Merge branch 'develop'

Name lookup in msvc has changed between 14.14 and 14.15 making it consistent with other compilers. Forward declaration of unwind_type() is now required as it is for other compilers.

Resolves compilation errors identified in:

https://github.com/boostorg/python/issues/228

.appveyor.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+environment:
+  global:
+    # SDK v7.0 MSVC Express 2008's SetEnv.cmd script will fail if the
+    # /E:ON and /V:ON options are not enabled in the batch script intepreter
+    # See: http://stackoverflow.com/a/13751649/163740
+    CMD_IN_ENV: "cmd /E:ON /V:ON /C .\\ci\\run_with_env.cmd"
+    BOOST_PREFIX: C:\Libraries\boost_1_66_0
+
+  matrix:
+
+    # Pre-installed Python versions, which Appveyor may upgrade to
+    # a later point release.
+    # See: http://www.appveyor.com/docs/installed-software#python
+
+    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python27"
+      PYTHON_VERSION: "2.7.x" # currently 2.7.9
+      PYTHON_ARCH: "32"
+      MSVC: "14.0"
+      ARCH: x86
+
+    - PYTHON: "C:\\Python36-x64"
+      PYTHON_VERSION: "3.6.x"
+      PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
+      MSVC: "12.0"
+      ARCH: x86_64
+
+    - APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2017
+      PYTHON: "C:\\Python36-x64"
+      PYTHON_VERSION: "3.6.x"
+      PYTHON_ARCH: "64"
+      MSVC: "14.13.26128"
+      ARCH: x86_64
+
+install:
+  # If there is a newer build queued for the same PR, cancel this one.
+  # The AppVeyor 'rollout builds' option is supposed to serve the same
+  # purpose but it is problematic because it tends to cancel builds pushed
+  # directly to master instead of just PR builds (or the converse).
+  # credits: JuliaLang developers.
+  - ps: if ($env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_NUMBER -and $env:APPVEYOR_BUILD_NUMBER -ne ((Invoke-RestMethod `
+        https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/$env:APPVEYOR_ACCOUNT_NAME/$env:APPVEYOR_PROJECT_SLUG/history?recordsNumber=50).builds | `
+        Where-Object pullRequestId -eq $env:APPVEYOR_PULL_REQUEST_NUMBER)[0].buildNumber) { `
+          throw "There are newer queued builds for this pull request, failing early." }
+  - ECHO "Filesystem root:"
+  - ps: "ls \"C:/\""
+  - ECHO "Installed libraries:"
+  - ps: "ls \"C:/Libraries/\""
+  ## This path doesn't exist with the VS 2017 worker images
+  #- ECHO "Installed SDKs:"
+  #- ps: "ls \"C:/Program Files/Microsoft SDKs/Windows\""
+
+  # Install Python (from the official .msi of http://python.org) and pip when
+  # not already installed.
+  - ps: if (-not(Test-Path($env:PYTHON))) { & .ci\install.ps1 }
+
+  # Prepend newly installed Python to the PATH of this build (this cannot be
+  # done from inside the powershell script as it would require to restart
+  # the parent CMD process).
+  - "SET PATH=%PYTHON%;%PYTHON%\\Scripts;%PATH%"
+
+  # Check that we have the expected version and architecture for Python
+  - "python --version"
+  - "python -c \"import struct; print(struct.calcsize('P') * 8)\""
+
+  # Upgrade to the latest version of pip to avoid it displaying warnings
+  # about it being out of date.
+  - "pip install --disable-pip-version-check --user --upgrade pip"
+
+  # Install the build dependencies of the project. If some dependencies contain
+  # compiled extensions and are not provided as pre-built wheel packages,
+  # pip will build them from source using the MSVC compiler matching the
+  # target Python version and architecture
+  - |
+     curl -LfsS -o faber.tar.gz https://github.com/stefanseefeld/faber/archive/snapshot/2018-04-08.tar.gz
+     tar xf faber.tar.gz
+     CD faber-snapshot-2018-04-08
+     python setup.py install
+     CD ..
+  # report the available MSVC compilers
+  - faber --info=tools cxx
+  - easy_install sphinx
+  - pip install numpy
+
+build_script:
+  - faber --with-boost-include=%BOOST_PREFIX% target.arch=%ARCH% msvc.version=%MSVC%
+
+test_script:
+  - faber --with-boost-include=%BOOST_PREFIX% test.report target.arch=%ARCH% msvc.version=%MSVC%
+
+after_test:
+  # If tests are successful, create binary packages for the project.
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% python setup.py bdist_wheel"
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% python setup.py bdist_wininst"
+  #- "%CMD_IN_ENV% python setup.py bdist_msi"
+  #- ps: "ls dist"
+
+#artifacts:
+  # Archive the generated packages in the ci.appveyor.com build report.
+  #- path: dist\*
+
+#on_success:
+#  - TODO: upload the content of dist/*.whl to a public wheelhouse
+#

.ci/faber

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+from faber.tools.python import python
+
+p = python(command='$PYTHON')

.ci/install.ps1

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+# Sample script to install Python and pip under Windows
+# Authors: Olivier Grisel, Jonathan Helmus, Kyle Kastner, and Alex Willmer
+# License: CC0 1.0 Universal: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+
+$MINICONDA_URL = "http://repo.continuum.io/miniconda/"
+$BASE_URL = "https://www.python.org/ftp/python/"
+$GET_PIP_URL = "https://bootstrap.pypa.io/get-pip.py"
+$GET_PIP_PATH = "C:\get-pip.py"
+
+$PYTHON_PRERELEASE_REGEX = @"
+(?x)
+(?<major>\d+)
+\.
+(?<minor>\d+)
+\.
+(?<micro>\d+)
+(?<prerelease>[a-z]{1,2}\d+)
+"@
+
+
+function Download ($filename, $url) {
+    $webclient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient
+
+    $basedir = $pwd.Path + "\"
+    $filepath = $basedir + $filename
+    if (Test-Path $filename) {
+        Write-Host "Reusing" $filepath
+        return $filepath
+    }
+
+    # Download and retry up to 3 times in case of network transient errors.
+    Write-Host "Downloading" $filename "from" $url
+    $retry_attempts = 2
+    for ($i = 0; $i -lt $retry_attempts; $i++) {
+        try {
+            $webclient.DownloadFile($url, $filepath)
+            break
+        }
+        Catch [Exception]{
+            Start-Sleep 1
+        }
+    }
+    if (Test-Path $filepath) {
+        Write-Host "File saved at" $filepath
+    } else {
+        # Retry once to get the error message if any at the last try
+        $webclient.DownloadFile($url, $filepath)
+    }
+    return $filepath
+}
+
+
+function ParsePythonVersion ($python_version) {
+    if ($python_version -match $PYTHON_PRERELEASE_REGEX) {
+        return ([int]$matches.major, [int]$matches.minor, [int]$matches.micro,
+                $matches.prerelease)
+    }
+    $version_obj = [version]$python_version
+    return ($version_obj.major, $version_obj.minor, $version_obj.build, "")
+}
+
+
+function DownloadPython ($python_version, $platform_suffix) {
+    $major, $minor, $micro, $prerelease = ParsePythonVersion $python_version
+
+    if (($major -le 2 -and $micro -eq 0) `
+        -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -le 2 -and $micro -eq 0) `
+        ) {
+        $dir = "$major.$minor"
+        $python_version = "$major.$minor$prerelease"
+    } else {
+        $dir = "$major.$minor.$micro"
+    }
+
+    if ($prerelease) {
+        if (($major -le 2) `
+            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 1) `
+            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 2) `
+            -or ($major -eq 3 -and $minor -eq 3) `
+            ) {
+            $dir = "$dir/prev"
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (($major -le 2) -or ($major -le 3 -and $minor -le 4)) {
+        $ext = "msi"
+        if ($platform_suffix) {
+            $platform_suffix = ".$platform_suffix"
+        }
+    } else {
+        $ext = "exe"
+        if ($platform_suffix) {
+            $platform_suffix = "-$platform_suffix"
+        }
+    }
+
+    $filename = "python-$python_version$platform_suffix.$ext"
+    $url = "$BASE_URL$dir/$filename"
+    $filepath = Download $filename $url
+    return $filepath
+}
+
+
+function InstallPython ($python_version, $architecture, $python_home) {
+    Write-Host "Installing Python" $python_version "for" $architecture "bit architecture to" $python_home
+    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
+        Write-Host $python_home "already exists, skipping."
+        return $false
+    }
+    if ($architecture -eq "32") {
+        $platform_suffix = ""
+    } else {
+        $platform_suffix = "amd64"
+    }
+    $installer_path = DownloadPython $python_version $platform_suffix
+    $installer_ext = [System.IO.Path]::GetExtension($installer_path)
+    Write-Host "Installing $installer_path to $python_home"
+    $install_log = $python_home + ".log"
+    if ($installer_ext -eq '.msi') {
+        InstallPythonMSI $installer_path $python_home $install_log
+    } else {
+        InstallPythonEXE $installer_path $python_home $install_log
+    }
+    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
+        Write-Host "Python $python_version ($architecture) installation complete"
+    } else {
+        Write-Host "Failed to install Python in $python_home"
+        Get-Content -Path $install_log
+        Exit 1
+    }
+}
+
+
+function InstallPythonEXE ($exepath, $python_home, $install_log) {
+    $install_args = "/quiet InstallAllUsers=1 TargetDir=$python_home"
+    RunCommand $exepath $install_args
+}
+
+
+function InstallPythonMSI ($msipath, $python_home, $install_log) {
+    $install_args = "/qn /log $install_log /i $msipath TARGETDIR=$python_home"
+    $uninstall_args = "/qn /x $msipath"
+    RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $install_args
+    if (-not(Test-Path $python_home)) {
+        Write-Host "Python seems to be installed else-where, reinstalling."
+        RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $uninstall_args
+        RunCommand "msiexec.exe" $install_args
+    }
+}
+
+function RunCommand ($command, $command_args) {
+    Write-Host $command $command_args
+    Start-Process -FilePath $command -ArgumentList $command_args -Wait -Passthru
+}
+
+
+function InstallPip ($python_home) {
+    $pip_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\pip.exe"
+    $python_path = $python_home + "\python.exe"
+    if (-not(Test-Path $pip_path)) {
+        Write-Host "Installing pip..."
+        $webclient = New-Object System.Net.WebClient
+        $webclient.DownloadFile($GET_PIP_URL, $GET_PIP_PATH)
+        Write-Host "Executing:" $python_path $GET_PIP_PATH
+        & $python_path $GET_PIP_PATH
+    } else {
+        Write-Host "pip already installed."
+    }
+}
+
+
+function DownloadMiniconda ($python_version, $platform_suffix) {
+    if ($python_version -eq "3.4") {
+        $filename = "Miniconda3-3.5.5-Windows-" + $platform_suffix + ".exe"
+    } else {
+        $filename = "Miniconda-3.5.5-Windows-" + $platform_suffix + ".exe"
+    }
+    $url = $MINICONDA_URL + $filename
+    $filepath = Download $filename $url
+    return $filepath
+}
+
+
+function InstallMiniconda ($python_version, $architecture, $python_home) {
+    Write-Host "Installing Python" $python_version "for" $architecture "bit architecture to" $python_home
+    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
+        Write-Host $python_home "already exists, skipping."
+        return $false
+    }
+    if ($architecture -eq "32") {
+        $platform_suffix = "x86"
+    } else {
+        $platform_suffix = "x86_64"
+    }
+    $filepath = DownloadMiniconda $python_version $platform_suffix
+    Write-Host "Installing" $filepath "to" $python_home
+    $install_log = $python_home + ".log"
+    $args = "/S /D=$python_home"
+    Write-Host $filepath $args
+    Start-Process -FilePath $filepath -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
+    if (Test-Path $python_home) {
+        Write-Host "Python $python_version ($architecture) installation complete"
+    } else {
+        Write-Host "Failed to install Python in $python_home"
+        Get-Content -Path $install_log
+        Exit 1
+    }
+}
+
+
+function InstallMinicondaPip ($python_home) {
+    $pip_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\pip.exe"
+    $conda_path = $python_home + "\Scripts\conda.exe"
+    if (-not(Test-Path $pip_path)) {
+        Write-Host "Installing pip..."
+        $args = "install --yes pip"
+        Write-Host $conda_path $args
+        Start-Process -FilePath "$conda_path" -ArgumentList $args -Wait -Passthru
+    } else {
+        Write-Host "pip already installed."
+    }
+}
+
+function main () {
+    InstallPython $env:PYTHON_VERSION $env:PYTHON_ARCH $env:PYTHON
+    InstallPip $env:PYTHON
+}
+
+main

.ci/run_with_env.cmd

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+:: To build extensions for 64 bit Python 3, we need to configure environment
+:: variables to use the MSVC 2010 C++ compilers from GRMSDKX_EN_DVD.iso of:
+:: MS Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 4 (SDK v7.1)
+::
+:: To build extensions for 64 bit Python 2, we need to configure environment
+:: variables to use the MSVC 2008 C++ compilers from GRMSDKX_EN_DVD.iso of:
+:: MS Windows SDK for Windows 7 and .NET Framework 3.5 (SDK v7.0)
+::
+:: 32 bit builds, and 64-bit builds for 3.5 and beyond, do not require specific
+:: environment configurations.
+::
+:: Note: this script needs to be run with the /E:ON and /V:ON flags for the
+:: cmd interpreter, at least for (SDK v7.0)
+::
+:: More details at:
+:: https://github.com/cython/cython/wiki/64BitCythonExtensionsOnWindows
+:: http://stackoverflow.com/a/13751649/163740
+::
+:: Author: Olivier Grisel
+:: License: CC0 1.0 Universal: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
+::
+:: Notes about batch files for Python people:
+::
+:: Quotes in values are literally part of the values:
+::      SET FOO="bar"
+:: FOO is now five characters long: " b a r "
+:: If you don't want quotes, don't include them on the right-hand side.
+::
+:: The CALL lines at the end of this file look redundant, but if you move them
+:: outside of the IF clauses, they do not run properly in the SET_SDK_64==Y
+:: case, I don't know why.
+@ECHO OFF
+
+SET COMMAND_TO_RUN=%*
+SET WIN_SDK_ROOT=C:\Program Files\Microsoft SDKs\Windows
+SET WIN_WDK=c:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\Include\wdf
+
+:: Extract the major and minor versions, and allow for the minor version to be
+:: more than 9.  This requires the version number to have two dots in it.
+SET MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION=%PYTHON_VERSION:~0,1%
+IF "%PYTHON_VERSION:~3,1%" == "." (
+    SET MINOR_PYTHON_VERSION=%PYTHON_VERSION:~2,1%
+) ELSE (
+    SET MINOR_PYTHON_VERSION=%PYTHON_VERSION:~2,2%
+)
+
+:: Based on the Python version, determine what SDK version to use, and whether
+:: to set the SDK for 64-bit.
+IF %MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION% == 2 (
+    SET WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION="v7.0"
+    SET SET_SDK_64=Y
+) ELSE (
+    IF %MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION% == 3 (
+        SET WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION="v7.1"
+        IF %MINOR_PYTHON_VERSION% LEQ 4 (
+            SET SET_SDK_64=Y
+        ) ELSE (
+            SET SET_SDK_64=N
+            IF EXIST "%WIN_WDK%" (
+                :: See: https://connect.microsoft.com/VisualStudio/feedback/details/1610302/
+                REN "%WIN_WDK%" 0wdf
+            )
+        )
+    ) ELSE (
+        ECHO Unsupported Python version: "%MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION%"
+        EXIT 1
+    )
+)
+
+IF %PYTHON_ARCH% == 64 (
+    IF %SET_SDK_64% == Y (
+        ECHO Configuring Windows SDK %WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION% for Python %MAJOR_PYTHON_VERSION% on a 64 bit architecture
+        SET DISTUTILS_USE_SDK=1
+        SET MSSdk=1
+        "%WIN_SDK_ROOT%\%WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION%\Setup\WindowsSdkVer.exe" -q -version:%WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION%
+        "%WIN_SDK_ROOT%\%WINDOWS_SDK_VERSION%\Bin\SetEnv.cmd" /x64 /release
+        ECHO Executing: %COMMAND_TO_RUN%
+        call %COMMAND_TO_RUN% || EXIT 1
+    ) ELSE (
+        ECHO Using default MSVC build environment for 64 bit architecture
+        ECHO Executing: %COMMAND_TO_RUN%
+        call %COMMAND_TO_RUN% || EXIT 1
+    )
+) ELSE (
+    ECHO Using default MSVC build environment for 32 bit architecture
+    ECHO Executing: %COMMAND_TO_RUN%
+    call %COMMAND_TO_RUN% || EXIT 1
+)

