Moved to python_v2_API_restructure branch

[SVN r15354]

build/bpl_static.dsp

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build/como.mak

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-# Revision History:
-# 06 Mar 01  Fixed typo in use of "PYTHON_LIB" (Dave Abrahams)
-# 04 Mar 01  Changed library name to libboost_python.a (David Abrahams)
-
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build/gcc.mak

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-#  Revision History
-
-#  04 Mar 01 Changed library name to libboost_python.a, various cleanups,
-#            attempted Cygwin compatibility. Still needs testing on Linux
-#            (David Abrahams)
-
-
-LIBSRC = \
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-    conversions.cpp \
-    extension_class.cpp \
-    functions.cpp \
-    init_function.cpp \
-    module_builder.cpp \
-    objects.cpp \
-    types.cpp
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-LIBOBJ = $(LIBSRC:.cpp=.o)
-OBJ = $(LIBOBJ)
-
-PYTHON_INC=$(ROOT)/usr/local/include/python2.0
-# libpython2.0.dll
-
-ifeq "$(OS)" "Windows_NT"
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-MODULE_EXTENSION=dll
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-
-PYTHON = python
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-comprehensive.o: ../test/comprehensive.cpp
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-
-example1: example1.o libboost_python.a
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-	$(PYTHON) ../example/test_example1.py
-
-example1.o: ../example/example1.cpp
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-ifneq "$(MAKECMDGOALS)" "clean"
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build/getting_started1/getting_started1.dsp

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build/linux_gcc.mak

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-# Usage:
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-#   Set the BOOST pathname below.
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build/mingw32.mak

@@ -1,210 +0,0 @@
-# Usage:
-#
-#   Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
-#   Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
-#   Set the BOOST_* pathnames below.
-#
-#   The idea is that the build directory is on a Unix filesystem that
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-#
-#   Unix: make softlinks     Create softlinks to source code and tests
-#   Win:  make               Compile all sources
-#   Win:  make test          Run doctest tests
-#   Unix: make clean         Remove all object files
-#   Unix: make unlink        Remove softlinks
-
-# To install mingw32, follow instructions at:
-#   http://starship.python.net/crew/kernr/mingw32/Notes.html
-# In particular, install:
-#   ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/gcc-2.95.2/gcc-2.95.2-msvcrt.exe
-#   ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/gcc-2.95.2/fixes/quote-fix-msvcrt.exe
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-# Unpack the first two archives in the default locations and update your PATH.
-# Unpack the third archive in \usr.
-
-# Note: comprehensive.cpp generates compiler errors and later crashes.
-#   L:\boost\boost\python\detail\extension_class.hpp:643: warning:
-#   alignment of `vtable for class
-#   boost::python::detail::held_instance<bpl_test::Derived1>'
-#   is greater than maximum object file alignment. Using 16.
-# Could this be fixed with compiler options?
-# -fhuge-objects looks interesting, but requires recompiling the C++ library.
-#                (what exactly does that mean?)
-# -fvtable-thunks eliminates the compiler warning,
-# but "import boost_python_test" still causes a crash.
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-BOOST_UNIX= /net/cci/rwgk/boost
-BOOST_WIN= "L:\boost"
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-PYEXE= "C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
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-
-STDOPTS= -std strict_ansi
-WARNOPTS= -msg_disable 186,450,1115
-# use -msg_display_number to obtain integer tags for -msg_disable
-
-CPP= cxx
-CPPOPTS= $(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST) $(PYINC) \
-         $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) -g
-MAKEDEP= -Em
-
-LD= cxx
-LDOPTS= -shared -expect_unresolved 'Py*' -expect_unresolved '_Py*'
-
-#HIDDEN= -hidden
-
-BPL_SRC = $(BOOST)/libs/python/src
-BPL_TST = $(BOOST)/libs/python/test
-BPL_EXA = $(BOOST)/libs/python/example
-SOFTLINKS = \
-$(BPL_SRC)/classes.cpp \
-$(BPL_SRC)/conversions.cpp \
-$(BPL_SRC)/extension_class.cpp \
-$(BPL_SRC)/functions.cpp \
-$(BPL_SRC)/init_function.cpp \
-$(BPL_SRC)/module_builder.cpp \
-$(BPL_SRC)/objects.cpp \
-$(BPL_SRC)/types.cpp \
-$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.cpp \
-$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.hpp \
-$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.py \
-$(BPL_TST)/doctest.py \
-$(BPL_EXA)/abstract.cpp \
-$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started1.cpp \
-$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started2.cpp \
-$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started3.cpp \
-$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started4.cpp \
-$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started5.cpp \
-$(BPL_EXA)/test_abstract.py \
-$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started1.py \
-$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started2.py \
-$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started3.py \
-$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started4.py \
-$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started5.py
-
-OBJ = classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
-      init_function.o module_builder.o \
-      objects.o types.o
-DEPOBJ= $(OBJ) comprehensive.o abstract.o \
-        getting_started1.o getting_started2.o getting_started3.o \
-        getting_started4.o getting_started5.o
-
-.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
-
-all: libboost_python.a boost_python_test.so abstract.so \
-     getting_started1.so getting_started2.so getting_started3.so \
-     getting_started4.so getting_started5.so
-
-softlinks:
-	@ for pn in $(SOFTLINKS); \
-	  do \
-            bn=`basename "$$pn"`; \
-	    if [ ! -e "$$bn" ]; then \
-              echo "ln -s $$pn ."; \
-	      ln -s "$$pn" .; \
-            else \
-              echo "info: no softlink created (file exists): $$bn"; \
-	    fi; \
-	  done
-
-unlink:
-	@ for pn in $(SOFTLINKS); \
-	  do \
-            bn=`basename "$$pn"`; \
-	    if [ -L "$$bn" ]; then \
-              echo "rm $$bn"; \
-              rm "$$bn"; \
-            elif [ -e "$$bn" ]; then \
-              echo "info: not a softlink: $$bn"; \
-	    fi; \
-	  done
-
-libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
-	rm -f libboost_python.a
-	cd cxx_repository; \
-          ls -1 > ../libboost_python.a.input; \
-          ar r ../libboost_python.a -input ../libboost_python.a.input
-	rm -f libboost_python.a.input
-	ar r libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
-
-boost_python_test.so: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.o -o boost_python_test.so -lm
-
-abstract.so: $(OBJ) abstract.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.o -o abstract.so
-
-getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.o -o getting_started1.so
-
-getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
-
-getting_started3.so: $(OBJ) getting_started3.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started3.o -o getting_started3.so
-
-getting_started4.so: $(OBJ) getting_started4.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started4.o -o getting_started4.so
-
-getting_started5.so: $(OBJ) getting_started5.o
-	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started5.o -o getting_started5.so
-
-.cpp.o:
-	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
-
-test:
-	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started4.py
-	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started5.py
-
-clean:
-	rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
-	rm -f comprehensive.o boost_python_test.so
-	rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
-	rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
-	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
-	rm -f getting_started3.o getting_started3.so
-	rm -f getting_started4.o getting_started4.so
-	rm -f getting_started5.o getting_started5.so
-	rm -f so_locations *.pyc
-	rm -rf cxx_repository
-
-depend:
-	@ cat Makefile.nodepend; \
-          for obj in $(DEPOBJ); \
-          do \
-            bn=`echo "$$obj" | cut -d. -f1`; \
-            $(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) $(MAKEDEP) "$$bn".cpp; \
-          done
-

doc/building.html

@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
-
-    <title>Building an Extension Module</title>
-
-    <div>
-      <h1><img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center" src=
-      "../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Building an
-      Extension Module</h1>
-
-      <p>The build process for Boost is currently undergoing some evolution,
-      and, it is to be hoped, improvement. The following facts may help:
-
-      <ul>
-        <li>
-          Makefiles for various platforms reside in the Boost subdirectory
-          <tt>libs/python/build</tt>: 
-
-          <ul>
-            <li><a href="../build/como.mak">como.mak</a> (Comeau C++ on Linux)
-
-            <li><a href="../build/linux_gcc.mak">linux_gcc.mak</a> (GCC on
-            Linux/Unix)
-
-            <li><a href="../build/gcc.mak">gcc.mak</a> (older makefile for GCC
-            on Linux/Unix. Deprecated.)
-
-            <li><a href="../build/mingw32.mak">mingw32.mak</a>
-            (highly-specialized makefile for mingw32 (Win32-targeted) GCC. Read
-            the header comment).
-
-            <li><a href="../build/tru64_cxx.mak">tru64_cxx.mak</a> (Compaq
-            Alpha).
-          </ul>
-          <br>
-
-        <li>
-          A project workspace for Microsoft Visual Studio is provided at <tt><a
-          href="../build/build.dsw">libs/python/build/build.dsw</a></tt>. The
-          include paths for this project may need to be changed for your
-          installation. They currently assume that python has been installed at
-          <tt>c:\tools\python</tt>. Three configurations of all targets are
-          supported: 
-
-          <ul>
-            <li>Release (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)
-
-            <li>Debug (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)
-
-            <li>DebugPython (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
-            -DBOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>)
-          </ul>
-
-          <p>When extension modules are built with Visual C++ using
-          <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>, Python defaults to <i>force</i> linking with a
-          special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since this debug DLL
-          isn't supplied with the default Python installation for Windows,
-          Boost.Python uses <tt><a href=
-          "../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a></tt>
-          to temporarily undefine <tt>_DEBUG</tt> when <tt>Python.h</tt> is
-          <tt>#include</tt>d.
-
-          <p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the debugging
-          version of the library, <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to
-          re-enable library forcing, and link with the DebugPython version of
-          <tt>boost_python.lib</tt>. You'll need to get the debugging version
-          of the Python executable (<tt>python_d.exe</tt>) and DLL
-          (<tt>python20_d.dll</tt> or <tt>python15_d.dll</tt>). The Python
-          sources include project files for building these. If you <a href=
-          "http://www.python.org">download</a> them, change the name of the
-          top-level directory to <tt>src</tt>, and install it under
-          <tt>c:\tools\python</tt>, the workspace supplied by Boost.Python will
-          be able to use it without modification. Just open
-          <tt>c:\tools\python\src\pcbuild\pcbuild.dsw</tt> and invoke "build
-          all" to generate all the debugging targets.
-
-          <p>If you do not <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>, be sure that
-          any source files <tt>#include &lt;<a href=
-          "../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a>&gt;</tt>
-          instead of the usual <tt>Python.h</tt>, or you will have link
-          incompatibilities.<br>
-          <br>
-
-
-        <li>
-          The makefiles and Visual Studio project can all build at least the
-          following: 
-
-          <ul>
-            <li>The <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static linking with your
-            extension module. On the various Unices, this library will be
-            called <tt>libboost_python.a</tt>. On Win32 platforms, the library
-            will be called <tt>boost_python.lib</tt>.
-
-            <li>A comprehensive test of Boost.Python features. This test builds
-            a Boost.Python extension module, then runs Python to import the
-            module, and runs a series of tests on it using <tt><a href=
-            "../test/doctest.py">doctest</a></tt>. Source code for the module
-            and tests is available in the Boost subdirectory
-            <tt>libs/python/test</tt>.<br>
-
-
-            <li>Various examples from the Boost subdirectory
-            <tt>libs/python/example</tt>. Which examples are built currently
-            depends on the platform. The most up-to-date examples are
-            <tt>getting_started</tt><i>n</i><tt>.cpp</tt> from <a href=
-            "http://cci.lbl.gov/staff/ralf_grosse-kunstleve.html">Ralf W.
-            Grosse-Kunstleve</a>. All these examples include a doctest modeled
-            on the comprehensive test above.<br>
-            <br>
-
-          </ul>
-
-        <li>
-          If your platform isn't directly supported, you can build a static
-          library from the following source files (in the Boost subdirectory
-          <tt>libs/python/src</tt>), or compile them directly and link the
-          resulting objects into your extension module: 
-
-          <ul>
-            <li><a href=
-            "../../../libs/python/src/extension_class.cpp">extension_class.cpp</a>
-
-            <li><a href=
-            "../../../libs/python/src/functions.cpp">functions.cpp</a>
-
-            <li><a href=
-            "../../../libs/python/src/init_function.cpp">init_function.cpp</a>
-
-            <li><a href=
-            "../../../libs/python/src/module_builder.cpp">module_builder.cpp</a>
-
-            <li><a href="../../../libs/python/src/types.cpp">types.cpp</a>
-
-            <li><a href="../../../libs/python/src/objects.cpp">objects.cpp</a>
-
-            <li><a href=
-            "../../../libs/python/src/conversions.cpp">conversions.cpp</a>
-
-            <li><a href="../../../libs/python/src/classes.cpp">classes.cpp</a>
-          </ul>
-      </ul>
-
-      <p>Next: <a href="enums.html">Wrapping Enums</a> Previous: <a href=
-      "under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a> Up: <a href=
-      "index.html">Top</a>
-
-      <p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-      sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-      notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
-      express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
-      any purpose.
-
-      <p>Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-    </div>
-

doc/comparisons.html

@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Comparisons with Other Systems
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
-        src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"><br>
-        Comparisons with
-        Other Systems
-      </h1>
-      
-      <h2>CXX</h2>
-      <p>
-        Like Boost.Python, <a href="http://cxx.sourceforge.net/">CXX</a> attempts to
-        provide a C++-oriented interface to Python. In most cases, as with the
-        boost library, it relieves the user from worrying about
-        reference-counts. Both libraries automatically convert thrown C++
-        exceptions into Python exceptions. As far as I can tell, CXX has no
-        support for subclassing C++ extension types in Python. An even
-        more significant difference is that a user's C++ code is still basically
-        ``dealing with Python objects'', though they are wrapped in
-        C++ classes. This means such jobs as argument parsing and conversion are
-        still left to be done explicitly by the user.
-
-     <p>
-        CXX claims to interoperate well with the C++ Standard Library
-        (a.k.a. STL) by providing iterators into Python Lists and Dictionaries,
-        but the claim is unfortunately unsupportable. The problem is that in
-        general, access to Python sequence and mapping elements through
-        iterators requires the use of proxy objects as the return value of
-        iterator dereference operations. This usage conflicts with the basic
-        ForwardIterator requirements in <a
-        href="http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n2356/lib-iterators.html#lib.forward.iterators">
-        section 24.1.3 of the standard</a> (dereferencing must produce a
-        reference). Although you may be able to use these iterators with some
-        operations in some standard library implementations, it is neither
-        guaranteed to work nor portable.
-
-      <p>
-        As far as I can tell, CXX enables one to write what is essentially
-        idiomatic Python code in C++, manipulating Python objects through the
-        same fully-generic interfaces we use in Python. While you're hardly
-        programming directly to the ``bare metal'' with CXX, it basically
-        presents a ``C++-ized'' version of the Python 'C' API. Some fraction of
-        that capability is available in Boost.Python through <tt><a
-        href="../../../boost/python/objects.hpp">boost/python/objects.hpp</a></tt>,
-        which provides C++ objects corresponding to Python lists, tuples,
-        strings, and dictionaries, and through <tt><a
-        href="../../../boost/python/callback.hpp">boost/python/callback.hpp</a></tt>,
-        which allows you to call back into python with C++ arguments.
-
-      <p>
-        <a href="mailto:dubois1@llnl.gov">Paul F. Dubois</a>, the original
-        author of CXX, has told me that what I've described is only half of the
-        picture with CXX, but I never understood his explanation well-enough to
-        fill in the other half. Here is his response to the commentary above:
-
-<blockquote>
-``My intention with CXX was not to do what you are doing. It was to enable a
-person to write an extension directly in C++ rather than C. I figured others had
-the wrapping business covered. I thought maybe CXX would provide an easier
-target language for those making wrappers, but I never explored
-that.''<br><i>-<a href="mailto:dubois1@llnl.gov">Paul Dubois</a></i>
-</blockquote>
-
-      <h2>SWIG</h2>
-      <p>
-        <a href= "http://www.swig.org/">SWIG</a> is an impressively mature tool
-        for exporting an existing ANSI 'C' interface into various scripting
-        languages. Swig relies on a parser to read your source code and produce
-        additional source code files which can be compiled into a Python (or
-        Perl or Tcl) extension module. It has been successfully used to create
-        many Python extension modules. Like Boost.Python, SWIG is trying to allow an
-        existing interface to be wrapped with little or no change to the
-        existing code. The documentation says ``SWIG parses a form of ANSI C
-        syntax that has been extended with a number of special directives. As a
-        result, interfaces are usually built by grabbing a header file and
-        tweaking it a little bit.'' For C++ interfaces, the tweaking has often
-        proven to amount to more than just a little bit. One user
-        writes:
-
-        <blockquote> ``The problem with swig (when I used it) is that it
-        couldnt handle templates, didnt do func overloading properly etc.  For
-        ANSI C libraries this was fine.  But for usual C++ code this was a
-        problem.  Simple things work.  But for anything very complicated (or
-        realistic), one had to write code by hand.  I believe Boost.Python doesn't have
-        this problem[<a href="#sic">sic</a>]...  IMHO overloaded functions are very important to
-        wrap correctly.''<br><i>-Prabhu Ramachandran</i>
-        </blockquote>
-        
-      <p>
-        By contrast, Boost.Python doesn't attempt to parse C++ - the problem is simply
-        too complex to do correctly. <a name="sic">Technically</a>, one does
-        write code by hand to use Boost.Python. The goal, however, has been to make
-        that code nearly as simple as listing the names of the classes and
-        member functions you want to expose in Python.
-
-      <h2>SIP</h2> 
-      <p>
-        <a
-        href="http://www.thekompany.com/projects/pykde/background.php3?dhtml_ok=1">SIP</a>
-        is a system similar to SWIG, though seemingly more
-        C++-oriented. The author says that like Boost.Python, SIP supports overriding
-        extension class member functions in Python subclasses. It appears to
-        have been designed specifically to directly support some features of
-        PyQt/PyKDE, which is its primary client. Documentation is almost
-        entirely missing at the time of this writing, so a detailed comparison
-        is difficult.
-
-      <h2>ILU</h2>
-      <p>
-        <a
-        href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/Rainbow/projects/origami/ilu-1.8-manual">ILU</a>
-        is a very ambitious project which tries to describe a module's interface
-        (types and functions) in terms of an <a
-        href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/Rainbow/projects/origami/ilu-1.8-manual/manual_2.html">Interface
-        Specification Language</a> (ISL) so that it can be uniformly interfaced
-        to a wide range of computer languages, including Common Lisp, C++, C,
-        Modula-3, and Python. ILU can parse the ISL to generate a C++ language
-        header file describing the interface, of which the user is expected to
-        provide an implementation. Unlike Boost.Python, this means that the system
-        imposes implementation details on your C++ code at the deepest level. It
-        is worth noting that some of the C++ names generated by ILU are supposed
-        to be reserved to the C++ implementation. It is unclear from the
-        documentation whether ILU supports overriding C++ virtual functions in Python.
-        
-      <h2>GRAD</h2>
-      <p>
-      <a
-      href="http://www.python.org/workshops/1996-11/papers/GRAD/html/GRADcover.html">GRAD</a>
-      is another very ambitious project aimed at generating Python wrappers for
-      interfaces written in ``legacy languages'', among which C++ is the first one
-      implemented. Like SWIG, it aims to parse source code and automatically
-      generate wrappers, though it appears to take a more sophisticated approach
-      to parsing in general and C++ in particular, so it should do a much better
-      job with C++. It appears to support function overloading. The
-      documentation is missing a lot of information I'd like to see, so it is
-      difficult to give an accurate and fair assessment. I am left with the
-      following questions:
-<ul>
-<li>Does it support overriding of virtual functions?
-<li>What about overriding private or protected virtual functions (the documentation indicates
-that only public interfaces are supported)?
-<li>Which C++ language constructs are supportd?
-<li>Does it support implicit conversions between wrapped C++ classes that have
-an inheritance relationship?
-<li>Does it support smart pointers?
-</ul>
-      <p>
-        Anyone in the possession of the answers to these questions will earn my
-        gratitude for a write-up <code>;-)</code>
-
-      <h2>Zope ExtensionClasses</h2>
-      <p>
-         <a href="http:http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass">
-        ExtensionClasses in Zope</a> use the same underlying mechanism as Boost.Python
-        to support subclassing of extension types in Python, including
-        multiple-inheritance. Both systems support pickling/unpickling of
-        extension class instances in very similar ways. Both systems rely on the
-        same ``<a
-        href="http://www.python.org/workshops/1994-11/BuiltInClasses/Welcome.html">Don
-        Beaudry Hack</a>'' that also inspired Don's MESS System.
-      <p>
-        The major differences are:
-      <ul>
-        <li>Zope is entirely 'C' language-based. It doesn't require a C++
-        compiler, so it's much more portable than Boost.Python, which stresses
-        the limits of even some modern C++ implementations.
-
-        <li>
-          Boost.Python lifts the burden on the user to parse and convert function
-          argument types. Zope provides no such facility.
-        <li>
-          Boost.Python lifts the burden on the user to maintain Python
-          reference-counts.
-        <li>
-          Boost.Python supports function overloading; Zope does not.
-        <li>
-          Boost.Python supplies a simple mechanism for exposing read-only and
-          read/write access to data members of the wrapped C++ type as Python
-          attributes.
-        <li>
-          Writing a Zope ExtensionClass is significantly more complex than
-          exposing a C++ class to python using Boost.Python (mostly a summary of the
-          previous 4 items). <a href= 
-          "http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass/MultiMapping.html">A
-          Zope Example</a> illustrates the differences.
-        <li>
-          Zope's ExtensionClasses are specifically motivated by ``the need for a
-          C-based persistence mechanism''. Boost.Python's are motivated by the desire
-          to simply reflect a C++ API into Python with as little modification as
-          possible.
-        <li>
-          The following Zope restriction does not apply to Boost.Python: ``At most one
-          base extension direct or indirect super class may define C data
-          members. If an extension subclass inherits from multiple base
-          extension classes, then all but one must be mix-in classes that
-          provide extension methods but no data.''
-        <li>
-          Zope requires use of the somewhat funky inheritedAttribute (search for
-          ``inheritedAttribute'' on <a
-          href="http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass">this page</a>)
-          method to access base class methods. In Boost.Python, base class methods can
-          be accessed in the usual way by writing
-          ``<code>BaseClass.method</code>''.
-        <li>
-          Zope supplies some creative but esoteric idioms such as <a href= 
-          "http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass/Acquisition.html">
-          Acquisition</a>. No specific support for this is built into Boost.Python.
-        <li>
-          Zope's ComputedAttribute support is designed to be used from Python.
-          <a href="special.html#getter_setter">The analogous feature of
-          Boost.Python</a> can be used from C++ or Python. The feature is arguably
-          easier to use in Boost.Python.
-      </ul>
-      <p>
-        Next: <a href="example1.html">A Simple Example Using Boost.Python</a>
-        Previous: <a href="extending.html">A Brief Introduction to writing Python Extension Modules</a>
-        Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
-        express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
-        for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-    </div>
-

doc/data_structures.txt

@@ -1,192 +0,0 @@
-Given a real Python class 'A', a wrapped C++ class 'B', and this definition:
-
-    class C(A, B):
-        def __init__(self):
-            B.__init__(self)
-            self.x = 1
-        ...
-
-    c = C()
-
-this diagram describes the internal structure of an instance of 'C', including
-its inheritance relationships. Note that ExtensionClass<B> is derived from
-Class<ExtensionInstance>, and is in fact identical for all intents and purposes.
-
-                                           MetaClass<ExtensionInstance>
-                 +---------+              +---------+                  
-types.ClassType: |         |              |         |                  
-                 |         |              |         |                  
-                 |         |              |         |                  
-                 +---------+              +---------+                    
-                   ^                         ^   ^
-     PyClassObject |       ExtensionClass<B> |   |
- A: +------------+ |   B: +------------+     |   |
-    |  ob_type  -+-+      |   ob_type -+-----+   |
-    |            |   ()<--+- __bases__ |         |
-    |            |        |  __dict__ -+->{...}  |
-    |            |   'B'<-+- __name__  |         |
-    +------------+        +------------+         |
-         ^                      ^                |
-         |                      |                |
-         +-----+  +-------------+                |
-               |  |                              |
-               |  |     Class<ExtensionInstance> |
-               |  | C: +------------+            |
-               |  |    |   ob_type -+------------+
-        tuple:(*, *)<--+- __bases__ |           
-                       |  __dict__ -+->{__module__, <methods, etc.>}
-                 'C' <-+- __name__  |
-                       +------------+        
-                             ^           (in case of inheritance from more than one   
-                             |            extension class, this vector would contain  
-             +---------------+            a pointer to an instance holder for the data
-             |                            of each corresponding C++ class)            
-             |     ExtensionInstance                
-             | c: +---------------------+   std::vector<InstanceHolderBase> 
-             +----+- __class__          |  +---+--  
-                  |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| * | ...
-        {'x': 1}<-+- __dict__           |  +-|-+--   
-                  +---------------------+    |    InstanceValueHolder<B>                  
-                                             |   +--------------------------------+
-                                             +-->| (contains a C++ instance of B) |
-                                                 +--------------------------------+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-In our inheritance test cases in extclass_demo.cpp/test_extclass.py, we have the
-following C++ inheritance hierarchy:
-
-               +-----+          +----+
-               |  A1 |          | A2 |
-               +-----+          +----+
-                ^ ^ ^            ^  ^  
-                | | |            |  |
-          +-----+ | +---------+-----+
-          |       |           |  |
-          |       +---+----------+
-   .......!......     |       |
-   : A_callback :   +-+--+  +-+--+
-   :............:   | B1 |  | B2 |
-                    +----+  +----+
-                      ^
-                      |
-              +-------+---------+
-              |                 |
-            +-+-+         ......!.......
-            | C |         : B_callback :
-            +---+         :............:
-
-
-A_callback and B_callback are used as part of the wrapping mechanism but not
-represented in Python. C is also not represented in Python but is delivered
-there polymorphically through a smart pointer.
-
-This is the data structure in Python.
-
-       ExtensionClass<A1>
-  A1: +------------+                
- ()<--+- __bases__ |                                                
-      |  __dict__ -+->{...}                                         
-      +------------+                                                
-        ^                 
-        |          ExtensionInstance                                              
-        |     a1: +---------------------+   vec     InstanceValueHolder<A1,A_callback> 
-        +---------+- __class__          |  +---+   +---------------------+ 
-        |         |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A_callback | 
-        |         +---------------------+  +---+   +---------------------+              
-        |   
-        |          ExtensionInstance                                              
-        | pa1_a1: +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
-        +---------+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+ 
-        |         |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   A1    
-        |         +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+
-        |                                                +->|   |
-        |          ExtensionInstance                        +---+ 
-        | pb1_a1: +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
-        +---------+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                 
-        |         |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   B1           
-        |         +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+        
-        |                                                +->|   |                            
-        |          ExtensionInstance                        +---+                       
-        | pb2_a1: +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
-        +---------+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                 
-        |         |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   B2                   
-        |         +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+        
-        |                                                +->|   | 
-        |                                                   +---+                       
-        |       ExtensionClass<A1>                                                          
-        |  A2: +------------+                                                               
-        | ()<--+- __bases__ |                                                               
-        |      |  __dict__ -+->{...}                                                        
-        |      +------------+                                                               
-        |           ^                                                                       
-        |           |  ExtensionInstance                                                    
-        |       a2: | +---------------------+   vec     InstanceValueHolder<A2>             
-        |           +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +-------------+                      
-        |           | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A2 |                      
-        |           | +---------------------+  +---+   +-------------+                      
-        |           |                                                                       
-        |           |  ExtensionInstance                                                    
-        |   pa2_a2: | +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A2>,A2>  
-        |           +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                                
-        |           | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   A2                         
-        |           | +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+                       
-        |           |                                        +->|   |                       
-        |           |  ExtensionInstance                        +---+                       
-        |   pb1_a2: | +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A2>,A2>  
-        |           +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                                
-        |           | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   B1                         
-        |           | +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+                       
-        |           |                                        +->|   |                       
-        |           |                                           +---+                       
-        |           |                                                                       
-        |           +---------------+------------------------------+                             
-        |                           |                              |                             
- +------+-------------------------+-|----------------------------+ |                             
- |                                | |                            | |                             
- |       Class<ExtensionInstance> | |      ExtensionClass<B1>    | |      ExtensionClass<B1>     
- | DA1: +------------+            | | B1: +------------+         | | B2: +------------+          
-(*,)<---+- __bases__ |           (*,*)<---+- __bases__ |        (*,*)<---+- __bases__ |          
-        |  __dict__ -+->{...}             |  __dict__ -+->{...}          |  __dict__ -+->{...}   
-        +------------+                    +------------+                 +------------+          
-              ^                                ^                                    ^ 
-              |        ExtensionInstance       |                                    |       
-              |  da1: +---------------------+  |    vec     InstanceValueHolder<A1,A_callback>  
-              +-------+- __class__          |  |   +---+   +---------------------+  |          
-                      |  m_wrapped_objects -+--|-->| *-+-->| contains A_callback |  |          
-                      +---------------------+  |   +---+   +---------------------+  |          
-        +--------------------------------------+                                    |
-        |  ExtensionInstance                                                        |
-    b1: | +---------------------+   vec     InstanceValueHolder<B1,B_callback>      |
-        +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---------------------+                  |
-        | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains B_callback |                  |
-        | +---------------------+  +---+   +---------------------+                  |
-        |                                                                           |
-        |  ExtensionInstance                                                        |
-pb1_b1: | +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<B1>,B1>      |
-        +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                                    |
-        | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   B1                             |
-        | +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+                           |
-        |                                        +->|   |                           |
-        |  ExtensionInstance                        +---+                           |
- pc_b1: | +---------------------+   vec     InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<B1>,B1>      |
-        +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +---+                                    |
-        | |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+   C                              |
-        | +---------------------+  +---+   +---+ |  +---+                           |
-        |                                        +->|   |                           |
-        |                                           +---+                           |
-        |                                                                           |
-        |       Class<ExtensionInstance>    +---------------------------------------+
-        | DB1: +------------+               |  ExtensionInstance                                                    
-       (*,)<---+- __bases__ |           a2: | +---------------------+   vec     InstanceValueHolder<A2> 
-               |  __dict__ -+->{...}        +-+- __class__          |  +---+   +-------------+                      
-               +------------+                 |  m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A2 |                      
-                     ^                        +---------------------+  +---+   +-------------+                      
-                     |  ExtensionInstance      
-                db1: | +---------------------+    vec     InstanceValueHolder<B1,B_callback>  
-                     +-+- __class__          |   +---+   +----------------------+ 
-                       |  m_wrapped_objects -+-->| *-+-->| contains B1_callback |              
-                       +---------------------+   +---+   +----------------------+              

