started1
+extension getting_started1
+:  # sources
+   getting_started1.cpp
+  
+   # dependencies
+   <dll>../build/boost_python
+  ;
+
+# Declare a test for the extension module
+boost-python-runtest my-test
+    :  # Python test driver
+    test_getting_started1.py
+    # extension modules to use
+    <pyd>getting_started1 ;

example/README

@@ -19,6 +19,3 @@ Examples for the cross-module support are provided by:
   ivect.cpp
 See also: libs/python/doc/cross_module.html
 
-The files example1.cpp and rwgk1.cpp are obsolete. They are only
-included because the Visual Studio project in the build directory still
-refers to them.

example/do_it_yourself_convts.cpp

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
     if (tup.size() != 3) {
       PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
         "expecting exactly 3 values in tuple.");
-      throw python::error_already_set();
+      python::throw_error_already_set();
     }
     MillerIndex result;
     for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
@@ -107,8 +107,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(do_it_yourself_convts)
 {
-  try
-  {
     // Create an object representing this extension module.
     python::module_builder this_module("do_it_yourself_convts");
 
@@ -120,9 +118,4 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(do_it_yourself_convts)
     // Add the member functions.
     ixset_class.def(&IndexingSet::add, "add");
     ixset_class.def(&IndexingSet::get, "get");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }

example/dvect.cpp

@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(dvect)
 {
-  try
-  {
     python::module_builder this_module("dvect");
 
     python::class_builder<vects::dvect> dvect_class(this_module, "dvect");
@@ -47,10 +45,4 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(dvect)
 
 # include "dvect_defs.cpp"
 # include "ivect_defs.cpp"
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }
-

example/dvect.h

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace vects {
   struct dvect : public std::vector<double>
   {
     dvect() : std::vector<double>() {}
-    dvect(size_t n) : std::vector<double>(n) {}
+    dvect(std::size_t n) : std::vector<double>(n) {}
     dvect(boost::python::tuple tuple) : std::vector<double>(tuple.size())
     {
       std::vector<double>::iterator v_it = begin();

example/example1.cpp

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-#include <string.h>
-
-namespace hello {
-  class world
-  {
-   public:
-      world(int) {}
-      ~world() {}
-      const char* get() const { return "hi, world"; }
-  };
-
-  size_t length(const world& x) { return strlen(x.get()); }
-}
-
-#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
-
-// Python requires an exported function called init<module-name> in every
-// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
-extern "C"
-#ifdef _WIN32
-__declspec(dllexport)
-#endif
-void inithello()
-{
-    try
-    {
-       // create an object representing this extension module
-       boost::python::module_builder hello("hello");
-
-       // Create the Python type object for our extension class
-       boost::python::class_builder<hello::world> world_class(hello, "world");
-
-       // Add the __init__ function
-       world_class.def(boost::python::constructor<int>());
-       // Add a regular member function
-       world_class.def(&hello::world::get, "get");
-
-       // Add a regular function to the module
-       hello.def(hello::length, "length");
-    }
-    catch(...)
-    {
-       boost::python::handle_exception();    // Deal with the exception for Python
-    }
-}
-
-// Win32 DLL boilerplate
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#include <windows.h>
-extern "C" BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HINSTANCE, DWORD, LPVOID)
-{
-    return 1;
-}
-#endif // _WIN32

example/getting_started1.cpp

@@ -16,17 +16,15 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
 // extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
 {
-  try
+    try {
-  {
     // Create an object representing this extension module.
     python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
 
     // Add regular functions to the module.
     this_module.def(greet, "greet");
     this_module.def(square, "square");
-  }
+    }
-  catch(...)
+    catch(...) {
-  {
+        boost::python::handle_exception();
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
+    }
-  }
 }

example/getting_started2.cpp

@@ -26,8 +26,6 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
 {
-  try
-  {
     // Create an object representing this extension module.
     python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
 
@@ -44,9 +42,4 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
 
     // Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
     hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }

example/ivect.cpp

@@ -32,8 +32,6 @@ extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(ivect)
 {
-  try
-  {
     python::module_builder this_module("ivect");
 
     python::class_builder<vects::ivect> ivect_class(this_module, "ivect");
@@ -47,10 +45,5 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(ivect)
 