.ci/upload_docs.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e # Exit with nonzero exit code if anything fails
+
+SOURCE_BRANCH="master"
+TARGET_BRANCH="gh-pages"
+
+# Pull requests and commits to other branches shouldn't try to deploy, just build to verify
+if [ "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" != "false" ] || \
+   [ "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" != master -a \
+     "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" != develop  -a \
+     "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" != travis ]; then
+    echo "No docs to upload."
+    exit 0
+fi
+
+if [ -z "$GH_TOKEN" ]; then
+    echo "Error: GH_TOKEN is undefined"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Save some useful information
+REPO=`git config remote.origin.url`
+SHA=`git rev-parse --verify HEAD`
+
+# build happens to contain the "doc/html" tree that we want to push
+# into the gh-pages branch. So we step into that directory, create a new repo,
+# set the remote appropriately, then commit and push.
+cd build
+git init
+git config user.name "Travis CI"
+git config user.email "travis-ci"
+
+# Make sure 'GH_TOKEN' is set (as 'secure' variable) in .travis.yml
+git remote add upstream "https://$GH_TOKEN@github.com/boostorg/python.git"
+git fetch upstream
+git reset upstream/gh-pages
+
+# Prepare version.
+if [ "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" = develop -o "$TRAVIS_BRANCH" = travis ]; then
+    mkdir -p develop/doc/
+    cp ../index.html develop/
+    cp ../doc/index.html develop/doc/
+    cp -a doc/html develop/doc/
+    git add develop/index.html
+    git add develop/doc/index.html
+    git add -A develop/doc/html
+else
+    cp ../index.html .
+    cp ../doc/index.html doc/
+    git add index.html
+    git add doc/index.html
+    git add -A doc/html
+fi
+# Commit the new version.
+git commit -m "Deploy to GitHub Pages: ${SHA}"
+
+# Now that we're all set up, we can push.
+git push -q upstream HEAD:gh-pages

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+bin.SCons
+*.pyc
+*~
+\#*\#

.travis.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+sudo: required
+dist: trusty
+
+language: cpp
+
+env:
+  global:
+    - secure: BRNUkxN3p8f+uYKWC3Hr0VPqZA0PxbWr1DJlcI4hbiZtzKhMCWjDmd9UW9CzzexqeOxpd+9s0G87qvOur+wMSVxugDxtTesZrh1czXHeSVxgQrYD783XJtQJ9aYypbChkiboRD6Xpmbq7itwMuHBJMFtCuDxMynpU1jWwkyTf2Y=
+
+matrix:
+  include:
+    - os: linux
+      env: CXX=g++ PYTHON=python CXXFLAGS=-std=c++98
+    - os: linux
+      env: CXX=g++ PYTHON=python CXXFLAGS=-std=c++11
+    - os: linux
+      env: CXX=g++ PYTHON=python3 CXXFLAGS=-std=c++98
+    - os: linux
+      env: CXX=g++ PYTHON=python3 CXXFLAGS=-std=c++11
+    - os: linux
+      env: CXX=clang++ PYTHON=python3 CXXFLAGS=-std=c++98
+    - os: linux
+      env: CXX=clang++ PYTHON=python3 CXXFLAGS=-std=c++11
+    - os: osx
+      env: CXX=clang++ PYTHON=python CXXFLAGS=-std=c++11
+    - env: PYTHON=python DOC=1
+  allow_failures:
+    - os: osx
+
+addons:
+  apt:
+    sources:
+    - ubuntu-toolchain-r-test
+    packages:
+    - gcc-4.8
+    - g++-4.8
+    - clang
+    - python-numpy
+    - python-sphinx
+    - python3-dev
+    - python3-numpy
+    - libboost-all-dev
+    - xsltproc
+    - docbook-xsl
+    - python-docutils
+
+
+cache:
+  directories:
+  - $HOME/Boost
+
+before_install:
+  # The Trusty image has several Python versions pre-installed compiled with
+  # conflicting UCS2 and UCS4 unicode. Modify the PATH to skip the TravisCI python.
+  # See https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-ci/issues/4948 for details.
+  - export PATH=$(echo $PATH | tr ':' "\n" | sed '/\/opt\/python/d' | tr "\n" ":" | sed "s|::|:|g")
+
+install:
+  # Install our own version of Boost (the subset we need) as the system version is
+  # too old (for C++11 support).
+  - |
+     if [ ! -d $HOME/Boost/tools/boostbook ]; then
+       echo "rebuilding Boost prerequisites."
+       wget https://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost/1.66.0/boost_1_66_0.tar.gz/download
+       tar xf download
+       pushd boost_1_66_0
+       ./bootstrap.sh
+       ./b2 tools/bcp
+       mkdir -p $HOME/Boost
+       # Install Boost.Python prerequisites, but not Boost.Python itself.
+       dist/bin/bcp python tools/boostbook tools/quickbook $HOME/Boost &> /dev/null
+       rm -rf $HOME/Boost/boost/python*
+       popd
+     else
+       echo "using cached Boost prerequisites."
+     fi
+     # Install Faber, the build tool.
+     date=2018-04-08
+     wget https://github.com/stefanseefeld/faber/archive/snapshot/$date.tar.gz
+     tar xf $date.tar.gz
+     pushd faber-snapshot-$date
+     #wget https://github.com/stefanseefeld/faber/archive/release/0.2.tar.gz
+     #tar xf 0.2.tar.gz
+     #pushd faber-release-0.2
+     sudo python setup.py install
+     popd
+
+before_script:
+- sed -e "s/\$PYTHON/$PYTHON/g" .ci/faber > ~/.faber
+- $PYTHON --version
+- faber -h
+- ls -l $HOME/Boost
+
+script:
+- |
+   if [ "$DOC" ]; then
+     BOOST_ROOT=$HOME/Boost faber --builddir=build doc.html
+   else
+     faber --with-boost-include=$HOME/Boost --builddir=build test.report cxx.name=$CXX cxxflags=$CXXFLAGS
+   fi
+
+after_success:
+# Upload docs only when building upstream.
+- |
+   if [ "$DOC" -a \
+        "$TRAVIS_REPO_SLUG" = "boostorg/python" -a \
+        "$TRAVIS_PULL_REQUEST" = "false" ]; then
+     export GH_TOKEN
+     .ci/upload_docs.sh
+   fi

Jamfile

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2018 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+import option ;
+import regex ;
+import python ;
+
+#
+# The `version-suffix` rule really belongs into python.jam, and
+# should be moved there. `split-version` is only duplicated here
+# as a prerequisite. (See https://github.com/boostorg/build/pull/290)
+#
+
+
+# Validate the version string and extract the major/minor part we care about.
+#
+local rule split-version ( version )
+{
+    local major-minor = [ MATCH "^([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)(.*)$" : $(version) : 1 2 3 ] ;
+    if ! $(major-minor[2]) || $(major-minor[3])
+    {
+        ECHO "Warning: \"using python\" expects a two part (major, minor) version number; got" $(version) instead ;
+
+        # Add a zero to account for the missing digit if necessary.
+        major-minor += 0 ;
+    }
+
+    return $(major-minor[1]) $(major-minor[2]) ;
+}
+
+# Define a version suffix for libraries depending on Python.
+# For example, Boost.Python built for Python 2.7 uses the suffix "27"
+rule version-suffix ( version )
+{
+    local major-minor = [ split-version $(version) ] ;
+    local suffix = $(major-minor:J="") ;
+    return $(suffix) ;
+}
+
+
+# Python build id (for Python libraries only).
+python-id = [ option.get "python-buildid" ] ;
+if $(python-id)
+{
+    PYTHON_ID = [ regex.replace $(python-id) "[*\\/:.\"\']" _ ] ;
+}
+
+rule python-tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
+{
+    local result = $(name) ;
+    if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB
+    {
+        local version = [ $(property-set).get <python> ] ;
+        local lib-suffix = [ version-suffix $(version) ] ;
+        result = $(result)$(lib-suffix) ;
+    }
+    if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB && $(PYTHON_ID)
+    {
+        result = $(result)-$(PYTHON_ID) ;
+    }
+
+    # forward to the boost tagging rule
+    return  [ tag $(result) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
+}

LICENSE_1_0.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
+obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
+this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
+execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
+Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
+do so, all subject to the following:
+
+The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
+the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
+must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
+all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
+works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
+a source language processor.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
+ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+![logo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/boostorg/python/develop/doc/images/bpl.png)
+
+# Synopsis
+
+[![Join the chat at https://gitter.im/boostorg/python](https://badges.gitter.im/boostorg/python.svg)](https://gitter.im/boostorg/python?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
+
+Welcome to Boost.Python, a C++ library which enables seamless interoperability between C++ and the Python programming language. The library includes support for:
+
+* References and Pointers
+* Globally Registered Type Coercions
+* Automatic Cross-Module Type Conversions
+* Efficient Function Overloading
+* C++ to Python Exception Translation
+* Default Arguments
+* Keyword Arguments
+* Manipulating Python objects in C++
+* Exporting C++ Iterators as Python Iterators
+* Documentation Strings
+
+See the [Boost.Python](http://boostorg.github.io/python) documentation for details.
+
+**Hint :** Check out the [development version](http://boostorg.github.io/python/develop) of the documentation to see work in progress.
+
+# Building [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/boostorg/python.svg?branch=develop)](https://travis-ci.org/boostorg/python) [![Build status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/cgx9xma6v3gjav92/branch/develop?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/stefanseefeld/python/branch/develop)
+
+
+While Boost.Python is part of the Boost C++ Libraries super-project, and thus can be compiled as part of Boost, it can also be compiled and installed stand-alone, i.e. against a pre-installed Boost package.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+* [Python](http://www.python.org)
+* [Boost](http://www.boost.org)
+* [Faber](https://stefanseefeld.github.io/faber)
+
+## Build
+
+Run
+
+```
+faber
+```
+to build the library.
+
+## Test
+
+Run
+
+```
+faber test.report
+```
+to run the tests.
+
+## Build docs
+
+Run
+
+```
+faber doc.html
+```
+to build the documentation.

build/Jamfile

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# Copyright David Abrahams 2001-2006. Distributed under the Boost
+# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+import os ;
+import indirect ;
+import modules ;
+import feature ;
+import property ;
+import python ;
+
+if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in  [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
+{
+    # Attempt default configuration of python
+    import toolset : using ;
+    using python ;
+}
+
+if [ python.configured ] || ( --without-python in  [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
+{
+    alias config-warning ;
+}
+else
+{
+    message config-warning
+        : "warning: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration"
+        : "note: failed.  See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html"
+        : "note: for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to"
+        : "note: suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets"
+        ;
+}
+
+if [ python.configured ]
+{
+project boost/python
+  : source-location ../src
+  ;
+
+rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
+rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
+local rule eq ( a : b ) { if $(a) = $(b) { return 1 ; } }
+
+lib boost_python
+    : # sources
+    list.cpp
+    long.cpp
+    dict.cpp
+    tuple.cpp
+    str.cpp
+    slice.cpp
+
+    converter/from_python.cpp
+    converter/registry.cpp
+    converter/type_id.cpp
+    object/enum.cpp
+    object/class.cpp
+    object/function.cpp
+    object/inheritance.cpp
+    object/life_support.cpp
+    object/pickle_support.cpp
+    errors.cpp
+    module.cpp
+    converter/builtin_converters.cpp
+    converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
+    object/iterator.cpp
+    object/stl_iterator.cpp
+    object_protocol.cpp
+    object_operators.cpp
+    wrapper.cpp
+    import.cpp
+    exec.cpp
+    object/function_doc_signature.cpp
+    :   # requirements
+        <link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
+        <define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
+
+        # On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
+        # import library.
+        #
+        # On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython.  When
+        # extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
+        # Python interpreter executable.  When embedding Python, the
+        # client executable is expected to explicitly link to
+        # /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
+        #
+        # python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
+        # provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
+        # import library, as usage requirements.
+        [ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
+
+        # we prevent building when there is no python available
+        # as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
+        # fail to build
+        [ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
+        <dependency>config-warning
+        <python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
+        -<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
+        <tag>@$(__name__).python-tag
+        <conditional>@python.require-py
+
+    :   # default build
+        <link>shared
+    :   # usage requirements
+        <link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
+        <python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
+    ;
+
+numpy-include = [ python.numpy-include ] ;
+lib boost_numpy
+    : # sources
+    numpy/dtype.cpp
+    numpy/matrix.cpp
+    numpy/ndarray.cpp
+    numpy/numpy.cpp
+    numpy/scalars.cpp
+    numpy/ufunc.cpp
+    :   # requirements
+        <link>static:<define>BOOST_NUMPY_STATIC_LIB
+        <define>BOOST_NUMPY_SOURCE
+        [ cond [ python.numpy ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
+        [ unless [ python.numpy ] : <build>no ]
+        <include>$(numpy-include)
+        <library>boost_python
+        <python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
+        -<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
+	<tag>@$(__name__).python-tag
+        <conditional>@python.require-py
+
+    :   # default build
+        <link>shared
+    :   # usage requirements
+        <link>static:<define>BOOST_NUMPY_STATIC_LIB
+        <python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
+    ;
+
+# boost-install creates `stage` and `install` targets
+#
+# `stage` stages (builds and copies into `stage/lib`) the given libraries
+#   `boost_python` and `boost_numpy` and their dependencies and is similar
+#   to issuing `b2 --with-python stage` from top level
+#
+# `install` installs the two libraries and their dependencies and is similar
+#   to issuing `b2 --with-python install` from top level
+
+boost-install boost_python boost_numpy ;
+
+}
+else
+{
+
+# When Python isn't configured, the above `boost-install` is not executed,
+# so we create empty `stage` and `install` targets that do nothing but issue
+# a warning message unless `--without-python` is given
+
+alias stage : config-warning ;
+explicit stage ;
+
+alias install : config-warning ;
+explicit install ;
+
+}