doc/enums.html

@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Wrapping enums
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
-        src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"><br>
-        Wrapping enums
-      </h1>
-
-<p>Because there is in general no way to deduce that a value of arbitrary type T
-is an enumeration constant, the Boost Python Library cannot automatically
-convert enum values to and from Python. To handle this case, you need to decide
-how you want the enum to show up in Python (since Python doesn't have
-enums). Once you have done that, you can write some simple
-<code>from_python()</code> and <code>to_python()</code> functions.
-
-<p>If you are satisfied with a Python int as a way to represent your enum
-values, we provide a shorthand for these functions. You just need to cause
-<code>boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;EnumType&gt;</code> to be
-instantiated, where
-<code>EnumType</code> is your enumerated type. There are two convenient ways to do this:
-
-<ol>
-<li>Explicit instantiation:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-  template class boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;my_enum&gt;;
-</blockquote></pre>
-
-Some buggy C++ implementations require a class to be instantiated in the same
-namespace in which it is defined. In that case, the simple incantation above becomes:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-   ...
-} // close my_namespace
-
-// drop into namespace python and explicitly instantiate
-namespace boost { namespace python {
-  template class enum_as_int_converters&lt;my_enum_type&gt;;
-}} // namespace boost::python
-
-namespace my_namespace { // re-open my_namespace
-   ...
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-
-<li>If you have such an implementation, you may find this technique more convenient 
-<blockquote><pre>
-// instantiate as base class in any namespace
-struct EnumTypeConverters
-    : boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;EnumType&gt;
-{
-};
-</blockquote></pre>
-</ol>
-
-<p>Either of the above is equivalent to the following declarations:
-<blockquote><pre>
-BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
-
-  MyEnumType from_python(PyObject* x, boost::python::type&lt;MyEnumType&gt;)
-  {
-      return static_cast&lt;MyEnum&gt;(
-        from_python(x, boost::python::type&lt;long&gt;()));
-  }
-
-  MyEnumType from_python(PyObject* x, boost::python::type&lt;const MyEnumType&amp;&gt;)
-  {
-      return static_cast&lt;MyEnum&gt;(
-        from_python(x, boost::python::type&lt;long&gt;()));
-  }
-
-  PyObject* to_python(MyEnumType x)
-  {
-      return to_python(static_cast&lt;long&gt;(x));
-  }
-BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>This technique defines the conversions of
-<code>MyEnumType</code> in terms of the conversions for the built-in
- <code>long</code> type.
-
-You may also want to add a bunch of lines like this to your module
-initialization. These bind the corresponding enum values to the appropriate
-names so they can be used from Python:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-mymodule.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_1), "enum_value_1");
-mymodule.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_2), "enum_value_2");
-...
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-You can also add these to an extension class definition, if your enum happens to
-be local to a class and you want the analogous interface in Python:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-my_class_builder.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_1), "enum_value_1");
-my_class_builder.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_2), "enum_value_2");
-...
-</pre></blockquote>
-               <p>
-         Next: <a href="pointers.html">Pointers and Smart Pointers</a>
-         Previous: <a href="building.html">Building an Extension Module</a>
-         Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as
-        is'' without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to
-        its suitability for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-    </div>
-

doc/example1.html

@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      A Simple Example
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt=
-        "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">
-      </h1>
-      <h1>
-         A Simple Example
-      </h1>
-      <p>
-         Suppose we have the following C++ API which we want to expose in
-        Python:
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;string&gt;
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A couple of simple C++ functions that we want to expose to Python.
-  std::string greet() { return "hello, world"; }
-  int square(int number) { return number * number; }
-}
-
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <p>
-        Here is the C++ code for a python module called <tt>getting_started1</tt>
-        which exposes the API.
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/class_builder.hpp&gt;
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
-
-    // Add regular functions to the module.
-    this_module.def(greet, "greet");
-    this_module.def(square, "square");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <p>
-         That's it! If we build this shared library and put it on our <code>
-        PYTHONPATH</code> we can now access our C++ functions from
-        Python.
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; import getting_started1
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print getting_started1.greet()
-hello, world
-&gt;&gt;&gt; number = 11
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print number, '*', number, '=', getting_started1.square(number)
-11 * 11 = 121
-</pre>
-      <p>
-        Next: <a href="exporting_classes.html">Exporting Classes</a>
-         Previous: <a href="comparisons.html">Comparisons with other systems</a>  Up:
-        <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-        express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
-        for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2000
-    </div>
-

doc/exporting_classes.html

@@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Exporting Classes
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt=
-        "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">
-      </h1>
-      <h1>
-         Exporting Classes
-      </h1>
-      <p>
-         Now let's expose a C++ class to Python:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-#include &lt;iostream&gt;
-#include &lt;string&gt;
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A friendly class.
-  class hello
-  {
-    public:
-      hello(const std::string&amp; country) { this-&gt;country = country; }
-      std::string greet() const { return "Hello from " + country; }
-    private:
-      std::string country;
-  };
-
-  // A function taking a hello object as an argument.
-  std::string invite(const hello&amp; w) {
-    return w.greet() + "! Please come soon!";
-  }
-}
-
-</blockquote></pre>      <p>
-      To expose the class, we use a <tt>class_builder</tt> in addition to the
-      <tt>module_builder</tt> from the previous example. Class member functions
-      are exposed by using the <tt>def()</tt> member function on the
-      <tt>class_builder</tt>:
-<blockquote><pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/class_builder.hpp&gt;
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
-
-    // Create the Python type object for our extension class.
-    python::class_builder&lt;hello&gt; hello_class(this_module, "hello");
-
-    // Add the __init__ function.
-    hello_class.def(python::constructor&lt;std::string&gt;());
-    // Add a regular member function.
-    hello_class.def(&amp;hello::greet, "greet");
-
-    // Add invite() as a regular function to the module.
-    this_module.def(invite, "invite");
-
-    // Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
-    hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}
-</blockquote></pre>
-      <p>
-Now we can use the class normally from Python:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from getting_started2 import *
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi = hello('California')
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi.greet()
-'Hello from California'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; invite(hi)
-'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi.invite()
-'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
-</blockquote></pre>
-
-Notes:<ul>
-<li> We expose the class' constructor by calling <tt>def()</tt> on the
-      <tt>class_builder</tt> with an argument whose type is
-      <tt>constructor&lt;</tt><i>params</i><tt>&gt;</tt>, where <i>params</i>
-      matches the list of constructor argument types:
-
-
-<li>Regular member functions are defined by calling <tt>def()</tt> with a
-      member function pointer and its Python name:
-
-<li>Any function added to a class whose initial argument matches the class (or
-any base) will act like a member function in Python.
-</ul>
-      <p>
-         We can even make a subclass of <code>hello.world</code>:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class wordy(hello):
-...     def greet(self):
-...         return hello.greet(self) + ', where the weather is fine'
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2 = wordy('Florida')
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2.greet()
-'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; invite(hi2)
-'Hello from Florida! Please come soon!'
-</blockquote></pre>
-      <p>
-         Pretty cool! You can't do that with an ordinary Python extension type!
-
-         Of course, you may now have a slightly empty feeling in the pit of
-        your little pythonic stomach. Perhaps you wanted to see the following
-        <tt>wordy</tt> invitation:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine! Please come soon!'
-</blockquote></pre>
-
-        After all, <tt>invite</tt> calls <tt>hello::greet()</tt>, and you
-        reimplemented that in your Python subclass, <tt>wordy</tt>. If so, <a
-        href= "overriding.html">read on</a>...
-
-      <p>
-        Next: <a href="overriding.html">Overridable virtual functions</a>
-         Previous: <a href="example1.html">A Simple Example</a>  Up:
-        <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-        express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
-        for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-    </div>
-

doc/extending.html

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
-    <title>
-      A Brief Introduction to writing Python extension modules
-    </title>
-    <h1>
-      <img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="center"
-      width="277" height="86">
-    </h1>
-    <h1>
-      A Brief Introduction to writing Python extension modules
-    </h1>
-    <p>
-      Interfacing any language to Python involves building a module which can
-      be loaded by the Python interpreter, but which isn't written in Python.
-      This is known as an <em>extension module</em>. Many of the <a href= 
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/lib.html">built-in Python
-      libraries</a> are constructed in 'C' this way; Python even supplies its
-      <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/types.html">fundamental
-      types</a> using the same mechanism. An extension module can be statically
-      linked with the Python interpreter, but it more commonly resides in a
-      shared library or DLL.
-    <p>
-      As you can see from <a href= 
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/ext.html"> The Python Extending
-      and Embedding Tutorial</a>, writing an extension module normally means
-      worrying about
-    <ul>
-      <li>
-        <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/refcounts.html">
-        maintaining reference counts</a>
-      <li>
-        <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/callingPython.html"> how
-        to call back into Python</a>
-      <li>
-        <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/parseTuple.html">
-        function argument parsing and typechecking</a>
-    </ul>
-    This last item typically occupies a great deal of code in an extension
-    module. Remember that Python is a completely dynamic language. A callable
-    object receives its arguments in a tuple; it is up to that object to extract
-    those arguments from the tuple, check their types, and raise appropriate
-    exceptions. There are numerous other tedious details that need to be
-    managed; too many to mention here. The Boost Python Library is designed to
-    lift most of that burden.<br>
-    <br>
-     
-    <p>
-      Another obstacle that most people run into eventually when extending
-      Python is that there's no way to make a true Python class in an extension
-      module. The typical solution is to create a new Python type in the
-      extension module, and then write an additional module in 100% Python. The
-      Python module defines a Python class which dispatches to an instance of
-      the extension type, which it contains. This allows users to write
-      subclasses of the class in the Python module, almost as though they were
-      sublcassing the extension type. Aside from being tedious, it's not really
-      the same as having a true class, because there's no way for the user to
-      override a method of the extension type which is called from the
-      extension module. Boost.Python solves this problem by taking advantage of <a
-      href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/metaclasses/">Python's metaclass
-      feature</a> to provide objects which look, walk, and hiss almost exactly
-      like regular Python classes. Boost.Python classes are actually cleaner than
-      Python classes in some subtle ways; a more detailed discussion will
-      follow (someday).</p>
-    <p>Next: <a href="comparisons.html">Comparisons with Other Systems</a> Up: <a
-    href="index.html">Top</a> </p>
-    <p>
-      &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-      sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-      notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-      express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
-      any purpose.</p>
-

doc/index.html

@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
-    <title>
-      The Boost Python Library (Boost.Python)
-    </title>
-    <h1>
-       <img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" width="277"
-      align="center" height="86"><br>The Boost Python Library (Boost.Python)
-    </h1>
-
-<h2>Synopsis</h2>
-    <p>
-      Use the Boost Python Library to quickly and easily export a C++ library to <a
-      href="http://www.python.org">Python</a> such that the Python interface is
-      very similar to the C++ interface. It is designed to be minimally
-      intrusive on your C++ design. In most cases, you should not have to alter
-      your C++ classes in any way in order to use them with Boost.Python. The system
-      <em>should</em> simply ``reflect'' your C++ classes and functions into
-      Python. The major features of Boost.Python include support for:
-<ul>
-<li><a href="inheritance.html">Subclassing extension types in Python</a>
-<li><a href="overriding.html">Overriding virtual functions in Python</a>
-<li><a href="overloading.html">[Member] function Overloading</a>
-<li><a href="special.html#numeric_auto">Automatic wrapping of numeric operators</a>
-</ul>
-among others.
-
-
-<h2>Supported Platforms</h2>
-<p>Boost.Python is known to have been tested in the following configurations:
-
-<ul>
-<li>Against Python 2.0 using the following compiler/library combinations:
-<ul>
-  <li><a
-  href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>
-  with the native library.
-
-  <li>An upcoming release of <a
-        href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks
-        CodeWarrior Pro6 for Windows</a> with the native library (the first
-        release has a bug that's fatal to Boost.Python)
-
-        <li><a
-        href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/c50/">Intel
-        C++ 5.0</a>. Compilation succeeds, but tests <font
-        color="#FF0000"><b>FAILED at runtime</b></font> due to a bug in its
-        exception-handling implementation.
-</ul>
-
-<li>Against Python 1.5.2 using the following compiler/library: 
-
-  <ul>
-  <li><a
-  href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a> 
-
-  <li><a
-  href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>/<a
-  href="http://www.stlport.org">STLport 4.0</a> 
-
-  <li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC 2.95.2</a> [by <a href="mailto:koethe@informatik.uni-hamburg.de">Ullrich
-  Koethe</a>]
-
-  <li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC 2.95.2</a>/<a href="http://www.stlport.org">STLport 4.0</a>
-
-  <li>Compaq C++ V6.2-024 for Digital UNIX V5.0 Rev. 910 (an <a
-  href="http://www.edg.com/">EDG</a>-based compiler) with <a
-  href="http://www.stlport.org/beta.html">STLport-4.1b3</a> [by <a
-  href="mailto:rwgk@cci.lbl.gov">Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve</a>] 
-
-  <li>An upcoming release of <a href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks CodeWarrior
-        Pro6 for Windows</a> (the first release has a bug that's fatal to Boost.Python)
-  </ul>
-</ul>
-
-<h2>Credits</h2>
-<ul>
-      <li><a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">David Abrahams</a> originated
-      and wrote most of the library, and continues to coordinate development.
-
-      <li><a href="mailto:koethe@informatik.uni-hamburg.de">Ullrich Koethe</a>
-      had independently developed a similar system. When he discovered Boost.Python,
-      he generously contributed countless hours of coding and much insight into
-      improving it. He is responsible for an early version of the support for <a
-      href="overloading.html">function overloading</a> and wrote the support for
-      <a href="inheritance.html#implicit_conversion">reflecting C++ inheritance
-      relationships</a>. He has helped to improve error-reporting from both
-      Python and C++, and has designed an extremely easy-to-use way of 
-      exposing <a href="special.html#numeric">numeric operators</a>, including
-      a way to avoid explicit coercion by means of overloading.
-      
-      <li><a href="http://cci.lbl.gov/staff/ralf_grosse-kunstleve.html">Ralf W.
-      Grosse-Kunstleve</a> contributed <a href="pickle.html">pickle support</a>
-      and numerous other small improvements. He's working on a way to allow
-      types exported by multiple modules to interact.
-
-      <li>The members of the boost mailing list and the Python community
-      supplied invaluable early feedback. In particular, Ron Clarke, Mark Evans,
-      Anton Gluck, Chuck Ingold, Prabhu Ramachandran, and Barry Scott took the
-      brave step of trying to use Boost.Python while it was still in early
-      stages of development.
-
-      <li>The development of Boost.Python wouldn't have been possible without
-      the generous support of <a href="http://www.dragonsys.com/">Dragon
-      Systems/Lernout and Hauspie, Inc</a> who supported its development as an
-      open-source project.
-</ul>
-
-    <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
-
-    <ol>
-      <li><a href="extending.html">A Brief Introduction to writing Python
-        extension modules</a>
-
-      <li><a href="comparisons.html">Comparisons between Boost.Python and other
-        systems for extending Python</a>
-
-      <li><a href="example1.html">A Simple Example</a>
-
-      <li><a href="exporting_classes.html">Exporting Classes</a>
-
-      <li><a href="overriding.html">Overridable Virtual Functions</a>
-
-      <li><a href="overloading.html">Function Overloading</a>
-
-      <li><a href="inheritance.html">Inheritance</a>
-
-      <li><a href="special.html">Special Method and Operator Support</a>
-
-      <li><a href="under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a>
-
-      <li><a href="building.html">Building an Extension Module</a>
-
-      <li><a href="pickle.html">Pickle Support</a>
-
-      <li><a href="enums.html">Wrapping Enums</a>
-
-      <li><a href="pointers.html">Pointers and Smart Pointers</a>
-
-      <li><a href="data_structures.txt">Internal Data Structures</a>
-          
-</ol>  
- 
-    <p>
-      Documentation is a major ongoing project; assistance is greatly
-      appreciated! In the meantime, useful examples of every Boost.Python feature should
-      be evident in the regression test files <code>test/comprehensive.[<a
-      href="../test/comprehensive.py">py</a>/<a
-      href="../test/comprehensive.hpp">hpp</a>/<a
-      href="../test/comprehensive.cpp">cpp</a>]</code>
-
-    <p>
-       Questions should be directed to <a href= 
-      "http://www.egroups.com/list/boost">the boost mailing list</a>.
-
-    <p>
-       &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-      sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-      notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
-      express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
-      any purpose.
-    <p>
-       Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-

doc/inheritance.html

@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Inheritance
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
-        src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Inheritance
-      </h1>
-
-<h2>Inheritance in Python</h2>
-
-      <p>
-         Boost.Python extension classes support single and multiple-inheritance in
-         Python, just like regular Python classes. You can arbitrarily mix
-         built-in Python classes with extension classes in a derived class'
-         tuple of bases. Whenever a Boost.Python extension class is among the bases for a
-         new class in Python, the result is an extension class:
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class MyPythonClass:
-...     def f(): return 'MyPythonClass.f()'
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; import my_extension_module
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class Derived(my_extension_module.MyExtensionClass, MyPythonClass):
-...     '''This is an extension class'''
-...     pass
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x = Derived()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.f()
-'MyPythonClass.f()'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.g()
-'MyExtensionClass.g()'
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<h2><a name="implicit_conversion">Reflecting C++ Inheritance Relationships</a></h2>
-      <p>
-        Boost.Python also allows us to represent C++ inheritance relationships so that
-        wrapped derived classes may be passed where values, pointers, or
-        references to a base class are expected as arguments. The
-        <code>declare_base</code> member function of
-        <code>class_builder&lt;&gt;</code> is used to establish the relationship
-        between base and derived classes:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;memory&gt; // for std::auto_ptr&lt;&gt;
-
-struct Base {
-    virtual ~Base() {}
-    virtual const char* name() const { return "Base"; }
-};
-
-struct Derived : Base {
-    Derived() : x(-1) {}
-    virtual const char* name() const { return "Derived"; }
-    int x;
-};
-
-std::auto_ptr&lt;Base&gt; derived_as_base() {
-    return std::auto_ptr&lt;Base&gt;(new Derived);
-}
-
-const char* get_name(const Base& b) {
-    return b.name();
-}
-
-int get_derived_x(const Derived& d) {
-    return d.x;
-}
-    <hr>
-#include &lt;boost/python/class_builder.hpp&gt;
-
-// namespace alias for code brevity
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
-{
-    try
-    {
-       python::module_builder my_module("my_module");
-
-       python::class_builder&lt;Base&gt; base_class(my_module, "Base");
-       base_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
-
-       python::class_builder&lt;Derived&gt; derived_class(my_module, "Derived");
-       derived_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
-       <b>// Establish the inheritance relationship between Base and Derived
-       derived_class.declare_base(base_class);</b>
-
-       my_module.def(derived_as_base, "derived_as_base");
-       my_module.def(get_name, "get_name");
-       my_module.def(get_derived_x, "get_derived_x");
-    }
-    catch(...)
-    {
-       python::handle_exception();    // Deal with the exception for Python
-    }
-}
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>
-   Then, in Python:
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
-&gt;&gt;&gt; base = Base()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; derived = Derived()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; get_name(base)
-'Base'
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-<i>objects of wrapped class Derived may be passed where Base is expected</i>
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; get_name(derived) 
-'Derived'
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-<i>objects of wrapped class Derived can be passed where Derived is 
-expected but where type information has been lost.</i>
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; get_derived_x(derived_as_base()) 
--1
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<h2>Inheritance Without Virtual Functions</h2>
-
-<p>
-  If for some reason your base class has no virtual functions but you still want
-  to represent the inheritance relationship between base and derived classes,
-  pass the special symbol <code>boost::python::without_downcast</code> as the 2nd parameter
-  to <code>declare_base</code>:
-
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-struct Base2 {};
-struct Derived2 { int f(); };
-<hr>
-   ...
-   python::class_builder&lt;Base&gt; base2_class(my_module, "Base2");
-   base2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
-
-   python::class_builder&lt;Derived2&gt; derived2_class(my_module, "Derived2");
-   derived2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
-   derived_class.declare_base(base_class, <b>python::without_downcast</b>);
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>This approach will allow <code>Derived2</code> objects to be passed where
- <code>Base2</code> is expected, but does not attempt to implicitly convert (downcast)
- smart-pointers to <code>Base2</code> into <code>Derived2</code> pointers,
- references, or values.
-
-      <p>
-         Next: <a href="special.html">Special Method and Operator Support</a>
-         Previous: <a href="overloading.html">Function Overloading</a>
-         Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-        express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
-        for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Nov 26, 2000
-    </div>
-

doc/overloading.html

@@ -1,155 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Function Overloading
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
-        src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Function Overloading
-      </h1>
-
-<h2>An Example</h2>
-      <p>
-        To expose overloaded functions in Python, simply <code>def()</code> each
-        one with the same Python name:
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-inline int f1() { return 3; }
-inline int f2(int x) { return x + 1; }
-
-class X {
-public:
-    X() : m_value(0) {}
-    X(int n) : m_value(n) {}
-    int value() const { return m_value; }
-    void value(int v) { m_value = v; }
-private:
-    int m_value;
-};
-  ...
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(overload_demo)
-{
-    try
-    {
-        boost::python::module_builder overload_demo("overload_demo");
-        // Overloaded functions at module scope
-        overload_demo.def(f1, "f");
-        overload_demo.def(f2, "f");
-
-        boost::python::class_builder&lt;X&gt; x_class(overload_demo, "X");
-        // Overloaded constructors
-        x_class.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
-        x_class.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;int&gt;());
-
-        // Overloaded member functions
-        x_class.def((int (X::*)() const)&amp;X::value, "value");
-        x_class.def((void (X::*)(int))&amp;X::value, "value");
-  ...
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-      <p>
-        Now in Python:
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
->>> from overload_demo import *
->>> x0 = X()
->>> x1 = X(1)
->>> x0.value()
-0
->>> x1.value()
-1
->>> x0.value(3)
->>> x0.value()
-3
->>> X('hello')
-TypeError: No overloaded functions match (X, string). Candidates are:
-void (*)()
-void (*)(int)
->>> f()
-3
->>> f(4)
-5
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-
-<h2>Discussion</h2>
-      <p>
-        Notice that overloading in the Python module was produced three ways:<ol>
-        <li>by combining the non-overloaded C++ functions <code>int f1()</code>
-        and <code>int f2(int)</code> and exposing them as <code>f</code> in Python.
-        <li>by exposing the overloaded constructors of <code>class X</code>
-        <li>by exposing the overloaded member functions <code>X::value</code>.
-        </ol>
-      <p>
-        Techniques 1. and 3. above are really alternatives. In case 3, you need
-        to form a pointer to each of the overloaded functions. The casting
-        syntax shown above is one way to do that in C++. Case 1 does not require
-        complicated-looking casts, but may not be viable if you can't change
-        your C++ interface. N.B. There's really nothing unsafe about casting an
-        overloaded (member) function address this way: the compiler won't let
-        you write it at all unless you get it right.
-
-<h2>An Alternative to Casting</h2>
-      <p>
-        This approach is not neccessarily better, but may be preferable for some
-        people who have trouble writing out the types of (member) function
-        pointers or simply prefer to avoid all casts as a matter of principle:
-<blockquote>
-<pre>
-// Forwarding functions for X::value
-inline void set_x_value(X&amp; self, int v) { self.value(v); }
-inline int get_x_value(X&amp; self) { return self.value(); }
-   ...
-        // Overloaded member functions
-        x_class.def(set_x_value, "value");
-        x_class.def(get_x_value, "value");
-</pre>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Here we are taking advantage of the ability to expose C++ functions at
-namespace scope as Python member functions.
-
-<h2>Overload Resolution</h2>
-      <p>
-        The function overload resolution mechanism  works as follows:
-
-        <ul>
-
-        <li>Attribute lookup for extension classes proceeds in <a
-        href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/node11.html#SECTION0011510000000000000000">the
-        usual Python way</a> using a depth-first, left-to-right search. When a
-        class is found which has a matching attribute, only functions overloaded
-        in the context of that class are candidates for overload resolution. In
-        this sense, overload resolution mirrors the C++ mechanism, where a name
-        in a derived class ``hides'' all functions with the same name from a base
-        class.
-        <p>
-
-        <li>Within a name-space context (extension class or module), overloaded
-        functions are tried in the same order they were
-        <code>def()</code>ed. The first function whose signature can be made to
-        match each argument passed is the one which is ultimately called. 
-        This means in particular that you cannot overload the same function on 
-        both ``<code>int</code>'' and ``<code>float</code>'' because Python 
-        automatically converts either of the two types into the other one. 
-        If the ``<code>float</code>'' overload is found first, it is used 
-        also used for arguments of type ``<code>int</code>'' as well, and the 
-        ``<code>int</code>'' version of the function is never invoked.
-        </ul>
-
-      <p>
-         Next: <a href="inheritance.html">Inheritance</a>
-         Previous: <a href="overriding.html">Overridable Virtual Functions</a>
-         Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as
-        is'' without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to
-        its suitability for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-    </div>
-

doc/overriding.html

@@ -1,215 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
-
-    <title>Overridable Virtual Functions</title>
-
-    <img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="center"
-    width="277" height="86"> 
-
-    <h1>Overridable Virtual Functions</h1>
-
-<p> 
-  In the <a href="exporting_classes.html">previous example</a> we exposed a simple
-  C++ class in Python and showed that we could write a subclass. We even
-  redefined one of the functions in our derived class. Now we will learn
-  how to make the function behave virtually <em>when called from C++</em>. 
-
-
-<h2><a name="overriding_example">Example</a></h2>
-
-<p>In this example, it is assumed that <code>hello::greet()</code> is a virtual
-member function:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-class hello
-{
- public:
-    hello(const std::string&amp; country) { this-&gt;country = country; }
-    <b>virtual</b> std::string greet() const { return "Hello from " + country; }
-    virtual ~hello(); // Good practice 
-    ...
-};
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>
-  We'll need a derived class<a href="#why_derived">*</a> to help us
-  dispatch the call to Python. In our derived class, we need the following
-  elements:
-
-<ol>
-
-  <li><a name="derived_1">A</a> <code>PyObject*</code> data member (usually
-  called <tt>self</tt>) that holds a pointer to the Python object corresponding
-  to our C++ <tt>hello</tt> instance.
-
-  <li><a name="derived_2">For</a>  each exposed constructor of the
-  base class <tt>T</tt>, a constructor which takes the same parameters preceded by an initial
-  <code>PyObject*</code> argument. The initial argument should be stored in the <tt>self</tt> data
-  member described above. 
-
-  <li>If the class being wrapped is ever returned <i>by
-  value</i> from a wrapped function, be sure you do the same for the
-  <tt>T</tt>'s copy constructor: you'll need a constructor taking arguments
-  <tt>(PyObject*,&nbsp;const&nbsp;T&amp;)</tt>.
-
-  <li><a name="derived_3">An</a> implementation of each virtual function you may
-  wish to override in Python which uses
-  <tt>callback&lt</tt><i>return-type</i><tt>&gt;::call_method(self,&nbsp;&quot;</tt><i>name</i><tt>&quot;,&nbsp;</tt><i>args...</i><tt>)</tt> to call
-  the Python override.
-
-  <li><a name="derived_4">For</a> each non-pure virtual function meant to be
-  overridable from Python, a static member function (or a free function) taking
-  a reference or pointer to the <tt>T</tt> as the first parameter and which
-  forwards any additional parameters neccessary to the <i>default</i>
-  implementation of the virtual function. See also <a href="#private">this
-  note</a> if the base class virtual function is private.
-
-</ol>
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-struct hello_callback : hello
-{
-    // hello constructor storing initial self_ parameter
-    hello_callback(PyObject* self_, const std::string&amp; x) // <a href="#derived_2">2</a>
-        : hello(x), self(self_) {}
-
-    // In case hello is returned by-value from a wrapped function
-    hello_callback(PyObject* self_, const hello&amp; x) // <a href="#derived_3">3</a>
-        : hello(x), self(self_) {}
-
-    // Override greet to call back into Python
-    std::string greet() const // <a href="#derived_4">4</a>
-        { return boost::python::callback&lt;std::string&gt;::call_method(self, "greet"); }
-
-    // Supplies the default implementation of greet
-    static std::string <a name= "default_implementation">default_greet</a>(const hello& self_) const // <a href="#derived_5">5</a>
-        { return self_.hello::greet(); }
- private:
-    PyObject* self; // <a href="#derived_1">1</a>
-};
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>
-  Finally, we add <tt>hello_callback</tt> to the <tt>
-  class_builder&lt;&gt;</tt> declaration in our module initialization
-  function, and when we define the function, we must tell Boost.Python about the default
-  implementation:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-// Create the <a name=
-"hello_class">Python type object</a> for our extension class
-boost::python::class_builder&lt;hello<strong>,hello_callback&gt;</strong> hello_class(hello, "hello");
-// Add a virtual member function
-hello_class.def(&amp;hello::greet, "greet", &amp;<b>hello_callback::default_greet</b>);
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>
- Now our Python subclass of <tt>hello</tt> behaves as expected:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class wordy(hello):
-...     def greet(self):
-...         return hello.greet(self) + ', where the weather is fine'
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2 = wordy('Florida')
-&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2.greet()
-'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; invite(hi2)
-'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine! Please come soon!'
-</pre></blockquote>
-    <p>
-      <a name="why_derived">*</a>You may ask, "Why do we need this derived
-      class? This could have been designed so that everything gets done right
-      inside of <tt>hello</tt>." One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be
-      minimally intrusive on an existing C++ design. In principle, it should be
-      possible to expose the interface for a 3rd party library without changing
-      it. To unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
-      override may be called, we must use a derived class.
-
-<h2>Pure Virtual Functions</h2>
-
-    <p>
-      A pure virtual function with no implementation is actually a lot easier to
-      deal with than a virtual function with a default implementation. First of
-      all, you obviously don't need to <a href="#default_implementation"> supply
-      a default implementation</a>. Secondly, you don't need to call
-      <tt>def()</tt> on the <tt>extension_class&lt;&gt;</tt> instance
-      for the virtual function. In fact, you wouldn't <em>want</em> to: if the
-      corresponding attribute on the Python class stays undefined, you'll get an
-      <tt>AttributeError</tt> in Python when you try to call the function,
-      indicating that it should have been implemented. For example:
-    <blockquote>
-<pre>
-struct baz {
-    <strong>virtual</strong> int pure(int) = 0;
-    int calls_pure(int x) { return pure(x) + 1000; }
-};
-
-struct baz_callback {
-    int pure(int x) { boost::python::callback&lt;int&gt;::call_method(m_self, "pure", x); }
-};
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(foobar)
-{
-    try
-    {
-       boost::python::module_builder foobar("foobar");
-       boost::python::class_builder&lt;baz,baz_callback&gt; baz_class("baz");
-       baz_class.def(&amp;baz::calls_pure, "calls_pure");
-    }
-    catch(...)
-    {
-       boost::python::handle_exception();    // Deal with the exception for Python
-    }
-}
-</pre>
-    </blockquote>
-    <p>
-      Now in Python:
-    <blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from foobar import baz
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x = baz()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.pure(1)
-Traceback (innermost last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
-AttributeError: pure
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.calls_pure(1)
-Traceback (innermost last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
-AttributeError: pure
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class mumble(baz):
-...    def pure(self, x): return x + 1
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; y = mumble()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; y.pure(99)
-100
-&gt;&gt;&gt; y.calls_pure(99)
-1100
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<a name="private"><h2>Private Non-Pure Virtual Functions</h2></a>
-
-<p>This is one area where some minor intrusiveness on the wrapped library is
-required. Once it has been overridden, the only way to call the base class
-implementation of a private virtual function is to make the derived class a
-friend of the base class. You didn't hear it from me, but most C++
-implementations will allow you to change the declaration of the base class in
-this limited way without breaking binary compatibility (though it will certainly
-break the <a
-href="http://cs.calvin.edu/c++/C++Standard-Nov97/basic.html#basic.def.odr">ODR</a>).
-
-<hr>
-    <p>
-      Next: <a href="overloading.html">Function Overloading</a>
-      Previous: <a href="exporting_classes.html">Exporting Classes</a>
-      Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-    <p>
-      &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-      sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-      notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-      express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
-      any purpose.
-    <p>
-      Updated: Mar 6, 2001
-