 # include "dvect_defs.cpp"
 # include "ivect_defs.cpp"
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }
 

example/ivect.h

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace vects {
   struct ivect : public std::vector<int>
   {
     ivect() : std::vector<int>() {}
-    ivect(size_t n) : std::vector<int>(n) {}
+    ivect(std::size_t n) : std::vector<int>(n) {}
     ivect(boost::python::tuple tuple) : std::vector<int>(tuple.size())
     {
       std::vector<int>::iterator v_it = begin();

example/nested.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
+
+/*
+    This example shows how convert a nested Python tuple.
+ */
+
+#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+namespace {
+
+  boost::python::list
+  show_nested_tuples(boost::python::tuple outer)
+  {
+    boost::python::list result;
+    for (int i = 0; i < outer.size(); i++) {
+      boost::python::tuple inner(
+        BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(outer[i].get(),
+        boost::python::type<boost::python::tuple>()));
+      for (int j = 0; j < inner.size(); j++) {
+        double x = BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(inner[j].get(),
+          boost::python::type<double>());
+        char buf[128];
+        sprintf(buf, "(%d,%d) %.6g", i, j, x);
+        result.append(BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(std::string(buf)));
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+}
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(nested)
+{
+    boost::python::module_builder this_module("nested");
+    this_module.def(show_nested_tuples, "show_nested_tuples");
+}

example/noncopyable_export.cpp

@@ -18,8 +18,6 @@ extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_export)
 {
-  try
-  {
     python::module_builder this_module("noncopyable_export");
 
     python::class_builder<store> store_class(this_module, "store");
@@ -27,9 +25,4 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_export)
 
     store_class.def(python::constructor<int>());
     store_class.def(&store::recall, "recall");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }

example/noncopyable_import.cpp

@@ -31,8 +31,6 @@ extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_import)
 {
-  try
-  {
     python::module_builder this_module("noncopyable_import");
 
     python::import_converters<store>
@@ -44,9 +42,4 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_import)
     // However, to keep this example simple, we only define a
     // module-level function.
     this_module.def(add_stores, "add_stores");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }

example/pickle1.cpp

@@ -41,8 +41,6 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle1)
 {
-  try
-  {
     // Create an object representing this extension module.
     python::module_builder this_module("pickle1");
 
@@ -56,9 +54,4 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle1)
 
     // Support for pickle.
     world_class.def(world_getinitargs, "__getinitargs__");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }

example/pickle2.cpp

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
     if (state.size() != 1) {
       PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
         "Unexpected argument in call to __setstate__.");
-      throw python::error_already_set();
+      python::throw_error_already_set();
     }
     int number = from_python(state[0].get(), python::type<int>());
     if (number != 42)
@@ -73,8 +73,6 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle2)
 {
-  try
-  {
     // Create an object representing this extension module.
     python::module_builder this_module("pickle2");
 
@@ -92,9 +90,4 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle2)
     world_class.def(world_getinitargs, "__getinitargs__");
     world_class.def(world_getstate, "__getstate__");
     world_class.def(world_setstate, "__setstate__");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }

example/pickle3.cpp

@@ -65,8 +65,6 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle3)
 {
-  try
-  {
     // Create an object representing this extension module.
     python::module_builder this_module("pickle3");
 
@@ -85,11 +83,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle3)
     world_class.def_raw(world_getstate, "__getstate__");
     world_class.def_raw(world_setstate, "__setstate__");
     world_class.getstate_manages_dict();
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
 }
 
 namespace {
@@ -106,7 +99,7 @@ namespace {
   {
       if(args.size() != 1 || keywords.size() != 0) {
           PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "wrong number of arguments");
-          throw boost::python::error_already_set();
+          boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
       }
       const world& w = from_python(args[0].get(), type<const world&>());
       ref mydict = getattr(args[0], "__dict__");
@@ -122,7 +115,7 @@ namespace {
   {
       if(args.size() != 2 || keywords.size() != 0) {
           PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "wrong number of arguments");
-          throw boost::python::error_already_set();
+          boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
       }
       world& w = from_python(args[0].get(), type<world&>());
       ref mydict = getattr(args[0], "__dict__");
@@ -130,7 +123,7 @@ namespace {
       if (state.size() != 2) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
           "Unexpected argument in call to __setstate__.");
-        throw python::error_already_set();
+        python::throw_error_already_set();
       }
       // restore the object's __dict__
       dictionary odict = from_python(mydict.get(), type<dictionary>());