build/Jamfile.v2

@@ -1,151 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright David Abrahams 2001-2006. Distributed under the Boost
-# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
-# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
-
-import os ;
-import indirect ;
-import modules ;
-import feature ;
-
-import python ;
-
-if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in  [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
-{
-    # Attempt default configuration of python
-    import toolset : using ;
-    using python ;
-}
-
-if [ python.configured ] || ( --without-python in  [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
-{
-    alias config-warning ;
-}
-else
-{
-    message config-warning
-        : "warning: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration"
-        : "note: failed.  See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html"
-        : "note: for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to"
-        : "note: suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets"
-        ;
-}
-
-rule find-py3-version
-{
-    local versions = [ feature.values python ] ;
-    local py3ver ;
-    for local v in $(versions)
-    {
-        if $(v) >= 3.0
-        {
-            py3ver = $(v) ;
-        }
-    }
-    return $(py3ver) ;
-}
-
-py3-version = [ find-py3-version ] ;
-
-project boost/python
-  : source-location ../src
-  : requirements
-    -<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
-    <tag>@$(__name__).tag
-  ;
-
-rule tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
-{
-    local result = $(name) ;
-    if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB
-    {
-        if $(name) = boost_python && $(PYTHON_ID)
-        {
-            result = $(result)-$(PYTHON_ID) ;
-        }
-    }
-    
-    # forward to the boost tagging rule
-    return  [ indirect.call $(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag 
-                $(result) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
-}
-
-rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
-rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
-
-rule lib_boost_python ( is-py3 ? )
-{
-
-    lib [ cond $(is-py3) : boost_python3 : boost_python ]
-        : # sources
-        numeric.cpp
-        list.cpp
-        long.cpp
-        dict.cpp
-        tuple.cpp
-        str.cpp
-        slice.cpp
-
-        converter/from_python.cpp
-        converter/registry.cpp
-        converter/type_id.cpp
-        object/enum.cpp
-        object/class.cpp
-        object/function.cpp
-        object/inheritance.cpp
-        object/life_support.cpp
-        object/pickle_support.cpp
-        errors.cpp
-        module.cpp
-        converter/builtin_converters.cpp
-        converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
-        object/iterator.cpp
-        object/stl_iterator.cpp
-        object_protocol.cpp
-        object_operators.cpp
-        wrapper.cpp
-        import.cpp
-        exec.cpp
-        object/function_doc_signature.cpp
-        :   # requirements
-            <link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB 
-            <define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
-          
-            # On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
-            # import library.
-            #
-            # On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython.  When
-            # extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
-            # Python interpreter executable.  When embedding Python, the
-            # client executable is expected to explicitly link to
-            # /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
-            #
-            # python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
-            # provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
-            # import library, as usage requirements.
-            [ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
-            
-            # we prevent building when there is no python available
-            # as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
-            # fail to build
-            [ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
-            <dependency>config-warning
-
-            <python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
-            [ cond $(is-py3) : <python>$(py3-version) ]
-        :   # default build
-            <link>shared
-        :   # usage requirements
-            <link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
-            <python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
-        ;
-
-}
-
-lib_boost_python ;
-boost-install boost_python ;
-
-if $(py3-version)
-{
-    lib_boost_python yes ;
-    boost-install boost_python3 ;
-}

doc/Jamfile

@@ -1,23 +1,66 @@
-# Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
-# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+# Copyright (c) 2006 Joel de Guzman
+# Copyright (c) 2015 Stefan Seefeld
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 # file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+import boostbook ;
+import quickbook ;
 import docutils ;
+import os ;
 
-import path ;
-sources = building.rst ;
-bases = $(sources:S=) ;
-  
-# This is a path relative to the html/ subdirectory where the
-# generated output will eventually be moved.
-stylesheet = "--stylesheet=../../../rst.css" ;
+path-constant here : . ;
+path-constant images : html/images ;
 
-for local b in $(bases)
+project python/doc
+    : requirements
+      -<xsl:param>boost.defaults=Boost
+      <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.defaults=none
+      <format>html:<xsl:param>toc.max.depth=3
+      <format>html:<xsl:param>toc.section.depth=2
+      <format>html:<xsl:param>chunk.section.depth=1
+    ;
+
+make numpy : numpy/index.rst : @sphinx-build ;
+
+if [ os.name ] = NT
 {
-    html $(b) : $(b).rst : 
-      
-    <docutils-html>"-gdt --source-url="./$(b).rst" --link-stylesheet --traceback --trim-footnote-reference-space --footnote-references=superscript "$(stylesheet)
-  ;
+  actions sphinx-build { chdir "$(>:D)" && make clean && make html}
+}
+else
+{
+  actions sphinx-build { make -C "$(>:D)" clean html}
 }
 
-alias htmls : $(bases) ;
-stage . : $(bases) ;
+boostbook python : python.qbk
+	  : <format>html:<name>$(here)/html
+	    <format>html:<xsl:param>generate.toc="library nop; chapter toc; section toc;"
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=boostbook.css
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=images/boost.png
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=images/
+	    ;
+
+boostbook tutorial : tutorial.qbk
+	  : <format>html:<name>$(here)/html/tutorial
+	    <format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../boostbook.css
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=../images/boost.png
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=../images/
+	    ;
+
+boostbook reference : reference.qbk
+	  : <format>html:<name>$(here)/html/reference
+	    <format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../boostbook.css
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=../images/boost.png
+            <format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=../images/
+	    ;
+
+html article : article.rst
+         : <location>html
+	   <docutils-html>"--link-stylesheet --traceback --trim-footnote-reference-space --footnote-references=superscript --stylesheet=rst.css"
+            ;
+
+###############################################################################
+alias boostdoc ;
+explicit boostdoc ;
+alias boostrelease : python tutorial reference numpy article ;
+explicit boostrelease ;

doc/PyConDC_2003/bpl.html

@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
-
-<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
-<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
-<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
-<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
-<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
-<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=http://www.boost-consulting.com/writing/bpl.html">
-
-    <title>Loading: &ldquo;Building Hybrid Systems With Boost.Python&rdquo;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    Loading...; if nothing happens, please go to <a href= "http://www.boost-consulting.com/writing/bpl.html">http://www.boost-consulting.com/writing/bpl.html</a>.
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/PyConDC_2003/bpl.txt

@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-.. Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
-.. Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
-.. file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
-
-This file has been moved to http://www.boost-consulting.com/writing/bpl.txt.