doc/pickle.html

@@ -1,245 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-
-<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
-
-<div>
-
-<img src="../../../c++boost.gif"
-     alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"
-     align="center"
-     width="277" height="86">
-
-<hr>
-<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>
-
-Pickle is a Python module for object serialization, also known
-as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
-
-<p>
-It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
-a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions
-that read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
-alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
-Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
-converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that
-can be written to a file.
-
-<p>
-The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module by emulating the
-interface implemented by Jim Fulton's ExtensionClass module that is
-included in the
-<a href="http://www.zope.org/"
->ZOPE</a>
-distribution.
-This interface is similar to that for regular Python classes as
-described in detail in the
-<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html"
->Python Library Reference for pickle.</a>
-
-<hr>
-<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>
-
-At the user level, the Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special
-methods:
-
-<dl>
-<dt>
-<strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong>
-<dd>
-  When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
-  pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
-  This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
-  a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
-  unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
-  the class constructor.
-
-  <p>
-  If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, the class constructor
-  will be called without arguments.
-
-<p>
-<dt>
-<strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong>
-
-<dd>
-  When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
-  pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method.
-  This method should return a Python object representing the state of
-  the instance.
-
-  <p>
-  If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is not defined, the instance's
-  <tt>__dict__</tt> is pickled (if it is not empty).
-
-<p>
-<dt>
-<strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong>
-
-<dd>
-  When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by the
-  unpickler, it is first constructed using the result of
-  <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above). Subsequently the
-  unpickler tests if the new instance has a <tt>__setstate__</tt>
-  method. If so, this method is called with the result of
-  <tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.
-
-  <p>
-  If <tt>__setstate__</tt> is not defined, the result of
-  <tt>__getstate__</tt> must be a Python dictionary. The items of this
-  dictionary are added to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt>.
-
-</dl>
-
-If both <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> are defined,
-the Python object returned by <tt>__getstate__</tt> need not be a
-dictionary. The <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods
-can do what they want.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Pitfalls and Safety Guards</h2>
-
-In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
-providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
-significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should only be
-implemented for extension classes that will eventually be pickled.
-However, the author of a Boost.Python extension module might not
-anticipate correctly which classes need support for pickle.
-Unfortunately, the pickle protocol described above has two important
-pitfalls that the end user of a Boost.Python extension module might not
-be aware of:
-
-<dl>
-<dt>
-<strong>Pitfall 1:</strong>
-Both <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> and <tt>__getstate__</tt> are not defined.
-
-<dd>
-  In this situation the unpickler calls the class constructor without
-  arguments and then adds the <tt>__dict__</tt> that was pickled by
-  default to that of the new instance.
-
-  <p>
-  However, most C++ classes wrapped with Boost.Python will have member
-  data that are not restored correctly by this procedure. To alert the
-  user to this problem, a safety guard is provided. If both
-  <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> and <tt>__getstate__</tt> are not defined,
-  Boost.Python tests if the class has an attribute
-  <tt>__dict_defines_state__</tt>. An exception is raised if this
-  attribute is not defined:
-
-<pre>
-    RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__dict_defines_state__ not set)
-</pre>
-
-  In the rare cases where this is not the desired behavior, the safety
-  guard can deliberately be disabled. The corresponding C++ code for
-  this is, e.g.:
-
-<pre>
-    class_builder&lt;your_class&gt; py_your_class(your_module, "your_class");
-    py_your_class.dict_defines_state();
-</pre>
-
-  It is also possible to override the safety guard at the Python level.
-  E.g.:
-
-<pre>
-    import your_bpl_module
-    class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
-      __dict_defines_state__ = 1
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-<dt>
-<strong>Pitfall 2:</strong>
-<tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty.
-
-<dd>
-  The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
-  <tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
-  that:
-
-  <p>
-  <ul>
-  <li>
-    his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
-    <tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be
-    pickled in order to restore the instances correctly.
-
-  <p>
-  <li>
-    the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
-    Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
-    pickled.
-
-  </ul>
-  <p>
-
-  To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
-  provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
-  <tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has
-  an attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is
-  raised if this attribute is not defined:
-
-<pre>
-    RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__getstate_manages_dict__ not set)
-</pre>
-
-  To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the
-  <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
-  instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
-  both at the C++ and the Python level. Finally, the safety guard
-  should intentionally be overridden.  E.g. in C++:
-
-<pre>
-    class_builder&lt;your_class&gt; py_your_class(your_module, "your_class");
-    py_your_class.getstate_manages_dict();
-</pre>
-
-  In Python:
-
-<pre>
-    import your_bpl_module
-    class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
-      __getstate_manages_dict__ = 1
-      def __getstate__(self):
-        # your code here
-      def __setstate__(self, state):
-        # your code here
-</pre>
-</dl>
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
-
-<ul>
-<li>
-  Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
-  reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
-  avoids Pitfall 2.
-
-<p>
-<li>
-  If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
-  <tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.
-
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Example</h2>
-
-An example that shows how to configure pickle support is available in the
-<tt>boost/lib/python/example</tt> directory
-(<tt>getting_started3.cpp</tt>).
-
-<hr>
-&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001. Permission to copy,
-use, modify, sell and distribute this document is granted provided this
-copyright notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as
-is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its
-suitability for any purpose.
-
-<p>
-Updated: March 10, 2001
-</div>

doc/pointers.html

@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
-"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
-    <title>
-      Pointers
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
-        src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Pointers
-      </h1>
-
-<h2><a name="problem">The Problem With Pointers</a></h2>
-
-      <p>
-In general, raw pointers passed to or returned from functions are problematic
-for Boost.Python because pointers have too many potential meanings. Is it an iterator?
-A pointer to a single element? An array? When used as a return value, is the
-caller expected to manage (delete) the pointed-to object or is the pointer
-really just a reference? If the latter, what happens to Python references to the
-referent when some C++ code deletes it?
-<p>
-There are a few cases in which pointers are converted automatically:
-<ul>
-
-<li>Both const- and non-const pointers to wrapped class instances can be passed
-<i>to</i> C++ functions. 
-
-<li>Values of type <code>const char*</code> are interpreted as
-null-terminated 'C' strings and when passed to or returned from C++ functions are
-converted from/to Python strings.
-
-</ul>
-
-<h3>Can you avoid the problem?</h3>
-
-<p>My first piece of advice to anyone with a case not covered above is
-``find a way to avoid the problem.'' For example, if you have just one
-or two functions that return a pointer to an individual <code>const
-T</code>, and <code>T</code> is a wrapped class, you may be able to write a ``thin
-converting wrapper'' over those two functions as follows:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-const Foo* f(); // original function
-const Foo& f_wrapper() { return *f(); }
-  ...
-my_module.def(f_wrapper, "f");
-</pre></blockquote>
-<p>
-Foo must have a public copy constructor for this technique to work, since Boost.Python
-converts <code>const T&</code> values <code>to_python</code> by copying the <code>T</code>
-value into a new extension instance.
-
-<h2>Dealing with the problem</h2>
-
-<p>The first step in handling the remaining cases is to figure out what the pointer
-means. Several potential solutions are provided in the examples that follow:
-
-<h3>Returning a pointer to a wrapped type</h3>
-
-<h4>Returning a const pointer</h4>
-
-<p>If you have lots of functions returning a <code>const T*</code> for some
-wrapped <code>T</code>, you may want to provide an automatic
-<code>to_python</code> conversion function so you don't have to write lots of
-thin wrappers. You can do this simply as follows:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
-  PyObject* to_python(const Foo* p) {
-     return to_python(*p); // convert const Foo* in terms of const Foo&
-  }
-BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<h4>If you can't (afford to) copy the referent, or the pointer is non-const</h4>
-
-<p>If the wrapped type doesn't have a public copy constructor, if copying is
-<i>extremely</i> costly (remember, we're dealing with Python here), or if the
-pointer is non-const and you really need to be able to modify the referent from
-Python, you can use the following dangerous trick. Why dangerous? Because python
-can not control the lifetime of the referent, so it may be destroyed by your C++
-code before the last Python reference to it disappears:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
-  PyObject* to_python(Foo* p)
-  {
-      return boost::python::python_extension_class_converters&ltFoo&gt::ptr_to_python(p);
-  }
-
-  PyObject* to_python(const Foo* p)
-  {
-      return to_python(const_cast&lt;Foo*&gt;(p));
-  }
-BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-This will cause the Foo* to be treated as though it were an owning smart
-pointer, even though it's not. Be sure you don't use the reference for anything
-from Python once the pointer becomes invalid, though. Don't worry too much about
-the <code>const_cast&lt;&gt;</code> above: Const-correctness is completely lost
-to Python anyway!
-
-<h3>[In/]Out Parameters and Immutable Types</h3>
-
-<p>If you have an interface that uses non-const pointers (or references) as
-in/out parameters to types which in Python are immutable (e.g. int, string),
-there simply is <i>no way</i> to get the same interface in Python. You must
-resort to transforming your interface with simple thin wrappers as shown below:
-<blockquote><pre>
-const void f(int* in_out_x); // original function
-const int f_wrapper(int in_x) { f(in_x); return in_x; }
-  ...
-my_module.def(f_wrapper, "f");
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>Of course, [in/]out parameters commonly occur only when there is already a
-return value. You can handle this case by returning a Python tuple:
-<blockquote><pre>
-typedef unsigned ErrorCode;
-const char* f(int* in_out_x); // original function
- ...
-#include &lt;boost/python/objects.hpp&gt;
-const boost::python::tuple f_wrapper(int in_x) { 
-  const char* s = f(in_x); 
-  return boost::python::tuple(s, in_x);
-}
-  ...
-my_module.def(f_wrapper, "f");
-</pre></blockquote>
-<p>Now, in Python:
-<blockquote><pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; str,out_x = f(3)
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>
-         Previous: <a href="enums.html">Enums</a>
-         Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-        sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-        notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-        express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
-        for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Nov 26, 2000
-    </div>
-

doc/special.html

@@ -1,905 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
-    <title>
-      Special Method and Operator Support
-    </title>
-    <div>
-      <h1>
-         <img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="middle" src= 
-        "../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Special Method and
-        Operator Support
-      </h1>
-      <h2>
-         Overview
-      </h2>
-      <p>
-         Boost.Python supports all of the standard <a href=
-        "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/specialnames.html">
-        special method names</a> supported by real Python class instances <em>
-        except</em> <code>__complex__</code> (more on the reasons <a href=
-        "#reasons">below</a>). In addition, it can quickly and easily expose
-        suitable C++ functions and operators as Python operators. The following
-        categories of special method names are supported:
-<ul>
-<li><a href="#general">Basic Customization</a>
-<li><a href="#numeric">Numeric Operators</a>
-<li><a href="#sequence_and_mapping">Sequence and Mapping protocols</a>
-<li><a href="#getter_setter">Attribute Getters and Setters</a>
-</ul>
-
-<h2><a name="general">Basic Customization</a></h2>
-
-
-<p>
-      Python provides a number of special operators for basic customization of a
-      class. Only a brief description is provided below; more complete
-      documentation can be found <a
-      href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/customization.html">here</a>.
-
-      <dl>
-        <dt>
-          <b><tt class='method'>__init__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
-        <dd>
-          Initialize the class instance. For extension classes not subclassed in
-          Python, <code> __init__</code> is defined by 
-          
-          <pre>    my_class.def(boost::python::constructor<...>())</pre> 
-          
-          (see section <a href="example1.html">"A Simple Example Using Boost.Python"</a>).<p>
-        <dt>
-          <b><tt class='method'>__del__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
-        <dd>
-          Called when the extension instance is about to be destroyed. For extension classes 
-          not subclassed in Python, <code> __del__</code> is always defined automatically by 
-          means of the class' destructor.
-        <dt>
-          <b><tt class='method'>__repr__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
-        <dd>
-          Create a string representation from which the object can be
-          reconstructed.
-        <dt>
-          <b><tt class='method'>__str__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
-        <dd>
-          Create a string representation which is suitable for printing.
-        <dt>
-          <b><tt class='method'>__cmp__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
-        <dd>
-          Three-way compare function, used to implement comparison operators
-          (&lt; etc.) Should return a negative integer if <code> self < other
-          </code> , zero if <code> self == other </code> , a positive integer if
-          <code> self > other </code>.
-        <dt>
-          <b><tt class='method'>__hash__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
-        <dd>
-          Called for the key object for dictionary operations, and by the
-          built-in function hash(). Should return a 32-bit integer usable as a
-          hash value for dictionary operations (only allowed if __cmp__ is also
-          defined)
-        <dt>
-          <b><tt class='method'>__nonzero__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
-        <dd>
-          called if the object is used as a truth value (e.g. in an if
-          statement)
-        <dt>
-        <b><tt class='method'>__call__</tt></b> (<var>self</var><big>[</big><var>, args...</var><big>]</big>)
-<dd>
-Called when the instance is ``called'' as a function; if this method
-is defined, <code><var>x</var>(arg1, arg2, ...)</code> is a shorthand for
-<code><var>x</var>.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)</code>.
-      </dl>
-
-      If we have a suitable C++ function that supports any of these features,
-      we can export it like any other function, using its Python special name.
-      For example, suppose that class <code>Foo</code> provides a string
-      conversion function: 
-<blockquote><pre>
-std::string to_string(Foo const&amp; f)
-{
-    std::ostringstream s;
-    s &lt;&lt; f;
-    return s.str();
-}
-</pre></blockquote>
-      This function would be wrapped like this: 
-<blockquote><pre>
-boost::python::class_builder&lt;Foo&gt; foo_class(my_module, "Foo");
-foo_class.def(&amp;to_string, "__str__");
-</pre></blockquote>
-      Note that Boost.Python also supports <em>automatic wrapping</em> of
-      <code>__str__</code> and <code>__cmp__</code>. This is explained in the <a
-      href="#numeric">next section</a> and the <a href="#numeric_table">Table of
-      Automatically Wrapped Methods</a>.
-
-<h2><a name="numeric">Numeric Operators</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-      Numeric operators can be exposed manually, by <code>def</code>ing C++
-      [member] functions that support the standard Python <a
-      href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/numeric-types.html">numeric
-      protocols</a>. This is the same basic technique used to expose
-      <code>to_string()</code> as <code>__str__()</code> above, and is <a
-      href="#numeric_manual">covered in detail below</a>.  Boost.Python also supports
-      <i>automatic wrapping</i> of numeric operators whenever they have already
-      been defined in C++.
-
-<h3><a name="numeric_auto">Exposing C++ Operators Automatically</a></h3>
-
-<p>
-Supose we wanted to expose a C++ class
-      <code>BigNum</code> which supports addition. That is, in C++ we can write:
-<blockquote><pre>
-BigNum a, b, c;
-...
-c = a + b;
-</pre></blockquote>
-<p>
-      To enable the same functionality in Python, we first wrap the <code>
-      BigNum</code> class as usual: 
-<blockquote><pre>
-boost::python::class_builder&lt;BigNum&gt; bignum_class(my_module, "BigNum");
-bignum_class.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
-...
-</pre></blockquote>
-      Then we export the addition operator like this: 
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;boost::python::op_add&gt;());
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      Since BigNum also supports subtraction, multiplication, and division, we
-      want to export those also. This can be done in a single command by
-      ``or''ing the operator identifiers together (a complete list of these
-      identifiers and the corresponding operators can be found in the <a href= 
-      "#numeric_table">Table of Automatically Wrapped Methods</a>):
-<blockquote><pre>
-bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;(boost::python::op_sub | boost::python::op_mul | boost::python::op_div)&gt;());
-</pre></blockquote>
-      [Note that the or-expression must be enclosed in parentheses.]
-
-<p>This form of operator definition can be used to wrap unary and
-      homogeneous binary operators (a <i>homogeneous</i> operator has left and
-      right operands of the same type). Now suppose that our C++ library also
-      supports addition of BigNums and plain integers:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BigNum a, b;
-int i;
-...
-a = b + i;
-a = i + b;
-</pre></blockquote>
-      To wrap these heterogeneous operators, we need to specify a different type for
-      one of the operands. This is done using the <code>right_operand</code>
-      and <code>left_operand</code> templates: 
-<blockquote><pre>
-bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;boost::python::op_add&gt;(), boost::python::right_operand&lt;int&gt;());
-bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;boost::python::op_add&gt;(), boost::python::left_operand&lt;int&gt;());
-</pre></blockquote>
-      Boost.Python uses overloading to register several variants of the same
-      operation (more on this in the context of <a href="#coercion">
-      coercion</a>). Again, several operators can be exported at once: 
-<blockquote><pre>
-bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;(boost::python::op_sub | boost::python::op_mul | boost::python::op_div)&gt;(),
-                 boost::python::right_operand&lt;int&gt;());
-bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;(boost::python::op_sub | boost::python::op_mul | boost::python::op_div)&gt;(), 
-                 boost::python::left_operand&lt;int&gt;());
-</pre></blockquote>
-      The type of the operand not mentioned is taken from the class being wrapped. In
-      our example, the class object is <code>bignum_class</code>, and thus the
-      other operand's type is ``<code>BigNum const&amp;</code>''. You can override
-      this default by explicitly specifying a type in the <code>
-      operators</code> template: 
-<blockquote><pre>
-bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;boost::python::op_add, BigNum&gt;(), boost::python::right_operand&lt;int&gt;());
-</pre></blockquote>
-      <p>
-        Note that automatic wrapping uses the <em>expression</em>
-        ``<code>left + right</code>'' and can be used uniformly
-        regardless of whether the C++ operators are supplied as free functions
-
- <blockquote><pre>
-BigNum operator+(BigNum, BigNum)
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-        or as member functions
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BigNum::operator+(BigNum).
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      <p>
-        For the Python built-in functions <code>pow()</code> and
-        <code>abs()</code>, there is no corresponding C++ operator. Instead,
-        automatic wrapping attempts to wrap C++ functions of the same name. This
-        only works if those functions are known in namespace
-        <code>python</code>.  On some compilers (e.g. MSVC) it might be
-        necessary to add a using declaration prior to wrapping:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python { 
-  using my_namespace::pow;
-  using my_namespace::abs;
-}
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<h3><a name="numeric_manual">Wrapping Numeric Operators Manually</a></h3>
-      <p>
-        In some cases, automatic wrapping of operators may be impossible or
-        undesirable. Suppose, for example, that the modulo operation for BigNums
-        is defined by a set of functions called <code>mod()</code>:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BigNum mod(BigNum const&amp; left, BigNum const&amp; right);
-BigNum mod(BigNum const&amp; left, int right);
-BigNum mod(int left, BigNum const&amp; right);
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-     <p>
-        For automatic wrapping of the modulo function, <code>operator%()</code> would be needed.
-        Therefore, the <code>mod()</code>-functions must be wrapped manually. That is, we have 
-        to export them explicitly with the Python special name "__mod__":
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-bignum_class.def((BigNum (*)(BigNum const&amp;, BigNum const&amp;))&amp;mod, "__mod__");
-bignum_class.def((BigNum (*)(BigNum const&amp;, int))&amp;mod, "__mod__");
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>
-      The third form of <code>mod()</code> (with <code>int</code> as left operand) cannot 
-      be wrapped directly. We must first create a function <code>rmod()</code> with the
-      operands reversed: 
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BigNum rmod(BigNum const&amp; right, int left)
-{
-    return mod(left, right);
-}
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      This function must be wrapped under the name "__rmod__" (standing for "reverse mod"): 
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-bignum_class.def(&amp;rmod,  "__rmod__");
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      Many of the possible operator names can be found in the <a href=
-      "#numeric_table">Table of Automatically Wrapped Methods</a>. Special treatment is
-      necessary to export the <a href="#ternary_pow">ternary pow</a> operator.
-
-      <p>
-        Automatic and manual wrapping can be mixed arbitrarily. Note that you
-        cannot overload the same operator for a given extension class on both
-        ``<code>int</code>'' and ``<code>float</code>'', because Python implicitly
-        converts these types into each other. Thus, the overloaded variant
-        found first (be it ``<code>int</code>`` or ``<code>float</code>'') will be
-        used for either of the two types.
-
-<h3><a name="coercion">Coercion</a></h3>
-
-
-      Plain Python can only execute operators with identical types on the left
-      and right hand side. If it encounters an expression where the types of
-      the left and right operand differ, it tries to coerce these types to a
-      common type before invoking the actual operator. Implementing good
-      coercion functions can be difficult if many type combinations must be
-      supported. 
-      <p>
-        Boost.Python solves this problem the same way that C++ does: with <em><a
-        href="overloading.html">overloading</a></em>. This technique drastically
-        simplifies the code neccessary to support operators: you just register
-        operators for all desired type combinations, and Boost.Python automatically
-        ensures that the correct function is called in each case; there is no
-        need for user-defined coercion functions. To enable operator
-        overloading, Boost.Python provides a standard coercion which is <em>implicitly
-        registered</em> whenever automatic operator wrapping is used.
-      <p>
-        If you wrap all operator functions manually, but still want to use
-        operator overloading, you have to register the standard coercion
-        function explicitly:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-// this is not necessary if automatic operator wrapping is used
-bignum_class.def_standard_coerce();
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      If you encounter a situation where you absolutely need a customized
-      coercion, you can still define the "__coerce__" operator manually. The signature
-      of a coercion function should look like one of the following (the first is
-      the safest):
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-boost::python::tuple custom_coerce(boost::python::reference left, boost::python::reference right);
-boost::python::tuple custom_coerce(PyObject* left, PyObject* right);
-PyObject* custom_coerce(PyObject* left, PyObject* right);
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      The resulting <code>tuple</code> must contain two elements which
-      represent the values of <code>left</code> and <code>right</code>
-      converted to the same type. Such a function is wrapped as usual: 
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-// this must be called before any use of automatic operator  
-// wrapping or a call to some_class.def_standard_coerce()
-some_class.def(&amp;custom_coerce, "__coerce__");
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-     Note that the standard coercion (defined by use of automatic 
-     operator wrapping on a <code>class_builder</code> or a call to
-     <code>class_builder::def_standard_coerce()</code>) will never be applied if
-     a custom coercion function has been registered. Therefore, in 
-     your coercion function you should call 
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-boost::python::standard_coerce(left, right);
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-     for all cases that you don't want to handle yourself.
-
-<h3><a name="ternary_pow">The Ternary <code>pow()</code> Operator</a></h3>
-
-    <p>
-      In addition to the usual binary <code>pow(x, y)</code> operator (meaning
-      <i>x<sup>y</sup></i>), Python also provides a ternary variant that implements
-      <i>x<sup>y</sup> <b>mod</b> z</i>, presumably using a more efficient algorithm than
-      concatenation of power and modulo operators. Automatic operator wrapping
-      can only be used with the binary variant. Ternary <code>pow()</code> must
-      always be wrapped manually. For a homgeneous ternary <code>pow()</code>,
-      this is done as usual: 
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BigNum power(BigNum const&amp; first, BigNum const&amp; second, BigNum const&amp; modulus);
-typedef BigNum (ternary_function1)(const BigNum&amp;, const BigNum&amp;, const BigNum&amp;);
-...
-bignum_class.def((ternary_function1)&amp;power,  "__pow__");
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      If you want to support this function with non-uniform argument
-      types, wrapping is a little more involved. Suppose you have to wrap: 
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BigNum power(BigNum const&amp; first, int second, int modulus);
-BigNum power(int first, BigNum const&amp; second, int modulus);
-BigNum power(int first, int second, BigNum const&amp; modulus);
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      The first variant can be wrapped as usual: 
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-typedef BigNum (ternary_function2)(const BigNum&amp;, int, int);
-bignum_class.def((ternary_function2)&amp;power,  "__pow__");
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      In the second variant, however, <code>BigNum</code> appears only as second
-      argument, and in the last one it's the third argument. These functions
-      must be presented to Boost.Python such that that the <code>BigNum</code>
-      argument appears in first position:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-BigNum rpower(BigNum const&amp; second, int first, int modulus)
-{
-    return power(first, second, modulus);
-}
-
-BigNum rrpower(BigNum const&amp; modulus, int first, int second)
-{
-    return power(first, second, modulus);
-}
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>These functions must be wrapped under the names "__rpow__" and "__rrpow__"
- respectively:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-bignum_class.def((ternary_function2)&amp;rpower,  "__rpow__");
-bignum_class.def((ternary_function2)&amp;rrpower,  "__rrpow__");
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-Note that "__rrpow__" is an extension not present in plain Python. 
-
-<h2><a name="numeric_table">Table of Automatically Wrapped Methods</a></h2>
-      <p>
-         Boost.Python can automatically wrap the following <a href=
-         "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/specialnames.html">
-         special methods</a>:
-
-      <p>
-      <table summary="special numeric methods" cellpadding="5" border="1"
-      width="100%">
-        <tr>
-          <td align="center">
-            <b>Python Operator Name</b>
-          <td align="center">
-            <b>Python Expression</b>
-          <td align="center">
-            <b>C++ Operator Id</b>
-          <td align="center">
-            <b>C++ Expression Used For Automatic Wrapping</b><br>
-             with <code>cpp_left = from_python(left,
-            type&lt;Left&gt;())</code>,<br>
-             <code>cpp_right = from_python(right,
-            type&lt;Right&gt;())</code>,<br>
-             and <code>cpp_oper = from_python(oper, type&lt;Oper&gt;())</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__add__, __radd__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left + right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_add</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left + cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__sub__, __rsub__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left - right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_sub</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left - cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__mul__, __rmul__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left * right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_mul</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left * cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__div__, __rdiv__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left / right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_div</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left / cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__mod__, __rmod__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left % right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_mod</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left % cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__divmod__, __rdivmod__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>(quotient, remainder)<br>
-            = divmod(left, right)</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_divmod</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left / cpp_right</code>
-        <br><code>cpp_left % cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__pow__, __rpow__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>pow(left, right)</code><br>
-             (binary power)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_pow</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>pow(cpp_left, cpp_right)</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__rrpow__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>pow(left, right, modulo)</code><br>
-             (ternary power modulo)
-          <td colspan="2">
-            no automatic wrapping, <a href="#ternary_pow">special treatment</a>
-            required
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__lshift__, __rlshift__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left &lt;&lt; right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_lshift</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left &lt;&lt; cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__rshift__, __rrshift__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left &gt;&gt; right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_rshift</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left &gt;&gt; cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__and__, __rand__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left &amp; right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_and</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left &amp; cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__xor__, __rxor__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left ^ right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_xor</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left ^ cpp_right</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__or__, __ror__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>left | right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_or</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left | cpp_right</code>
-
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__cmp__, __rcmp__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cmp(left, right)</code><br>
-             <code>left &lt; right</code><br>
-             <code>left &lt;= right</code><br>
-             <code>left &gt; right</code><br>
-             <code>left &gt;= right</code><br>
-             <code>left == right</code><br>
-             <code>left != right</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>op_cmp</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>cpp_left &lt; cpp_right </code>
-        <br><code>cpp_right &lt; cpp_left</code>
-
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__neg__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>-oper </code> (unary negation)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_neg</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>-cpp_oper</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__pos__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>+oper </code> (identity)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_pos</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>+cpp_oper</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__abs__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>abs(oper) </code> (absolute value)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_abs</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>abs(cpp_oper)</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__invert__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>~oper </code> (bitwise inversion)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_invert</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>~cpp_oper</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__int__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>int(oper) </code> (integer conversion)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_int</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>long(cpp_oper)</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__long__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>long(oper) </code><br>
-             (infinite precision integer conversion)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_long</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>PyLong_FromLong(cpp_oper)</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__float__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>float(oper) </code> (float conversion)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_float</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>double(cpp_oper)</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__str__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>str(oper) </code> (string conversion)
-          <td>
-            <code>op_str</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>std::ostringstream s; s &lt;&lt; oper;</code>
-        <tr>
-          <td>
-            <code>__coerce__</code>
-          <td>
-            <code>coerce(left, right)</code>
-          <td colspan="2">
-            usually defined automatically, otherwise <a href="#coercion">
-            special treatment</a> required
-      </table>
-
-<h2><a name="sequence_and_mapping">Sequence and Mapping Operators</a></h2>
-
-<p>
-      Sequence and mapping operators let wrapped objects behave in accordance
-      to Python's iteration and access protocols. These protocols differ
-      considerably from the ones found in C++. For example, Python's typical
-      iteration idiom looks like
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-for i in S:
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-      while in C++ one writes
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-for (iterator i = S.begin(), end = S.end(); i != end; ++i)
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-<p>One could try to wrap C++ iterators in order to carry the C++ idiom into
-      Python. However, this does not work very well because 
-
-<ol>
-<li>It leads to
-      non-uniform Python code (wrapped sequences support a usage different from 
-      Python built-in sequences) and 
-
-<li>Iterators (e.g. <code>std::vector::iterator</code>) are often implemented as plain C++
-      pointers which are <a href="pointers.html#problem">problematic</a> for any automatic
-      wrapping system.
-</ol>
-
-      <p>
-        It is a better idea to support the standard <a
-        href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/sequence-types.html">Python
-        sequence and mapping protocols</a> for your wrapped containers. These
-        operators have to be wrapped manually because there are no corresponding
-        C++ operators that could be used for automatic wrapping. The Python
-        documentation lists the relevant <a href=
-        "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/sequence-types.html">
-        container operators</a>. In particular, expose __getitem__, __setitem__
-        and remember to raise the appropriate Python exceptions
-        (<code>PyExc_IndexError</code> for sequences,
-        <code>PyExc_KeyError</code> for mappings) when the requested item is not
-        present.
-
-      <p>
-        In the following example, we expose <code>std::map&lt;std::size_t,std::string&gt;</code>:
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-typedef std::map&lt;std::size_t, std::string&gt; StringMap;
-
-// A helper function for dealing with errors. Throw a Python exception
-// if p == m.end().
-void throw_key_error_if_end(
-        const StringMap&amp; m, 
-        StringMap::const_iterator p, 
-        std::size_t key)
-{
-    if (p == m.end())
-    {
-        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, boost::python::converters::to_python(key));
-        throw boost::python::error_already_set();
-    }
-}
-
-// Define some simple wrapper functions which match the Python  protocol
-// for __getitem__, __setitem__, and __delitem__.  Just as in Python, a
-// free function with a ``self'' first parameter makes a fine class method.
-
-const std::string&amp; get_item(const StringMap&amp; self, std::size_t key)
-{
-    const StringMap::const_iterator p = self.find(key);
-    throw_key_error_if_end(self, p, key);
-    return p-&gt;second;
-}
-
-// Sets the item corresponding to key in the map.
-void StringMapPythonClass::set_item(StringMap&amp; self, std::size_t key, const std::string&amp; value)
-{
-    self[key] = value;
-}
-
-// Deletes the item corresponding to key from the map.
-void StringMapPythonClass::del_item(StringMap&amp; self, std::size_t key)
-{
-    const StringMap::iterator p = self.find(key);
-    throw_key_error_if_end(self, p, key);
-    self.erase(p);
-}
-
-class_builder&lt;StringMap&gt; string_map(my_module, "StringMap");
-string_map.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
-string_map.def(&amp;StringMap::size, "__len__");
-string_map.def(get_item, "__getitem__");
-string_map.def(set_item, "__setitem__");
-string_map.def(del_item, "__delitem__");
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <p>
-         Then in Python:
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m = StringMap()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1]
-Traceback (innermost last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
-KeyError: 1
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1] = 'hello'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1]
-'hello'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; del m[1]
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1]            # prove that it's gone
-Traceback (innermost last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
-KeyError: 1
-&gt;&gt;&gt; del m[2]
-Traceback (innermost last):
-  File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
-KeyError: 2
-&gt;&gt;&gt; len(m)
-0
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m[0] = 'zero'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1] = 'one'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m[2] = 'two'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; m[3] = 'three'
-&gt;&gt;&gt; len(m)
-4
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-
-<h2><a name="getter_setter">Customized Attribute Access</a></h2>
-
-      <p>
-        Just like built-in Python classes, Boost.Python extension classes support <a
-        href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/attribute-access.html">special
-        the usual attribute access methods</a> <code>__getattr__</code>,
-        <code>__setattr__</code>, and <code>__delattr__</code>.
-        Because writing these functions can
-        be tedious in the common case where the attributes being accessed are
-        known statically, Boost.Python checks the special names
-
-      <ul>
-        <li>
-          <code>__getattr__<em>&lt;name&gt;</em>__</code>
-        <li>
-          <code>__setattr__<em>&lt;name&gt;</em>__</code>
-        <li>
-          <code>__delattr__<em>&lt;name&gt;</em>__</code>
-      </ul>
-
-      to provide functional access to the attribute <em>&lt;name&gt;</em>. This
-      facility can be used from C++ or entirely from Python. For example, the
-      following shows how we can implement a ``computed attribute'' in Python: 
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class Range(AnyBoost.PythonExtensionClass):
-...    def __init__(self, start, end):
-...        self.start = start
-...        self.end = end
-...    def __getattr__length__(self):
-...        return self.end - self.start
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x = Range(3, 9)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.length
-6
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <h4>
-         Direct Access to Data Members
-      </h4>
-      <p>
-         Boost.Python uses the special <code>
-        __xxxattr__<em>&lt;name&gt;</em>__</code> functionality described above
-        to allow direct access to data members through the following special
-        functions on <code>class_builder&lt;&gt;</code> and <code>
-        extension_class&lt;&gt;</code>:
-      <ul>
-        <li>
-          <code>def_getter(<em>pointer-to-member</em>, <em>name</em>)</code> //
-          read access to the member via attribute <em>name</em>
-        <li>
-          <code>def_setter(<em>pointer-to-member</em>, <em>name</em>)</code> //
-          write access to the member via attribute <em>name</em>
-        <li>
-          <code>def_readonly(<em>pointer-to-member</em>, <em>name</em>)</code>
-          // read-only access to the member via attribute <em>name</em>
-        <li>
-          <code>def_read_write(<em>pointer-to-member</em>, <em>
-          name</em>)</code> // read/write access to the member via attribute
-          <em>name</em>
-      </ul>
-      <p>
-         Note that the first two functions, used alone, may produce surprising
-        behavior. For example, when <code>def_getter()</code> is used, the
-        default functionality for <code>setattr()</code> and <code>
-        delattr()</code> remains in effect, operating on items in the extension
-        instance's name-space (i.e., its <code>__dict__</code>). For that
-        reason, you'll usually want to stick with <code>def_readonly</code> and
-        <code>def_read_write</code>.
-      <p>
-         For example, to expose a <code>std::pair&lt;int,long&gt;</code> we
-        might write:
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-typedef std::pair&lt;int,long&gt; Pil;
-int first(const Pil&amp; x) { return x.first; }
-long second(const Pil&amp; x) { return x.second; }
-   ...
-my_module.def(first, "first");
-my_module.def(second, "second");
-
-class_builder&lt;Pil&gt; pair_int_long(my_module, "Pair");
-pair_int_long.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
-pair_int_long.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;int,long&gt;());
-pair_int_long.def_read_write(&amp;Pil::first, "first");
-pair_int_long.def_read_write(&amp;Pil::second, "second");
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <p>
-         Now your Python class has attributes <code>first</code> and <code>
-        second</code> which, when accessed, actually modify or reflect the
-        values of corresponding data members of the underlying C++ object. Now
-        in Python:
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x = Pair(3,5)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.first
-3
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.second
-5
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.second = 8
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.second
-8
-&gt;&gt;&gt; second(x) # Prove that we're not just changing the instance __dict__
-8
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <h2>
-        <a name="reasons">And what about <code>__complex__</code>?</a>
-      </h2>
-      <p>
-        That, dear reader, is one problem we don't know how to solve. The
-        Python source contains the following fragment, indicating the
-        special-case code really is hardwired:
-      <blockquote>
-<pre>
-/* XXX Hack to support classes with __complex__ method */
-if (PyInstance_Check(r)) { ...
-</pre>
-      </blockquote>
-      <p>
-Next: <a href="under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a>
-Previous: <a href="inheritance.html">Inheritance</a> 
-Up: <a href= "index.html">Top</a>
-      <p>
-         &copy; Copyright David Abrahams and Ullrich K&ouml;the 2000.
-        Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document is
-        granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This
-        document is provided ``as is'' without express or implied
-        warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
-      <p>
-         Updated: Nov 26, 2000
-    </div>
-

doc/under-the-hood.html

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
-    <title>
-      A Peek Under the Hood
-    </title>
-    <h1>
-      <img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="center"
-      width="277" height="86">
-    </h1>
-    <h1>
-      A Peek Under the Hood
-    </h1>
-    <p>
-      Declaring a <code>class_builder&lt;T&gt;</code> causes the instantiation
-      of an <code>extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code> to which it forwards all
-      member function calls and which is doing most of the real work.
-      <code>extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code> is a subclass of <code>
-      PyTypeObject</code>, the <code> struct</code> which Python's 'C' API uses
-      to describe a type. <a href="example1.html#world_class">An instance of the
-      <code>extension_class&lt;&gt;</code></a> becomes the Python type object
-      corresponding to <code>hello::world</code>. When we <a href=
-      "example1.html#add_world_class">add it to the module</a> it goes into the
-      module's dictionary to be looked up under the name "world".
-    <p>
-      Boost.Python uses C++'s template argument deduction mechanism to determine the
-      types of arguments to functions (except constructors, for which we must
-      <a href="example1.html#Constructor_example">provide an argument list</a>
-      because they can't be named in C++). Then, it calls the appropriate
-      overloaded functions <code>PyObject*
-      to_python(</code><em>S</em><code>)</code> and <em>
-      S'</em><code>from_python(PyObject*,
-      type&lt;</code><em>S</em><code>&gt;)</code> which convert between any C++
-      type <em>S</em> and a <code>PyObject*</code>, the type which represents a
-      reference to any Python object in its 'C' API. The <a href= 
-      "example1.html#world_class"><code>extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code></a>
-      template defines a whole raft of these conversions (for <code>T, T*,
-      T&amp;, std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;</code>, etc.), using the same inline
-      friend function technique employed by <a href= 
-      "http://www.boost.org/libs/utility/operators.htm">the boost operators
-      library</a>.
-    <p>
-      Because the <code>to_python</code> and <code>from_python</code> functions
-      for a user-defined class are defined by <code>
-      extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code>, it is important that an instantiation of
-      <code> extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code> is visible to any code which wraps
-      a C++ function with a <code>T, T*, const T&amp;</code>, etc. parameter or
-      return value. In particular, you may want to create all of the classes at
-      the top of your module's init function, then <code>def</code> the member
-      functions later to avoid problems with inter-class dependencies.
-    <p>
-      Next: <a href="building.html">Building a Module with Boost.Python</a>
-      Previous: <a href="special.html">Special Method and Operator Support</a>
-      Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
-    <p>
-      &copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-      sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-      notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
-      express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
-      any purpose.
-    <p>
-      Updated: Nov 26, 2000
-

example/README

@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-To get started with the Boost Python Library, use the examples
-getting_started?.cpp and abstract.cpp.
-
-The files example1.cpp and rwgk1.cpp are obsolete. They are only
-included because the makefiles in the build directory still refer to
-them. This will be fixed later.

example/abstract.cpp

@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-// Example by Ullrich Koethe
-#include "boost/python/class_builder.hpp"
-#include <string>
-
-struct Abstract
-{
-    virtual std::string test() = 0;
-};
-
-struct Abstract_callback: Abstract
-{
-    Abstract_callback(PyObject * self)
-    : m_self(self)
-    {}
-
-    std::string test()
-    {
-      return boost::python::callback<std::string>::call_method(m_self, "test");
-    }
-
-    PyObject * m_self;
-};
-
-extern "C"
-DL_EXPORT(void)
-initabstract()
-{
-    boost::python::module_builder a("abstract");
-
-    boost::python::class_builder<Abstract, Abstract_callback>
-        a_class(a, "Abstract");
-    a_class.def(boost::python::constructor<>()); // wrap a constructor
-    a_class.def(&Abstract::test, "test");
-}

example/example1.cpp

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-#include <string.h>
-
-namespace hello {
-  class world
-  {
-   public:
-      world(int) {}
-      ~world() {}
-      const char* get() const { return "hi, world"; }
-  };
-
-  size_t length(const world& x) { return strlen(x.get()); }
-}
-
-#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
-
-// Python requires an exported function called init<module-name> in every
-// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
-extern "C"
-#ifdef _WIN32
-__declspec(dllexport)
-#endif
-void inithello()
-{
-    try
-    {
-       // create an object representing this extension module
-       boost::python::module_builder hello("hello");
-
-       // Create the Python type object for our extension class
-       boost::python::class_builder<hello::world> world_class(hello, "world");
-
-       // Add the __init__ function
-       world_class.def(boost::python::constructor<int>());
-       // Add a regular member function
-       world_class.def(&hello::world::get, "get");
-
-       // Add a regular function to the module
-       hello.def(hello::length, "length");
-    }
-    catch(...)
-    {
-       boost::python::handle_exception();    // Deal with the exception for Python
-    }
-}
-
-// Win32 DLL boilerplate
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#include <windows.h>
-extern "C" BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HINSTANCE, DWORD, LPVOID)
-{
-    return 1;
-}
-#endif // _WIN32

example/getting_started1.cpp

@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
-#include <string>
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A couple of simple C++ functions that we want to expose to Python.
-  std::string greet() { return "hello, world"; }
-  int square(int number) { return number * number; }
-}
-
-#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-// Python requires an exported function called init<module-name> in every
-// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
-
-    // Add regular functions to the module.
-    this_module.def(greet, "greet");
-    this_module.def(square, "square");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}

example/getting_started2.cpp

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-#include <iostream>
-#include <string>
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A friendly class.
-  class hello
-  {
-    public:
-      hello(const std::string& country) { this->country = country; }
-      std::string greet() const { return "Hello from " + country; }
-    private:
-      std::string country;
-  };
-
-  // A function taking a hello object as an argument.
-  std::string invite(const hello& w) {
-    return w.greet() + "! Please come soon!";
-  }
-}
-
-#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
-
-    // Create the Python type object for our extension class.
-    python::class_builder<hello> hello_class(this_module, "hello");
-
-    // Add the __init__ function.
-    hello_class.def(python::constructor<std::string>());
-    // Add a regular member function.
-    hello_class.def(&hello::greet, "greet");
-
-    // Add invite() as a regular function to the module.
-    this_module.def(invite, "invite");
-
-    // Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
-    hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}

example/getting_started3.cpp

@@ -1,120 +0,0 @@
-/*
-    This example shows how to make an Extension Class "pickleable".
-
-    Python's pickle module implements a basic but powerful algorithm
-    for "pickling" (a.k.a. serializing, marshalling or flattening)
-    nearly arbitrary Python objects.
-
-    The user can influence how an Extension Class instance is pickled
-    by defining three special methods: __getinitargs__(),
-    __getstate__(), and __setstate(). This interface is similar to
-    that for regular Python classes as described in detail in the
-    Python Library Reference for pickle:
-
-    http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html
-
-    When an Extension Class instance is pickled, __getinitargs__() is
-    called, if implemented. This method should return a tuple
-    containing the arguments to be passed to the class constructor when
-    the object is restored.
-
-    If there is no __getstate__() method, the instance's __dict__ is
-    pickled if it is not empty. If __getstate__() is defined, it should
-    return an object representing the state of the instance.
-
-    If there is no __setstate__() method, __getstate__() must return a
-    dictionary. When the instance is restored, the items in this dictionary
-    are added to the instance's __dict__.
-
-    If the Extension Class defines __setstate__(), the pickle loader
-    calls it with the result of __getstate__() as arguments. In this
-    case, the state object need not be a dictionary.  The
-    __getstate__() and __setstate__() methods can do what they want.
-
-    If both __getinitargs__() and __getstate__() are defined, the
-    instance is restored by first calling the constructor with
-    the result of __getinitargs__() as argument. After the instance
-    is reconstructed, the __dict__ is updated or __setstate__() is
-    called if implemented.
-
-    The mechanism described here is an exact replication of that one
-    implemented by Jim Fulton's ExtensionClass (included in Zope 2.2.2).
- */
-
-#include <iostream>
-#include <string>
-
-#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A friendly class.
-  class world
-  {
-    private:
-      std::string country;
-      int secret_number;
-    public:
-      world(const std::string& country) : secret_number(0) {
-        this->country = country;
-      }
-      std::string greet() const { return "Hello from " + country + "!"; }
-      std::string get_country() const { return country; }
-      void set_secret_number(int number) { secret_number = number; }
-      int get_secret_number() const { return secret_number; }
-  };
-
-  // Support for pickle.
-  python::tuple world_getinitargs(const world& w) {
-      python::tuple result(1);
-      result.set_item(0, w.get_country());
-      return result;
-  }
-
-  python::tuple world_getstate(const world& w) {
-      python::tuple result(1);
-      result.set_item(0, w.get_secret_number());
-      return result;
-  }
-
-  void world_setstate(world& w, python::tuple state) {
-    if (state.size() != 1) {
-      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-        "Unexpected argument in call to __setstate__.");
-      throw python::error_already_set();
-    }
-    int number = BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(state[0].get(),
-      python::type<int>());
-    if (number != 42)
-      w.set_secret_number(number);
-  }
-}
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started3)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started3");
-
-    // Create the Python type object for our extension class.
-    python::class_builder<world> world_class(this_module, "world");
-
-    // Add the __init__ function.
-    world_class.def(python::constructor<std::string>());
-    // Add a regular member function.
-    world_class.def(&world::greet, "greet");
-    world_class.def(&world::get_secret_number, "get_secret_number");
-    world_class.def(&world::set_secret_number, "set_secret_number");
-
-    // Support for pickle.
-    world_class.def(world_getinitargs, "__getinitargs__");
-    world_class.def(world_getstate, "__getstate__");
-    world_class.def(world_setstate, "__setstate__");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}

example/getting_started4.cpp

@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A wrapper is used to define additional constructors.
-  //
-  struct vector_double_wrapper: std::vector<double>
-  {
-    // Tell the compiler how to convert a base class object to
-    // this wrapper object.
-    vector_double_wrapper(PyObject*, const std::vector<double>& vd)
-      : std::vector<double>(vd) {}
-
-    vector_double_wrapper(PyObject* self)
-      : std::vector<double>() {}
-
-    vector_double_wrapper(PyObject* self, const int n)
-      : std::vector<double>(n) {}
-
-    vector_double_wrapper(PyObject* self, python::tuple tuple)
-      : std::vector<double>(tuple.size())
-    {
-      std::vector<double>::iterator vd = begin();
-      for (int i = 0; i < tuple.size(); i++)
-        vd[i] = BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(tuple[i].get(),
-          python::type<double>());
-    }
-  };
-
-  double getitem(const std::vector<double>& vd, const std::size_t key) {
-    return vd[key];
-  }
-
-  void setitem(std::vector<double>& vd, const std::size_t key,
-               const double &d) {
-    std::vector<double>::iterator vditer = vd.begin();
-    vditer[key] = d;
-  }
-
-  void delitem(std::vector<double>& vd, const std::size_t key) {
-    std::vector<double>::iterator vditer = vd.begin();
-    vd.erase(&vditer[key]);
-  }
-
-  // Convert vector_double to a regular Python tuple.
-  //
-  python::tuple as_tuple(const std::vector<double>& vd)
-  {
-    python::tuple t(vd.size());
-    for (int i = 0; i < vd.size(); i++) t.set_item(i,
-      python::ref(BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(vd[i])));
-    return t;
-  }
-
-  // Function returning a vector_double object to Python.
-  //
-  std::vector<double> foo(int n)
-  {
-    std::vector<double> vd(n);
-    std::vector<double>::iterator vditer = vd.begin();
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) vditer[i] = double(i);
-    return vd;
-  }
-
-  // Same as foo(), but avoid copying on return.
-  //
-  std::auto_ptr<std::vector<double> > bar(int n)
-  {
-    std::auto_ptr<std::vector<double> > vdptr(new std::vector<double>(n));
-    std::vector<double>::iterator vditer = vdptr->begin();
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) vditer[i] = double(10 * i);
-    return vdptr;
-  }
-}
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started4)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started4");
-
-    python::class_builder<std::vector<double>, vector_double_wrapper>
-      vector_double(this_module, "vector_double");
-
-    vector_double.def(python::constructor<>());
-    vector_double.def(python::constructor<const int>());
-    vector_double.def(python::constructor<python::tuple>());
-    vector_double.def(&std::vector<double>::size, "__len__");
-    vector_double.def(getitem, "__getitem__");
-    vector_double.def(setitem, "__setitem__");
-    vector_double.def(delitem, "__delitem__");
-    vector_double.def(as_tuple, "as_tuple");
-
-    this_module.def(foo, "foo");
-    this_module.def(bar, "bar");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}

example/getting_started5.cpp

@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-/*
-   This example shows how to convert a class from and to native
-   Python objects, such as tuples.
-
-   We do not want to expose the helper class MillerIndex as an
-   Extension Class. However, in order to simplify the wrapper code,
-   we want to define from_python() and to_python() functions for
-   class MillerIndex.
-
-   Consider the alternatives:
-
-     - Expose MillerIndex as an Extension Class.
-         We need a constructor MillerIndex(python::tuple).
-         Python function calls become more complex:
-           foo(MillerIndex((1,2,3)) instead of foo((1,2,3))
-         We need a method such as MillerIndex().as_tuple().
-
-     - Define a wrapper function for each function that we
-       want to expose, e.g.:
-          void add(const IndexingSet& ixset, const python::tuple PyMIx)
-
-   The first alternative introduces a new type that the user has to
-   deal with. Other modules using Miller indices might organize them in
-   different ways, for example to increase runtime efficiency for
-   important procedures. This means, the user has to know how to
-   convert between the different kinds of Miller index representations.
-   This can quickly become a nuisance. Relying on native Python data
-   structures minimizes the number of special types the user has to
-   learn and convert. Of course, this argument is only valid for
-   small and relatively simply classes.
-
-   If there are many member functions with MillerIndex arguments, the
-   second alternative is impractical, and concentrating the conversion
-   mechanism in one central place is essential for code
-   maintainability.  An added benefit is that more convenient (smarter)
-   conversion functions can be provided without cluttering the rest of
-   the wrapper code.
-
- */
-
-#include <string>
-#include <vector>
-#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // The helper class.
-  //
-  class MillerIndex {
-    public:
-      int v[3];
-  };
-
-  // The main class. Imagine that there are MANY member functions
-  // like add() and get().
-  //
-  class IndexingSet {
-    private:
-      std::vector<MillerIndex> VMIx;
-    public:
-      void add(const MillerIndex& MIx) { VMIx.push_back(MIx); }
-      MillerIndex get(const std::size_t i) const { return VMIx[i]; }
-  };
-}
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
-
-  // Convert a Python tuple to a MillerIndex object.
-  //
-  MillerIndex from_python(PyObject* p, python::type<const MillerIndex&>)
-  {
-    python::tuple tup
-      = python::tuple(python::ref(p, python::ref::increment_count));
-    if (tup.size() != 3) {
-      PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
-        "expecting exactly 3 values in tuple.");
-      throw python::error_already_set();
-    }
-    MillerIndex result;
-    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
-      result.v[i] = from_python(tup[i].get(), python::type<int>());
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  // Similar conversion for MillerIndex objects passed by value.
-  // Not actually used, but included to show the principle.
-  //
-  MillerIndex from_python(PyObject* p, python::type<MillerIndex>)
-  {
-    return from_python(p, python::type<const MillerIndex&>());
-  }
-
-  // Convert a MillerIndex object to a Python tuple.
-  //
-  PyObject* to_python(const MillerIndex& hkl)
-  {
-    python::tuple result(3);
-    for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
-      result.set_item(i, python::ref(to_python(hkl.v[i])));
-    return result.reference().release();
-  }
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started5)
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("getting_started5");
-
-    // Create the Python type object for our extension class.
-    python::class_builder<IndexingSet> ixset_class(this_module, "IndexingSet");
-
-    // Add the __init__ function.
-    ixset_class.def(python::constructor<>());
-    // Add the member functions.
-    ixset_class.def(&IndexingSet::add, "add");
-    ixset_class.def(&IndexingSet::get, "get");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}

example/rwgk1.cpp

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-#include <string>
-
-namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
-
-  // A couple of simple C++ functions that we want to expose to Python.
-  std::string greet() { return "hello, world"; }
-  int square(int number) { return number * number; }
-}
-
-#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
-
-namespace python = boost::python;
-
-// Python requires an exported function called init<module-name> in every
-// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
-extern "C"
-#ifdef _WIN32
-__declspec(dllexport)
-#endif
-void initrwgk1()
-{
-  try
-  {
-    // Create an object representing this extension module.
-    python::module_builder this_module("rwgk1");
-
-    // Add regular functions to the module.
-    this_module.def(greet, "greet");
-    this_module.def(square, "square");
-  }
-  catch(...)
-  {
-    python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
-  }
-}
-
-// Win32 DLL boilerplate
-#if defined(_WIN32)
-#include <windows.h>
-extern "C" BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HINSTANCE, DWORD, LPVOID) { return 1; }
-#endif // _WIN32

example/test_abstract.py

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-# Example by Ullrich Koethe
-r'''>>> from abstract import *
-    >>> class A(Abstract):
-    ...     def __init__(self, text):
-    ...             Abstract.__init__(self)  # call the base class constructor
-    ...             self.text = text
-    ...     def test(self):                  # implement abstract function
-    ...             return self.text
-    ...
-    >>> a = A("Hello")
-    >>> a.test()
-    'Hello'
-'''
-
-def run(args = None):
-    if args is not None:
-        import sys
-        sys.argv = args
-    import doctest, test_abstract
-    doctest.testmod(test_abstract)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

example/test_example1.py

@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-r'''
-//  (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
-//  distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
-//  in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
-//  warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
-//
-//  The author gratefully acknowleges the support of Dragon Systems, Inc., in
-//  producing this work.
-
-That's it! If we build this shared library and put it on our PYTHONPATH we can
-now access our C++ class and function from Python.
-
-    >>> import hello
-    >>> hi_world = hello.world(3)
-    >>> hi_world.get()
-    'hi, world'
-    >>> hello.length(hi_world)
-    9
-
-We can even make a subclass of hello.world:
-
-
-    >>> class my_subclass(hello.world):
-    ...     def get(self):
-    ...         return 'hello, world'
-    ...
-    >>> y = my_subclass(2)
-    >>> y.get()
-    'hello, world'
-
-Pretty cool! You can't do that with an ordinary Python extension type!
-
-    >>> hello.length(y)
-    9
-
-Of course, you may now have a slightly empty feeling in the pit of your little
-pythonic stomach. Perhaps you feel your subclass deserves to have a length() of
-12? If so, read on...
-'''
-from hello import *
-
-def run(args = None):
-    if args is not None:
-        import sys
-        sys.argv = args
-    import doctest, test_example1
-    doctest.testmod(test_example1)
-    
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

example/test_getting_started1.py

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-r'''>>> import getting_started1
-    >>> print getting_started1.greet()
-    hello, world
-    >>> number = 11
-    >>> print number, '*', number, '=', getting_started1.square(number)
-    11 * 11 = 121
-'''
-
-def run(args = None):
-    if args is not None:
-        import sys
-        sys.argv = args
-    import doctest, test_getting_started1
-    doctest.testmod(test_getting_started1)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

example/test_getting_started2.py

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-r'''>>> from getting_started2 import *
-    >>> hi = hello('California')
-    >>> hi.greet()
-    'Hello from California'
-    >>> invite(hi)
-    'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
-    >>> hi.invite()
-    'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
-
-    >>> class wordy(hello):
-    ...     def greet(self):
-    ...         return hello.greet(self) + ', where the weather is fine'
-    ...
-    >>> hi2 = wordy('Florida')
-    >>> hi2.greet()
-    'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine'
-    >>> invite(hi2)
-    'Hello from Florida! Please come soon!'
-'''
-
-def run(args = None):
-    if args is not None:
-        import sys
-        sys.argv = args
-    import doctest, test_getting_started2
-    doctest.testmod(test_getting_started2)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

example/test_getting_started3.py

@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
-r'''>>> import getting_started3
-    >>> import re
-    >>> import pickle
-    >>> getting_started3.world.__module__
-    'getting_started3'
-    >>> getting_started3.world.__safe_for_unpickling__
-    1
-    >>> getting_started3.world.__reduce__()
-    'world'
-    >>> assert re.match(
-    ... "\(<extension class getting_started3.world at [0-9a-fA-FxX]+>, \('Hello',\), \(0,\)\)",
-    ... repr(getting_started3.world('Hello').__reduce__()))
-    >>>
-    >>> for number in (24, 42):
-    ...   wd = getting_started3.world('California')
-    ...   wd.set_secret_number(number)
-    ...   pstr = pickle.dumps(wd)
-    ...   print pstr
-    ...   wl = pickle.loads(pstr)
-    ...   print wd.greet(), wd.get_secret_number()
-    ...   print wl.greet(), wl.get_secret_number()
-    cgetting_started3
-    world
-    p0
-    (S'California'
-    p1
-    tp2
-    R(I24
-    tp3
-    bp4
-    .
-    Hello from California! 24
-    Hello from California! 24
-    cgetting_started3
-    world
-    p0
-    (S'California'
-    p1
-    tp2
-    R(I42
-    tp3
-    bp4
-    .
-    Hello from California! 42
-    Hello from California! 0
-'''
-
-def run(args = None):
-    if args is not None:
-        import sys
-        sys.argv = args
-    import doctest, test_getting_started3
-    doctest.testmod(test_getting_started3)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

example/test_getting_started4.py

@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
-r'''>>> import getting_started4
-    >>> v=getting_started4.vector_double()
-    >>> print v.as_tuple()
-    ()
-    >>> v=getting_started4.vector_double(5)
-    >>> print v.as_tuple()
-    (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0)
-    >>> print len(v)
-    5
-    >>> v=getting_started4.vector_double((3,4,5))
-    >>> print v.as_tuple()
-    (3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
-    >>> print v[1]
-    4.0
-    >>> v[1] = 40
-    >>> print v.as_tuple()
-    (3.0, 40.0, 5.0)
-    >>> del v[1]
-    >>> print v.as_tuple()
-    (3.0, 5.0)
-    >>> print getting_started4.foo(11).as_tuple()
-    (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0)
-    >>> print getting_started4.bar(12).as_tuple()
-    (0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0, 50.0, 60.0, 70.0, 80.0, 90.0, 100.0, 110.0)
-'''
-
-def run(args = None):
-    if args is not None:
-        import sys
-        sys.argv = args
-    import doctest, test_getting_started4
-    doctest.testmod(test_getting_started4)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

example/test_getting_started5.py

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-r'''>>> import getting_started5
-    >>> ixset = getting_started5.IndexingSet()
-    >>> ixset.add((1,2,3))
-    >>> ixset.add((4,5,6))
-    >>> ixset.add((7,8,9))
-    >>> print ixset.get(0)
-    (1, 2, 3)
-    >>> print ixset.get(1)
-    (4, 5, 6)
-    >>> print ixset.get(2)
-    (7, 8, 9)
-'''
-
-def run(args = None):
-    if args is not None:
-        import sys
-        sys.argv = args
-    import doctest, test_getting_started5
-    doctest.testmod(test_getting_started5)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

example/test_rwgk1.py

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-r'''>>> import rwgk1
-    >>> print rwgk1.greet()
-    hello, world
-    >>> number = 11
-    >>> print number, '*', number, '=', rwgk1.square(number)
-    11 * 11 = 121
-'''
-
-def run(args = None):
-    if args is not None:
-        import sys
-        sys.argv = args
-    import doctest, test_rwgk1
-    doctest.testmod(test_rwgk1)
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
-    run()

include/boost/python/arg_from_python.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002128_HPP
+# define ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002128_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/converter/arg_from_python.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+template <class T>
+struct arg_from_python
+    : converter::select_arg_from_python<T>::type
+{
+    typedef typename converter::select_arg_from_python<T>::type base;
+    arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+};
+
+// specialization for PyObject*
+template <>
+struct arg_from_python<PyObject*>
+{
+    typedef PyObject* result_type;
+    
+    arg_from_python(PyObject*) {}
+    bool convertible() const { return true; }
+    PyObject* operator()(PyObject* source) const { return source; }
+};
+
+template <>
+struct arg_from_python<PyObject* const&>
+{
+    typedef PyObject* const& result_type;
+    arg_from_python(PyObject*) {}
+    bool convertible() const { return true; }
+    PyObject*const& operator()(PyObject*const& source) const { return source; }
+};
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+template <class T>
+inline arg_from_python<T>::arg_from_python(PyObject* source)
+    : base(source)
+{
+}
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002128_HPP

include/boost/python/args.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef ARGS_DWA2002323_HPP
+# define ARGS_DWA2002323_HPP
+#  include <boost/config.hpp>
+#  include <boost/python/detail/preprocessor.hpp>
+#  include <boost/python/detail/type_list.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python {
+
+enum no_init_t { no_init };
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class Args>
+  struct args_base {};
+}
+}}
+
+namespace boost { namespace python {
+
+// A type list for specifying arguments
+template < BOOST_PYTHON_ENUM_WITH_DEFAULT(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY, typename A, mpl::void_) >
+struct args : detail::args_base<args<BOOST_PYTHON_UNARY_ENUM(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY, A)> >
+      , detail::type_list< BOOST_PYTHON_UNARY_ENUM(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY, A) >::type
+{};
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+
+# endif // ARGS_DWA2002323_HPP

include/boost/python/back_reference.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef BACK_REFERENCE_DWA2002510_HPP
+# define BACK_REFERENCE_DWA2002510_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/object_fwd.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/dependent.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/raw_pyobject.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+template <class T>
+struct back_reference
+{
+ private: // types
+    typedef typename detail::dependent<object,T>::type source_t;
+ public:
+    typedef T type;
+    
+    back_reference(PyObject*, T);
+    source_t const& source() const;
+    T get() const;
+ private:
+    source_t m_source;
+    T m_value;
+};
+
+# ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
+template<typename T>
+class is_back_reference
+{
+ public:
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = false); 
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+class is_back_reference<back_reference<T> >
+{
+ public:
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = true);
+};
+
+# else // no partial specialization
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#include <boost/type.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python {
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  typedef char (&yes_back_reference_t)[1];
+  typedef char (&no_back_reference_t)[2];
+      
+  no_back_reference_t is_back_reference_test(...);
+
+  template<typename T>
+  yes_back_reference_t is_back_reference_test(boost::type< back_reference<T> >);
+}
+
+template<typename T>
+class is_back_reference
+{
+ public:
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, value = (
+            sizeof(detail::is_back_reference_test(boost::type<T>()))
+            == sizeof(detail::yes_back_reference_t)));
+};
+
+# endif // BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+template <class T>
+back_reference<T>::back_reference(PyObject* p, T x)
+    : m_source(detail::borrowed_reference(p))
+      , m_value(x)
+{
+}
+
+template <class T>
+typename back_reference<T>::source_t const& back_reference<T>::source() const
+{
+    return m_source;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+T back_reference<T>::get() const
+{
+    return m_value;
+}
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // BACK_REFERENCE_DWA2002510_HPP

include/boost/python/base_type_traits.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef BASE_TYPE_TRAITS_DWA2002614_HPP
+# define BASE_TYPE_TRAITS_DWA2002614_HPP
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  struct unspecialized {};
+}
+
+// Derive from unspecialized so we can detect whether traits are
+// specialized
+template <class T> struct base_type_traits
+  : detail::unspecialized
+{};
+
+template <>
+struct base_type_traits<PyObject>
+{
+    typedef PyObject type;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct base_type_traits<PyTypeObject>
+{
+    typedef PyObject type;
+};
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // BASE_TYPE_TRAITS_DWA2002614_HPP

include/boost/python/bases.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef BASES_DWA2002321_HPP
+# define BASES_DWA2002321_HPP
+# include <boost/type_traits/object_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/type_list.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/if.hpp>
+# include <boost/preprocessor/enum_params_with_a_default.hpp>
+# include <boost/preprocessor/enum_params.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+  // A type list for specifying bases
+  template < BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS_WITH_A_DEFAULT(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES, typename B, mpl::void_) >
+  struct bases : detail::type_list< BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES, B) >::type
+  {};
+
+  namespace detail
+  {
+# ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
+    template <class T> struct specifies_bases
+    {
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = false);
+    };
+    template < BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES, class B) >
+    struct specifies_bases< bases< BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES, B) > >
+    {
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = true);
+    };
+# else
+    template < BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES, class B) >
+    static char is_bases_helper(bases< BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS(BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES, B) > const&);
+    
+    static char (& is_bases_helper(...) )[256];
+
+    template <class T> struct specifies_bases
+    {
+     private:
+        static typename add_reference<T>::type make();
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, non_ref = !is_reference<T>::value);
+     public:
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = non_ref & (sizeof(is_bases_helper(make())) == 1));
+    };
+# endif
+    template <class T, class Prev = bases<> >
+    struct select_bases
+        : mpl::if_c<
+                specifies_bases<T>::value
+                , T
+                , Prev
+          >
+    {
+    };
+  }
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // BASES_DWA2002321_HPP