doc/PyConDC_2003/bpl_mods.txt

@@ -1,911 +0,0 @@
-Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
-Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
-file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
-
-.. This is a comment. Note how any initial comments are moved by
-   transforms to after the document title, subtitle, and docinfo.
-
-.. Need intro and conclusion
-.. Exposing classes
-    .. Constructors
-    .. Overloading
-    .. Properties and data members
-    .. Inheritance
-    .. Operators and Special Functions
-    .. Virtual Functions
-.. Call Policies
-
-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- Introducing Boost.Python (Extended Abstract)
-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
-
-.. bibliographic fields (which also require a transform):
-
-:Author: David Abrahams
-:Address: 45 Walnut Street
-          Somerville, MA 02143
-:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
-:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
-:status: This is a "work in progress"
-:version: 1
-:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams 2002. All rights reserved
-
-:Dedication:
-
-    For my girlfriend, wife, and partner Luann
-
-:abstract:
-
-    This paper describes the Boost.Python library, a system for
-    C++/Python interoperability.
-
-.. meta::
-   :keywords: Boost,python,Boost.Python,C++
-   :description lang=en: C++/Python interoperability with Boost.Python
-
-.. contents:: Table of Contents
-.. section-numbering::
-
-
-.. _`Boost Consulting`: http://www.boost-consulting.com
-
-==============
- Introduction
-==============
-
-Python and C++ are in many ways as different as two languages could
-be: while C++ is usually compiled to machine-code, Python is
-interpreted.  Python's dynamic type system is often cited as the
-foundation of its flexibility, while in C++ static typing is the
-cornerstone of its efficiency. C++ has an intricate and difficult
-meta-language to support compile-time polymorphism, while Python is
-a uniform language with convenient runtime polymorphism.
-
-Yet for many programmers, these very differences mean that Python and
-C++ complement one another perfectly.  Performance bottlenecks in
-Python programs can be rewritten in C++ for maximal speed, and
-authors of powerful C++ libraries choose Python as a middleware
-language for its flexible system integration capabilities.
-Furthermore, the surface differences mask some strong similarities:
-
-* 'C'-family control structures (if, while, for...)
-
-* Support for object-orientation, functional programming, and generic
-  programming (these are both *multi-paradigm* programming languages.)
-
-* Comprehensive operator overloading facilities, recognizing the
-  importance of syntactic variability for readability and
-  expressivity.
-
-* High-level concepts such as collections and iterators.
-
-* High-level encapsulation facilities (C++: namespaces, Python: modules)
-  to support the design of re-usable libraries.
-
-* Exception-handling for effective management of error conditions.
-
-* C++ idioms in common use, such as handle/body classes and
-  reference-counted smart pointers mirror Python reference semantics.
-
-Python provides a rich 'C' API for writers of 'C' extension modules.
-Unfortunately, using this API directly for exposing C++ type and
-function interfaces to Python is much more tedious than it should be.
-This is mainly due to the limitations of the 'C' language.  Compared to
-C++ and Python, 'C' has only very rudimentary abstraction facilities.
-Support for exception-handling is completely missing. One important
-undesirable consequence is that 'C' extension module writers are
-required to manually manage Python reference counts. Another unpleasant
-consequence is a very high degree of repetition of similar code in 'C'
-extension modules. Of course highly redundant code does not only cause
-frustration for the module writer, but is also very difficult to
-maintain.
-
-The limitations of the 'C' API have lead to the development of a
-variety of wrapping systems. SWIG_ is probably the most popular package
-for the integration of C/C++ and Python. A more recent development is
-the SIP_ package, which is specifically designed for interfacing Python
-with the Qt_ graphical user interface library. Both SWIG and SIP
-introduce a new specialized language for defining the inter-language
-bindings. Of course being able to use a specialized language has
-advantages, but having to deal with three different languages (Python,
-C/C++ and the interface language) also introduces practical and mental
-difficulties. The CXX_ package demonstrates an interesting alternative.
-It shows that at least some parts of Python's 'C' API can be wrapped
-and presented through a much more user-friendly C++ interface. However,
-unlike SWIG and SIP, CXX does not include support for wrapping C++
-classes as new Python types. CXX is also no longer actively developed.
-
-In some respects Boost.Python combines ideas from SWIG and SIP with
-ideas from CXX. Like SWIG and SIP, Boost.Python is a system for
-wrapping C++ classes as new Python "built-in" types, and C/C++
-functions as Python functions. Like CXX, Boost.Python presents Python's
-'C' API through a C++ interface. Boost.Python goes beyond the scope of
-other systems with the unique support for C++ virtual functions that
-are overrideable in Python, support for organizing extensions as Python
-packages with a central registry for inter-language type conversions,
-and a convenient mechanism for tying into Python's serialization engine
-(pickle). Importantly, all this is achieved without introducing a new
-syntax. Boost.Python leverages the power of C++ meta-programming
-techniques to introspect about the C++ type system, and presents a
-simple, IDL-like C++ interface for exposing C/C++ code in extension
-modules. Boost.Python is a pure C++ library, the inter-language
-bindings are defined in pure C++, and other than a C++ compiler only
-Python itself is required to get started with Boost.Python. Last but
-not least, Boost.Python is an unrestricted open source library. There
-are no strings attached even for commercial applications.
-
-.. _SWIG: http://www.swig.org/
-.. _SIP: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/sip/index.php
-.. _Qt: http://www.trolltech.com/
-.. _CXX: http://cxx.sourceforge.net/
-
-===========================
- Boost.Python Design Goals 
-===========================
-
-The primary goal of Boost.Python is to allow users to expose C++
-classes and functions to Python using nothing more than a C++
-compiler.  In broad strokes, the user experience should be one of
-directly manipulating C++ objects from Python.
-
-However, it's also important not to translate all interfaces *too*
-literally: the idioms of each language must be respected.  For
-example, though C++ and Python both have an iterator concept, they are
-expressed very differently.  Boost.Python has to be able to bridge the
-interface gap.
-
-It must be possible to insulate Python users from crashes resulting
-from trivial misuses of C++ interfaces, such as accessing
-already-deleted objects.  By the same token the library should
-insulate C++ users from low-level Python 'C' API, replacing
-error-prone 'C' interfaces like manual reference-count management and
-raw ``PyObject`` pointers with more-robust alternatives.
-
-Support for component-based development is crucial, so that C++ types
-exposed in one extension module can be passed to functions exposed in
-another without loss of crucial information like C++ inheritance
-relationships.
-
-Finally, all wrapping must be *non-intrusive*, without modifying or
-even seeing the original C++ source code.  Existing C++ libraries have
-to be wrappable by third parties who only have access to header files
-and binaries.
-
-==========================
- Hello Boost.Python World
-==========================
-
-And now for a preview of Boost.Python, and how it improves on the raw
-facilities offered by Python. Here's a function we might want to
-expose::
-
-    char const* greet(unsigned x)
-    {
-       static char const* const msgs[] = { "hello", "Boost.Python", "world!" };
-
-       if (x > 2) 
-           throw std::range_error("greet: index out of range");
-
-       return msgs[x];
-    }
-
-To wrap this function in standard C++ using the Python 'C' API, we'd
-need something like this::
-
-    extern "C" // all Python interactions use 'C' linkage and calling convention
-    {
-        // Wrapper to handle argument/result conversion and checking
-        PyObject* greet_wrap(PyObject* args, PyObject * keywords)
-        {
-             int x;
-             if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &x))    // extract/check arguments
-             {
-                 char const* result = greet(x);      // invoke wrapped function
-                 return PyString_FromString(result); // convert result to Python
-             }
-             return 0;                               // error occurred
-        }
-
-        // Table of wrapped functions to be exposed by the module
-        static PyMethodDef methods[] = {
-            { "greet", greet_wrap, METH_VARARGS, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting" }
-            , { NULL, NULL, 0, NULL } // sentinel
-        };
-
-        // module initialization function
-        DL_EXPORT init_hello()
-        {
-            (void) Py_InitModule("hello", methods); // add the methods to the module
-        }
-    }
-
-Now here's the wrapping code we'd use to expose it with Boost.Python::
-
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    using namespace boost::python;
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        def("greet", greet, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting");
-    }
-
-and here it is in action::
-
-    >>> import hello
-    >>> for x in range(3):
-    ...     print hello.greet(x)
-    ...
-    hello
-    Boost.Python
-    world!
-
-Aside from the fact that the 'C' API version is much more verbose than
-the BPL one, it's worth noting that it doesn't handle a few things
-correctly:
-
-* The original function accepts an unsigned integer, and the Python
-  'C' API only gives us a way of extracting signed integers. The
-  Boost.Python version will raise a Python exception if we try to pass
-  a negative number to ``hello.greet``, but the other one will proceed
-  to do whatever the C++ implementation does when converting an
-  negative integer to unsigned (usually wrapping to some very large
-  number), and pass the incorrect translation on to the wrapped
-  function.
-
-* That brings us to the second problem: if the C++ ``greet()``
-  function is called with a number greater than 2, it will throw an
-  exception.  Typically, if a C++ exception propagates across the
-  boundary with code generated by a 'C' compiler, it will cause a
-  crash.  As you can see in the first version, there's no C++
-  scaffolding there to prevent this from happening.  Functions wrapped
-  by Boost.Python automatically include an exception-handling layer
-  which protects Python users by translating unhandled C++ exceptions
-  into a corresponding Python exception.
-
-* A slightly more-subtle limitation is that the argument conversion
-  used in the Python 'C' API case can only get that integer ``x`` in
-  *one way*.  PyArg_ParseTuple can't convert Python ``long`` objects
-  (arbitrary-precision integers) which happen to fit in an ``unsigned
-  int`` but not in a ``signed long``, nor will it ever handle a
-  wrapped C++ class with a user-defined implicit ``operator unsigned
-  int()`` conversion.  The BPL's dynamic type conversion registry
-  allows users to add arbitrary conversion methods.
-
-==================
- Library Overview
-==================
-
-This section outlines some of the library's major features.  Except as
-necessary to avoid confusion, details of library implementation are
-omitted.
-
--------------------------------------------
- The fundamental type-conversion mechanism
--------------------------------------------
-
-XXX This needs to be rewritten.
-
-Every argument of every wrapped function requires some kind of
-extraction code to convert it from Python to C++.  Likewise, the
-function return value has to be converted from C++ to Python.
-Appropriate Python exceptions must be raised if the conversion fails.
-Argument and return types are part of the function's type, and much of
-this tedium can be relieved if the wrapping system can extract that
-information through  introspection.
-
-Passing a wrapped C++ derived class instance to a C++ function
-accepting a pointer or reference to a base class requires knowledge of
-the inheritance relationship and how to translate the address of a base
-class into that of a derived class.
-
-------------------
- Exposing Classes
-------------------
-
-C++ classes and structs are exposed with a similarly-terse interface.
-Given::
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        void set(std::string msg) { this->msg = msg; }
-        std::string greet() { return msg; }
-        std::string msg;
-    };
-
-The following code will expose it in our extension module::
-    
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        class_<World>("World")
-            .def("greet", &World::greet)
-            .def("set", &World::set)
-        ;
-    }
-
-Although this code has a certain pythonic familiarity, people
-sometimes find the syntax bit confusing because it doesn't look like
-most of the C++ code they're used to. All the same, this is just
-standard C++.  Because of their flexible syntax and operator
-overloading, C++ and Python are great for defining domain-specific
-(sub)languages
-(DSLs), and that's what we've done in BPL.  To break it down::
-
-    class_<World>("World")
-
-constructs an unnamed object of type ``class_<World>`` and passes
-``"World"`` to its constructor.  This creates a new-style Python class
-called ``World`` in the extension module, and associates it with the
-C++ type ``World`` in the BPL type conversion registry.  We might have
-also written::
-
-    class_<World> w("World");
-
-but that would've been more verbose, since we'd have to name ``w``
-again to invoke its ``def()`` member function::
-
-        w.def("greet", &World::greet)
-
-There's nothing special about the location of the dot for member
-access in the original example: C++ allows any amount of whitespace on
-either side of a token, and placing the dot at the beginning of each
-line allows us to chain as many successive calls to member functions
-as we like with a uniform syntax.  The other key fact that allows
-chaining is that ``class_<>`` member functions all return a reference
-to ``*this``.
-
-So the example is equivalent to::
-
-    class_<World> w("World");
-    w.def("greet", &World::greet);
-    w.def("set", &World::set);
-
-It's occasionally useful to be able to break down the components of a
-Boost.Python class wrapper in this way, but the rest of this paper
-will tend to stick to the terse syntax.
-
-For completeness, here's the wrapped class in use:
-
->>> import hello
->>> planet = hello.World()
->>> planet.set('howdy')
->>> planet.greet()
-'howdy'
-
-Constructors
-============
-
-Since our ``World`` class is just a plain ``struct``, it has an
-implicit no-argument (nullary) constructor.  Boost.Python exposes the
-nullary constructor by default, which is why we were able to write:
-
->>> planet = hello.World()
-
-However, well-designed classes in any language may require constructor
-arguments in order to establish their invariants.  Unlike Python,
-where ``__init__`` is just a specially-named method, In C++
-constructors cannot be handled like ordinary member functions.  In
-particular, we can't take their address: ``&World::World`` is an
-error.  The library provides a different interface for specifying
-constructors.  Given::
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        World(std::string msg); // added constructor
-        ...
-
-we can modify our wrapping code as follows::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        ...
-
-of course, a C++ class may have additional constructors, and we can
-expose those as well by passing more instances of ``init<...>`` to
-``def()``::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .def(init<double, double>())
-        ...
-
-Boost.Python allows wrapped functions, member functions, and
-constructors to be overloaded to mirror C++ overloading.
-
-Data Members and Properties
-===========================
-
-Any publicly-accessible data members in a C++ class can be easily
-exposed as either ``readonly`` or ``readwrite`` attributes::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .def_readonly("msg", &World::msg)
-        ...
-
-and can be used directly in Python:
-
->>> planet = hello.World('howdy')
->>> planet.msg
-'howdy'
-
-This does *not* result in adding attributes to the ``World`` instance
-``__dict__``, which can result in substantial memory savings when
-wrapping large data structures.  In fact, no instance ``__dict__``
-will be created at all unless attributes are explicitly added from
-Python.  BPL owes this capability to the new Python 2.2 type system,
-in particular the descriptor interface and ``property`` type.
-
-In C++, publicly-accessible data members are considered a sign of poor
-design because they break encapsulation, and style guides usually
-dictate the use of "getter" and "setter" functions instead.  In
-Python, however, ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, and since 2.2,
-``property`` mean that attribute access is just one more
-well-encapsulated syntactic tool at the programmer's disposal.  BPL
-bridges this idiomatic gap by making Python ``property`` creation
-directly available to users.  So if ``msg`` were private, we could
-still expose it as attribute in Python as follows::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .add_property("msg", &World::greet, &World::set)
-        ...
-
-The example above mirrors the familiar usage of properties in Python
-2.2+:
-
->>> class World(object):
-...     __init__(self, msg):
-...         self.__msg = msg
-...     def greet(self):
-...         return self.__msg
-...     def set(self, msg):
-...         self.__msg = msg
-...     msg = property(greet, set)
-