include/boost/python/borrowed.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef BORROWED_DWA2002614_HPP
+# define BORROWED_DWA2002614_HPP
+# include <boost/python/detail/borrowed_ptr.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+template <class T>
+inline python::detail::borrowed<T>* borrowed(T* p)
+{
+    return (detail::borrowed<T>*)p;
+}
+    
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // BORROWED_DWA2002614_HPP

include/boost/python/call.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#if !defined(BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING)
+
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+
+# ifndef CALL_DWA2002411_HPP
+#  define CALL_DWA2002411_HPP
+
+#  include <boost/type.hpp>
+
+#  include <boost/python/converter/arg_to_python.hpp>
+#  include <boost/python/converter/return_from_python.hpp>
+#  include <boost/python/detail/preprocessor.hpp>
+#  include <boost/python/detail/void_return.hpp>
+
+#  include <boost/preprocessor/comma_if.hpp>
+#  include <boost/preprocessor/iterate.hpp>
+#  include <boost/preprocessor/repeat.hpp>
+#  include <boost/preprocessor/debug/line.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python {
+
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_FAST_ARG_TO_PYTHON_GET(z, n, _) \
+    , converter::arg_to_python<A##n>(a##n).get()
+
+#  define BOOST_PP_ITERATION_PARAMS_1 (3, (0, BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY, <boost/python/call.hpp>))
+#  include BOOST_PP_ITERATE()
+
+#  undef BOOST_PYTHON_FAST_ARG_TO_PYTHON_GET
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+# endif // CALL_DWA2002411_HPP
+
+#elif BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1
+# line BOOST_PP_LINE(__LINE__, call.hpp)
+
+# define N BOOST_PP_ITERATION()
+
+template <
+    class R
+    BOOST_PP_COMMA_IF(N) BOOST_PYTHON_UNARY_ENUM(N, class A)
+    >
+typename detail::returnable<R>::type
+call(PyObject* callable
+    BOOST_PP_COMMA_IF(N) BOOST_PYTHON_BINARY_ENUM(N, A, const& a)
+    , boost::type<R>* = 0
+    )
+{
+    converter::return_from_python<R> converter;
+    return converter(
+        PyEval_CallFunction(
+            callable
+            , const_cast<char*>("(" BOOST_PP_REPEAT_1ST(N, BOOST_PYTHON_FIXED, "O") ")")
+            BOOST_PP_REPEAT_1ST(N, BOOST_PYTHON_FAST_ARG_TO_PYTHON_GET, nil)
+            ));
+}
+
+# undef N
+
+#endif

include/boost/python/call_method.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#if !defined(BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING)
+
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+# ifndef CALL_METHOD_DWA2002411_HPP
+#  define CALL_METHOD_DWA2002411_HPP
+
+#  include <boost/type.hpp>
+
+#  include <boost/python/converter/arg_to_python.hpp>
+#  include <boost/python/converter/return_from_python.hpp>
+#  include <boost/python/detail/preprocessor.hpp>
+#  include <boost/python/detail/void_return.hpp>
+
+#  include <boost/preprocessor/comma_if.hpp>
+#  include <boost/preprocessor/iterate.hpp>
+#  include <boost/preprocessor/repeat.hpp>
+#  include <boost/preprocessor/debug/line.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python {
+
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_FAST_ARG_TO_PYTHON_GET(z, n, _) \
+    , converter::arg_to_python<A##n>(a##n).get()
+
+# define BOOST_PP_ITERATION_PARAMS_1 (3, (0, BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY, <boost/python/call_method.hpp>))
+# include BOOST_PP_ITERATE()
+
+# undef BOOST_PYTHON_FAST_ARG_TO_PYTHON_GET
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+# endif // CALL_METHOD_DWA2002411_HPP
+
+#elif BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1
+# line BOOST_PP_LINE(__LINE__, call_method.hpp)
+
+# define N BOOST_PP_ITERATION()
+
+template <
+    class R
+    BOOST_PP_COMMA_IF(N) BOOST_PYTHON_UNARY_ENUM(N, class A)
+    >
+typename detail::returnable<R>::type
+call_method(PyObject* self, char const* name
+    BOOST_PP_COMMA_IF(N) BOOST_PYTHON_BINARY_ENUM(N, A, const& a)
+    , boost::type<R>* = 0
+    )
+{
+    converter::return_from_python<R> converter;
+    return converter(
+        PyEval_CallMethod(
+            self
+            , const_cast<char*>(name)
+            , const_cast<char*>("(" BOOST_PP_REPEAT_1ST(N, BOOST_PYTHON_FIXED, "O") ")")
+            BOOST_PP_REPEAT_1ST(N, BOOST_PYTHON_FAST_ARG_TO_PYTHON_GET, nil)
+            ));
+}
+
+# undef N
+
+#endif // BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING

include/boost/python/cast.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef CAST_DWA200269_HPP
+# define CAST_DWA200269_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/same_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/base_type_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/convertible.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class Source, class Target> inline Target* upcast_impl(Source*, Target*);
+  
+  template <class Source, class Target>
+  inline Target* upcast(Source* p, yes_convertible, no_convertible, Target*)
+  {
+      return p;
+  }
+
+  template <class Source, class Target>
+  inline Target* upcast(Source* p, no_convertible, no_convertible, Target*)
+  {
+      typedef typename base_type_traits<Source>::type base;
+      
+      return detail::upcast_impl((base*)p, (Target*)0);
+  }
+
+  template <bool is_same = true>
+  struct upcaster
+  {
+      template <class T>
+      static inline T* execute(T* x, T*) { return x; }
+  };
+  
+  template <>
+  struct upcaster<false>
+  {
+      template <class Source, class Target>
+      static inline Target* execute(Source* x, Target*)
+      {
+          return detail::upcast(
+              x, detail::convertible<Target*>::check(x)
+              , detail::convertible<Source*>::check((Target*)0)
+              , (Target*)0);
+      }
+  };
+
+
+  template <class Target, class Source>
+  inline Target* downcast(Source* p, yes_convertible)
+  {
+      return static_cast<Target*>(p);
+  }
+
+  template <class Target, class Source>
+  inline Target* downcast(Source* p, no_convertible, boost::type<Target>* = 0)
+  {
+      typedef typename base_type_traits<Source>::type base;
+      return (Target*)detail::downcast<base>(p, convertible<Source*>::check((base*)0));
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline void assert_castable(boost::type<T>* = 0)
+  {
+      typedef char must_be_a_complete_type[sizeof(T)];
+  }
+
+  template <class Source, class Target>
+  inline Target* upcast_impl(Source* x, Target*)
+  {
+      typedef typename add_cv<Source>::type src_t;
+      typedef typename add_cv<Target>::type target_t;
+      static bool const same = is_same<src_t,target_t>::value;
+      
+      return detail::upcaster<same>::execute(x, (Target*)0);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class Target, class Source>
+inline Target* upcast(Source* x, Target* = 0)
+{
+    detail::assert_castable<Source>();
+    detail::assert_castable<Target>();
+    return detail::upcast_impl(x, (Target*)0);
+    
+}
+
+template <class Target, class Source>
+inline Target* downcast(Source* x, Target* = 0)
+{
+    detail::assert_castable<Source>();
+    detail::assert_castable<Target>();
+    return detail::downcast<Target>(x, detail::convertible<Source*>::check((Target*)0));
+}
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // CAST_DWA200269_HPP

include/boost/python/class.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,436 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef CLASS_DWA200216_HPP
+# define CLASS_DWA200216_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/class_fwd.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/class.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/bases.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/args.hpp>
+
+# include <boost/python/object.hpp>
+
+# include <boost/python/type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/member_function_cast.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/class_converters.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/ice.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/same_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/size.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/for_each.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/bool_c.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/select_holder.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/class_wrapper.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/data_members.hpp>
+# include <boost/utility.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/operator_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/pickle_support.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/make_function.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/add_to_namespace.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/def_helper.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/force_instantiate.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/defaults_def.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/signature.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/init.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python {
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  // This function object is used with mpl::for_each to write the id
+  // of the type a pointer to which is passed as its 2nd compile-time
+  // argument. into the iterator pointed to by its runtime argument
+  struct write_type_id
+  {
+      write_type_id(type_info**p) : p(p) {}
+
+      // Here's the runtime behavior
+      template <class T>
+      void operator()(T*) const
+      {
+          *(*p)++ = type_id<T>();
+      };
+
+      type_info** p;
+  };
+
+  template <class T, class Prev = detail::not_specified>
+  struct select_held_type;
+
+  template <class T1, class T2, class T3>
+  struct has_noncopyable;
+
+  template <detail::operator_id, class L, class R>
+  struct operator_;
+
+  // Register a to_python converter for a class T, depending on the
+  // type of the first (tag) argument. The 2nd argument is a pointer
+  // to the type of holder that must be created. The 3rd argument is a
+  // reference to the Python type object to be created.
+  template <class T, class SelectHolder>
+  static inline void register_copy_constructor(mpl::bool_c<true> const&, SelectHolder const& , T* = 0)
+  {
+      typedef typename SelectHolder::type holder;
+      force_instantiate(objects::class_wrapper<T,holder, objects::make_instance<T,holder> >());
+      SelectHolder::register_();
+  }
+
+  // Tag dispatched to have no effect.
+  template <class T, class SelectHolder>
+  static inline void register_copy_constructor(mpl::bool_c<false> const&, SelectHolder const&, T* = 0)
+  {
+      SelectHolder::register_();
+  }
+
+  template <class T> int assert_default_constructible(T const&);
+}
+
+//
+// class_<T,Bases,HolderGenerator>
+//
+//      This is the primary mechanism through which users will expose
+//      C++ classes to Python. The three template arguments are:
+//
+template <
+    class T // class being wrapped
+    , class X1 // = detail::not_specified
+    , class X2 // = detail::not_specified
+    , class X3 // = detail::not_specified
+    >
+class class_ : public objects::class_base
+{
+ private: // types
+   typedef objects::class_base base;
+
+    typedef class_<T,X1,X2,X3> self;
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, is_copyable = (!detail::has_noncopyable<X1,X2,X3>::value));
+
+    typedef typename detail::select_held_type<
+        X1, typename detail::select_held_type<
+        X2, typename detail::select_held_type<
+        X3
+    >::type>::type>::type held_type;
+
+    typedef objects::select_holder<T,held_type> holder_selector;
+
+    typedef typename detail::select_bases<X1
+            , typename detail::select_bases<X2
+              , typename boost::python::detail::select_bases<X3>::type
+              >::type
+            >::type bases;
+
+    // A helper class which will contain an array of id objects to be
+    // passed to the base class constructor
+    struct id_vector
+    {
+        id_vector()
+        {
+            // Stick the derived class id into the first element of the array
+            ids[0] = type_id<T>();
+
+            // Write the rest of the elements into succeeding positions.
+            type_info* p = ids + 1;
+            mpl::for_each(detail::write_type_id(&p), (bases*)0, (add_pointer<mpl::_>*)0);
+        }
+
+        BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+            std::size_t, size = mpl::size<bases>::value + 1);
+        type_info ids[size];
+    };
+    friend struct id_vector;
+
+ public:
+    // Automatically derive the class name - only works on some
+    // compilers because type_info::name is sometimes mangled (gcc)
+//    class_();           // With default-constructor init function
+//    class_(no_init_t);  // With no init function
+
+    // Construct with the class name, with or without docstring, and default init() function
+    class_(char const* name, char const* doc = 0);
+
+    // Construct with class name, no docstring, and no init() function
+    class_(char const* name, no_init_t);
+
+    // Construct with class name, docstring, and no init() function
+    class_(char const* name, char const* doc, no_init_t);
+
+    template <class DerivedT>
+    inline class_(char const* name, init_base<DerivedT> const& i)
+        : base(name, id_vector::size, id_vector().ids)
+    {
+        this->register_();
+        define_init(*this, i.derived());
+        this->set_instance_size(holder_selector::additional_size());
+    }
+
+    template <class DerivedT>
+    inline class_(char const* name, char const* doc, init_base<DerivedT> const& i)
+        : base(name, id_vector::size, id_vector().ids, doc)
+    {
+        this->register_();
+        define_init(*this, i.derived());
+        this->set_instance_size(holder_selector::additional_size());
+    }
+
+    // Wrap a member function or a non-member function which can take
+    // a T, T cv&, or T cv* as its first parameter, or a callable
+    // python object.
+    template <class F>
+    self& def(char const* name, F f)
+    {
+        this->def_impl(name, f, default_call_policies(), 0, &f);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <class DerivedT>
+    self& def(init_base<DerivedT> const& i)
+    {
+        define_init(*this, i.derived());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <class Arg1T, class Arg2T>
+    self& def(char const* name, Arg1T arg1, Arg2T const& arg2)
+    {
+        //  The arguments may be:
+        //      def(name, function)
+        //      def(name, function, policy)
+        //      def(name, function, doc_string)
+        //      def(name, signature, stubs)
+
+        dispatch_def(&arg2, name, arg1, arg2);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <class Arg1T, class Arg2T, class Arg3T>
+    self& def(char const* name, Arg1T arg1, Arg2T const& arg2, Arg3T const& arg3)
+    {
+        //  The arguments are definitely:
+        //      def(name, function, policy, doc_string) // TODO: exchange policy, doc_string position
+
+        dispatch_def(&arg2, name, arg1, arg2, arg3);
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <detail::operator_id id, class L, class R>
+    self& def(detail::operator_<id,L,R> const& op)
+    {
+        typedef detail::operator_<id,L,R> op_t;
+        return this->def(op.name(), &op_t::template apply<T>::execute);
+    }
+
+    // Define the constructor with the given Args, which should be an
+    // MPL sequence of types.
+    template <class Args>
+    self& def_init(Args const&)
+    {
+        return this->def("__init__",
+            python::make_constructor<Args>(
+                // Using runtime type selection works around a CWPro7 bug.
+                holder_selector::execute((held_type*)0).get()
+                )
+            );
+    }
+
+    template <class Args, class CallPolicyOrDoc>
+    self& def_init(Args const&, CallPolicyOrDoc const& policy_or_doc, char const* doc = 0)
+    {
+        typedef detail::def_helper<CallPolicyOrDoc> helper;
+
+        return this->def(
+            "__init__",
+            python::make_constructor<Args>(
+                helper::get_policy(policy_or_doc)
+                // Using runtime type selection works around a CWPro7 bug.
+                , holder_selector::execute((held_type*)0).get()
+                )
+            , helper::get_doc(policy_or_doc, doc)
+            );
+    }
+
+    // Define the default constructor.
+    self& def_init()
+    {
+        this->def_init(mpl::list0<>::type());
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    //
+    // Data member access
+    //
+    template <class D>
+    self& def_readonly(char const* name, D T::*pm)
+    {
+        this->add_property(name, make_getter(pm));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <class D>
+    self& def_readwrite(char const* name, D T::*pm)
+    {
+        return this->add_property(name, make_getter(pm), make_setter(pm));
+    }
+
+    // Property creation
+    template <class Get>
+    self& add_property(char const* name, Get const& fget)
+    {
+        base::add_property(name, object(fget));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <class Get, class Set>
+    self& add_property(char const* name, Get const& fget, Set const& fset)
+    {
+        base::add_property(name, object(fget), object(fset));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <class U>
+    self& setattr(char const* name, U const& x)
+    {
+        this->base::setattr(name, object(x));
+        return *this;
+    }
+
+    // Pickle support
+    template <typename PickleSuiteType>
+    self& def_pickle(PickleSuiteType const& x)
+    {
+      error_messages::must_be_derived_from_pickle_suite(x);
+      detail::pickle_suite_finalize<PickleSuiteType>::register_(
+        *this,
+        &PickleSuiteType::getinitargs,
+        &PickleSuiteType::getstate,
+        &PickleSuiteType::setstate,
+        PickleSuiteType::getstate_manages_dict());
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+ private: // helper functions
+
+    template <class Fn, class Policies>
+    inline void def_impl(char const* name, Fn fn, Policies const& policies
+                         , char const* doc, ...)
+    {
+        objects::add_to_namespace(
+            *this, name,
+            make_function(
+                    // This bit of nastiness casts F to a member function of T if possible.
+                detail::member_function_cast<T,Fn>::stage1(fn).stage2((T*)0).stage3(fn)
+                , policies)
+            , doc);
+    }
+
+    template <class F>
+    inline void def_impl(char const* name, F f, default_call_policies const&
+                         , char const* doc, object const*)
+    {
+        objects::add_to_namespace(*this, name, f, doc);
+    }
+
+    inline void register_() const;
+
+    template <class Fn, class CallPolicyOrDoc>
+    void dispatch_def(
+        void const*,
+        char const* name,
+        Fn fn,
+        CallPolicyOrDoc const& policy_or_doc,
+        char const* doc = 0)
+    {
+        typedef detail::def_helper<CallPolicyOrDoc> helper;
+
+        this->def_impl(
+            name, fn, helper::get_policy(policy_or_doc),
+            helper::get_doc(policy_or_doc, doc), &fn);
+
+    }
+
+    template <class StubsT, class SigT>
+    void dispatch_def(
+        detail::func_stubs_base const*,
+        char const* name,
+        SigT sig,
+        StubsT const& stubs)
+    {
+        //  convert sig to a type_list (see detail::get_signature in signature.hpp)
+        //  before calling detail::define_with_defaults.
+        detail::define_with_defaults(
+            name, stubs, *this, detail::get_signature(sig));
+    }
+};
+
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+        // register converters
+template <class T, class X1, class X2, class X3>
+inline void class_<T,X1,X2,X3>::register_() const
+{
+    objects::register_class_from_python<T,bases>();
+
+    detail::register_copy_constructor<T>(
+        mpl::bool_c<is_copyable>()
+        , holder_selector::execute((held_type*)0)
+        );
+}
+
+template <class T, class X1, class X2, class X3>
+inline class_<T,X1,X2,X3>::class_(char const* name, char const* doc)
+    : base(name, id_vector::size, id_vector().ids, doc)
+{
+    this->register_();
+    detail::force_instantiate(sizeof(detail::assert_default_constructible(T())));
+    this->def_init();
+    this->set_instance_size(holder_selector::additional_size());
+}
+
+template <class T, class X1, class X2, class X3>
+inline class_<T,X1,X2,X3>::class_(char const* name, no_init_t)
+    : base(name, id_vector::size, id_vector().ids)
+{
+    this->register_();
+    this->def_no_init();
+}
+
+template <class T, class X1, class X2, class X3>
+inline class_<T,X1,X2,X3>::class_(char const* name, char const* doc, no_init_t)
+    : base(name, id_vector::size, id_vector().ids, doc)
+{
+    this->register_();
+    this->def_no_init();
+}
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T1, class T2, class T3>
+  struct has_noncopyable
+      : type_traits::ice_or<
+        is_same<T1,noncopyable>::value
+      , is_same<T2,noncopyable>::value
+      , is_same<T3,noncopyable>::value>
+  {};
+
+
+    template <class T, class Prev>
+    struct select_held_type
+        : mpl::if_c<
+            type_traits::ice_or<
+                 specifies_bases<T>::value
+               , is_same<T,noncopyable>::value
+            >::value
+            , Prev
+            , T
+          >
+    {
+    };
+}
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // CLASS_DWA200216_HPP

include/boost/python/class_builder.hpp

@@ -25,6 +25,22 @@ class class_builder
         module.add(ref(as_object(m_class.get()), ref::increment_count), name);
     }
     
+  template <class OtherT, class OtherU>
+    class_builder(class_builder<OtherT, OtherU>& cls, const char* name)
+        : m_class(new detail::extension_class<T, U>(name))
+    {
+        cls.add(ref(as_object(m_class.get()), ref::increment_count), name);
+    }
+    
+  template <class OtherT, class OtherU>
+    class_builder(detail::extension_class<OtherT, OtherU>* cls,
+                  const char* name)
+        : m_class(new detail::extension_class<T, U>(name))
+    {
+        cls->set_attribute(name,
+                           ref(as_object(m_class.get()), ref::increment_count));
+    }
+    
     ~class_builder()
     {}
 

include/boost/python/class_fwd.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef CLASS_FWD_DWA200222_HPP
+# define CLASS_FWD_DWA200222_HPP
+# include <boost/python/detail/not_specified.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/args.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/bases.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  struct empty_list;
+}
+
+template <
+    class T // class being wrapped
+    // arbitrarily-ordered optional arguments. Full qualification needed for MSVC6
+    , class X1 = ::boost::python::detail::not_specified
+    , class X2 = ::boost::python::detail::not_specified
+    , class X3 = ::boost::python::detail::not_specified
+    >
+class class_;
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // CLASS_FWD_DWA200222_HPP

include/boost/python/classes.hpp

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 namespace boost { namespace python {
 
 // A simple type which acts something like a built-in Python class obj.
-class instance
+class BOOST_PYTHON_DECL instance
     : public boost::python::detail::python_object
 {
  public:
@@ -70,6 +70,27 @@ class instance
     PyObject* oct();
     PyObject* hex();
 
+    // Rich comparisons
+    PyObject* lt(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* le(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* eq(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* ne(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* gt(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* ge(PyObject* other);
+
+    // Inplace operations.
+    PyObject* inplace_add(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_subtract(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_multiply(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_divide(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_remainder(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_power(PyObject* exponent, PyObject* modulus);
+    PyObject* inplace_lshift(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_rshift(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_and(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_or(PyObject* other);
+    PyObject* inplace_xor(PyObject* other);
+
  private: // noncopyable, without the size bloat
     instance(const instance&);
     void operator=(const instance&);
@@ -84,7 +105,7 @@ class instance
 template <class T> class meta_class;
 
 namespace detail {
-  class class_base : public type_object_base
+  class BOOST_PYTHON_DECL class_base : public type_object_base
   {
    public:
       class_base(PyTypeObject* meta_class_obj, string name, tuple bases, const dictionary& name_space);
@@ -107,6 +128,10 @@ namespace detail {
 
    private: // boost::python::type_object_base required interface implementation
       void instance_dealloc(PyObject*) const; // subclasses should not override this
+    
+   private: // noncopyable, without the size bloat
+      class_base(const class_base&);
+      void operator=(const class_base&);
       
    private:
       string m_name;
@@ -120,11 +145,11 @@ namespace detail {
 // A type which acts a lot like a built-in Python class. T is the obj type,
 // so class_t<instance> is a very simple "class-alike".
 template <class T>
-class class_t
-    : public boost::python::detail::class_base
+class class_t : public boost::python::detail::class_base
 {
  public:
     class_t(meta_class<T>* meta_class_obj, string name, tuple bases, const dictionary& name_space);
+    ~class_t();
     
     // Standard Python functions.
     PyObject* call(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords);
@@ -169,6 +194,26 @@ class class_t
     PyObject* instance_number_float(PyObject*) const;
     PyObject* instance_number_oct(PyObject*) const;
     PyObject* instance_number_hex(PyObject*) const;
+
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_add(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_subtract(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_multiply(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_divide(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_remainder(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_power(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_lshift(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_rshift(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_and(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_or(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_number_inplace_xor(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+
+ private: // Implement rich comparisons
+    PyObject* instance_lt(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_le(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_eq(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_ne(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_gt(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
+    PyObject* instance_ge(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
     
  private: // Miscellaneous "special" methods
     PyObject* instance_call(PyObject* obj, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords) const;
@@ -177,10 +222,6 @@ class class_t
 
  private: // Implementation of boost::python::detail::class_base required interface
     void delete_instance(PyObject*) const;
-    
- private: // noncopyable, without the size bloat
-    class_t(const class_t<T>&);
-    void operator=(const class_t&);
 };
 
 // The type of a class_t<T> object.
@@ -191,7 +232,7 @@ class meta_class
                    boost::python::detail::getattrable<
                       boost::python::detail::setattrable<
                          boost::python::detail::type_object<class_t<T> > > > > >,
-      boost::noncopyable
+      private boost::noncopyable
 {
  public:
     meta_class();
@@ -223,6 +264,11 @@ class_t<T>::class_t(meta_class<T>* meta_class_obj, string name, tuple bases, con
 {
 }
 
+template <class T>
+class_t<T>::~class_t()
+{
+}
+
 template <class T>
 void class_t<T>::delete_instance(PyObject* obj) const
 {
@@ -303,19 +349,21 @@ int class_t<T>::instance_mapping_ass_subscript(PyObject* obj, PyObject* key, PyO
     return 0;
 }
 
-void adjust_slice_indices(PyObject* obj, int& start, int& finish);
+bool BOOST_PYTHON_DECL adjust_slice_indices(PyObject* obj, int& start, int& finish);
 
 template <class T>
 PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_sequence_slice(PyObject* obj, int start, int finish) const
 {
-    adjust_slice_indices(obj, start, finish);    
+    if (!adjust_slice_indices(obj, start, finish))
+        return 0;
     return downcast<T>(obj)->get_slice(start, finish);
 }
 
 template <class T>
 int class_t<T>::instance_sequence_ass_slice(PyObject* obj, int start, int finish, PyObject* value) const
 {
-    adjust_slice_indices(obj, start, finish);
+    if (!adjust_slice_indices(obj, start, finish))
+        return -1;
     downcast<T>(obj)->set_slice(start, finish, value);
     return 0;
 }
@@ -477,6 +525,108 @@ PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_hex(PyObject* obj) const
     return downcast<T>(obj)->hex();
 }
 
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_add(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_add(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_subtract(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_subtract(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_multiply(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_multiply(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_divide(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_divide(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_remainder(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_remainder(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_power(PyObject* obj, PyObject* exponent, PyObject* modulus) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_power(exponent, modulus);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_lshift(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_lshift(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_rshift(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_rshift(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_and(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_and(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_or(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_or(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_xor(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_xor(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_lt(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->lt(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_le(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->le(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_eq(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->eq(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_ne(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->ne(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_gt(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->gt(other);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_ge(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
+{
+    return downcast<T>(obj)->ge(other);
+}
+
 namespace detail {
   inline dictionary& class_base::dict()
   {

include/boost/python/conversions.hpp

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 //  producing this work.
 //
 // Revision History:
+// 31 Jul 01  convert int/double to complex (Peter Bienstman)
 // 04 Mar 01  Fixed std::complex<> stuff to work with MSVC (David Abrahams)
 // 03 Mar 01  added: converters for [plain] char and std::complex
 //            (Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@
 # include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
 # include <boost/python/detail/none.hpp>
 # include <boost/python/detail/signatures.hpp>
-# include <boost/smart_ptr.hpp>
+# include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
 # include <boost/python/errors.hpp>
 # include <string>
 
@@ -73,17 +74,17 @@ inline void xdecref_impl(PyObject* p) { Py_XDECREF(p); }
 template <class T>
 inline void decref(T* p)
 {
-	char* const raw_p = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
-	char* const p_base = raw_p - offsetof(PyObject, ob_refcnt);
-	decref_impl(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(p_base));
+    char* const raw_p = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
+    char* const p_base = raw_p - offsetof(PyObject, ob_refcnt);
+    decref_impl(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(p_base));
 }
 
 template <class T>
 inline void xdecref(T* p)
 {
-	char* const raw_p = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
-	char* const p_base = raw_p - offsetof(PyObject, ob_refcnt);
-	xdecref_impl(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(p_base));
+    char* const raw_p = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
+    char* const p_base = raw_p - offsetof(PyObject, ob_refcnt);
+    xdecref_impl(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(p_base));
 }
 
 namespace detail {
@@ -93,6 +94,10 @@ namespace detail {
   template <class T>
   std::complex<T> complex_from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T>)
   {
+      if (PyInt_Check(p)) return std::complex<T>(PyInt_AS_LONG(p));
+      if (PyLong_Check(p)) return std::complex<T>(PyLong_AsDouble(p));
+      if (PyFloat_Check(p)) return std::complex<T>(PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(p));
+
       expect_complex(p);
 
       return std::complex<T>(
@@ -117,61 +122,67 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
 // Converters
 //
 PyObject* to_python(long);
-long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<long>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<long>);
 long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const long&>);
 
-PyObject* to_python(unsigned long);
-unsigned long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<unsigned long>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(unsigned long);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL unsigned long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<unsigned long>);
 unsigned long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const unsigned long&>);
 
 PyObject* to_python(int);
-int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<int>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<int>);
 int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const int&>);
     
-PyObject* to_python(unsigned int);
-unsigned int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned int>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(unsigned int);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL unsigned int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned int>);
 unsigned int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const unsigned int&>);
 
 PyObject* to_python(short);
-short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<short>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<short>);
 short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const short&>);
     
-PyObject* to_python(unsigned short);
-unsigned short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned short>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(unsigned short);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL unsigned short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned short>);
 unsigned short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const unsigned short&>);
 
-PyObject* to_python(char);
-char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<char>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(char);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<char>);
 char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const char&>);
 
-PyObject* to_python(signed char);
-signed char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<signed char>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(signed char);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL signed char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<signed char>);
 signed char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const signed char&>);
 
-PyObject* to_python(unsigned char);
-unsigned char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned char>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(unsigned char);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL unsigned char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned char>);
 unsigned char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const unsigned char&>);
 
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL float from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<float>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL double from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<double>);
+
+# if !defined(BOOST_MSVC) || BOOST_MSVC > 1300
 PyObject* to_python(float);
-float from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<float>);
+PyObject* to_python(double);
+# else
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(float);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(double);
+# endif 
 float from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const float&>);
     
-PyObject* to_python(double);
-double from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<double>);
 double from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const double&>);
     
 PyObject* to_python(bool);
-bool from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<bool>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL bool from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<bool>);
 bool from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const bool&>);
 
-PyObject* to_python(void);
-void from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<void>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(void);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<void>);
 
 PyObject* to_python(const char* s);
-const char* from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const char*>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL const char* from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const char*>);
 
-PyObject* to_python(const std::string& s);
-std::string from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<std::string>);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(const std::string& s);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL std::string from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<std::string>);
 std::string from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const std::string&>);
 
 inline PyObject* to_python(const std::complex<float>& x)
@@ -249,7 +260,7 @@ PyObject* from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<PyObject*>);
 // #endif
 // }} // namespace boost::python
 
-#if !defined(BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER)
+#if !defined(BOOST_NO_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_ORDERING)
 template <class T>
 boost::shared_ptr<T> from_python(PyObject*p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> >)
 {
@@ -275,7 +286,7 @@ PyObject* to_python(boost::shared_ptr<T> p)
 // inline implementations
 //
 
-#ifndef BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER
+#if !defined(BOOST_MSVC) || BOOST_MSVC > 1300
 inline PyObject* to_python(double d)
 {
     return PyFloat_FromDouble(d);
@@ -285,26 +296,26 @@ inline PyObject* to_python(float f)
 {
     return PyFloat_FromDouble(f);
 }
-#endif // BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER
+#endif
 
 inline PyObject* to_python(long l)
 {
-	return PyInt_FromLong(l);
+    return PyInt_FromLong(l);
 }
 
 inline PyObject* to_python(int x)
 {
-	return PyInt_FromLong(x);
+    return PyInt_FromLong(x);
 }
 
 inline PyObject* to_python(short x)
 {
-	return PyInt_FromLong(x);
+    return PyInt_FromLong(x);
 }
 
 inline PyObject* to_python(bool b)
 {
-	return PyInt_FromLong(b);
+    return PyInt_FromLong(b);
 }
 
 inline PyObject* to_python(void)
@@ -314,7 +325,7 @@ inline PyObject* to_python(void)
 
 inline PyObject* to_python(const char* s)
 {
-	return PyString_FromString(s);
+    return PyString_FromString(s);
 }
 
 inline std::string from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const std::string&>)

include/boost/python/converter/arg_from_python.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002127_HPP
+# define ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002127_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/converter/from_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/indirect_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/rvalue_from_python_data.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/if.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registry.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registered.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registered_pointee.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/void_ptr.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/back_reference.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/referent_storage.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/obj_mgr_arg_from_python.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  template <class T> struct arg_from_python;
+}}
+
+// This header defines Python->C++ function argument converters,
+// parametrized on the argument type.
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
+
+//
+// lvalue converters
+//
+//   These require that an lvalue of the type U is stored somewhere in
+//   the Python object being converted.
+
+// Used when T == U*const&
+template <class T>
+struct pointer_cref_arg_from_python
+{
+    typedef T result_type;
+    
+    pointer_cref_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    T operator()(PyObject*) const;
+    bool convertible() const;
+    
+ private: // storage for a U*
+    // needed because not all compilers will let us declare U* as the
+    // return type of operator() -- we return U*const& instead
+    typename python::detail::referent_storage<T>::type m_result;
+};
+
+// Base class for pointer and reference converters
+struct arg_lvalue_from_python_base
+{
+ public: // member functions
+    arg_lvalue_from_python_base(void* result);
+    bool convertible() const;
+    
+ protected: // member functions
+    void*const& result() const;
+    
+ private: // data members
+    void* m_result;
+};
+
+// Used when T == U* 
+template <class T>
+struct pointer_arg_from_python : arg_lvalue_from_python_base
+{
+    typedef T result_type;
+    
+    pointer_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    T operator()(PyObject*) const;
+};
+
+// Used when T == U& and (T != V const& or T == W volatile&)
+template <class T>
+struct reference_arg_from_python : arg_lvalue_from_python_base
+{
+    typedef T result_type;
+    
+    reference_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    T operator()(PyObject*) const;
+};
+
+// ===================
+
+//
+// rvalue converters
+//
+//   These require only that an object of type T can be created from
+//   the given Python object, but not that the T object exist
+//   somewhere in storage.
+//
+
+// Used when T is a plain value (non-pointer, non-reference) type or
+// a (non-volatile) const reference to a plain value type.
+template <class T>
+struct arg_rvalue_from_python
+{
+    typedef typename boost::add_reference<
+        typename boost::add_const<T>::type
+    >::type result_type;
+    
+    arg_rvalue_from_python(PyObject*);
+    bool convertible() const;
+    
+    result_type operator()(PyObject*);
+    
+ private:
+    rvalue_from_python_data<result_type> m_data;
+};
+
+
+// ==================
+
+// Converts to a (PyObject*,T) bundle, for when you need a reference
+// back to the Python object
+template <class T>
+struct back_reference_arg_from_python
+    : boost::python::arg_from_python<typename T::type>
+{
+    typedef T result_type;
+    
+    back_reference_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    T operator()(PyObject*);
+ private:
+    typedef boost::python::arg_from_python<typename T::type> base;
+};
+
+
+// ==================
+
+// This metafunction selects the appropriate arg_from_python converter
+// type for an argument of type T.
+template <class T>
+struct select_arg_from_python
+{
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, obj_mgr = is_object_manager<T>::value);
+    
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, obj_mgr_ref = is_reference_to_object_manager<T>::value);
+    
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, ptr = is_pointer<T>::value);
+    
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, ptr_cref
+            = boost::python::detail::is_reference_to_pointer<T>::value
+            && boost::python::detail::is_reference_to_const<T>::value
+            && !boost::python::detail::is_reference_to_volatile<T>::value);
+    
+    
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, ref =
+        boost::python::detail::is_reference_to_non_const<T>::value
+        || boost::python::detail::is_reference_to_volatile<T>::value);
+
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, back_ref =
+        boost::python::is_back_reference<T>::value);
+
+    typedef typename mpl::if_c<
+        obj_mgr
+        , object_manager_value_arg_from_python<T>
+        , typename mpl::if_c<
+            obj_mgr_ref
+            , object_manager_ref_arg_from_python<T>
+            , typename mpl::if_c<
+                ptr
+                , pointer_arg_from_python<T>
+                , typename mpl::if_c<
+                    ptr_cref
+                    , pointer_cref_arg_from_python<T>
+                    , typename mpl::if_c<
+                        ref
+                        , reference_arg_from_python<T>
+                        , typename mpl::if_c<
+                            back_ref
+                            , back_reference_arg_from_python<T>
+                            , arg_rvalue_from_python<T>
+                          >::type
+                      >::type
+                  >::type
+              >::type
+          >::type
+      >::type type;
+};
+
+// ==================
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+
+// arg_lvalue_from_python_base
+//
+inline arg_lvalue_from_python_base::arg_lvalue_from_python_base(void* result)
+    : m_result(result)
+{
+}
+
+inline bool arg_lvalue_from_python_base::convertible() const
+{
+    return m_result != 0;
+}
+
+inline void*const& arg_lvalue_from_python_base::result() const
+{
+    return m_result;
+}
+
+// pointer_cref_arg_from_python
+//
+namespace detail
+{
+  // null_ptr_reference -- a function returning a reference to a null
+  // pointer of type U. Needed so that extractors for T*const& can
+  // convert Python's None.
+  template <class T>
+  struct null_ptr_owner
+  {
+      static T value;
+  };
+  template <class T> T null_ptr_owner<T>::value = 0;
+  
+  template <class U>
+  inline U& null_ptr_reference(U&(*)())
+  {
+      return null_ptr_owner<U>::value;
+  }
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline pointer_cref_arg_from_python<T>::pointer_cref_arg_from_python(PyObject* p)
+{
+    // T == U*const&: store a U* in the m_result storage. Nonzero
+    // indicates success.  If find returns nonzero, it's a pointer to
+    // a U object.
+    python::detail::write_void_ptr_reference(
+        m_result.bytes
+        , p == Py_None ? p : converter::get_lvalue_from_python(p, registered_pointee<T>::converters)
+        , (T(*)())0);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline bool pointer_cref_arg_from_python<T>::convertible() const
+{
+    return python::detail::void_ptr_to_reference(m_result.bytes, (T(*)())0) != 0;
+}
+template <class T>
+inline T pointer_cref_arg_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* p) const
+{
+    return (p == Py_None)  // None ==> 0
+        ? detail::null_ptr_reference((T(*)())0)
+        // Otherwise, return a U*const& to the m_result storage.
+        : python::detail::void_ptr_to_reference(m_result.bytes, (T(*)())0);
+}
+
+// pointer_arg_from_python
+//
+template <class T>
+inline pointer_arg_from_python<T>::pointer_arg_from_python(PyObject* p)
+    : arg_lvalue_from_python_base(
+        p == Py_None ? p : converter::get_lvalue_from_python(p, registered_pointee<T>::converters))
+{
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline T pointer_arg_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* p) const
+{
+    return (p == Py_None) ? 0 : T(result());
+}
+
+// reference_arg_from_python
+//
+template <class T>
+inline reference_arg_from_python<T>::reference_arg_from_python(PyObject* p)
+    : arg_lvalue_from_python_base(converter::get_lvalue_from_python(p,registered<T>::converters))
+{
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline T reference_arg_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject*) const
+{
+    return python::detail::void_ptr_to_reference(result(), (T(*)())0);
+}
+
+
+// arg_rvalue_from_python
+//
+template <class T>
+inline arg_rvalue_from_python<T>::arg_rvalue_from_python(PyObject* obj)
+    : m_data(converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1(obj, registered<T>::converters))
+{
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline bool arg_rvalue_from_python<T>::convertible() const
+{
+    return m_data.stage1.convertible != 0;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline typename arg_rvalue_from_python<T>::result_type
+arg_rvalue_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* p)
+{
+    if (m_data.stage1.construct != 0)
+        m_data.stage1.construct(p, &m_data.stage1);
+    
+    return python::detail::void_ptr_to_reference(m_data.stage1.convertible, (result_type(*)())0);
+}
+
+// back_reference_arg_from_python
+//
+template <class T>
+back_reference_arg_from_python<T>::back_reference_arg_from_python(PyObject* x)
+    : base(x)
+{
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline T
+back_reference_arg_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* x)
+{
+    return T(x, base::operator()(x));
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002127_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/arg_to_python.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef ARG_TO_PYTHON_DWA200265_HPP
+# define ARG_TO_PYTHON_DWA200265_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/ptr.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registered.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registered_pointee.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/arg_to_python_base.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/to_python_indirect.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/composite_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/function_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/indirect_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/convertible.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/string_literal.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/base_type_traits.hpp>
+// Bring in specializations
+# include <boost/python/converter/builtin_converters.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/tag.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/function_handle.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+template <class T> struct is_object_manager;
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void throw_no_class_registered();
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct function_arg_to_python : handle<>
+  {
+      function_arg_to_python(T const& x);
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct reference_arg_to_python : handle<>
+  {
+      reference_arg_to_python(T& x);
+   private:
+      static PyObject* get_object(T& x);
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct value_arg_to_python : arg_to_python_base
+  {
+      // Throw an exception if the conversion can't succeed
+      value_arg_to_python(T const&);
+  };
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  struct pointer_deep_arg_to_python : arg_to_python_base
+  {
+      // Throw an exception if the conversion can't succeed
+      pointer_deep_arg_to_python(Ptr);
+  };
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  struct pointer_shallow_arg_to_python : handle<>
+  {
+      // Throw an exception if the conversion can't succeed
+      pointer_shallow_arg_to_python(Ptr);
+   private:
+      static PyObject* get_object(Ptr p);
+  };
+
+  // Convert types that manage a Python object to_python
+  template <class T>
+  struct object_manager_arg_to_python
+  {
+      object_manager_arg_to_python(T const& x) : m_src(x) {}
+      
+      PyObject* get() const
+      {
+          return python::upcast<PyObject>(get_managed_object(m_src, tag));
+      }
+      
+   private:
+      T const& m_src;
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct select_arg_to_python
+  {
+      // Special handling for char const[N]; interpret them as char
+      // const* for the sake of conversion
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, is_string = python::detail::is_string_literal<T const>::value);
+      
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, function = is_function<T>::value | python::detail::is_pointer_to_function<T>::value | is_member_function_pointer<T>::value);
+      
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, manager = is_object_manager<T>::value);
+      
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ptr = is_pointer<T>::value);
+      
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ref_wrapper = is_reference_wrapper<T>::value);
+
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ptr_wrapper = is_pointer_wrapper<T>::value);
+
+      typedef typename unwrap_reference<T>::type unwrapped_referent;
+      typedef typename unwrap_pointer<T>::type unwrapped_ptr;
+
+      typedef typename mpl::if_c<
+          is_string
+          , arg_to_python<char const*>
+          , typename mpl::if_c<
+              function
+              , function_arg_to_python<T>
+              , typename mpl::if_c<
+                  manager
+                  , object_manager_arg_to_python<T>
+                  , typename mpl::if_c<
+                      ptr
+                      , pointer_deep_arg_to_python<T>
+                      , typename mpl::if_c<
+                          ptr_wrapper
+                          , pointer_shallow_arg_to_python<unwrapped_ptr>
+                          , typename mpl::if_c<
+                              ref_wrapper
+                              , reference_arg_to_python<unwrapped_referent>
+                              , value_arg_to_python<T>
+                            >::type
+                        >::type
+                    >::type
+                >::type
+            >::type
+        >::type
+      type;
+  };
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct arg_to_python
+    : detail::select_arg_to_python<T>::type
+{
+    typedef typename detail::select_arg_to_python<T>::type base;
+ public: // member functions
+    // Throw an exception if the conversion can't succeed
+    arg_to_python(T const& x);
+};
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+namespace detail
+{
+  // reject_raw_object_ptr -- cause a compile-time error if the user
+  // should pass a raw Python object pointer
+  using python::detail::yes_convertible;
+  using python::detail::no_convertible;
+  using python::detail::unspecialized;
+  
+  template <class T> struct cannot_convert_raw_PyObject;
+
+  template <class T, class Convertibility>
+  struct reject_raw_object_helper
+  {
+      static void error(Convertibility)
+      {
+          cannot_convert_raw_PyObject<T*>::to_python_use_handle_instead();
+      }
+      static void error(...) {}
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  inline void reject_raw_object_ptr(T*)
+  {
+      reject_raw_object_helper<T,yes_convertible>::error(
+          python::detail::convertible<PyObject const volatile*>::check((T*)0));
+      
+      typedef typename remove_cv<T>::type value_type;
+      
+      reject_raw_object_helper<T,no_convertible>::error(
+          python::detail::convertible<unspecialized*>::check(
+              (base_type_traits<value_type>*)0
+              ));
+  }
+  // ---------
+      
+  template <class T>
+  inline function_arg_to_python<T>::function_arg_to_python(T const& x)
+      : handle<>(python::objects::make_function_handle(x))
+  {
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline value_arg_to_python<T>::value_arg_to_python(T const& x)
+      : arg_to_python_base(&x, registered<T>::converters)
+  {
+  }
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  inline pointer_deep_arg_to_python<Ptr>::pointer_deep_arg_to_python(Ptr x)
+      : arg_to_python_base(x, registered_pointee<Ptr>::converters)
+  {
+      detail::reject_raw_object_ptr((Ptr)0);
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline PyObject* reference_arg_to_python<T>::get_object(T& x)
+  {
+      to_python_indirect<T&,python::detail::make_reference_holder> convert;
+      if (!convert.convertible())
+          throw_no_class_registered();
+      return convert(x);
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline reference_arg_to_python<T>::reference_arg_to_python(T& x)
+      : handle<>(reference_arg_to_python<T>::get_object(x))
+  {
+  }
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  inline pointer_shallow_arg_to_python<Ptr>::pointer_shallow_arg_to_python(Ptr x)
+      : handle<>(pointer_shallow_arg_to_python<Ptr>::get_object(x))
+  {
+      detail::reject_raw_object_ptr((Ptr)0);
+  }
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  inline PyObject* pointer_shallow_arg_to_python<Ptr>::get_object(Ptr x)
+  {
+      to_python_indirect<Ptr,python::detail::make_reference_holder> convert;
+      if (!convert.convertible())
+          throw_no_class_registered();
+      return x ? convert(x) : python::detail::none();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline arg_to_python<T>::arg_to_python(T const& x)
+    : base(x)
+{}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // ARG_TO_PYTHON_DWA200265_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/arg_to_python_base.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef ARG_TO_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP
+# define ARG_TO_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP
+# include <boost/python/converter/to_python_function_type.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/handle.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
+
+struct registration;
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL arg_to_python_base
+# if !defined(BOOST_MSVC) || BOOST_MSVC <= 1300 || _MSC_FULL_VER > 13102179
+      : handle<>
+# endif 
+  {
+      arg_to_python_base(void const volatile* source, registration const&);
+# if defined(BOOST_MSVC) && BOOST_MSVC > 1300 && _MSC_FULL_VER <= 13102179
+      PyObject* get() const { return m_ptr.get(); }
+      PyObject* release() { return m_ptr.release(); }
+   private:
+      handle<> m_ptr;
+# endif 
+  };
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // ARG_TO_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/builtin_converters.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef BUILTIN_CONVERTERS_DWA2002124_HPP
+# define BUILTIN_CONVERTERS_DWA2002124_HPP
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/none.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/handle.hpp>
+# include <string>
+# include <complex>
+
+// Since all we can use to decide how to convert an object to_python
+// is its C++ type, there can be only one such converter for each
+// type. Therefore, for built-in conversions we can bypass registry
+// lookups using explicit specializations of arg_to_python and
+// result_to_python.
+
+namespace boost { namespace python {
+
+namespace converter
+{
+  template <class T> struct arg_to_python;
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* do_return_to_python(char);
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* do_return_to_python(char const*);
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* do_return_to_python(PyObject*);
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* do_arg_to_python(PyObject*);
+}
+
+// Provide specializations of to_python_value
+template <class T> struct to_python_value;
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  // Since there's no registry lookup, always report the existence of
+  // a converter.
+  struct builtin_to_python
+  {
+      static bool convertible() { return true; }
+  };
+}
+
+// Use expr to create the PyObject corresponding to x
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_RETURN_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(T, expr)        \
+    template <> struct to_python_value<T&>                      \
+        : detail::builtin_to_python                             \
+    {                                                           \
+        inline PyObject* operator()(T const& x) const           \
+        {                                                       \
+            return (expr);                                      \
+        }                                                       \
+    };                                                          \
+    template <> struct to_python_value<T const&>                \
+        : detail::builtin_to_python                             \
+    {                                                           \
+        inline PyObject* operator()(T const& x) const           \
+        {                                                       \
+            return (expr);                                      \
+        }                                                       \
+    };
+
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_ARG_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(T, expr)   \
+    namespace converter                                 \
+    {                                                   \
+      template <> struct arg_to_python< T >             \
+        : handle<>                                      \
+      {                                                 \
+          arg_to_python(T const& x)                     \
+            : python::handle<>(expr) {}                 \
+      };                                                \
+    } 
+
+// Specialize argument and return value converters for T using expr
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(T, expr)       \
+        BOOST_PYTHON_RETURN_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(T,expr)  \
+        BOOST_PYTHON_ARG_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(T,expr)
+
+// Specialize converters for signed and unsigned T to Python Int
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(T)                                         \
+    BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(signed T, PyInt_FromLong(x))        \
+    BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(unsigned T, PyInt_FromLong(x))
+
+// Bool is not signed.
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(bool, PyInt_FromLong(x))
+
+// note: handles signed char and unsigned char, but not char (see below)
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(char)
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(short)
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(int)
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(long)
+
+// using Python's macro instead of Boost's - we don't seem to get the
+// config right all the time.
+# ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG 
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(signed LONG_LONG, PyLong_FromLongLong(x))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(unsigned LONG_LONG, PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(x))
+# endif
+    
+# undef BOOST_TO_PYTHON_INT
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(char, converter::do_return_to_python(x))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(char const*, converter::do_return_to_python(x))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::string, PyString_FromString(x.c_str()))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(float, PyFloat_FromDouble(x))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(double, PyFloat_FromDouble(x))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(long double, PyFloat_FromDouble(x))
+BOOST_PYTHON_RETURN_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(PyObject*, converter::do_return_to_python(x))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::complex<float>, PyComplex_FromDoubles(x.real(), x.imag()))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::complex<double>, PyComplex_FromDoubles(x.real(), x.imag()))
+BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::complex<long double>, PyComplex_FromDoubles(x.real(), x.imag()))
+
+namespace converter
+{ 
+
+  void initialize_builtin_converters();
+
+}
+
+}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // BUILTIN_CONVERTERS_DWA2002124_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/callback.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef CALLBACK_DWA2002228_HPP
+# define CALLBACK_DWA2002228_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/converter/type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/to_python_function.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/pointee_to_python_function.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/from_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/select_if.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/callback_to_python_base.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/callback_from_python_base.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/builtin_converters.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/to_python_indirect.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/none.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/ptr.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/errors.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  struct pointer_callback_from_python
+  {
+      pointer_callback_from_python();
+      T operator()(PyObject*) const;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct reference_callback_from_python
+  {
+      reference_callback_from_python();
+      T operator()(PyObject*) const;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct rvalue_callback_from_python
+  {
+      rvalue_callback_from_python();
+      T const& operator()(PyObject*);
+   private:
+      rvalue_data<T> m_data;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct select_callback_from_python
+  {
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ptr = is_pointer<T>::value);
+    
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ref = is_reference<T>::value);
+
+      typedef typename mpl::select_if_c<
+          ptr
+          , pointer_callback_from_python<T>
+          , typename mpl::select_if_c<
+              ref
+              , reference_callback_from_python<T>
+              , rvalue_callback_from_python<T>
+            >::type
+          >::type type;
+  };
+
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct reference_callback_to_python : callback_to_python_holder
+  {
+      reference_callback_to_python(T& x);
+   private:
+      static PyObject* get_object(T& x);
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct value_callback_to_python : callback_to_python_base
+  {
+      // Throw an exception if the conversion can't succeed
+      value_callback_to_python(T const&);
+  };
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  struct pointer_deep_callback_to_python : callback_to_python_base
+  {
+      // Throw an exception if the conversion can't succeed
+      pointer_deep_callback_to_python(Ptr);
+  };
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  struct pointer_shallow_callback_to_python : callback_to_python_holder
+  {
+      // Throw an exception if the conversion can't succeed
+      pointer_shallow_callback_to_python(Ptr);
+   private:
+      static PyObject* get_object(Ptr p);
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct select_callback_to_python
+  {
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ptr = is_pointer<T>::value);
+      
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ref_wrapper = is_reference_wrapper<T>::value);
+
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ptr_wrapper = is_pointer_wrapper<T>::value);
+
+      typedef typename unwrap_reference<T>::type unwrapped_referent;
+      typedef typename unwrap_pointer<T>::type unwrapped_ptr;
+
+      typedef typename mpl::select_if_c<
+          ptr
+          , pointer_deep_callback_to_python<T>
+          , typename mpl::select_if_c<
+              ptr_wrapper
+              , pointer_shallow_callback_to_python<unwrapped_ptr>
+              , typename mpl::select_if_c<
+                  ref_wrapper
+                  , reference_callback_to_python<unwrapped_referent>
+                  , value_callback_to_python<T>
+                >::type
+            >::type
+        >::type type;
+  };
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct callback_from_python
+    : detail::select_callback_from_python<T>::type
+{
+    typedef T result_type;
+};
+
+struct void_result
+{
+ private: 
+    void_result() {}
+    void operator=(void_result const&);
+    
+    // I would prefer to make this completely untouchable, but few
+    // compilers support template friends
+# if 0
+    void_result(void_result const&);
+# endif
+    friend struct callback_from_python<void>;
+};
+
+// Specialization as a convenience for call and call_method
+template <>
+struct callback_from_python<void>
+{
+    typedef void_result result_type;
+    result_type operator()(PyObject* x) const
+    {
+        Py_DECREF(expect_non_null(x));
+        return result_type();
+    }
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct callback_to_python
+    : detail::select_callback_to_python<T>::type
+{
+    typedef typename detail::select_callback_to_python<T>::type base;
+ public: // member functions
+    // Throw an exception if the conversion can't succeed
+    callback_to_python(T const& x);
+};
+
+// Convenience macros for call<> and call_method<> code generation
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_CALLBACK_TO_PYTHON_GET(index,ignored)     \
+    converter::callback_to_python<BOOST_PP_CAT(A,index)>(       \
+        BOOST_PP_CAT(a,index)).get()
+
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_ARG_STRING(nargs)                         \
+    "(" BOOST_PP_REPEAT(nargs,BOOST_PYTHON_PROJECT_2ND,"O") ")"
+
+//
+// Implementations
+//
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  inline rvalue_callback_from_python<T>::rvalue_callback_from_python()
+      : m_data(rvalue_from_python_chain<T>::value)
+  {
+      throw_if_not_registered(m_data.stage1);
+  }
+  
+  template <class T>
+  inline T const& rvalue_callback_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* obj)
+  {
+      return *(T*)convert_rvalue(obj, m_data.stage1, m_data.storage.bytes);
+  }
+
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void throw_no_class_registered();
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline reference_callback_from_python<T>::reference_callback_from_python()
+  {
+      detail::throw_if_not_registered(lvalue_from_python_chain<T,true>::value);
+  }
+  
+  template <class T>
+  inline T reference_callback_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* obj) const
+  {
+      return python::detail::void_ptr_to_reference(
+          callback_convert_reference(obj, lvalue_from_python_chain<T,true>::value)
+          , (T(*)())0);
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline pointer_callback_from_python<T>::pointer_callback_from_python()
+  {
+      detail::throw_if_not_registered(lvalue_from_python_chain<T,true>::value);
+  }
+  
+  template <class T>
+  inline T pointer_callback_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* obj) const
+  {
+      return T(callback_convert_pointer(obj, lvalue_from_python_chain<T,true>::value));
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline value_callback_to_python<T>::value_callback_to_python(T const& x)
+      : callback_to_python_base(&x, to_python_function<T>::value)
+  {
+  }
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  inline pointer_deep_callback_to_python<Ptr>::pointer_deep_callback_to_python(Ptr x)
+      : callback_to_python_base(x, pointee_to_python_function<Ptr>::value)
+  {
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline PyObject* reference_callback_to_python<T>::get_object(T& x)
+  {
+      to_python_indirect<T&,python::detail::make_reference_holder> convert;
+      if (!convert.convertible())
+          throw_no_class_registered();
+      return convert(x);
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline reference_callback_to_python<T>::reference_callback_to_python(T& x)
+      : callback_to_python_holder(get_object(x))
+  {
+  }
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  inline pointer_shallow_callback_to_python<Ptr>::pointer_shallow_callback_to_python(Ptr x)
+      : callback_to_python_holder(get_object(x))
+  {}
+
+  template <class Ptr>
+  inline PyObject* pointer_shallow_callback_to_python<Ptr>::get_object(Ptr x)
+  {
+      to_python_indirect<Ptr,python::detail::make_reference_holder> convert;
+      if (!convert.convertible())
+          throw_no_class_registered();
+      return x ? convert(x) : python::detail::none();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline callback_to_python<T>::callback_to_python(T const& x)
+    : base(x)
+{}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // CALLBACK_DWA2002228_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/callback_from_python_base.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef CALLBACK_FROM_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP
+# define CALLBACK_FROM_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+
+  // Throw an exception
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void throw_if_not_registered(rvalue_stage1_data const&);
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* convert_rvalue(PyObject*, rvalue_stage1_data& data, void* storage);
+  
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void throw_if_not_registered(lvalue_from_python_registration*const&);
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* callback_convert_reference(PyObject*, lvalue_from_python_registration*const&);
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* callback_convert_pointer(PyObject*, lvalue_from_python_registration*const&);
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // CALLBACK_FROM_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/callback_to_python_base.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef CALLBACK_TO_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP
+# define CALLBACK_TO_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP
+# include <boost/python/converter/to_python_function_type.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/reference.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  struct callback_to_python_holder
+  {
+      callback_to_python_holder(PyObject* obj);
+      inline PyObject* get() const;
+   private:
+      ref m_held;
+  };
+  
+  struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL callback_to_python_base : callback_to_python_holder
+  {
+      callback_to_python_base(void const volatile* source, to_python_function_t);
+  };
+
+  //
+  // implmentation
+  //
+  inline callback_to_python_holder::callback_to_python_holder(PyObject* obj)
+      : m_held(obj)
+  {
+  }
+  
+  inline PyObject* callback_to_python_holder::get() const
+  {
+      return m_held.get();
+  }
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // CALLBACK_TO_PYTHON_BASE_DWA200237_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/constructor_function.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef CONSTRUCTOR_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP
+# define CONSTRUCTOR_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+// Declares the type of functions used to construct C++ objects for
+// rvalue from_python conversions.
+struct rvalue_from_python_stage1_data;
+typedef void (*constructor_function)(PyObject* source, rvalue_from_python_stage1_data*);
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // CONSTRUCTOR_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/convertible_function.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef CONVERTIBLE_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP
+# define CONVERTIBLE_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+typedef void* (*convertible_function)(PyObject*);
+    
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // CONVERTIBLE_FUNCTION_DWA200278_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/find_from_python.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef FIND_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002223_HPP
+# define FIND_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002223_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/from_python_stage1_data.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+struct lvalue_from_python_registration;
+struct rvalue_from_python_registration;
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* find(
+    PyObject* source, lvalue_from_python_registration const*);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL rvalue_stage1_data find(
+    PyObject* source, rvalue_from_python_registration const*);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL rvalue_from_python_registration const* find_chain(
+    PyObject* source, rvalue_from_python_registration const*);
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // FIND_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002223_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/from_python.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef FIND_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002223_HPP
+# define FIND_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002223_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/rvalue_from_python_data.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+struct registration;
+struct rvalue_from_python_chain;
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* get_lvalue_from_python(
+    PyObject* source, registration const&);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL rvalue_from_python_chain const* implicit_conversion_chain(
+    PyObject* source, registration const&);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL rvalue_from_python_stage1_data rvalue_from_python_stage1(
+    PyObject* source, registration const&);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* rvalue_from_python_stage2(
+    PyObject* source, rvalue_from_python_stage1_data&, registration const&);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* rvalue_result_from_python(
+    PyObject*, rvalue_from_python_stage1_data&);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* reference_result_from_python(PyObject*, registration const&);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* pointer_result_from_python(PyObject*, registration const&);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void void_result_from_python(PyObject*);
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void throw_no_pointer_from_python(PyObject*, registration const&);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void throw_no_reference_from_python(PyObject*, registration const&);
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // FIND_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002223_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/from_python_data.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP
+# define FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/char_array.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/select_if.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/same_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/static_assert.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/from_python_stage1_data.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/composite_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/destroy.hpp>
+# include <boost/preprocessor/list/for_each_i.hpp>
+# include <boost/preprocessor/tuple/to_list.hpp>
+# include <boost/preprocessor/cat.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T> struct referent_size;
+  
+# ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct referent_size<T&>
+  {
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          std::size_t, value = sizeof(T));
+  };
+
+# else
+
+  template <class T> struct referent_size
+  {
+      static T f();
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(std::size_t, value = sizeof(f()));
+  };
+  
+# endif
+  struct alignment_dummy;
+  typedef void (*function_ptr)();
+  typedef int (alignment_dummy::*member_ptr);
+  typedef int (alignment_dummy::*member_function_ptr)();
+
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_ALIGNMENT_TYPES BOOST_PP_TUPLE_TO_LIST( \
+        11, ( \
+        char, short, int, long, float, double, long double \
+        , void*, function_ptr, member_ptr, member_function_ptr))
+
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_CHOOSE_LOWER_SIZE(R,P,I,T) \
+        typename mpl::select_if_c< \
+           sizeof(T) <= target, T, char>::type BOOST_PP_CAT(t,I);
+           
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_CHOOSE_T(R,P,I,T) T BOOST_PP_CAT(t,I);
+           
+  template <std::size_t target>
+  union lower_size
+  {
+      BOOST_PP_LIST_FOR_EACH_I(
+          BOOST_PYTHON_CHOOSE_LOWER_SIZE
+          , ignored, BOOST_PYTHON_ALIGNMENT_TYPES)
+  };
+
+  template <class Align, std::size_t size>
+  union aligned_storage
+  {
+      Align align;
+      char bytes[size];
+  };
+
+  template <class Reference>
+  struct referent_storage
+  {
+      typedef lower_size<referent_size<Reference>::value> align_t;
+      typedef aligned_storage<align_t,referent_size<Reference>::value> type;
+  };
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct rvalue_base_data
+{
+    rvalue_stage1_data stage1;
+    
+    typename detail::referent_storage<
+        typename add_reference<T>::type
+    >::type storage;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct rvalue_data : rvalue_base_data<T>
+{
+    rvalue_data(rvalue_stage1_data const&);
+    rvalue_data(void*);
+    ~rvalue_data();
+ private:
+    typedef typename add_reference<typename add_cv<T>::type>::type ref_type;
+};
+
+//
+// Implementataions
+//
+template <class T>
+inline rvalue_data<T>::rvalue_data(rvalue_stage1_data const& stage1)
+{
+    this->stage1 = stage1;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline rvalue_data<T>::rvalue_data(void* convertible)
+{
+    this->stage1.convertible = convertible;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline rvalue_data<T>::~rvalue_data()
+{
+    if (this->stage1.convertible == this->storage.bytes)
+        python::detail::destroy_reference<ref_type>(this->storage.bytes);
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/from_python_function.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef FROM_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
+# define FROM_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+struct rvalue_stage1_data;
+typedef void (*constructor_function)(PyObject* source, rvalue_stage1_data*);
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // FROM_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/from_python_stage1_data.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef FROM_PYTHON_STAGE1_DATA_DWA2002223_HPP
+# define FROM_PYTHON_STAGE1_DATA_DWA2002223_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/converter/from_python_function.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+struct rvalue_stage1_data
+{
+    void* convertible;
+    constructor_function construct;
+};
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // FROM_PYTHON_STAGE1_DATA_DWA2002223_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/implicit.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef IMPLICIT_DWA2002326_HPP
+# define IMPLICIT_DWA2002326_HPP
+# include <boost/python/converter/rvalue_from_python_data.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registrations.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registered.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+template <class Source, class Target>
+struct implicit
+{