-Operators and Special Functions
-===============================
-
-The ability to write arithmetic operators for user-defined types that
-C++ and Python both allow the definition of has been a major factor in
-the popularity of both languages for scientific computing.  The
-success of packages like NumPy attests to the power of exposing
-operators in extension modules.  In this example we'll wrap a class
-representing a position in a large file::
-
-    class FilePos { /*...*/ };
-
-    // Linear offset
-    FilePos     operator+(FilePos, int);
-    FilePos     operator+(int, FilePos);
-    FilePos     operator-(FilePos, int);
-    
-    // Distance between two FilePos objects
-    int         operator-(FilePos, FilePos);
-
-    // Offset with assignment
-    FilePos&    operator+=(FilePos&, int);
-    FilePos&    operator-=(FilePos&, int);
-
-    // Comparison
-    bool        operator<(FilePos, FilePos);
-
-The wrapping code looks like this::
-
-    class_<FilePos>("FilePos")
-        .def(self + int())     // __add__
-        .def(int() + self)     // __radd__
-        .def(self - int())     // __sub__
-
-        .def(self - self)      // __sub__
-
-        .def(self += int())    // __iadd__
-        .def(self -= int())    // __isub__
-
-        .def(self < self);     // __lt__
-        ;
-
-The magic is performed using a simplified application of "expression
-templates" [VELD1995]_, a technique originally developed by for
-optimization of high-performance matrix algebra expressions.  The
-essence is that instead of performing the computation immediately,
-operators are overloaded to construct a type *representing* the
-computation.  In matrix algebra, dramatic optimizations are often
-available when the structure of an entire expression can be taken into
-account, rather than processing each operation "greedily".
-Boost.Python uses the same technique to build an appropriate Python
-callable object based on an expression involving ``self``, which is
-then added to the class.
-
-Inheritance
-===========
-
-C++ inheritance relationships can be represented to Boost.Python by adding
-an optional ``bases<...>`` argument to the ``class_<...>`` template
-parameter list as follows::
-
-     class_<Derived, bases<Base1,Base2> >("Derived")
-          ...
-
-This has two effects:  
-
-1. When the ``class_<...>`` is created, Python type objects
-   corresponding to ``Base1`` and ``Base2`` are looked up in the BPL
-   registry, and are used as bases for the new Python ``Derived`` type
-   object [#mi]_, so methods exposed for the Python ``Base1`` and
-   ``Base2`` types are automatically members of the ``Derived`` type.
-   Because the registry is global, this works correctly even if
-   ``Derived`` is exposed in a different module from either of its
-   bases.
-
-2. C++ conversions from ``Derived`` to its bases are added to the
-   Boost.Python registry.  Thus wrapped C++ methods expecting (a
-   pointer or reference to) an object of either base type can be
-   called with an object wrapping a ``Derived`` instance.  Wrapped
-   member functions of class ``T`` are treated as though they have an
-   implicit first argument of ``T&``, so these conversions are
-   necessary to allow the base class methods to be called for derived
-   objects.
-
-Of course it's possible to derive new Python classes from wrapped C++
-class instances.  Because Boost.Python uses the new-style class
-system, that works very much as for the Python built-in types.  There
-is one significant detail in which it differs: the built-in types
-generally establish their invariants in their ``__new__`` function, so
-that derived classes do not need to call ``__init__`` on the base
-class before invoking its methods :
-
->>> class L(list):
-...      def __init__(self):
-...          pass
-...
->>> L().reverse()
->>> 
-
-Because C++ object construction is a one-step operation, C++ instance
-data cannot be constructed until the arguments are available, in the
-``__init__`` function:
-
->>> class D(SomeBPLClass):
-...      def __init__(self):
-...          pass
-...
->>> D().some_bpl_method()
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
-TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
-
-This happened because Boost.Python couldn't find instance data of type
-``SomeBPLClass`` within the ``D`` instance; ``D``'s ``__init__``
-function masked construction of the base class.  It could be corrected
-by either removing ``D``'s ``__init__`` function or having it call
-``SomeBPLClass.__init__(...)`` explicitly.
-
-Virtual Functions
-=================
-
-Deriving new types in Python from extension classes is not very
-interesting unless they can be used polymorphically from C++.  In
-other words, Python method implementations should appear to override
-the implementation of C++ virtual functions when called *through base
-class pointers/references from C++*.  Since the only way to alter the
-behavior of a virtual function is to override it in a derived class,
-the user must build a special derived class to dispatch a polymorphic
-class' virtual functions::
-
-    //
-    // interface to wrap:
-    //
-    class Base
-    {
-     public:
-        virtual int f(std::string x) { return 42; }
-        virtual ~Base();
-    };
-
-    int calls_f(Base const& b, std::string x) { return b.f(x); }
-
-    //
-    // Wrapping Code
-    //
-
-    // Dispatcher class
-    struct BaseWrap : Base
-    {
-        // Store a pointer to the Python object
-        BaseWrap(PyObject* self_) : self(self_) {}
-        PyObject* self;
-
-        // Default implementation, for when f is not overridden
-        int f_default(std::string x) { return this->Base::f(x); }
-        // Dispatch implementation
-        int f(std::string x) { return call_method<int>(self, "f", x); }
-    };
-
-    ...
-        def("calls_f", calls_f);
-        class_<Base, BaseWrap>("Base")
-            .def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::f_default)
-            ;
-
-Now here's some Python code which demonstrates:
-
->>> class Derived(Base):
-...     def f(self, s):
-...          return len(s)
-...
->>> calls_f(Base(), 'foo')
-42
->>> calls_f(Derived(), 'forty-two')
-9
-
-Things to notice about the dispatcher class:
-
-* The key element which allows overriding in Python is the
-  ``call_method`` invocation, which uses the same global type
-  conversion registry as the C++ function wrapping does to convert its
-  arguments from C++ to Python and its return type from Python to C++.
-
-* Any constructor signatures you wish to wrap must be replicated with
-  an initial ``PyObject*`` argument
-
-* The dispatcher must store this argument so that it can be used to
-  invoke ``call_method``
-
-* The ``f_default`` member function is needed when the function being
-  exposed is not pure virtual; there's no other way ``Base::f`` can be
-  called on an object of type ``BaseWrap``, since it overrides ``f``.
-
-Admittedly, this formula is tedious to repeat, especially on a project
-with many polymorphic classes; that it is necessary reflects
-limitations in C++'s compile-time reflection capabilities.  Several
-efforts are underway to write front-ends for Boost.Python which can
-generate these dispatchers (and other wrapping code) automatically.
-If these are successful it will mark a move away from wrapping
-everything directly in pure C++ for many of our users.
-
----------------
- Serialization
----------------
-
-*Serialization* is the process of converting objects in memory to a
-form that can be stored on disk or sent over a network connection. The
-serialized object (most often a plain string) can be retrieved and
-converted back to the original object. A good serialization system will
-automatically convert entire object hierarchies. Python's standard
-``pickle`` module is such a system.  It leverages the language's strong
-runtime introspection facilities for serializing practically arbitrary
-user-defined objects. With a few simple and unintrusive provisions this
-powerful machinery can be extended to also work for wrapped C++ objects.
-Here is an example::
-
-    #include <string>
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        World(std::string a_msg) : msg(a_msg) {}
-        std::string greet() const { return msg; }
-        std::string msg;
-    };
-
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    using namespace boost::python;
-
-    struct World_picklers : pickle_suite
-    {
-      static tuple
-      getinitargs(World const& w) { return make_tuple(w.greet()); }
-    };
-
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-            .def("greet", &World::greet)
-            .def_pickle(World_picklers())
-        ;
-    }
-
-Now let's create a ``World`` object and put it to rest on disk::
-
-    >>> import hello
-    >>> import pickle
-    >>> a_world = hello.World("howdy")
-    >>> pickle.dump(a_world, open("my_world", "w"))
-
-In a potentially *different script* on a potentially *different
-computer* with a potentially *different operating system*::
-
-    >>> import pickle
-    >>> resurrected_world = pickle.load(open("my_world", "r"))
-    >>> resurrected_world.greet()
-    'howdy'
-
-Of course the ``cPickle`` module can also be used for faster
-processing.
-
-Boost.Python's ``pickle_suite`` fully supports the ``pickle`` protocol
-defined in the standard Python documentation. There is a one-to-one
-correspondence between the standard pickling methods (``__getinitargs__``,
-``__getstate__``, ``__setstate__``) and the functions defined by the
-user in the class derived from ``pickle_suite`` (``getinitargs``,
-``getstate``, ``setstate``). The ``class_::def_pickle()`` member function
-is used to establish the Python bindings for all user-defined functions
-simultaneously. Correct signatures for these functions are enforced at
-compile time. Non-sensical combinations of the three pickle functions
-are also rejected at compile time. These measures are designed to
-help the user in avoiding obvious errors.
-
-Enabling serialization of more complex C++ objects requires a little
-more work than is shown in the example above. Fortunately the
-``object`` interface (see next section) greatly helps in keeping the
-code manageable.
-
-------------------
- Object interface
-------------------
-
-Experienced extension module authors will be familiar with the 'C' view
-of Python objects, the ubiquitous ``PyObject*``. Most if not all Python
-'C' API functions involve ``PyObject*`` as arguments or return type.  A
-major complication is the raw reference counting interface presented to
-the 'C' programmer. E.g. some API functions return *new references* and
-others return *borrowed references*. It is up to the extension module
-writer to properly increment and decrement reference counts.  This
-quickly becomes cumbersome and error prone, especially if there are
-multiple execution paths.
-
-Boost.Python provides a type ``object`` which is essentially a high
-level wrapper around ``PyObject*``. ``object`` automates reference
-counting as much as possible. It also provides the facilities for
-converting arbitrary C++ types to Python objects and vice versa.
-This significantly reduces the learning effort for prospective
-extension module writers.
-
-Creating an ``object`` from any other type is extremely simple::
-
-    object o(3);
-
-``object`` has templated interactions with all other types, with
-automatic to-python conversions. It happens so naturally that it's
-easily overlooked.
-
-The ``extract<T>`` class template can be used to convert Python objects
-to C++ types::
-
-    double x = extract<double>(o);
-
-All registered user-defined conversions are automatically accessible
-through the ``object`` interface. With reference to the ``World`` class
-defined in previous examples::
-
-    object as_python_object(World("howdy"));
-    World back_as_c_plus_plus_object = extract<World>(as_python_object);
-
-If a C++ type cannot be converted to a Python object an appropriate
-exception is thrown at runtime.  Similarly, an appropriate exception is
-thrown if a C++ type cannot be extracted from a Python object.
-``extract<T>`` provides facilities for avoiding exceptions if this is
-desired.
-
-The ``object::attr()`` member function is available for accessing
-and manipulating attributes of Python objects. For example::
-
-    object planet(World());
-    planet.attr("set")("howdy");
-
-``planet.attr("set")`` returns a callable ``object``.  ``"howdy"`` is
-converted to a Python string object which is then passed as an argument
-to the ``set`` method.
-
-The ``object`` type is accompanied by a set of derived types
-that mirror the Python built-in types such as ``list``, ``dict``,
-``tuple``, etc. as much as possible. This enables convenient
-manipulation of these high-level types from C++::
-
-    dict d;
-    d["some"] = "thing";
-    d["lucky_number"] = 13;
-    list l = d.keys();
-
-This almost looks and works like regular Python code, but it is pure C++.
-
-=================
- Thinking hybrid
-=================
-
-For many applications runtime performance considerations are very
-important. This is particularly true for most scientific applications.
-Often the performance considerations dictate the use of a compiled
-language for the core algorithms. Traditionally the decision to use a
-particular programming language is an exclusive one. Because of the
-practical and mental difficulties of combining different languages many
-systems are written in just one language. This is quite unfortunate
-because the price payed for runtime performance is typically a
-significant overhead due to static typing. For example, our experience
-shows that developing maintainable C++ code is typically much more
-time-consuming and requires much more hard-earned working experience
-than developing useful Python code. A related observation is that many
-compiled packages are augmented by some type of rudimentary scripting
-layer. These ad hoc solutions clearly show that many times a compiled
-language alone does not get the job done. On the other hand it is also
-clear that a pure Python implementation is too slow for numerically
-intensive production code.
-
-Boost.Python enables us to *think hybrid* when developing new
-applications. Python can be used for rapidly prototyping a
-new application. Python's ease of use and the large pool of standard
-libraries give us a head start on the way to a first working system. If
-necessary, the working procedure can be used to discover the
-rate-limiting algorithms. To maximize performance these can be
-reimplemented in C++, together with the Boost.Python bindings needed to
-tie them back into the existing higher-level procedure.
-
-Of course, this *top-down* approach is less attractive if it is clear
-from the start that many algorithms will eventually have to be
-implemented in a compiled language. Fortunately Boost.Python also
-enables us to pursue a *bottom-up* approach. We have used this approach
-very successfully in the development of a toolbox for scientific
-applications (scitbx) that we will describe elsewhere. The toolbox
-started out mainly as a library of C++ classes with Boost.Python
-bindings, and for a while the growth was mainly concentrated on the C++
-parts. However, as the toolbox is becoming more complete, more and more
-newly added functionality can be implemented in Python. We expect this
-trend to continue, as illustrated qualitatively in this figure:
-
-.. image:: python_cpp_mix.png
-
-This figure shows the ratio of newly added C++ and Python code over
-time as new algorithms are implemented. We expect this ratio to level
-out near 70% Python. The increasing ability to solve new problems
-mostly with the easy-to-use Python language rather than a necessarily
-more arcane statically typed language is the return on the investment
-of learning how to use Boost.Python. The ability to solve some problems
-entirely using only Python will enable a larger group of people to
-participate in the rapid development of new applications.
-
-=============
- Conclusions
-=============
-
-The examples in this paper illustrate that Boost.Python enables
-seamless interoperability between C++ and Python. Importantly, this is
-achieved without introducing a third syntax: the Python/C++ interface
-definitions are written in pure C++. This avoids any problems with
-parsing the C++ code to be interfaced to Python, yet the interface
-definitions are concise and maintainable. Freed from most of the
-development-time penalties of crossing a language boundary, software
-designers can take full advantage of two rich and complimentary
-language environments. In practice it turns out that some things are
-very difficult to do with pure Python/C (e.g. an efficient array
-library with an intuitive interface in the compiled language) and
-others are very difficult to do with pure C++ (e.g. serialization).
-If one has the luxury of being able to design a software system as a
-hybrid system from the ground up there are many new ways of avoiding
-road blocks in one language or the other.
-
-.. I'm not ready to give up on all of this quite yet
-
-.. Perhaps one day we'll have a language with the simplicity and
-   expressive power of Python and the compile-time muscle of C++.  Being
-   able to take advantage of all of these facilities without paying the
-   mental and development-time penalties of crossing a language barrier
-   would bring enormous benefits.  Until then, interoperability tools
-   like Boost.Python can help lower the barrier and make the benefits of
-   both languages more accessible to both communities.
-
-===========
- Footnotes
-===========
-
-.. [#mi] For hard-core new-style class/extension module writers it is
-   worth noting that the normal requirement that all extension classes
-   with data form a layout-compatible single-inheritance chain is
-   lifted for Boost.Python extension classes.  Clearly, either
-   ``Base1`` or ``Base2`` has to occupy a different offset in the
-   ``Derived`` class instance.  This is possible because the wrapped
-   part of BPL extension class instances is never assumed to have a
-   fixed offset within the wrapper.
-
-===========
- Citations
-===========
-
-.. [VELD1995] T. Veldhuizen, "Expression Templates," C++ Report,
-   Vol. 7 No. 5 June 1995, pp. 26-31.
-   http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html