+    static void* convertible(PyObject* obj)
+    {
+        // Find a converter chain which can produce a Source instance
+        // from obj. The user has told us that Source can be converted
+        // to Target, and instantiating construct() below, ensures
+        // that at compile-time.
+        return const_cast<rvalue_from_python_chain*>(
+            converter::implicit_conversion_chain(obj, registered<Source>::converters));
+    }
+      
+    static void construct(PyObject* obj, rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
+    {
+        // This is the chain we got from the convertible step
+        rvalue_from_python_chain const* chain
+            = static_cast<rvalue_from_python_chain*>(data->convertible);
+
+        // Call the convertible function again
+        rvalue_from_python_data<Source> intermediate_data(chain->convertible(obj));
+          
+        // Use the result to construct the source type if the first
+        // converter was an rvalue converter.
+        if (chain->construct != 0)
+            chain->construct(obj, &intermediate_data.stage1);
+          
+        void* storage = ((rvalue_from_python_storage<Target>*)data)->storage.bytes;
+#   if !defined(BOOST_MSVC) || _MSC_FULL_VER != 13012108 // vc7.01 alpha workaround
+        new (storage) Target(*static_cast<Source*>(intermediate_data.stage1.convertible));
+#   else
+        Target x(*static_cast<Source*>(intermediate_data.stage1.convertible));
+        new (storage) Target(x);
+#   endif 
+
+        // record successful construction
+        data->convertible = storage;
+          
+    }
+};
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // IMPLICIT_DWA2002326_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/lvalue_from_python_chain.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef LVALUE_FROM_PYTHON_CHAIN_DWA200237_HPP
+# define LVALUE_FROM_PYTHON_CHAIN_DWA200237_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/converter/pointer_type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registry.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+// Given T == U*cv&, T == U*, or T == U&, lvalue_from_python_chain<T>
+// declares a "templated global reference" to the lvalue from_python
+// converter chain for U. The optional bool second argument callback,
+// when true, removes special treatment for T == U*cv& so that the
+// converter for U* is found.
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  struct ptr_or_ptr_ref_lvalue_from_python_chain
+  {
+      static lvalue_from_python_registration*const& value;
+  };
+    
+  template <class T>
+  lvalue_from_python_registration*const&
+  ptr_or_ptr_ref_lvalue_from_python_chain<T>::value
+     = registry::lvalue_converters(pointer_type_id<T>());
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct ref_lvalue_from_python_chain
+  {
+      static lvalue_from_python_registration*const& value;
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  lvalue_from_python_registration*const&
+  ref_lvalue_from_python_chain<T>::value
+     = registry::lvalue_converters(undecorated_type_id<T>());
+
+  template <class T, bool callback>
+  struct select_lvalue_from_python_chain
+  {
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ptr
+          = !callback && boost::python::detail::is_reference_to_pointer<T>::value
+            || is_pointer<T>::value);
+
+      typedef typename add_reference<typename add_cv<T>::type>::type normalized;
+
+      typedef typename mpl::select_if_c<
+          ptr
+          , ptr_or_ptr_ref_lvalue_from_python_chain<normalized>
+          , ref_lvalue_from_python_chain<normalized>
+          >::type type;
+  };
+}
+
+template <class T, bool callback = false>
+struct lvalue_from_python_chain
+    : detail::select_lvalue_from_python_chain<T,callback>::type
+{
+};
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // LVALUE_FROM_PYTHON_CHAIN_DWA200237_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/obj_mgr_arg_from_python.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef OBJ_MGR_ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002628_HPP
+# define OBJ_MGR_ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002628_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/referent_storage.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/destroy.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/construct.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/object_manager.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/raw_pyobject.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/tag.hpp>
+
+//
+// arg_from_python converters for Python type wrappers, to be used as
+// base classes for specializations.
+//
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+template <class T>
+struct object_manager_value_arg_from_python
+{
+    typedef T result_type;
+    
+    object_manager_value_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    bool convertible() const;
+    T operator()(PyObject*) const;
+ private:
+    PyObject* m_source;
+};
+
+// Used for converting reference-to-object-manager arguments from
+// python. The process used here is a little bit odd. Upon
+// construction, we build the object manager object in the m_result
+// object, *forcing* it to accept the source Python object by casting
+// its pointer to detail::borrowed_reference. This is supposed to
+// bypass any type checking of the source object. The convertible
+// check then extracts the owned object and checks it. If the check
+// fails, nothing else in the program ever gets to touch this strange
+// "forced" object.
+template <class Ref>
+struct object_manager_ref_arg_from_python
+{
+    typedef Ref result_type;
+    
+    object_manager_ref_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    bool convertible() const;
+    Ref operator()(PyObject*) const;
+    ~object_manager_ref_arg_from_python();
+ private:
+    typename python::detail::referent_storage<Ref>::type m_result;
+};
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+
+template <class T>
+inline object_manager_value_arg_from_python<T>::object_manager_value_arg_from_python(PyObject* x)
+    : m_source(x)
+{
+}
+    
+template <class T>
+inline bool object_manager_value_arg_from_python<T>::convertible() const
+{
+    return object_manager_traits<T>::check(m_source);
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline T object_manager_value_arg_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* x) const
+{
+    return T(python::detail::borrowed_reference(x));
+}
+
+template <class Ref>
+inline object_manager_ref_arg_from_python<Ref>::object_manager_ref_arg_from_python(PyObject* x)
+{
+    python::detail::construct_referent<Ref>(&m_result.bytes, python::detail::borrowed_reference(x));
+}
+
+template <class Ref>
+inline object_manager_ref_arg_from_python<Ref>::~object_manager_ref_arg_from_python()
+{
+    python::detail::destroy_referent<Ref>(this->m_result.bytes);
+}
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  inline bool object_manager_ref_check(T const& x)
+  {
+      return object_manager_traits<T>::check(get_managed_object(x, tag));
+  }
+}
+
+template <class Ref>
+inline bool object_manager_ref_arg_from_python<Ref>::convertible() const
+{
+    return detail::object_manager_ref_check(
+        python::detail::void_ptr_to_reference(this->m_result.bytes, (Ref(*)())0));
+}
+
+template <class Ref>
+inline Ref object_manager_ref_arg_from_python<Ref>::operator()(PyObject*) const
+{
+    return python::detail::void_ptr_to_reference(
+        this->m_result.bytes, (Ref(*)())0);
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // OBJ_MGR_ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002628_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/object_manager.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef OBJECT_MANAGER_DWA2002614_HPP
+# define OBJECT_MANAGER_DWA2002614_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/handle.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/cast.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/pyobject_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/object_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/if.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/indirect_traits.hpp>
+
+// Facilities for dealing with types which always manage Python
+// objects. Some examples are object, list, str, et. al. Different
+// to_python/from_python conversion rules apply here because in
+// contrast to other types which are typically embedded inside a
+// Python object, these are wrapped around a Python object. For most
+// object managers T, a C++ non-const T reference argument does not
+// imply the existence of a T lvalue embedded in the corresponding
+// Python argument, since mutating member functions on T actually only
+// modify the held Python object.
+//
+// handle<T> is an object manager, though strictly speaking it should
+// not be. In other words, even though mutating member functions of
+// hanlde<T> actually modify the handle<T> and not the T object,
+// handle<T>& arguments of wrapped functions will bind to "rvalues"
+// wrapping the actual Python argument, just as with other object
+// manager classes. Making an exception for handle<T> is simply not
+// worth the trouble.
+//
+// borrowed<T> cv* is an object manager so that we can use the general
+// to_python mechanisms to convert raw Python object pointers to
+// python, without the usual semantic problems of using raw pointers.
+
+
+// Object Manager Concept requirements:
+//
+//    T is an Object Manager
+//    p is a PyObject*
+//    x is a T
+//
+//    * object_manager_traits<T>::is_specialized == true
+//
+//    * T(detail::borrowed_reference(p))
+//        Manages p without checking its type
+//
+//    * get_managed_object(x, boost::python::tag)
+//        Convertible to PyObject*
+//
+// Additional requirements if T can be converted from_python:
+//
+//    * T(object_manager_traits<T>::adopt(p))
+//        steals a reference to p, or throws a TypeError exception if
+//        p doesn't have an appropriate type. May assume p is non-null
+//
+//    * X::check(p)
+//        convertible to bool. True iff T(X::construct(p)) will not
+//        throw.
+
+// Forward declarations
+//
+namespace boost { namespace python
+{
+  namespace api
+  {
+    class object; 
+  }
+}}
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+
+// Specializations for handle<T>
+template <class T>
+struct handle_object_manager_traits
+    : pyobject_traits<typename T::element_type>
+{
+ private:
+  typedef pyobject_traits<typename T::element_type> base;
+  
+ public:
+  BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, is_specialized = true);
+
+  // Initialize with a null_ok pointer for efficiency, bypassing the
+  // null check since the source is always non-null.
+  static null_ok<typename T::element_type>* adopt(PyObject* p)
+  {
+      return python::allow_null(base::checked_downcast(p));
+  }
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct default_object_manager_traits
+{
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, is_specialized = python::detail::is_borrowed_ptr<T>::value
+        );
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct object_manager_traits
+    : mpl::if_c<
+         is_handle<T>::value
+       , handle_object_manager_traits<T>
+       , default_object_manager_traits<T>
+    >::type
+{
+};
+
+//
+// Traits for detecting whether a type is an object manager or a
+// (cv-qualified) reference to an object manager.
+// 
+
+template <class T>
+struct is_object_manager
+{
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, value = object_manager_traits<T>::is_specialized);
+};
+
+# ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
+template <class T>
+struct is_reference_to_object_manager
+{
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = false);
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct is_reference_to_object_manager<T&>
+    : is_object_manager<T>
+{
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct is_reference_to_object_manager<T const&>
+    : is_object_manager<T>
+{
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct is_reference_to_object_manager<T volatile&>
+    : is_object_manager<T>
+{
+};
+
+template <class T>
+struct is_reference_to_object_manager<T const volatile&>
+    : is_object_manager<T>
+{
+};
+# else
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  typedef char (&yes_reference_to_object_manager)[1];
+  typedef char (&no_reference_to_object_manager)[2];
+
+  // A number of nastinesses go on here in order to work around MSVC6
+  // bugs.
+  template <class T>
+  struct is_object_manager_help
+  {
+      typedef typename mpl::if_c<
+          is_object_manager<T>::value
+          , yes_reference_to_object_manager
+          , no_reference_to_object_manager
+          >::type type;
+
+      // If we just use the type instead of the result of calling this
+      // function, VC6 will ICE.
+      static type call();
+  };
+
+  // A set of overloads for each cv-qualification. The same argument
+  // is passed twice: the first one is used to unwind the cv*, and the
+  // second one is used to avoid relying on partial ordering for
+  // overload resolution.
+  template <class U>
+  typename is_object_manager_help<U>
+  is_object_manager_helper(U*, void*);
+  
+  template <class U>
+  typename is_object_manager_help<U>
+  is_object_manager_helper(U const*, void const*);
+  
+  template <class U>
+  typename is_object_manager_help<U>
+  is_object_manager_helper(U volatile*, void volatile*);
+  
+  template <class U>
+  typename is_object_manager_help<U>
+  is_object_manager_helper(U const volatile*, void const volatile*);
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct is_reference_to_object_manager_nonref
+  {
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = false);
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  struct is_reference_to_object_manager_ref
+  {
+      static T sample_object;
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+        bool, value
+        = (sizeof(is_object_manager_helper(&sample_object, &sample_object).call())
+            == sizeof(detail::yes_reference_to_object_manager)
+          )
+        );
+  };
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct is_reference_to_object_manager
+{
+    typedef typename mpl::if_c<
+        is_reference<T>::value
+        , detail::is_reference_to_object_manager_ref<T>
+        , detail::is_reference_to_object_manager_nonref<T>
+    > chooser;
+
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, value = chooser::type::value);
+};
+# endif 
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // OBJECT_MANAGER_DWA2002614_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/pointee_to_python_function.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef POINTEE_TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
+# define POINTEE_TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registry.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/to_python_function_type.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/pointer_type_id.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+// pointee_to_python_function --
+//
+// essentially a "templated global reference" which holds the
+// converter for converting a type to Python by-value. We "normalize"
+// T by adding "const volatile&" so that fewer global variables and
+// associated static initializations are generated.
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  struct pointee_to_python_function_base
+  {
+      static to_python_function_t const& value;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  to_python_function_t const&
+  pointee_to_python_function_base<T>::value
+        = converter::registry::get_to_python_function(pointer_type_id<T>());
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct pointee_to_python_function
+    : detail::pointee_to_python_function_base<
+        typename add_reference<
+          typename add_cv<T>::type
+        >::type
+      >
+{
+};
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // POINTEE_TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/pointer_type_id.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef POINTER_TYPE_ID_DWA2002222_HPP
+# define POINTER_TYPE_ID_DWA2002222_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/composite_traits.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <bool is_ref = false>
+  struct pointer_typeid_select
+  {
+      template <class T>
+      static inline type_info execute(T*(*)() = 0)
+      {
+          return type_id<T>();
+      }
+  };
+
+  template <>
+  struct pointer_typeid_select<true>
+  {
+      template <class T>
+      static inline type_info execute(T* const volatile&(*)() = 0)
+      {
+          return type_id<T>();
+      }
+    
+      template <class T>
+      static inline type_info execute(T*volatile&(*)() = 0)
+      {
+          return type_id<T>();
+      }
+    
+      template <class T>
+      static inline type_info execute(T*const&(*)() = 0)
+      {
+          return type_id<T>();
+      }
+
+      template <class T>
+      static inline type_info execute(T*&(*)() = 0)
+      {
+          return type_id<T>();
+      }
+  };
+}
+
+// Usage: pointer_type_id<T>()
+//
+// Returns a type_info associated with the type pointed
+// to by T, which may be a pointer or a reference to a pointer.
+template <class T>
+type_info pointer_type_id(T(*)() = 0)
+{
+    return detail::pointer_typeid_select<
+          is_reference<T>::value
+        >::execute((T(*)())0);
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // POINTER_TYPE_ID_DWA2002222_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/pyobject_traits.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef PYOBJECT_TRAITS_DWA2002720_HPP
+# define PYOBJECT_TRAITS_DWA2002720_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/pyobject_type.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+template <class> struct pyobject_traits;
+
+template <>
+struct pyobject_traits<PyObject>
+{
+    // All objects are convertible to PyObject
+    static bool check(PyObject*) { return true; }
+    static PyObject* checked_downcast(PyObject* x) { return x; }
+};
+
+//
+// Specializations
+//
+
+# define BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(T)                  \
+    template <> struct pyobject_traits<Py##T##Object>           \
+        : pyobject_type<Py##T##Object, &Py##T##_Type> {}
+
+// This is not an exhaustive list; should be expanded.
+BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Type);
+BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(List);
+BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Int);
+BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Long);
+BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Dict);
+BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Tuple);
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // PYOBJECT_TRAITS_DWA2002720_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/pyobject_type.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef PYOBJECT_TYPE_DWA2002720_HPP
+# define PYOBJECT_TYPE_DWA2002720_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/cast.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* checked_downcast_impl(PyObject*, PyTypeObject*);
+
+// Used as a base class for specializations which need to provide
+// Python type checking capability.
+template <class Object, PyTypeObject* pytype>
+struct pyobject_type
+{
+    static bool check(PyObject* x)
+    {
+        return ::PyObject_IsInstance(x, (PyObject*)pytype);
+    }
+
+    static Object* checked_downcast(PyObject* x)
+    {
+        return python::downcast<Object>(
+            (checked_downcast_impl)(x, pytype)
+            );
+    }
+};
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // PYOBJECT_TYPE_DWA2002720_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/pytype_arg_from_python.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef PYTYPE_ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002628_HPP
+# define PYTYPE_ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002628_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+
+//
+// arg_from_python converters for Python type wrappers, to be used as
+// base classes for specializations.
+//
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+template <PyTypeObject* python_type>
+struct pytype_arg_from_python
+{
+    pytype_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    bool convertible() const;
+ private:
+    PyObject* m_src;
+};
+
+// rvalue converter base
+template <class Wrapper, PyTypeObject* python_type>
+struct pytype_wrapper_value_arg_from_python
+    : pytype_arg_from_python<python_type>
+{
+    typedef Wrapper result_type;
+    
+    pytype_wrapper_value_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    Wrapper operator()(PyObject*) const;
+};
+
+// Special case for Wrapper& - must store an lvalue internally. This
+// OK because the entire state of the object is actually in the Python
+// object.
+template <class Wrapper, PyTypeObject* python_type>
+struct pytype_wrapper_ref_arg_from_python
+    : pytype_arg_from_python<python_type>
+{
+    typedef Wrapper& result_type;
+    
+    pytype_wrapper_ref_arg_from_python(PyObject*);
+    Wrapper& operator()(PyObject*) const;
+ private:
+    mutable Wrapper m_result;
+};
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+
+template <PyTypeObject* python_type>
+inline pytype_arg_from_python<python_type>::pytype_arg_from_python(PyObject* x)
+    : m_src(x)
+{
+}
+
+template <PyTypeObject* python_type>
+inline bool pytype_arg_from_python<python_type>::convertible() const
+{
+    return PyObject_IsInstance(m_src, (PyObject*)python_type);
+}
+
+template <class Wrapper, PyTypeObject* python_type>
+pytype_wrapper_value_arg_from_python<Wrapper,python_type>::pytype_wrapper_value_arg_from_python(
+    PyObject* p)
+    : pytype_arg_from_python<python_type>(p)
+{
+}
+
+template <class Wrapper, PyTypeObject* python_type>
+Wrapper pytype_wrapper_value_arg_from_python<Wrapper,python_type>::operator()(
+    PyObject* x) const
+{
+    return Wrapper(python::detail::borrowed_reference(x));
+}
+
+template <class Wrapper, PyTypeObject* python_type>
+pytype_wrapper_ref_arg_from_python<Wrapper,python_type>::pytype_wrapper_ref_arg_from_python(
+    PyObject* p)
+    : pytype_arg_from_python<python_type>(p)
+      , m_result(python::detail::borrowed_reference(p))
+{
+}
+
+template <class Wrapper, PyTypeObject* python_type>
+Wrapper& pytype_wrapper_ref_arg_from_python<Wrapper,python_type>::operator()(
+    PyObject* x) const
+{
+    return m_result;
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // PYTYPE_ARG_FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002628_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/pytype_object_mgr_traits.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef PYTYPE_OBJECT_MANAGER_TRAITS_DWA2002716_HPP
+# define PYTYPE_OBJECT_MANAGER_TRAITS_DWA2002716_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/raw_pyobject.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/cast.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/pyobject_type.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/errors.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+// Provide a forward declaration as a convenience for clients, who all
+// need it.
+template <class T> struct object_manager_traits;
+
+// Derive specializations of object_manager_traits from this class
+// when T is an object manager for a particular Python type hierarchy.
+//
+template <PyTypeObject* pytype, class T>
+struct pytype_object_manager_traits
+    : pyobject_type<T, pytype> // provides check()
+{
+    BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, is_specialized = true);
+    static inline python::detail::new_reference adopt(PyObject*);
+};
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+template <PyTypeObject* pytype, class T>
+inline python::detail::new_reference pytype_object_manager_traits<pytype,T>::adopt(PyObject* x)
+{
+    return python::detail::new_reference(python::pytype_check(pytype, x));
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // PYTYPE_OBJECT_MANAGER_TRAITS_DWA2002716_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/registered.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef REGISTERED_DWA2002710_HPP
+# define REGISTERED_DWA2002710_HPP
+# include <boost/python/type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registry.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registrations.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+struct registration;
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  struct registered_base
+  {
+      static registration const& converters;
+  };
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct registered
+    : detail::registered_base<
+        typename add_reference<
+           typename add_cv<T>::type
+        >::type
+    >
+{
+};
+
+# ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
+// collapses a few more types to the same static instance
+template <class T>
+struct registered<T&> : registered<T> {};
+# endif
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  registration const& registered_base<T>::converters
+     = registry::lookup(type_id<T>());
+}
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // REGISTERED_DWA2002710_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/registered_pointee.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef REGISTERED_POINTEE_DWA2002710_HPP
+# define REGISTERED_POINTEE_DWA2002710_HPP
+# include <boost/python/converter/registered.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/pointer_type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registry.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+struct registration;
+
+# ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
+template <class T>
+struct registered_pointee
+    : registered<
+        typename remove_pointer<
+           typename remove_cv<
+              typename remove_reference<T>::type
+           >::type
+        >::type
+    >
+{
+};
+# else
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  struct registered_pointee_base
+  {
+      static registration const& converters;
+  };
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct registered_pointee
+    : detail::registered_pointee_base<
+        typename add_reference<
+           typename add_cv<T>::type
+        >::type
+    >
+{
+};
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  registration const& registered_pointee_base<T>::converters
+     = registry::lookup(pointer_type_id<T>());
+}
+
+# endif 
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // REGISTERED_POINTEE_DWA2002710_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/registrations.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef REGISTRATIONS_DWA2002223_HPP
+# define REGISTRATIONS_DWA2002223_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/convertible_function.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/constructor_function.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/to_python_function_type.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/type_id.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+struct lvalue_from_python_chain
+{
+    convertible_function convert;
+    lvalue_from_python_chain* next;
+};
+
+struct rvalue_from_python_chain
+{
+    convertible_function convertible;
+    constructor_function construct;
+    rvalue_from_python_chain* next;
+};
+
+struct registration
+{
+    explicit registration(type_info);
+    
+    const python::type_info target_type;
+
+    // The chain of eligible from_python converters when an lvalue is required
+    lvalue_from_python_chain* lvalue_chain;
+
+    // The chain of eligible from_python converters when an rvalue is acceptable
+    rvalue_from_python_chain* rvalue_chain;
+    
+    // The unique to_python converter for the associated C++ type.
+    to_python_function_t to_python;
+
+    // The class object associated with this type
+    PyTypeObject* class_object;
+};
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+inline registration::registration(type_info target_type)
+    : target_type(target_type)
+      , lvalue_chain(0)
+      , rvalue_chain(0)
+      , to_python(0)
+      , class_object(0)
+{}
+
+inline bool operator<(registration const& lhs, registration const& rhs)
+{
+    return lhs.target_type < rhs.target_type;
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // REGISTRATIONS_DWA2002223_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/registry.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+//  Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use,
+//  modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+//  copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+//  "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+//  to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef REGISTRY_DWA20011127_HPP
+# define REGISTRY_DWA20011127_HPP
+# include <boost/python/type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/to_python_function_type.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/rvalue_from_python_data.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/constructor_function.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/convertible_function.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
+
+struct registration;
+
+// This namespace acts as a sort of singleton
+namespace registry
+{
+  // Get the registration corresponding to the type, creating it if neccessary
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL registration const& lookup(type_info);
+
+  // Return a pointer to the corresponding registration, if one exists
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL registration const* query(type_info);
+  
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void insert(to_python_function_t, type_info);
+
+  // Insert an lvalue from_python converter
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void insert(void* (*convert)(PyObject*), type_info);
+
+  // Insert an rvalue from_python converter
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void insert(
+      convertible_function
+      , constructor_function
+      , type_info
+      );
+  
+  // Insert an rvalue from_python converter at the tail of the
+  // chain. Used for implicit conversions
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void push_back(
+      convertible_function
+      , constructor_function
+      , type_info
+      );
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // REGISTRY_DWA20011127_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/return_from_python.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef RETURN_FROM_PYTHON_DWA200265_HPP
+# define RETURN_FROM_PYTHON_DWA200265_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/converter/from_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/rvalue_from_python_data.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registered.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registered_pointee.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/void_ptr.hpp>
+# include <boost/call_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/void_return.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+template <class T> struct is_object_manager;
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  struct return_pointer_from_python
+  {
+      typedef T result_type;
+      T operator()(PyObject*) const;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct return_reference_from_python
+  {
+      typedef T result_type;
+      T operator()(PyObject*) const;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct return_rvalue_from_python
+  {
+      typedef typename call_traits<T>::param_type result_type;
+      return_rvalue_from_python();
+      result_type operator()(PyObject*);
+   private:
+      rvalue_from_python_data<T> m_data;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct return_object_manager_from_python
+  {
+      typedef T result_type;
+      result_type operator()(PyObject*) const;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  struct select_return_from_python
+  {
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, obj_mgr = is_object_manager<T>::value);
+
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ptr = is_pointer<T>::value);
+    
+      BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
+          bool, ref = is_reference<T>::value);
+
+      typedef typename mpl::if_c<
+          obj_mgr
+          , return_object_manager_from_python<T>
+          , typename mpl::if_c<
+              ptr
+              , return_pointer_from_python<T>
+              , typename mpl::if_c<
+                  ref
+                  , return_reference_from_python<T>
+                  , return_rvalue_from_python<T>
+                >::type
+            >::type
+         >::type type;
+  };
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct return_from_python
+    : detail::select_return_from_python<T>::type
+{
+};
+
+// Specialization as a convenience for call and call_method
+template <>
+struct return_from_python<void>
+{
+    typedef python::detail::returnable<void>::type result_type;
+    
+    result_type operator()(PyObject* x) const
+    {
+        (void_result_from_python)(x);
+# ifdef BOOST_NO_VOID_RETURNS
+        return result_type();
+# endif 
+    }
+};
+
+//
+// Implementations
+//
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  inline return_rvalue_from_python<T>::return_rvalue_from_python()
+      : m_data(
+          const_cast<registration*>(&registered<T>::converters)
+          )
+  {
+  }
+  
+  template <class T>
+  inline typename return_rvalue_from_python<T>::result_type
+  return_rvalue_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* obj)
+  {
+      return *(T*)
+          (rvalue_result_from_python)(obj, m_data.stage1);
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline T return_reference_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* obj) const
+  {
+      return python::detail::void_ptr_to_reference(
+          (reference_result_from_python)(obj, registered<T>::converters)
+          , (T(*)())0);
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline T return_pointer_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* obj) const
+  {
+      return T(
+          (pointer_result_from_python)(obj, registered_pointee<T>::converters)
+          );
+  }
+
+  template <class T>
+  inline T return_object_manager_from_python<T>::operator()(PyObject* obj) const
+  {
+      return T(
+          object_manager_traits<T>::adopt(obj)
+          );
+  }
+}
+  
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // RETURN_FROM_PYTHON_DWA200265_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/rvalue_from_python_chain.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef RVALUE_FROM_PYTHON_CHAIN_DWA200237_HPP
+# define RVALUE_FROM_PYTHON_CHAIN_DWA200237_HPP
+# include <boost/python/converter/registry.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  struct rvalue_from_python_chain_impl
+  {
+      static rvalue_from_python_registration*const& value;
+  };
+
+  template <class T>
+  rvalue_from_python_registration*const& rvalue_from_python_chain_impl<T>::value
+      = registry::rvalue_converters(undecorated_type_id<T>());
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct rvalue_from_python_chain
+    : detail::rvalue_from_python_chain_impl<
+        typename add_reference<
+          typename add_cv<T>::type
+        >::type
+      >
+{
+};
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // RVALUE_FROM_PYTHON_CHAIN_DWA200237_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/rvalue_from_python_data.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP
+# define FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/converter/constructor_function.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/referent_storage.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/destroy.hpp>
+# include <boost/static_assert.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/add_reference.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/add_cv.hpp>
+# include <cstddef>
+
+// Data management for potential rvalue conversions from Python to C++
+// types. When a client requests a conversion to T* or T&, we
+// generally require that an object of type T exists in the source
+// Python object, and the code here does not apply**. This implements
+// conversions which may create new temporaries of type T. The classic
+// example is a conversion which converts a Python tuple to a
+// std::vector. Since no std::vector lvalue exists in the Python
+// object -- it must be created "on-the-fly" by the converter, and
+// which must manage the lifetime of the created object.
+//
+// Note that the client is not precluded from using a registered
+// lvalue conversion to T in this case. In other words, we will
+// happily accept a Python object which /does/ contain a std::vector
+// lvalue, provided an appropriate converter is registered. So, while
+// this is an rvalue conversion from the client's point-of-view, the
+// converter registry may serve up lvalue or rvalue conversions for
+// the target type.
+//
+// ** C++ argument from_python conversions to T const& are an
+// exception to the rule for references: since in C++, const
+// references can bind to temporary rvalues, we allow rvalue
+// converters to be chosen when the target type is T const& for some
+// T.
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+// Conversions begin by filling in and returning a copy of this
+// structure. The process looks up a converter in the rvalue converter
+// registry for the target type. It calls the convertible() function
+// of each registered converter, passing the source PyObject* as an
+// argument, until a non-null result is returned. This result goes in
+// the convertible field, and the converter's construct() function is
+// stored in the construct field.
+//
+// If no appropriate converter is found, conversion fails and the
+// convertible field is null. When used in argument conversion for
+// wrapped C++ functions, it causes overload resolution to reject the
+// current function but not to fail completely. If an exception is
+// thrown, overload resolution stops and the exception propagates back
+// through the caller.
+//
+// If an lvalue converter is matched, its convertible() function is
+// expected to return a pointer to the stored T object; its
+// construct() function will be NULL. The convertible() function of
+// rvalue converters may return any non-singular pointer; the actual
+// target object will only be available once the converter's
+// construct() function is called.
+struct rvalue_from_python_stage1_data
+{
+    void* convertible;
+    constructor_function construct;
+};
+
+// Augments rvalue_from_python_stage1_data by adding storage for
+// constructing an object of remove_reference<T>::type. The
+// construct() function of rvalue converters (stored in m_construct
+// above) will cast the rvalue_from_python_stage1_data to an
+// appropriate instantiation of this template in order to access that
+// storage.
+template <class T>
+struct rvalue_from_python_storage
+{
+    rvalue_from_python_stage1_data stage1;
+
+    // Storage for the result, in case an rvalue must be constructed
+    typename python::detail::referent_storage<
+        typename add_reference<T>::type
+    >::type storage;
+};
+
+// Augments rvalue_from_python_storage<T> with a destructor. If
+// stage1.convertible == storage.bytes, it indicates that an object of
+// remove_reference<T>::type has been constructed in storage and
+// should will be destroyed in ~rvalue_from_python_data(). It is
+// crucial that successful rvalue conversions establish this equality
+// and that unsuccessful ones do not.
+template <class T>
+struct rvalue_from_python_data : rvalue_from_python_storage<T>
+{
+# if (!defined(__MWERKS__) || __MWERKS__ >= 0x3000) \
+        && (!defined(__EDG_VERSION__) || __EDG_VERSION__ >= 245) \
+        && (!defined(__DECCXX_VER) || __DECCXX_VER > 60590014)
+    // This must always be a POD struct with m_data its first member.
+    BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT(offsetof(rvalue_from_python_storage<T>,stage1) == 0);
+# endif
+    
+    // The usual constructor 
+    rvalue_from_python_data(rvalue_from_python_stage1_data const&);
+
+    // This constructor just sets m_convertible -- used by
+    // implicitly_convertible<> to perform the final step of the
+    // conversion, where the construct() function is already known.
+    rvalue_from_python_data(void* convertible);
+
+    // Destroys any object constructed in the storage.
+    ~rvalue_from_python_data();
+ private:
+    typedef typename add_reference<typename add_cv<T>::type>::type ref_type;
+};
+
+//
+// Implementataions
+//
+template <class T>
+inline rvalue_from_python_data<T>::rvalue_from_python_data(rvalue_from_python_stage1_data const& stage1)
+{
+    this->stage1 = stage1;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline rvalue_from_python_data<T>::rvalue_from_python_data(void* convertible)
+{
+    this->stage1.convertible = convertible;
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline rvalue_from_python_data<T>::~rvalue_from_python_data()
+{
+    if (this->stage1.convertible == this->storage.bytes)
+        python::detail::destroy_referent<ref_type>(this->storage.bytes);
+}
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/smart_ptr.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef SMART_PTR_DWA2002123_HPP
+# define SMART_PTR_DWA2002123_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/converter/class.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/pointer_holder.hpp>
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+template <class Pointer, class Value>
+class smart_ptr_wrapper
+    : wrapper<Pointer const&>
+{
+    smart_ptr_wrapper(ref const& type_)
+        : m_class_object(type_)
+    {
+        assert(type_->ob_type == (PyTypeObject*)class_metatype().get());
+    }
+    
+    PyObject* convert(Pointer x) const;
+    
+ private:
+    ref m_class_object;
+    
+    smart_ptr_converters();
+}
+
+
+//
+// implementations
+//
+
+template <class Pointer, class Value>
+PyObject* smart_ptr_wrapper<Pointer,Value>::convert(Pointer x) const
+{
+    if (x.operator->() == 0)
+        return detail::none();
+        
+    // Don't call the type to do the construction, since that
+    // would require the registration of an __init__ copy
+    // constructor. Instead, just construct the object in place.
+    PyObject* raw_result = (PyObject*)PyObject_New(
+        instance, (PyTypeObject*)m_class_object.get());
+        
+    if (raw_result == 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    // Everything's OK; Bypass NULL checks but guard against
+    // exceptions.
+    ref result(raw_result, ref::allow_null());
+
+    // Build a value_holder to contain the object using the copy
+    // constructor
+    objects::pointer_holder<Pointer,Value>*
+        p = new objects::pointer_holder<Pointer,Value>(x);
+
+    // Install it in the instance
+    p->install(raw_result);
+
+    // Return the new result
+    return result.release();
+}
+    
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // SMART_PTR_DWA2002123_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/to_python_function.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
+# define TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/type_id.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/registry.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/converter/to_python_function_type.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+// to_python_function --
+//
+// essentially a "templated global reference" which holds the
+// converter for converting a type to Python by-value. We "normalize"
+// T by adding "const volatile&" so that fewer global variables and
+// associated static initializations are generated.
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class T>
+  struct to_python_function_base
+  {
+      static to_python_function_t const& value;
+  };
+  
+  template <class T>
+  to_python_function_t const&
+  to_python_function_base<T>::value
+        = converter::registry::get_to_python_function(undecorated_type_id<T>());
+}
+
+template <class T>
+struct to_python_function
+    : detail::to_python_function_base<
+        typename add_reference<
+          typename add_cv<T>::type
+        >::type
+      >
+{
+};
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/to_python_function_type.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_TYPE_DWA200236_HPP
+# define TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_TYPE_DWA200236_HPP
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+// The type of stored function pointers which actually do conversion
+// by-value. The void* points to the object to be converted, and
+// type-safety is preserved through runtime registration.
+typedef PyObject* (*to_python_function_t)(void const*);
+
+// Given a typesafe to_python conversion function, produces a
+// to_python_function_t which can be registered in the usual way.
+template <class T, class ToPython>
+struct as_to_python_function
+{
+    static PyObject* convert(void const* x)
+    {
+        return ToPython::convert(*(T const*)x);
+    }
+};
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_TYPE_DWA200236_HPP

include/boost/python/converter/type_id.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+//  Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use,
+//  modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+//  copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+//  "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+//  to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef TYPE_ID_DWA20011127_HPP
+# define TYPE_ID_DWA20011127_HPP
+# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/indirect_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/msvc_typeinfo.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/composite_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/select_if.hpp>
+# include <boost/operators.hpp>
+# include <boost/type.hpp>
+# include <typeinfo>
+# include <iosfwd>
+# include <cstring>
+
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter { 
+
+// for this compiler at least, cross-shared-library type_info
+// comparisons don't work, so use typeid(x).name() instead. It's not
+// yet clear what the best default strategy is.
+# if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 3
+#  define BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME
+# endif 
+
+// type ids which represent the same information as std::type_info
+// (i.e. the top-level reference and cv-qualifiers are stripped), but
+// which works across shared libraries.
+struct undecorated_type_id_t : totally_ordered<undecorated_type_id_t>
+{
+    undecorated_type_id_t(std::type_info const&);
+    
+    // default constructor needed to build arrays, etc.
+    undecorated_type_id_t();
+
+    bool operator<(undecorated_type_id_t const& rhs) const;
+    bool operator==(undecorated_type_id_t const& rhs) const;
+
+    char const* name() const;
+    friend BOOST_PYTHON_DECL std::ostream& operator<<(
+        std::ostream&, undecorated_type_id_t const&);
+    
+ private: // data members
+#  ifdef BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME
+    typedef char const* base_id_t;
+#  else
+    typedef std::type_info const* base_id_t;
+#  endif
+    
+    base_id_t m_base_type;
+};
+
+struct type_id_t : totally_ordered<type_id_t>
+{
+    enum decoration { const_ = 0x1, volatile_ = 0x2, reference = 0x4 };
+    
+    type_id_t(undecorated_type_id_t, decoration = decoration());
+
+    bool operator<(type_id_t const& rhs) const;
+    bool operator==(type_id_t const& rhs) const;
+
+    friend BOOST_PYTHON_DECL std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, type_id_t const&);
+
+    operator undecorated_type_id_t const&() const;
+ private: // type
+    typedef undecorated_type_id_t base_id_t;
+    
+ private: // data members
+    decoration m_decoration;
+    base_id_t m_base_type;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+inline undecorated_type_id_t undecorated_type_id(boost::type<T>* = 0)
+{
+    return undecorated_type_id_t(
+#  if (!defined(BOOST_MSVC) || BOOST_MSVC > 1300) && (!defined(BOOST_INTEL_CXX_VERSION) || BOOST_INTEL_CXX_VERSION > 600)
+        typeid(T)
+#  else // strip the decoration which msvc and Intel mistakenly leave in
+        python::detail::msvc_typeid<T>()
+#  endif 
+        );
+}
+
+template <class T>
+inline type_id_t type_id(boost::type<T>* = 0)
+{
+    return type_id_t(
+        undecorated_type_id<T>()
+        , type_id_t::decoration(
+            (is_const<T>::value || python::detail::is_reference_to_const<T>::value
+             ? type_id_t::const_ : 0)
+            | (is_volatile<T>::value || python::detail::is_reference_to_volatile<T>::value
+               ? type_id_t::volatile_ : 0)
+            | (is_reference<T>::value ? type_id_t::reference : 0)
+            )
+        );
+}
+
+inline undecorated_type_id_t::undecorated_type_id_t(std::type_info const& id)
+    : m_base_type(
+#  ifdef BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME
+        id.name()
+#  else
+        &id
+#  endif
+        )
+{
+}
+
+inline undecorated_type_id_t::undecorated_type_id_t()
+    : m_base_type()
+{
+}
+
+inline type_id_t::type_id_t(undecorated_type_id_t base_t, decoration decoration)
+    : m_decoration(decoration)
+    , m_base_type(base_t)
+{
+}
+
+inline bool undecorated_type_id_t::operator<(undecorated_type_id_t const& rhs) const
+{
+#  ifdef BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME
+    return std::strcmp(m_base_type, rhs.m_base_type) < 0;
+#  else
+    return m_base_type->before(*rhs.m_base_type);
+#  endif 
+}
+
+inline bool type_id_t::operator<(type_id_t const& rhs) const
+{
+    return m_decoration < rhs.m_decoration
+        || m_decoration == rhs.m_decoration
+           && m_base_type < rhs.m_base_type;
+}
+
+inline bool undecorated_type_id_t::operator==(undecorated_type_id_t const& rhs) const
+{
+#  ifdef BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME
+    return !std::strcmp(m_base_type, rhs.m_base_type);
+#  else
+    return *m_base_type == *rhs.m_base_type;
+#  endif 
+}
+
+inline bool type_id_t::operator==(type_id_t const& rhs) const
+{
+    return m_decoration == rhs.m_decoration && m_base_type == rhs.m_base_type;
+}
+
+inline type_id_t::operator undecorated_type_id_t const&() const
+{
+    return m_base_type;
+}
+
+inline char const* undecorated_type_id_t::name() const
+{
+#  ifdef BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME
+    return m_base_type;
+#  else
+    return m_base_type->name();
+#  endif 
+}
+
+
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, undecorated_type_id_t const&);
+BOOST_PYTHON_DECL std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, type_id_t const&);
+
+}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
+
+#endif // TYPE_ID_DWA20011127_HPP

include/boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef COPY_CONST_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP
+# define COPY_CONST_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP
+# include <boost/python/detail/indirect_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/if.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/to_python_value.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class R>
+  struct copy_const_reference_expects_a_const_reference_return_type
+# if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 3 || defined(__EDG__)
+  {}
+# endif
+  ;
+}
+
+template <class T> struct to_python_value;
+
+struct copy_const_reference
+{
+    template <class T>
+    struct apply
+    {
+        typedef typename mpl::if_c<
+            detail::is_reference_to_const<T>::value
+            , to_python_value<T>
+            , detail::copy_const_reference_expects_a_const_reference_return_type<T>
+        >::type type;
+    };
+};
+
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // COPY_CONST_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP

include/boost/python/copy_mutable_reference.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef COPY_MUTABLE_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP
+# define COPY_MUTABLE_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP
+# include <boost/python/detail/indirect_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/select_if.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/to_python_value.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class R>
+  struct copy_mutable_reference_expects_a_reference_to_non_const_return_type
+# if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 3 || defined(__EDG__)
+  {}
+# endif
+  ;
+}
+
+template <class T> struct to_python_value;
+
+struct copy_mutable_reference
+{
+    template <class T>
+    struct apply
+    {
+        typedef typename mpl::select_if_c<
+            detail::is_reference_to_non_const<T>::value
+            , to_python_value<T>
+            , detail::copy_mutable_reference_expects_a_reference_to_non_const_return_type<T>
+        >::type type;
+    };
+};
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // COPY_MUTABLE_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP

include/boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef COPY_NON_CONST_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP
+# define COPY_NON_CONST_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP
+# include <boost/python/detail/indirect_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/mpl/if.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/to_python_value.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class R>
+  struct copy_non_const_reference_expects_a_non_const_reference_return_type
+# if defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 3 || defined(__EDG__)
+  {}
+# endif
+  ;
+}
+
+template <class T> struct to_python_value;
+
+struct copy_non_const_reference
+{
+    template <class T>
+    struct apply
+    {
+        typedef typename mpl::if_c<
+            boost::python::detail::is_reference_to_non_const<T>::value
+            , to_python_value<T>
+            , detail::copy_non_const_reference_expects_a_non_const_reference_return_type<T>
+        >::type type;
+    };
+};
+
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // COPY_NON_CONST_REFERENCE_DWA2002131_HPP

include/boost/python/cross_module.hpp

@@ -1,29 +1,49 @@
+/* (C) Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001. Permission to copy, use,
+   modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+   copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+   "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to
+   its suitability for any purpose.
+
+   Revision History:
+     17 Apr 01 merged into boost CVS trunk (Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
+*/
+
+/* Implementation of Boost.Python cross-module support.
+   See root/libs/python/doc/cross_module.html for details.
+*/
+
 #ifndef CROSS_MODULE_HPP
 # define CROSS_MODULE_HPP
 
 # include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
 
 namespace boost { namespace python {
-    struct import_error : error_already_set {};
-    struct export_error : error_already_set {};
-}}
 
-namespace boost { namespace python { namespace detail {
+struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL import_error: error_already_set {};
+struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL export_error : error_already_set {};
+
+void BOOST_PYTHON_DECL throw_import_error();
+void BOOST_PYTHON_DECL throw_export_error();
+
+namespace detail
+{
 
 // Concept: throw exception if api_major is changed
 //          show warning on stderr if api_minor is changed
-const int export_converters_api_major = 2;
-const int export_converters_api_minor = 1;
-extern const char* converters_attribute_name;
-void* import_converter_object(const std::string& module_name,
-                              const std::string& py_class_name,
-                              const std::string& attribute_name);
-void check_export_converters_api(const int importing_major,
-                                 const int importing_minor,
-                                 const int imported_major,
-                                 const int imported_minor);
+  const int export_converters_api_major = 4;
+  const int export_converters_api_minor = 1;
+  extern BOOST_PYTHON_DECL const char* converters_attribute_name;
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void* import_converter_object(const std::string& module_name,
+                                const std::string& py_class_name,
+                                const std::string& attribute_name);
+  BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void check_export_converters_api(const int importing_major,
+                                   const int importing_minor,
+                                   const int imported_major,
+                                   const int imported_minor);
 
-}}}
+}
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
 
 // forward declaration
 namespace boost { namespace python { namespace detail {
@@ -32,83 +52,75 @@ template <class T> class import_extension_class;
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
 
-//QUESTIONMARK
-//  This class is a look-alike of class python_extension_class_converters.
-//  Is there a formal way to ensure that the siblings stay in sync?
+/* This class template is instantiated by import_converters<T>.
+   This class is a look-alike of class python_extension_class_converters.
+   The converters in this class are wrappers that call converters
+   imported from another module.
+   To ensure that the dynamic loader resolves all symbols in the
+   intended way, the signature of all friend functions is changed with
+   respect to the original functions in class
+   python_extension_class_converters by adding an arbitrary additional
+   parameter with a default value, in this case "bool sig = false".
+   See also: comments for class export_converter_object_base below.
+ */
 template <class T>
 class python_import_extension_class_converters
 {
  public:
 
-    friend python_import_extension_class_converters py_extension_class_converters(boost::python::type<T>)
-    {
+    friend python_import_extension_class_converters py_extension_class_converters(boost::python::type<T>, bool sig = false) {
         return python_import_extension_class_converters();
     }
 
-    PyObject* to_python(const T& x) const
-    {
+    PyObject* to_python(const T& x) const {
         return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->to_python(x);
     }
 
-    friend T* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T*>)
-    {
-        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->T_pointer_from_python(p);
+    friend T* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T*> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_Ts(p, t);
+    }
+    friend const T* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T*> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_cTs(p, t);
+    }
+    friend const T* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T*const&> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_cTscr(p, t);
+    }
+    friend T* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T* const&> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_Tscr(p, t);
+    }
+    friend T& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T&> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_Tr(p, t);
+    }
+    friend const T& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T&> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_cTr(p, t);
+    }
+    friend const T& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_T(p, t);
     }
 
-    // Convert to const T*
-    friend const T* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T*>)
-        { return from_python(p, boost::python::type<T*>()); }
-
-    // Convert to const T* const&
-    friend const T* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T*const&>)
-         { return from_python(p, boost::python::type<const T*>()); }
-
-    // Convert to T* const&
-    friend T* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T* const&>)
-         { return from_python(p, boost::python::type<T*>()); }
-
-    // Convert to T&
-    friend T& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T&>) {
-        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->T_reference_from_python(p);
+    friend std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T>&> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_aTr(p, t);
     }
-
-    // Convert to const T&
-    friend const T& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T&>)
-        { return from_python(p, boost::python::type<T&>()); }
-
-    // Convert to T
-    friend const T& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T>)
-        { return from_python(p, boost::python::type<T&>()); }
-
-    friend std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T>&>) {
-        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->auto_ptr_reference_from_python(p);
+    friend std::auto_ptr<T> from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T> > t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_aT(p, t);
     }
-
-    friend std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T> >) {
-        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->auto_ptr_value_from_python(p);
+    friend const std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const std::auto_ptr<T>&> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_caTr(p, t);
     }
-
-    friend const std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const std::auto_ptr<T>&>) {
-        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->auto_ptr_value_from_python(p);
-    }
-
-    friend PyObject* to_python(std::auto_ptr<T> x) {
+    friend PyObject* to_python(std::auto_ptr<T> x, bool sig = false) {
         return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->to_python(x);
     }
 
-    friend boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T>&>) {
-        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->shared_ptr_reference_from_python(p);
+    friend boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T>&> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_sTr(p, t);
     }
-
-    friend boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> >) {
-        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->shared_ptr_value_from_python(p);
+    friend const boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> > t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_sT(p, t);
     }
-
-    friend const boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const boost::shared_ptr<T>&>) {
-        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->shared_ptr_value_from_python(p);
+    friend const boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const boost::shared_ptr<T>&> t, bool sig = false) {
+        return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->from_python_csTr(p, t);
     }
-
-    friend PyObject* to_python(boost::shared_ptr<T> x) {
+    friend PyObject* to_python(boost::shared_ptr<T> x, bool sig = false) {
         return boost::python::detail::import_extension_class<T>::get_converters()->to_python(x);
     }
 };
@@ -119,124 +131,166 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
 
 BOOST_PYTHON_IMPORT_CONVERSION(python_import_extension_class_converters);
 
-// A pointer to this class is exported/imported via the Python API.
-// All functions are virtual. This is, what we really export/import
-// is essentially just a pointer to a vtbl.
+/* This class template is instantiated by export_converters().
+   A pointer to this class is exported/imported via the Python API.
+   Using the Python API ensures maximum portability.
+   All member functions are virtual. This is, what we export/import
+   is essentially just a pointer to a vtbl.
+   To work around a deficiency of Visual C++ 6.0, the name of each
+   from_python() member functions is made unique by appending a few
+   characters (derived in a ad-hoc manner from the corresponding type).
+ */
 template <class T>
 struct export_converter_object_base
 {
-  virtual const int get_api_major() const {
-    return detail::export_converters_api_major; }
-  virtual const int get_api_minor() const {
-    return detail::export_converters_api_minor; }
-  virtual PyObject* to_python(const T& x) = 0;
-  virtual PyObject* to_python(std::auto_ptr<T> x) = 0;
-  virtual PyObject* to_python(boost::shared_ptr<T> x) = 0;
-  virtual T* T_pointer_from_python(PyObject* obj) = 0;
-  virtual T& T_reference_from_python(PyObject* obj) = 0;
-  virtual std::auto_ptr<T>& auto_ptr_reference_from_python(PyObject* obj) = 0;
-  virtual std::auto_ptr<T> auto_ptr_value_from_python(PyObject* obj) = 0;
-  virtual boost::shared_ptr<T>& shared_ptr_reference_from_python(PyObject* obj) = 0;
-  virtual boost::shared_ptr<T> shared_ptr_value_from_python(PyObject* obj) = 0;
+    virtual int get_api_major() const { return detail::export_converters_api_major; }
+    virtual int get_api_minor() const { return detail::export_converters_api_minor; }
+
+    virtual PyObject* to_python(const T& x) = 0;
+
+    virtual T* from_python_Ts(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T*> t) = 0;
+    virtual const T* from_python_cTs(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T*> t) = 0;
+    virtual const T* from_python_cTscr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T*const&> t) = 0;
+    virtual T* from_python_Tscr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T* const&> t) = 0;
+    virtual T& from_python_Tr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T&> t) = 0;
+    virtual const T& from_python_cTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T&> t) = 0;
+    virtual const T& from_python_T(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T> t) = 0;
+
+    virtual std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python_aTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T>&> t) = 0;
+    virtual std::auto_ptr<T> from_python_aT(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T> > t) = 0;
+    virtual const std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python_caTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const std::auto_ptr<T>&> t) = 0;
+    virtual PyObject* to_python(std::auto_ptr<T> x) = 0;
+
+    virtual boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python_sTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T>&> t) = 0;
+    virtual const boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python_sT(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> > t) = 0;
+    virtual const boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python_csTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const boost::shared_ptr<T>&> t) = 0;
+    virtual PyObject* to_python(boost::shared_ptr<T> x) = 0;
 };
 
 // Converters to be used if T is not copyable.
 template <class T>
 struct export_converter_object_noncopyable : export_converter_object_base<T>
 {
-  virtual PyObject* to_python(const T& x) {
-    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
-      "to_python(const T&) converter not exported");
-    throw import_error();
-  }
-  virtual PyObject* to_python(std::auto_ptr<T> x) {
-    return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(x);
-  }
-  virtual PyObject* to_python(boost::shared_ptr<T> x) {
-    return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(x);
-  }
-  virtual T* T_pointer_from_python(PyObject* obj) {
-    return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(obj, boost::python::type<T*>());
-  }
-  virtual T& T_reference_from_python(PyObject* obj) {
-    return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(obj, boost::python::type<T&>());
-  }
-  virtual std::auto_ptr<T>& auto_ptr_reference_from_python(PyObject* obj) {
-    return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::python_extension_class_converters<T>::smart_ptr_reference(obj, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T> >());
-  }
-  virtual std::auto_ptr<T> auto_ptr_value_from_python(PyObject* obj) {
-    return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::python_extension_class_converters<T>::smart_ptr_value(obj, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T> >());
-  }
-  virtual boost::shared_ptr<T>& shared_ptr_reference_from_python(PyObject* obj) {
-    return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::python_extension_class_converters<T>::smart_ptr_reference(obj, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> >());
-  }
-  virtual boost::shared_ptr<T> shared_ptr_value_from_python(PyObject* obj) {
-    return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::python_extension_class_converters<T>::smart_ptr_value(obj, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> >());
-  }
+    virtual PyObject* to_python(const T& x) {
+        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
+          "to_python(const T&) converter not exported");
+        throw_import_error();
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    virtual T* from_python_Ts(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T*> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual const T* from_python_cTs(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T*> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual const T* from_python_cTscr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T*const&> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual T* from_python_Tscr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T* const&> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual T& from_python_Tr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T&> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual const T& from_python_cTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const T&> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual const T& from_python_T(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+
+    virtual std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python_aTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T>&> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual std::auto_ptr<T> from_python_aT(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<std::auto_ptr<T> > t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual const std::auto_ptr<T>& from_python_caTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const std::auto_ptr<T>&> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual PyObject* to_python(std::auto_ptr<T> x) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(x);
+    }
+
+    virtual boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python_sTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T>&> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual const boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python_sT(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> > t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual const boost::shared_ptr<T>& from_python_csTr(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const boost::shared_ptr<T>&> t) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(p, t);
+    }
+    virtual PyObject* to_python(boost::shared_ptr<T> x) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(x);
+    }
 };
 
 // The addditional to_python() converter that can be used if T is copyable.
 template <class T>
 struct export_converter_object : export_converter_object_noncopyable<T>
 {
-  virtual PyObject* to_python(const T& x) {
-    BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::python_extension_class_converters<T> cv;
-    return cv.to_python(x);
-  }
-};
-
-namespace detail {
-
-//QUESTIONMARK
-//  A stripped-down, modified version of class extension_class.
-//  Would it make sense to establish a formal relationship
-//  between the two classes?
-template <class T>
-class import_extension_class
-    : public python_import_extension_class_converters<T>
-{
- public:
-    inline import_extension_class(const char* module, const char* py_class) {
-      m_module = module;
-      m_py_class = py_class;
+    virtual PyObject* to_python(const T& x) {
+        return BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::py_extension_class_converters(boost::python::type<T>()).to_python(x);
     }
-
-    static boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>* get_converters();
-
-  private:
-    static std::string m_module;
-    static std::string m_py_class;
-    static boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>* imported_converters;
 };
 
-template <class T> std::string import_extension_class<T>::m_module;
-template <class T> std::string import_extension_class<T>::m_py_class;
-template <class T>
-boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>*
-import_extension_class<T>::imported_converters = 0;
+namespace detail
+{
 
-template <class T>
-boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>*
-import_extension_class<T>::get_converters() {
-  if (imported_converters == 0) {
-    void* cobject
-      = import_converter_object(m_module, m_py_class,
-                                converters_attribute_name);
-    imported_converters
-      = static_cast<boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>*>(cobject);
-    check_export_converters_api(
-      export_converters_api_major,
-      export_converters_api_minor,
-      imported_converters->get_api_major(),
-      imported_converters->get_api_minor());
+/* This class template is instantiated by import_converters<T>.
+   Its purpose is to import the converter_object via the Python API.
+   The actual import is only done once. The pointer to the
+   imported converter object is kept in the static data member
+   imported_converters.
+*/
+  template <class T>
+  class import_extension_class
+      : public python_import_extension_class_converters<T>
+  {
+   public:
+      inline import_extension_class(const char* module, const char* py_class) {
+          m_module = module;
+          m_py_class = py_class;
+      }
+
+      static boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>* get_converters();
+
+   private:
+      static std::string m_module;
+      static std::string m_py_class;
+      static boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>* imported_converters;
+  };
+
+  template <class T> std::string import_extension_class<T>::m_module;
+  template <class T> std::string import_extension_class<T>::m_py_class;
+  template <class T>
+  boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>*
+  import_extension_class<T>::imported_converters = 0;
+
+  template <class T>
+  boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>*
+  import_extension_class<T>::get_converters() {
+      if (imported_converters == 0) {
+          void* cobject
+              = import_converter_object(m_module, m_py_class,
+                                        converters_attribute_name);
+          imported_converters
+              = static_cast<boost::python::export_converter_object_base<T>*>(cobject);
+          check_export_converters_api(
+              export_converters_api_major,
+              export_converters_api_minor,
+              imported_converters->get_api_major(),
+              imported_converters->get_api_minor());
+      }
+      return imported_converters;
   }
-  return imported_converters;
-}
-
 }}} // namespace boost::python::detail
 
 namespace boost { namespace python {
 
+// Implementation of export_converters().
 template <class T, class U>
 void export_converters(class_builder<T, U>& cb)
 {
@@ -246,6 +300,7 @@ void export_converters(class_builder<T, U>& cb)
       detail::converters_attribute_name);
 }
 
+// Implementation of export_converters_noncopyable().
 template <class T, class U>
 void export_converters_noncopyable(class_builder<T, U>& cb)
 {
@@ -255,17 +310,17 @@ void export_converters_noncopyable(class_builder<T, U>& cb)
       detail::converters_attribute_name);
 }
 
+// Implementation of import_converters<T>.
 template <class T>
 class import_converters
-    : python_import_extension_class_converters<T>
+    : python_import_extension_class_converters<T> // Works around MSVC6.x/GCC2.95.2 bug described
+                                                  // at the bottom of class_builder.hpp.
 {
  public:
     import_converters(const char* module, const char* py_class)
         : m_class(new detail::import_extension_class<T>(module, py_class))
     { }
  private:
-    //QUESTIONMARK
-    //reference<detail::import_extension_class<T> > m_class;
     boost::shared_ptr<detail::import_extension_class<T> > m_class;
 };
 

include/boost/python/data_members.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef DATA_MEMBERS_DWA2002328_HPP
+# define DATA_MEMBERS_DWA2002328_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/object/function_object.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/arg_from_python.hpp>
+# include <boost/bind.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python { 
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  template <class Data, class Class, class Policies>
+  struct member
+  {
+      static PyObject* get(Data Class::*pm, PyObject* args_, PyObject*, Policies const& policies)
+      {
+          arg_from_python<Class*> c0(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_, 0));
+          if (!c0.convertible()) return 0;
+
+          // find the result converter
+          typedef typename Policies::result_converter result_converter;
+          typedef typename boost::add_reference<Data>::type source;
+          typename mpl::apply1<result_converter,source>::type cr;
+          if (!cr.convertible()) return 0;
+        
+          if (!policies.precall(args_)) return 0;
+
+          PyObject* result = cr( (c0(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_, 0)))->*pm );
+        
+          return policies.postcall(args_, result);
+      }
+  
+      static PyObject* set(Data Class::*pm, PyObject* args_, PyObject*, Policies const& policies)
+      {
+          // check that each of the arguments is convertible
+          arg_from_python<Class*> c0(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_, 0));
+          if (!c0.convertible()) return 0;
+
+          typedef typename add_const<Data>::type target1;
+          typedef typename add_reference<target1>::type target;
+          arg_from_python<target> c1(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_, 1));
+      
+          if (!c1.convertible()) return 0;
+
+          if (!policies.precall(args_)) return 0;
+
+          (c0(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_, 0)))->*pm = c1(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args_, 1));
+        
+          return policies.postcall(args_, detail::none());
+      }
+  };
+}
+
+template <class C, class D>
+object make_getter(D C::*pm)
+{
+    typedef return_value_policy<copy_non_const_reference> default_policy;
+    
+    return objects::function_object(
+        ::boost::bind(
+            &detail::member<D,C,default_policy>::get, pm, _1, _2
+            , default_policy())
+        , 1);
+        
+}
+
+template <class C, class D, class Policies>
+object make_getter(D C::*pm, Policies const& policies)
+{
+    return objects::function_object(
+            ::boost::bind(
+                &detail::member<D,C,Policies>::get, pm, _1, _2
+                , policies)
+        , 1);
+}
+
+template <class C, class D>
+object make_setter(D C::*pm)
+{
+    return objects::function_object(
+        ::boost::bind(
+            &detail::member<D,C,default_call_policies>::set, pm, _1, _2
+            , default_call_policies())
+        , 2);
+}
+
+template <class C, class D, class Policies>
+object make_setter(D C::*pm, Policies const& policies)
+{
+    return objects::function_object(
+        ::boost::bind(
+            &detail::member<D,C,Policies>::set, pm, _1, _2
+            , policies)
+        , 2);
+}
+
+    
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // DATA_MEMBERS_DWA2002328_HPP

include/boost/python/def.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
+// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
+// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
+// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
+// to its suitability for any purpose.
+#ifndef DEF_DWA200292_HPP
+# define DEF_DWA200292_HPP
+
+# include <boost/python/object_fwd.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/make_function.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/def_helper.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/detail/defaults_def.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/scope.hpp>
+# include <boost/python/signature.hpp>
+
+namespace boost { namespace python {
+
+namespace detail
+{
+  void BOOST_PYTHON_DECL scope_setattr_doc(char const* name, object const& obj, char const* doc);
+
+  template <class Fn, class CallPolicyOrDoc>
+  void
+  dispatch_def(
+      void const*,
+      char const* name,
+      Fn fn,
+      CallPolicyOrDoc const& policy_or_doc,
+      char const* doc = 0)
+  {
+      typedef detail::def_helper<CallPolicyOrDoc> helper;
+
+      detail::scope_setattr_doc(
+          name, boost::python::make_function(fn, helper::get_policy(policy_or_doc)),
+          helper::get_doc(policy_or_doc, doc));
+  }
+
+    template <class StubsT, class SigT>
+    void dispatch_def(
+        detail::func_stubs_base const*,
+        char const* name,
+        SigT sig,
+        StubsT const& stubs)
+    {
+        //  convert sig to a type_list (see detail::get_signature in signature.hpp)
+        //  before calling detail::define_with_defaults.
+
+        scope current;
+        detail::define_with_defaults(
+            name, stubs, current, detail::get_signature(sig));
+    }
+}
+
+template <class Fn>
+void def(char const* name, Fn fn)
+{
+    detail::scope_setattr_doc(name, boost::python::make_function(fn), 0);
+}
+
+template <class Arg1T, class Arg2T>
+void def(char const* name, Arg1T arg1, Arg2T const& arg2)
+{
+    //  The arguments may be:
+    //      def(name, function)
+    //      def(name, function, policy)
+    //      def(name, function, doc_string)
+    //      def(name, signature, stubs)
+
+    detail::dispatch_def(&arg2, name, arg1, arg2);
+}
+
+template <class Arg1T, class Arg2T, class Arg3T>
+void def(char const* name, Arg1T arg1, Arg2T const& arg2, Arg3T const& arg3)
+{
+    //  The arguments are definitely:
+    //      def(name, function, policy, doc_string) // TODO: exchange policy, doc_string position
+
+    detail::dispatch_def(&arg2, name, arg1, arg2, arg3);
+}
+
+//template <class Arg1T, class Arg2T, class Arg3T>
+//void def(char const* name, Arg1T arg1, Arg2T const& arg2, Arg3T const& arg3, char const* doc)
+//{
+//    //  The arguments are definitely:
+//    //  arg1:   signature
+//    //  arg2:   stubs
+//    //  arg3:   policy
+//
+//    detail::dispatch_def(&arg2, name, arg1, arg2, arg3, doc);
+//}
+
+}} // namespace boost::python
+
+#endif // DEF_DWA200292_HPP