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doc/article.rst

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++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+ Building Hybrid Systems with Boost.Python
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+
+:Author: David Abrahams
+:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
+:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
+:date: 2003-05-14
+
+:Author: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
+
+:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams and Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2003. All rights reserved
+
+.. contents:: Table of Contents
+
+.. _`Boost Consulting`: http://www.boost-consulting.com
+
+==========
+ Abstract
+==========
+
+Boost.Python is an open source C++ library which provides a concise
+IDL-like interface for binding C++ classes and functions to
+Python. Leveraging the full power of C++ compile-time introspection
+and of recently developed metaprogramming techniques, this is achieved
+entirely in pure C++, without introducing a new syntax.
+Boost.Python's rich set of features and high-level interface make it
+possible to engineer packages from the ground up as hybrid systems,
+giving programmers easy and coherent access to both the efficient
+compile-time polymorphism of C++ and the extremely convenient run-time
+polymorphism of Python.
+
+==============
+ Introduction
+==============
+
+Python and C++ are in many ways as different as two languages could
+be: while C++ is usually compiled to machine-code, Python is
+interpreted.  Python's dynamic type system is often cited as the
+foundation of its flexibility, while in C++ static typing is the
+cornerstone of its efficiency. C++ has an intricate and difficult
+compile-time meta-language, while in Python, practically everything
+happens at runtime.
+
+Yet for many programmers, these very differences mean that Python and
+C++ complement one another perfectly.  Performance bottlenecks in
+Python programs can be rewritten in C++ for maximal speed, and
+authors of powerful C++ libraries choose Python as a middleware
+language for its flexible system integration capabilities.
+Furthermore, the surface differences mask some strong similarities:
+
+* 'C'-family control structures (if, while, for...)
+
+* Support for object-orientation, functional programming, and generic
+  programming (these are both *multi-paradigm* programming languages.)
+
+* Comprehensive operator overloading facilities, recognizing the
+  importance of syntactic variability for readability and
+  expressivity.
+
+* High-level concepts such as collections and iterators.
+
+* High-level encapsulation facilities (C++: namespaces, Python: modules)
+  to support the design of re-usable libraries.
+
+* Exception-handling for effective management of error conditions.
+
+* C++ idioms in common use, such as handle/body classes and
+  reference-counted smart pointers mirror Python reference semantics.
+
+Given Python's rich 'C' interoperability API, it should in principle
+be possible to expose C++ type and function interfaces to Python with
+an analogous interface to their C++ counterparts.  However, the
+facilities provided by Python alone for integration with C++ are
+relatively meager.  Compared to C++ and Python, 'C' has only very
+rudimentary abstraction facilities, and support for exception-handling
+is completely missing.  'C' extension module writers are required to
+manually manage Python reference counts, which is both annoyingly
+tedious and extremely error-prone. Traditional extension modules also
+tend to contain a great deal of boilerplate code repetition which
+makes them difficult to maintain, especially when wrapping an evolving
+API.
+
+These limitations have lead to the development of a variety of wrapping
+systems.  SWIG_ is probably the most popular package for the
+integration of C/C++ and Python. A more recent development is SIP_,
+which was specifically designed for interfacing Python with the Qt_
+graphical user interface library.  Both SWIG and SIP introduce their
+own specialized languages for customizing inter-language bindings.
+This has certain advantages, but having to deal with three different
+languages (Python, C/C++ and the interface language) also introduces
+practical and mental difficulties.  The CXX_ package demonstrates an
+interesting alternative.  It shows that at least some parts of
+Python's 'C' API can be wrapped and presented through a much more
+user-friendly C++ interface. However, unlike SWIG and SIP, CXX does
+not include support for wrapping C++ classes as new Python types.
+
+The features and goals of Boost.Python_ overlap significantly with
+many of these other systems.  That said, Boost.Python attempts to
+maximize convenience and flexibility without introducing a separate
+wrapping language.  Instead, it presents the user with a high-level
+C++ interface for wrapping C++ classes and functions, managing much of
+the complexity behind-the-scenes with static metaprogramming.
+Boost.Python also goes beyond the scope of earlier systems by
+providing:
+
+* Support for C++ virtual functions that can be overridden in Python.
+
+* Comprehensive lifetime management facilities for low-level C++
+  pointers and references.
+
+* Support for organizing extensions as Python packages,
+  with a central registry for inter-language type conversions.
+
+* A safe and convenient mechanism for tying into Python's powerful
+  serialization engine (pickle).
+
+* Coherence with the rules for handling C++ lvalues and rvalues that
+  can only come from a deep understanding of both the Python and C++
+  type systems.
+
+The key insight that sparked the development of Boost.Python is that
+much of the boilerplate code in traditional extension modules could be
+eliminated using C++ compile-time introspection.  Each argument of a
+wrapped C++ function must be extracted from a Python object using a
+procedure that depends on the argument type.  Similarly the function's
+return type determines how the return value will be converted from C++
+to Python.  Of course argument and return types are part of each
+function's type, and this is exactly the source from which
+Boost.Python deduces most of the information required.
+
+This approach leads to *user guided wrapping*: as much information is
+extracted directly from the source code to be wrapped as is possible
+within the framework of pure C++, and some additional information is
+supplied explicitly by the user.  Mostly the guidance is mechanical
+and little real intervention is required.  Because the interface
+specification is written in the same full-featured language as the
+code being exposed, the user has unprecedented power available when
+she does need to take control.
+
+.. _Python: http://www.python.org/
+.. _SWIG: http://www.swig.org/
+.. _SIP: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/sip/index.php
+.. _Qt: http://www.trolltech.com/
+.. _CXX: http://cxx.sourceforge.net/
+.. _Boost.Python: http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc
+
+===========================
+ Boost.Python Design Goals 
+===========================
+
+The primary goal of Boost.Python is to allow users to expose C++
+classes and functions to Python using nothing more than a C++
+compiler.  In broad strokes, the user experience should be one of
+directly manipulating C++ objects from Python.
+
+However, it's also important not to translate all interfaces *too*
+literally: the idioms of each language must be respected.  For
+example, though C++ and Python both have an iterator concept, they are
+expressed very differently.  Boost.Python has to be able to bridge the
+interface gap.
+
+It must be possible to insulate Python users from crashes resulting
+from trivial misuses of C++ interfaces, such as accessing
+already-deleted objects.  By the same token the library should
+insulate C++ users from low-level Python 'C' API, replacing
+error-prone 'C' interfaces like manual reference-count management and
+raw ``PyObject`` pointers with more-robust alternatives.
+
+Support for component-based development is crucial, so that C++ types
+exposed in one extension module can be passed to functions exposed in
+another without loss of crucial information like C++ inheritance
+relationships.
+
+Finally, all wrapping must be *non-intrusive*, without modifying or
+even seeing the original C++ source code.  Existing C++ libraries have
+to be wrappable by third parties who only have access to header files
+and binaries.
+
+==========================
+ Hello Boost.Python World
+==========================
+
+And now for a preview of Boost.Python, and how it improves on the raw
+facilities offered by Python. Here's a function we might want to
+expose::
+
+    char const* greet(unsigned x)
+    {
+       static char const* const msgs[] = { "hello", "Boost.Python", "world!" };
+
+       if (x > 2) 
+           throw std::range_error("greet: index out of range");
+
+       return msgs[x];
+    }
+
+To wrap this function in standard C++ using the Python 'C' API, we'd
+need something like this::
+
+    extern "C" // all Python interactions use 'C' linkage and calling convention
+    {
+        // Wrapper to handle argument/result conversion and checking
+        PyObject* greet_wrap(PyObject* args, PyObject * keywords)
+        {
+             int x;
+             if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &x))    // extract/check arguments
+             {
+                 char const* result = greet(x);      // invoke wrapped function
+                 return PyString_FromString(result); // convert result to Python
+             }
+             return 0;                               // error occurred
+        }
+
+        // Table of wrapped functions to be exposed by the module
+        static PyMethodDef methods[] = {
+            { "greet", greet_wrap, METH_VARARGS, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting" }
+            , { NULL, NULL, 0, NULL } // sentinel
+        };
+
+        // module initialization function
+        DL_EXPORT init_hello()
+        {
+            (void) Py_InitModule("hello", methods); // add the methods to the module
+        }
+    }
+
+Now here's the wrapping code we'd use to expose it with Boost.Python::
+
+    #include <boost/python.hpp>
+    using namespace boost::python;
+    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
+    {
+        def("greet", greet, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting");
+    }
+
+and here it is in action::
+
+    >>> import hello
+    >>> for x in range(3):
+    ...     print hello.greet(x)
+    ...
+    hello
+    Boost.Python
+    world!
+
+Aside from the fact that the 'C' API version is much more verbose,
+it's worth noting a few things that it doesn't handle correctly:
+
+* The original function accepts an unsigned integer, and the Python
+  'C' API only gives us a way of extracting signed integers. The
+  Boost.Python version will raise a Python exception if we try to pass
+  a negative number to ``hello.greet``, but the other one will proceed
+  to do whatever the C++ implementation does when converting an
+  negative integer to unsigned (usually wrapping to some very large
+  number), and pass the incorrect translation on to the wrapped
+  function.
+
+* That brings us to the second problem: if the C++ ``greet()``
+  function is called with a number greater than 2, it will throw an
+  exception.  Typically, if a C++ exception propagates across the
+  boundary with code generated by a 'C' compiler, it will cause a
+  crash.  As you can see in the first version, there's no C++
+  scaffolding there to prevent this from happening.  Functions wrapped
+  by Boost.Python automatically include an exception-handling layer
+  which protects Python users by translating unhandled C++ exceptions
+  into a corresponding Python exception.
+
+* A slightly more-subtle limitation is that the argument conversion
+  used in the Python 'C' API case can only get that integer ``x`` in
+  *one way*.  PyArg_ParseTuple can't convert Python ``long`` objects
+  (arbitrary-precision integers) which happen to fit in an ``unsigned
+  int`` but not in a ``signed long``, nor will it ever handle a
+  wrapped C++ class with a user-defined implicit ``operator unsigned
+  int()`` conversion. Boost.Python's dynamic type conversion
+  registry allows users to add arbitrary conversion methods.
+
+==================
+ Library Overview
+==================
+
+This section outlines some of the library's major features.  Except as
+neccessary to avoid confusion, details of library implementation are
+omitted.
+
+------------------
+ Exposing Classes
+------------------
+
+C++ classes and structs are exposed with a similarly-terse interface.
+Given::
+
+    struct World
+    {
+        void set(std::string msg) { this->msg = msg; }
+        std::string greet() { return msg; }
+        std::string msg;
+    };
+
+The following code will expose it in our extension module::
+    
+    #include <boost/python.hpp>
+    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
+    {
+        class_<World>("World")
+            .def("greet", &World::greet)
+            .def("set", &World::set)
+        ;
+    }
+
+Although this code has a certain pythonic familiarity, people
+sometimes find the syntax bit confusing because it doesn't look like
+most of the C++ code they're used to. All the same, this is just
+standard C++.  Because of their flexible syntax and operator
+overloading, C++ and Python are great for defining domain-specific
+(sub)languages
+(DSLs), and that's what we've done in Boost.Python. To break it down::
+
+    class_<World>("World")
+
+constructs an unnamed object of type ``class_<World>`` and passes
+``"World"`` to its constructor.  This creates a new-style Python class
+called ``World`` in the extension module, and associates it with the
+C++ type ``World`` in the Boost.Python type conversion registry.  We
+might have also written::
+
+    class_<World> w("World");
+
+but that would've been more verbose, since we'd have to name ``w``
+again to invoke its ``def()`` member function::
+
+        w.def("greet", &World::greet)
+
+There's nothing special about the location of the dot for member
+access in the original example: C++ allows any amount of whitespace on
+either side of a token, and placing the dot at the beginning of each
+line allows us to chain as many successive calls to member functions
+as we like with a uniform syntax.  The other key fact that allows
+chaining is that ``class_<>`` member functions all return a reference
+to ``*this``.
+
+So the example is equivalent to::
+
+    class_<World> w("World");
+    w.def("greet", &World::greet);
+    w.def("set", &World::set);
+
+It's occasionally useful to be able to break down the components of a
+Boost.Python class wrapper in this way, but the rest of this article
+will stick to the terse syntax.
+
+For completeness, here's the wrapped class in use: ::
+
+    >>> import hello
+    >>> planet = hello.World()
+    >>> planet.set('howdy')
+    >>> planet.greet()
+    'howdy'
+
+Constructors
+============
+
+Since our ``World`` class is just a plain ``struct``, it has an
+implicit no-argument (nullary) constructor.  Boost.Python exposes the
+nullary constructor by default, which is why we were able to write: ::
+
+  >>> planet = hello.World()
+
+However, well-designed classes in any language may require constructor
+arguments in order to establish their invariants.  Unlike Python,
+where ``__init__`` is just a specially-named method, In C++
+constructors cannot be handled like ordinary member functions.  In
+particular, we can't take their address: ``&World::World`` is an
+error.  The library provides a different interface for specifying
+constructors.  Given::
+
+    struct World
+    {
+        World(std::string msg); // added constructor
+        ...
+
+we can modify our wrapping code as follows::
+
+    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+        ...
+
+of course, a C++ class may have additional constructors, and we can
+expose those as well by passing more instances of ``init<...>`` to
+``def()``::
+
+    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+        .def(init<double, double>())
+        ...
+
+Boost.Python allows wrapped functions, member functions, and
+constructors to be overloaded to mirror C++ overloading.
+
+Data Members and Properties
+===========================
+
+Any publicly-accessible data members in a C++ class can be easily
+exposed as either ``readonly`` or ``readwrite`` attributes::
+
+    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+        .def_readonly("msg", &World::msg)
+        ...
+
+and can be used directly in Python: ::
+
+    >>> planet = hello.World('howdy')
+    >>> planet.msg
+    'howdy'
+
+This does *not* result in adding attributes to the ``World`` instance
+``__dict__``, which can result in substantial memory savings when
+wrapping large data structures.  In fact, no instance ``__dict__``
+will be created at all unless attributes are explicitly added from
+Python. Boost.Python owes this capability to the new Python 2.2 type
+system, in particular the descriptor interface and ``property`` type.
+
+In C++, publicly-accessible data members are considered a sign of poor
+design because they break encapsulation, and style guides usually
+dictate the use of "getter" and "setter" functions instead.  In
+Python, however, ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, and since 2.2,
+``property`` mean that attribute access is just one more
+well-encapsulated syntactic tool at the programmer's disposal.
+Boost.Python bridges this idiomatic gap by making Python ``property``
+creation directly available to users.  If ``msg`` were private, we
+could still expose it as attribute in Python as follows::
+
+    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+        .add_property("msg", &World::greet, &World::set)
+        ...
+
+The example above mirrors the familiar usage of properties in Python
+2.2+: ::
+
+    >>> class World(object):
+    ...     __init__(self, msg):
+    ...         self.__msg = msg
+    ...     def greet(self):
+    ...         return self.__msg
+    ...     def set(self, msg):
+    ...         self.__msg = msg
+    ...     msg = property(greet, set)
+
+Operator Overloading
+====================
+
+The ability to write arithmetic operators for user-defined types has
+been a major factor in the success of both languages for numerical
+computation, and the success of packages like NumPy_ attests to the
+power of exposing operators in extension modules.  Boost.Python
+provides a concise mechanism for wrapping operator overloads. The
+example below shows a fragment from a wrapper for the Boost rational
+number library::
+
+    class_<rational<int> >("rational_int")
+      .def(init<int, int>()) // constructor, e.g. rational_int(3,4)
+      .def("numerator", &rational<int>::numerator)
+      .def("denominator", &rational<int>::denominator)
+      .def(-self)        // __neg__ (unary minus)
+      .def(self + self)  // __add__ (homogeneous)
+      .def(self * self)  // __mul__
+      .def(self + int()) // __add__ (heterogenous)
+      .def(int() + self) // __radd__
+      ...
+
+The magic is performed using a simplified application of "expression
+templates" [VELD1995]_, a technique originally developed for
+optimization of high-performance matrix algebra expressions.  The
+essence is that instead of performing the computation immediately,
+operators are overloaded to construct a type *representing* the
+computation.  In matrix algebra, dramatic optimizations are often
+available when the structure of an entire expression can be taken into
+account, rather than evaluating each operation "greedily".
+Boost.Python uses the same technique to build an appropriate Python
+method object based on expressions involving ``self``.
+
+.. _NumPy: http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/
+
+Inheritance
+===========
+
+C++ inheritance relationships can be represented to Boost.Python by adding
+an optional ``bases<...>`` argument to the ``class_<...>`` template
+parameter list as follows::
+
+     class_<Derived, bases<Base1,Base2> >("Derived")
+          ...
+
+This has two effects:  
+
+1. When the ``class_<...>`` is created, Python type objects
+   corresponding to ``Base1`` and ``Base2`` are looked up in
+   Boost.Python's registry, and are used as bases for the new Python
+   ``Derived`` type object, so methods exposed for the Python ``Base1``
+   and ``Base2`` types are automatically members of the ``Derived``
+   type.  Because the registry is global, this works correctly even if
+   ``Derived`` is exposed in a different module from either of its
+   bases.
+
+2. C++ conversions from ``Derived`` to its bases are added to the
+   Boost.Python registry.  Thus wrapped C++ methods expecting (a
+   pointer or reference to) an object of either base type can be
+   called with an object wrapping a ``Derived`` instance.  Wrapped
+   member functions of class ``T`` are treated as though they have an
+   implicit first argument of ``T&``, so these conversions are
+   neccessary to allow the base class methods to be called for derived
+   objects.
+
+Of course it's possible to derive new Python classes from wrapped C++
+class instances.  Because Boost.Python uses the new-style class
+system, that works very much as for the Python built-in types.  There
+is one significant detail in which it differs: the built-in types
+generally establish their invariants in their ``__new__`` function, so
+that derived classes do not need to call ``__init__`` on the base
+class before invoking its methods : ::
+
+    >>> class L(list):
+    ...      def __init__(self):
+    ...          pass
+    ...
+    >>> L().reverse()
+    >>> 
+
+Because C++ object construction is a one-step operation, C++ instance
+data cannot be constructed until the arguments are available, in the
+``__init__`` function: ::
+
+    >>> class D(SomeBoostPythonClass):
+    ...      def __init__(self):
+    ...          pass
+    ...
+    >>> D().some_boost_python_method()
+    Traceback (most recent call last):
+      File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
+    TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
+
+This happened because Boost.Python couldn't find instance data of type
+``SomeBoostPythonClass`` within the ``D`` instance; ``D``'s ``__init__``
+function masked construction of the base class.  It could be corrected
+by either removing ``D``'s ``__init__`` function or having it call
+``SomeBoostPythonClass.__init__(...)`` explicitly.
+
+Virtual Functions
+=================
+
+Deriving new types in Python from extension classes is not very
+interesting unless they can be used polymorphically from C++.  In
+other words, Python method implementations should appear to override
+the implementation of C++ virtual functions when called *through base
+class pointers/references from C++*.  Since the only way to alter the
+behavior of a virtual function is to override it in a derived class,
+the user must build a special derived class to dispatch a polymorphic
+class' virtual functions::
+
+    //
+    // interface to wrap:
+    //
+    class Base
+    {
+     public:
+        virtual int f(std::string x) { return 42; }
+        virtual ~Base();
+    };
+
+    int calls_f(Base const& b, std::string x) { return b.f(x); }
+
+    //
+    // Wrapping Code
+    //
+
+    // Dispatcher class
+    struct BaseWrap : Base
+    {
+        // Store a pointer to the Python object
+        BaseWrap(PyObject* self_) : self(self_) {}
+        PyObject* self;
+
+        // Default implementation, for when f is not overridden
+        int f_default(std::string x) { return this->Base::f(x); }
+        // Dispatch implementation
+        int f(std::string x) { return call_method<int>(self, "f", x); }
+    };
+
+    ...
+        def("calls_f", calls_f);
+        class_<Base, BaseWrap>("Base")
+            .def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::f_default)
+            ;
+
+Now here's some Python code which demonstrates: ::
+
+    >>> class Derived(Base):
+    ...     def f(self, s):
+    ...          return len(s)
+    ...
+    >>> calls_f(Base(), 'foo')
+    42
+    >>> calls_f(Derived(), 'forty-two')
+    9
+
+Things to notice about the dispatcher class:
+
+* The key element which allows overriding in Python is the
+  ``call_method`` invocation, which uses the same global type
+  conversion registry as the C++ function wrapping does to convert its
+  arguments from C++ to Python and its return type from Python to C++.
+
+* Any constructor signatures you wish to wrap must be replicated with
+  an initial ``PyObject*`` argument
+
+* The dispatcher must store this argument so that it can be used to
+  invoke ``call_method``
+
+* The ``f_default`` member function is needed when the function being
+  exposed is not pure virtual; there's no other way ``Base::f`` can be
+  called on an object of type ``BaseWrap``, since it overrides ``f``.
+
+Deeper Reflection on the Horizon?
+=================================
+
+Admittedly, this formula is tedious to repeat, especially on a project
+with many polymorphic classes.  That it is neccessary reflects some
+limitations in C++'s compile-time introspection capabilities: there's
+no way to enumerate the members of a class and find out which are
+virtual functions.  At least one very promising project has been
+started to write a front-end which can generate these dispatchers (and
+other wrapping code) automatically from C++ headers.  
+
+Pyste_ is being developed by Bruno da Silva de Oliveira.  It builds on
+GCC_XML_, which generates an XML version of GCC's internal program
+representation.  Since GCC is a highly-conformant C++ compiler, this
+ensures correct handling of the most-sophisticated template code and
+full access to the underlying type system.  In keeping with the
+Boost.Python philosophy, a Pyste interface description is neither
+intrusive on the code being wrapped, nor expressed in some unfamiliar
+language: instead it is a 100% pure Python script.  If Pyste is
+successful it will mark a move away from wrapping everything directly
+in C++ for many of our users.  It will also allow us the choice to
+shift some of the metaprogram code from C++ to Python.  We expect that
+soon, not only our users but the Boost.Python developers themselves
+will be "thinking hybrid" about their own code.
+
+.. _`GCC_XML`: http://www.gccxml.org/HTML/Index.html
+.. _`Pyste`: http://www.boost.org/libs/python/pyste
+
+---------------
+ Serialization
+---------------
+
+*Serialization* is the process of converting objects in memory to a
+form that can be stored on disk or sent over a network connection. The
+serialized object (most often a plain string) can be retrieved and
+converted back to the original object. A good serialization system will
+automatically convert entire object hierarchies. Python's standard
+``pickle`` module is just such a system.  It leverages the language's strong
+runtime introspection facilities for serializing practically arbitrary
+user-defined objects. With a few simple and unintrusive provisions this
+powerful machinery can be extended to also work for wrapped C++ objects.
+Here is an example::
+
+    #include <string>
+
+    struct World
+    {
+        World(std::string a_msg) : msg(a_msg) {}
+        std::string greet() const { return msg; }
+        std::string msg;
+    };
+
+    #include <boost/python.hpp>
+    using namespace boost::python;
+
+    struct World_picklers : pickle_suite
+    {
+      static tuple
+      getinitargs(World const& w) { return make_tuple(w.greet()); }
+    };
+
+    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
+    {
+        class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
+            .def("greet", &World::greet)
+            .def_pickle(World_picklers())
+        ;
+    }
+
+Now let's create a ``World`` object and put it to rest on disk::
+
+    >>> import hello
+    >>> import pickle
+    >>> a_world = hello.World("howdy")
+    >>> pickle.dump(a_world, open("my_world", "w"))
+
+In a potentially *different script* on a potentially *different
+computer* with a potentially *different operating system*::
+
+    >>> import pickle
+    >>> resurrected_world = pickle.load(open("my_world", "r"))
+    >>> resurrected_world.greet()
+    'howdy'
+
+Of course the ``cPickle`` module can also be used for faster
+processing.
+
+Boost.Python's ``pickle_suite`` fully supports the ``pickle`` protocol
+defined in the standard Python documentation. Like a __getinitargs__
+function in Python, the pickle_suite's getinitargs() is responsible for
+creating the argument tuple that will be use to reconstruct the pickled
+object.  The other elements of the Python pickling protocol,
+__getstate__ and __setstate__ can be optionally provided via C++
+getstate and setstate functions.  C++'s static type system allows the
+library to ensure at compile-time that nonsensical combinations of
+functions (e.g. getstate without setstate) are not used.
+
+Enabling serialization of more complex C++ objects requires a little
+more work than is shown in the example above. Fortunately the
+``object`` interface (see next section) greatly helps in keeping the
+code manageable.
+
+------------------
+ Object interface
+------------------
+
+Experienced 'C' language extension module authors will be familiar
+with the ubiquitous ``PyObject*``, manual reference-counting, and the
+need to remember which API calls return "new" (owned) references or
+"borrowed" (raw) references.  These constraints are not just
+cumbersome but also a major source of errors, especially in the
+presence of exceptions.
+
+Boost.Python provides a class ``object`` which automates reference
+counting and provides conversion to Python from C++ objects of
+arbitrary type.  This significantly reduces the learning effort for
+prospective extension module writers.
+
+Creating an ``object`` from any other type is extremely simple::
+
+    object s("hello, world");  // s manages a Python string
+
+``object`` has templated interactions with all other types, with
+automatic to-python conversions. It happens so naturally that it's
+easily overlooked::
+
+   object ten_Os = 10 * s[4]; // -> "oooooooooo"
+
+In the example above, ``4`` and ``10`` are converted to Python objects
+before the indexing and multiplication operations are invoked.
+
+The ``extract<T>`` class template can be used to convert Python objects
+to C++ types::
+
+    double x = extract<double>(o);
+
+If a conversion in either direction cannot be performed, an
+appropriate exception is thrown at runtime.
+
+The ``object`` type is accompanied by a set of derived types
+that mirror the Python built-in types such as ``list``, ``dict``,
+``tuple``, etc. as much as possible. This enables convenient
+manipulation of these high-level types from C++::
+
+    dict d;
+    d["some"] = "thing";
+    d["lucky_number"] = 13;
+    list l = d.keys();
+
+This almost looks and works like regular Python code, but it is pure
+C++.  Of course we can wrap C++ functions which accept or return
+``object`` instances.
+
+=================
+ Thinking hybrid
+=================
+
+Because of the practical and mental difficulties of combining
+programming languages, it is common to settle a single language at the
+outset of any development effort.  For many applications, performance
+considerations dictate the use of a compiled language for the core
+algorithms.  Unfortunately, due to the complexity of the static type
+system, the price we pay for runtime performance is often a
+significant increase in development time.  Experience shows that
+writing maintainable C++ code usually takes longer and requires *far*
+more hard-earned working experience than developing comparable Python
+code.  Even when developers are comfortable working exclusively in
+compiled languages, they often augment their systems by some type of
+ad hoc scripting layer for the benefit of their users without ever
+availing themselves of the same advantages.
+
+Boost.Python enables us to *think hybrid*.  Python can be used for
+rapidly prototyping a new application; its ease of use and the large
+pool of standard libraries give us a head start on the way to a
+working system.  If necessary, the working code can be used to
+discover rate-limiting hotspots.  To maximize performance these can
+be reimplemented in C++, together with the Boost.Python bindings
+needed to tie them back into the existing higher-level procedure.
+
+Of course, this *top-down* approach is less attractive if it is clear
+from the start that many algorithms will eventually have to be
+implemented in C++.  Fortunately Boost.Python also enables us to
+pursue a *bottom-up* approach.  We have used this approach very
+successfully in the development of a toolbox for scientific
+applications.  The toolbox started out mainly as a library of C++
+classes with Boost.Python bindings, and for a while the growth was
+mainly concentrated on the C++ parts.  However, as the toolbox is
+becoming more complete, more and more newly added functionality can be
+implemented in Python.
+
+.. image:: images/python_cpp_mix.png
+
+This figure shows the estimated ratio of newly added C++ and Python
+code over time as new algorithms are implemented.  We expect this
+ratio to level out near 70% Python.  Being able to solve new problems
+mostly in Python rather than a more difficult statically typed
+language is the return on our investment in Boost.Python.  The ability
+to access all of our code from Python allows a broader group of
+developers to use it in the rapid development of new applications.
+
+=====================
+ Development history
+=====================
+
+The first version of Boost.Python was developed in 2000 by Dave
+Abrahams at Dragon Systems, where he was privileged to have Tim Peters
+as a guide to "The Zen of Python".  One of Dave's jobs was to develop
+a Python-based natural language processing system.  Since it was
+eventually going to be targeting embedded hardware, it was always
+assumed that the compute-intensive core would be rewritten in C++ to
+optimize speed and memory footprint [#proto]_.  The project also wanted to
+test all of its C++ code using Python test scripts [#test]_.  The only
+tool we knew of for binding C++ and Python was SWIG_, and at the time
+its handling of C++ was weak.  It would be false to claim any deep
+insight into the possible advantages of Boost.Python's approach at
+this point.  Dave's interest and expertise in fancy C++ template
+tricks had just reached the point where he could do some real damage,
+and Boost.Python emerged as it did because it filled a need and
+because it seemed like a cool thing to try.
+
+This early version was aimed at many of the same basic goals we've
+described in this paper, differing most-noticeably by having a
+slightly more cumbersome syntax and by lack of special support for
+operator overloading, pickling, and component-based development.
+These last three features were quickly added by Ullrich Koethe and
+Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve [#feature]_, and other enthusiastic contributors arrived
+on the scene to contribute enhancements like support for nested
+modules and static member functions.
+
+By early 2001 development had stabilized and few new features were
+being added, however a disturbing new fact came to light: Ralf had
+begun testing Boost.Python on pre-release versions of a compiler using
+the EDG_ front-end, and the mechanism at the core of Boost.Python
+responsible for handling conversions between Python and C++ types was
+failing to compile.  As it turned out, we had been exploiting a very
+common bug in the implementation of all the C++ compilers we had
+tested.  We knew that as C++ compilers rapidly became more
+standards-compliant, the library would begin failing on more
+platforms.  Unfortunately, because the mechanism was so central to the
+functioning of the library, fixing the problem looked very difficult.
+
+Fortunately, later that year Lawrence Berkeley and later Lawrence
+Livermore National labs contracted with `Boost Consulting`_ for support
+and development of Boost.Python, and there was a new opportunity to
+address fundamental issues and ensure a future for the library.  A
+redesign effort began with the low level type conversion architecture,
+building in standards-compliance and support for component-based
+development (in contrast to version 1 where conversions had to be
+explicitly imported and exported across module boundaries).  A new
+analysis of the relationship between the Python and C++ objects was
+done, resulting in more intuitive handling for C++ lvalues and
+rvalues.
+
+The emergence of a powerful new type system in Python 2.2 made the
+choice of whether to maintain compatibility with Python 1.5.2 easy:
+the opportunity to throw away a great deal of elaborate code for
+emulating classic Python classes alone was too good to pass up.  In
+addition, Python iterators and descriptors provided crucial and
+elegant tools for representing similar C++ constructs.  The
+development of the generalized ``object`` interface allowed us to
+further shield C++ programmers from the dangers and syntactic burdens
+of the Python 'C' API.  A great number of other features including C++
+exception translation, improved support for overloaded functions, and
+most significantly, CallPolicies for handling pointers and
+references, were added during this period.
+
+In October 2002, version 2 of Boost.Python was released.  Development
+since then has concentrated on improved support for C++ runtime
+polymorphism and smart pointers.  Peter Dimov's ingenious
+``boost::shared_ptr`` design in particular has allowed us to give the
+hybrid developer a consistent interface for moving objects back and
+forth across the language barrier without loss of information.  At
+first, we were concerned that the sophistication and complexity of the
+Boost.Python v2 implementation might discourage contributors, but the
+emergence of Pyste_ and several other significant feature
+contributions have laid those fears to rest.  Daily questions on the
+Python C++-sig and a backlog of desired improvements show that the
+library is getting used.  To us, the future looks bright.
+
+.. _`EDG`: http://www.edg.com
+
+=============
+ Conclusions
+=============
+
+Boost.Python achieves seamless interoperability between two rich and
+complimentary language environments.  Because it leverages template
+metaprogramming to introspect about types and functions, the user
+never has to learn a third syntax: the interface definitions are
+written in concise and maintainable C++.  Also, the wrapping system
+doesn't have to parse C++ headers or represent the type system: the
+compiler does that work for us.
+
+Computationally intensive tasks play to the strengths of C++ and are
+often impossible to implement efficiently in pure Python, while jobs
+like serialization that are trivial in Python can be very difficult in
+pure C++.  Given the luxury of building a hybrid software system from
+the ground up, we can approach design with new confidence and power.
+
+===========
+ Citations
+===========
+
+.. [VELD1995] T. Veldhuizen, "Expression Templates," C++ Report,
+   Vol. 7 No. 5 June 1995, pp. 26-31.
+   http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html
+
+===========
+ Footnotes
+===========
+
+.. [#proto] In retrospect, it seems that "thinking hybrid" from the
+        ground up might have been better for the NLP system: the
+        natural component boundaries defined by the pure python
+        prototype turned out to be inappropriate for getting the
+        desired performance and memory footprint out of the C++ core,
+        which eventually caused some redesign overhead on the Python
+        side when the core was moved to C++.
+
+.. [#test] We also have some reservations about driving all C++
+        testing through a Python interface, unless that's the only way
+        it will be ultimately used.  Any transition across language
+        boundaries with such different object models can inevitably
+        mask bugs.
+
+.. [#feature] These features were expressed very differently in v1 of
+        Boost.Python

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+    .spirit-nav a
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+        padding-left: 0.5em;
+    }
+
+    .spirit-nav img
+    {
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+Copyright footer
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+        text-align: right;
+        font-size: 70%;
+    }
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+    .copyright-footer p
+    {
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+        font-size: 80%;
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+
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+=============================================================================*/
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+       padding: 0.1pc 1pc 0.1pc 1pc;
+       font-size: 80%;
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+    {
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+        margin: 0em !important;
+        padding: 0em !important;
+        border: none !important;
+    }
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+=============================================================================*/
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+=============================================================================*/
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+    /* Copyright, Legal Notice */
+    div div.legalnotice p
+    {
+        text-align: left
+    }
+
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+=============================================================================*/
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+    {
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+    /* Syntax Highlighting */
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+            font-size: small;
+        }
+
+        div div.legalnotice p
+        {
+            color: #666666;
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+            color: #00A000;
+        }
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+    @media print
+    {
+    /* Links */
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+        a:visited
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+}
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+sup {
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+}
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+
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+}
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doc/building.html

@@ -1,636 +0,0 @@
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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
-<meta name="generator" content="Docutils 0.5: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/" />
-<title>Boost C++ Libraries: Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../rst.css" type="text/css" />
-</head>
-<body>
-<div class="document" id="logo-boost-python-build-and-test-howto">
-<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.html"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
-
-<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
-<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
-<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at -->
-<!-- http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
-<div class="contents sidebar small topic" id="contents">
-<p class="topic-title first">Contents</p>
-<ul class="auto-toc simple">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#requirements" id="id25">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#background" id="id26">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#no-install-quickstart" id="id27">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a><ul class="auto-toc">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#basic-procedure" id="id28">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Basic Procedure</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-case-of-trouble" id="id29">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Case of Trouble</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-case-everything-seemed-to-work" id="id30">3.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Case Everything Seemed to Work</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#modifying-the-example-project" id="id31">3.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Modifying the Example Project</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#installing-boost-python-on-your-system" id="id32">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-boost-build" id="id33">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a><ul class="auto-toc">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-configuration-parameters" id="id34">5.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#examples" id="id35">5.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary" id="id36">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a><ul class="auto-toc">
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-dynamic-binary" id="id37">6.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-static-binary" id="id38">6.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#include-issues" id="id39">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> Issues</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-debugging-builds" id="id40">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Debugging Builds</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#testing-boost-python" id="id41">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing Boost.Python</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference internal" href="#notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users" id="id42">10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="requirements">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></h1>
-<p>Boost.Python requires <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/2.2">Python 2.2</a><a class="footnote-reference" href="#id22" id="id2"><sup>1</sup></a> <em>or</em> <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org"><em>newer</em></a>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="background">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></h1>
-<p>There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a>, in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
-executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
-Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
-interface so Python programmers can use it.  From Python, these
-modules look just like regular Python modules.</li>
-<li><a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a>, in which the end-user launches a program written
-in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
-subroutine.  Think of adding scriptability to an existing
-application.</li>
-</ul>
-<p>The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
-of the C++ <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt> function: in the Python interpreter executable,
-or in some other program, respectively.  Note that even when
-embedding Python in another program, <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html">extension modules are often
-the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
-code</a>, so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
-both models.</p>
-<p>Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as
-dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
-you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
-modules or the executable containing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="no-install-quickstart">
-<span id="quickstart"></span><h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></h1>
-<p>There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
-Boost.Python.  These instructions use <a class="reference external" href="../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> projects,
-which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed.  Your
-first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
-Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
-worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
-for a specific compiler configuration and figuring out the right
-compiler options to use yourself.</p>
-<!-- .. raw:: html
-
-<div style="width:50%"> -->
-<div class="note">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
-<p>Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
-build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
-officially supported by Boost.  Moreover <strong>99% of all “I can't
-build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
-build system</strong> without first following these instructions.</p>
-<p>If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
-follow these instructions, and then invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> with the</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-a</span> <span class="pre">-o</span></tt><em>filename</em>
-</pre>
-<p class="last">options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so
-you can see what your alternate build system needs to do.</p>
-</div>
-<!-- .. raw:: html
-
-</div> -->
-<div class="section" id="basic-procedure">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Basic Procedure</a></h2>
-<ol class="arabic">
-<li><p class="first">Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 [<a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#get-boost">Unix/Linux</a>, <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#get-boost">Windows</a>] of the
-Boost <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a>.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">Get the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> build driver.  See section 5 [<a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary">Unix/Linux</a>,
-<a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary">Windows</a>] of the Boost <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a>.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">cd into the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libs/python/example/quickstart/</span></tt> directory of your
-Boost installation, which contains a small example project.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">Invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt>.  Replace the “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">stage</span></tt>“ argument from the
-example invocation from section 5 of the <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started
-Guide</a> with “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test</span></tt>,“ to build all the test targets.  Also add
-the argument “<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--verbose-test</span></tt>” to see the output generated by
-the tests when they are run.</p>
-<p>On Windows, your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> invocation might look something like:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-C:\boost_1_34_0\…\quickstart&gt; <strong>bjam toolset=msvc --verbose-test test</strong>
-</pre>
-<p>and on Unix variants, perhaps,</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-~/boost_1_34_0/…/quickstart$ <strong>bjam toolset=gcc --verbose-test test</strong>
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ol>
-<div class="admonition-note-to-windows-users admonition">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Note to Windows Users</p>
-<p class="last">For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use
-unix-style forward slashes in pathnames instead of the
-backslashes with which you may be more familiar.  The forward
-slashes should work everywhere except in <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt">Command Prompt</a>
-windows, where you should use backslashes.</p>
-</div>
-<p>If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an
-extension module called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending</span></tt> and tested it by running a
-Python script called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">test_extending.py</span></tt>.  You will also have
-built and run a simple application called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">embedding</span></tt> that embeds
-python.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="in-case-of-trouble">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Case of Trouble</a></h2>
-<p>If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages,
-it's probably because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your
-Python installation.  You might want to pass the
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--debug-configuration</span></tt> option to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> the first few times
-you invoke it, to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating
-all the parts of your Python installation.  If it isn't, consider
-<a class="reference internal" href="#configuring-boost-build">Configuring Boost.Build</a> as detailed below.</p>
-<p>If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
-mailing lists may be able to help:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li>The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
-<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="in-case-everything-seemed-to-work">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30">3.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In Case Everything Seemed to Work</a></h2>
-<p>Rejoice!  If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be
-a good idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on
-learning the library by going through the <a class="reference external" href="tutorial/index.html">tutorial</a> and perhaps
-some of the <a class="reference external" href="v2/reference.html">reference documentation</a>, trying out what you've
-learned about the API by modifying the quickstart project.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="modifying-the-example-project">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31">3.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Modifying the Example Project</a></h2>
-<p>If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one
-source file called <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/extending.cpp"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending.cpp</span></tt></a>, inside your Boost
-distribution, and import it forever as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending</span></tt>, then you can
-stop here.  However, it's likely that you will want to make a few
-changes.  There are a few things you can do without having to learn
-<a class="reference external" href="../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> in depth.</p>
-<p>The project you just built is specified in two files in the current
-directory: <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost-build.jam</span></tt></a>, which tells <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> where it can
-find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
-<a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a>, which describes the targets you just built.  These
-files are heavily commented, so they should be easy to modify.
-Take care, however, to preserve whitespace.  Punctuation such as
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">;</span></tt> will not be recognized as intended by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> if it is not
-surrounded by whitespace.</p>
-<div class="section" id="relocate-the-project">
-<h3>Relocate the Project</h3>
-<p>You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can
-change it without modifying your Boost distribution.  To do that,
-simply</p>
-<ol class="loweralpha simple">
-<li>copy the entire <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libs/python/example/quickstart/</span></tt> directory
-into a new directory.</li>
-<li>In the new copies of <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost-build.jam</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a>, locate
-the relative path near the top of the file that is clearly
-marked by a comment, and edit that path so that it refers to the
-same directory your Boost distribution as it referred to when
-the file was in its original location in the
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libs/python/example/quickstart/</span></tt> directory.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>For example, if you moved the project from
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/libs/python/example/quickstart</span></tt> to
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">/home/dave/my-project</span></tt>, you could change the first path in
-<a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost-build.jam</span></tt></a> from</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-<strong>../../../..</strong>/tools/build/v2
-</pre>
-<p>to</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-<strong>/home/dave/boost_1_34_0</strong>/tools/build/v2
-</pre>
-<p>and change the first path in <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a> from</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-<strong>../../../..</strong>
-</pre>
-<p>to</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-<strong>/home/dave/boost_1_34_0</strong>
-</pre>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="add-new-or-change-names-of-existing-source-files">
-<h3>Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files</h3>
-<p>The names of additional source files involved in building your
-extension module or embedding application can be listed in
-<a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a> right alongside <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending.cpp</span></tt> or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">embedding.cpp</span></tt>
-respectively.  Just be sure to leave whitespace around each
-filename:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-… file1.cpp file2.cpp file3.cpp …
-</pre>
-<p>Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can
-tell Boost.Build about it by editing the name in <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="change-the-name-of-your-extension-module">
-<h3>Change the Name of your Extension Module</h3>
-<p>The name of the extension module is determined by two things:</p>
-<ol class="arabic simple">
-<li>the name in <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a> immediately following <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python-extension</span></tt>, and</li>
-<li>the name passed to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span></tt> in <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/extending.cpp"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending.cpp</span></tt></a>.</li>
-</ol>
-<p>To change the name of the extension module from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extending</span></tt> to
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">hello</span></tt>, you'd edit <a class="reference external" href="../example/quickstart/Jamroot"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Jamroot</span></tt></a>, changing</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-python-extension <strong>extending</strong> : extending.cpp ;
-</pre>
-<p>to</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-python-extension <strong>hello</strong> : extending.cpp ;
-</pre>
-<p>and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(<strong>extending</strong>)
-</pre>
-<p>to</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(<strong>hello</strong>)
-</pre>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="installing-boost-python-on-your-system">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></h1>
-<p>Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
-<a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries">header-only</a>) library, its user relies on the services of a
-Boost.Python library binary.</p>
-<p>If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library
-binaries on your system, the Boost <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a> will
-walk you through the steps of creating one.  If building binaries
-from source, you might want to supply the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-python</span></tt>
-argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> (or the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-libraries=python</span></tt> argument
-to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
-rather than all the Boost binaries.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="configuring-boost-build">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></h1>
-<p>As described in the <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration">Boost.Build reference manual</a>, a file called
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home directory<a class="footnote-reference" href="#home-dir" id="id11"><sup>6</sup></a> is used to
-specify the tools and libraries available to the build system. You
-may need to create or edit <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> to tell Boost.Build
-how to invoke Python, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> its headers, and link with its
-libraries.</p>
-<div class="admonition-users-of-unix-variant-oses admonition">
-<p class="first admonition-title">Users of Unix-Variant OSes</p>
-<p class="last">If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> script, it may have generated a
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> for you.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#overwrite" id="id13"><sup>4</sup></a> If your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span></tt> sequence was successful and Boost.Python binaries
-were built, your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file is probably already
-correct.</p>
-</div>
-<p>If you have one fairly “standard” python installation for your
-platform, you might not need to do anything special to describe it.  If
-you haven't configured python in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> (and you don't
-specify <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--without-python</span></tt> on the Boost.Build command line),
-Boost.Build will automatically execute the equivalent of</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-import toolset : using ;
-using python ;
-</pre>
-<p>which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
-However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
-(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the <a class="reference internal" href="#quickstart">quickstart</a>
-method).  If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
-Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file
-with at least the minimal incantation above.</p>
-<div class="section" id="python-configuration-parameters">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34">5.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></h2>
-<p>If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
-installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
-the following optional parameters to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">using</span> <span class="pre">python</span></tt>.</p>
-<dl class="docutils">
-<dt>version</dt>
-<dd>the version of Python to use.  Should be in Major.Minor
-format, for example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.3</span></tt>.  Do not include the subminor
-version (i.e. <em>not</em> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.5.1</span></tt>).  If you have multiple Python
-versions installed, the version will usually be the only
-configuration argument required.</dd>
-<dt>cmd-or-prefix</dt>
-<dd>preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter.
-Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python libraries and
-header files.  Only use the alternative formulation if there is
-no appropriate Python executable available.</dd>
-<dt>includes</dt>
-<dd>the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> paths for Python headers.  Normally the correct
-path(s) will be automatically deduced from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt> and/or
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd-or-prefix</span></tt>.</dd>
-<dt>libraries</dt>
-<dd>the path to Python library binaries.  On MacOS/Darwin,
-you can also pass the path of the Python framework.  Normally the
-correct path(s) will be automatically deduced from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">version</span></tt>
-and/or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd-or-prefix</span></tt>.</dd>
-<dt>condition</dt>
-<dd>if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
-properties that are matched against the build configuration when
-Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.  See examples
-below for details.</dd>
-<dt>extension-suffix</dt>
-<dd>A string to append to the name of extension
-modules before the true filename extension.  You almost certainly
-don't need to use this.  Usually this suffix is only used when
-targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
-automatically for you based on the value of the
-<a class="reference internal" href="#python-debugging"><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;python-debugging&gt;</span></tt></a> feature.  However, at least one Linux
-distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has a specially configured
-<a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds">python-dbg</a> package that claims to use such a suffix.</dd>
-</dl>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="examples">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id35">5.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></h2>
-<p>Note that in the examples below, case and <em>especially whitespace</em> are
-significant.</p>
-<ul>
-<li><p class="first">If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed,
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> might contain:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-using python : 2.5 ;  # Make both versions of Python available
-
-using python : 2.4 ;  # To build with python 2.4, add python=2.4
-                      # to your command line.
-</pre>
-<p>The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default.  To build
-against python 2.4, add <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python=2.4</span></tt> to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> command line.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might
-supply the path to the interpreter in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd-or-prefix</span></tt>
-parameter:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-using python : : /usr/local/python-2.6-beta/bin/python ;
-</pre>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular
-toolset, you might supply that toolset in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">condition</span></tt>
-parameter:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-using python ;  # use for most toolsets
-
-# Use with Intel C++ toolset
-using python
-     : # version
-     : c:\\Devel\\Python-2.5-IntelBuild\\PCBuild\\python # cmd-or-prefix
-     : # includes
-     : # libraries
-     : &lt;toolset&gt;intel # condition
-     ;
-</pre>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the
-normal and the “<a class="reference internal" href="#id19">python debugging</a>” builds from source on
-Windows, you might see:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python ;
-using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python_d
-  : # includes
-  : # libs
-  : &lt;python-debugging&gt;on ;
-</pre>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows
-can build/test both Windows and <a class="reference external" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> python extensions.  Just pass
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">condition</span></tt> parameter
-for the cygwin python installation:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-# windows installation
-using python ;
-
-# cygwin installation
-using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : &lt;target-os&gt;cygwin ;
-</pre>
-<p>when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
-with the cygwin version of python:<a class="footnote-reference" href="#flavor" id="id15"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
-<blockquote>
-<p>bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
-python with a <a class="reference external" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> bjam) but it seems as though the support in
-Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
-time of this writing.</p>
-</li>
-<li><p class="first">Note that because of <a class="reference external" href="http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection">the way Boost.Build currently selects target
-alternatives</a>, you might have be very explicit in your build
-requests.  For example, given:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-using python : 2.5 ; # a regular windows build
-using python : 2.4 : : : : &lt;target-os&gt;cygwin ;
-</pre>
-<p>building with</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-bjam target-os=cygwin
-</pre>
-<p>will yield an error.  Instead, you'll need to write:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
-</pre>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id36">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a></h1>
-<p>If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right
-libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
-library, you'll need to think about which one to link with.  The
-Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors.  Take
-care to choose the right flavor for your application.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#naming" id="id17"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
-<div class="section" id="the-dynamic-binary">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id37">6.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></h2>
-<p>The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li>A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
-modules built with a given toolset.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#toolset-specific" id="id18"><sup>3</sup></a></li>
-<li>The library contains a type conversion registry.  Because one
-registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
-class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
-module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="the-static-binary">
-<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id38">6.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></h2>
-<p>It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
-any of the following cases:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li>You are <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a> python and the types exposed in your
-dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
-other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
-core library code is duplicated among them.</li>
-<li>You are <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a> python in your application and either:<ul>
-<li>You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
-where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
-Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.</li>
-<li>Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension
-modules into your application and you don't care if any
-dynamically-loaded Boost.Python extension modules are able to
-use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
-modules (and vice-versa).</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="include-issues">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id39">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> Issues</a></h1>
-<ol class="arabic simple">
-<li>If you should ever have occasion to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span> <span class="pre">&quot;python.h&quot;</span></tt>
-directly in a translation unit of a program using Boost.Python,
-use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span> <span class="pre">&quot;boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp&quot;</span></tt> instead.
-It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python,
-one of which is mentioned in the next section.</li>
-<li>Be sure not to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> any system headers before
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wrap_python.hpp</span></tt>.  This restriction is actually imposed by
-Python, or more properly, by Python's interaction with your
-operating system.  See
-<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html">http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html</a> for details.</li>
-</ol>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="python-debugging-builds">
-<span id="id19"></span><span id="python-debugging"></span><h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id40">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Debugging Builds</a></h1>
-<p>Python can be built in a special “python debugging” configuration
-that adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful
-for developers of extension modules.  The data structures used by
-the debugging configuration contain additional members, so <strong>a
-Python executable built with python debugging enabled cannot be
-used with an extension module or library compiled without it, and
-vice-versa.</strong></p>
-<p>Since pre-built “python debugging” versions of the Python
-executable and libraries are not supplied with most distributions
-of Python,<a class="footnote-reference" href="#get-debug-build" id="id20"><sup>7</sup></a> and we didn't want to force our users
-to build them, Boost.Build does not automatically enable python
-debugging in its <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">debug</span></tt> build variant (which is the default).
-Instead there is a special build property called
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python-debugging</span></tt> that, when used as a build property, will
-define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right
-libraries to link with.</p>
-<p>On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data
-structures will only be used if the symbol <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Py_DEBUG</span></tt> is defined.
-On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
-the preprocessor symbol <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">_DEBUG</span></tt>, Python defaults to force
-linking with a special debugging version of the Python DLL.  Since
-that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not present,
-Boost.Python temporarily undefines _DEBUG when Python.h
-is #included from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</span></tt> - unless
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</span></tt> is defined.  The upshot is that if you want
-“python debugging”and you aren't using Boost.Build, you should make
-sure <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</span></tt> is defined, or python debugging will be
-suppressed.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="testing-boost-python">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id41">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing Boost.Python</a></h1>
-<p>To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> in the
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libs/python/test</span></tt> subdirectory of your Boost distribution.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="section" id="notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users">
-<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id42">10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></h1>
-<p>If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
-prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
-create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
-shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
-linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
-the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in <a class="reference external" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html">Installing
-Python Modules</a> to create <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libpythonXX.a</span></tt>, where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">XX</span></tt>
-corresponds to the major and minor version numbers of your Python
-installation.</p>
-<hr class="docutils" />
-<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id22" rules="none">
-<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2">[1]</a></td><td>Note that although we tested earlier versions of
-Boost.Python with Python 2.2, and we don't <em>think</em> we've done
-anything to break compatibility, this release of Boost.Python
-may not have been tested with versions of Python earlier than
-2.4, so we're not 100% sure that python 2.2 and 2.3 are
-supported.</td></tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="naming" rules="none">
-<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id17">[2]</a></td><td><p class="first">Information about how to identify the
-static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python:</p>
-<ul class="simple">
-<li><a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming">on Windows</a></li>
-<li><a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming">on Unix variants</a></li>
-</ul>
-</td></tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="toolset-specific" rules="none">
-<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id18">[3]</a></td><td>Because of the way most *nix platforms
-share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
-that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
-will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
-when loaded into the same Python instance.  Not using different
-libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
-ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries
-would be interoperable.  Otherwise, it could spell disaster,
-since an extension module and the Boost.Python library would
-have different ideas of such things as class layout. I would
-appreciate someone doing the experiment to find out what
-happens.</td></tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="overwrite" rules="none">
-<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id13">[4]</a></td><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> overwrites the existing
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home directory
-(if any) after making a backup of the old version.</td></tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="flavor" rules="none">
-<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id15">[5]</a></td><td>Note that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> feature is
-different from the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;flavor&gt;cygwin</span></tt> subfeature of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gcc</span></tt>
-toolset, and you might need handle both explicitly if you also
-have a MinGW GCC installed.</td></tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="home-dir" rules="none">
-<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id11">[6]</a></td><td><p class="first">Windows users, your home directory can be
-found by typing:</p>
-<pre class="literal-block">
-ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
-</pre>
-<p class="last">into a <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt">command prompt</a> window.</p>
-</td></tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="get-debug-build" rules="none">
-<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
-<tbody valign="top">
-<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id20">[7]</a></td><td>On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging
-python and associated libraries are built by adding
-<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-pydebug</span></tt> when configuring the Python build. On
-Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by
-the &quot;Win32 Debug&quot; target of the Visual Studio project in the
-PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.
-</td></tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="footer">
-<hr class="footer" />
-<a class="reference external" href="./building.rst">View document source</a>.
-Generated on: 2007-07-02 13:46 UTC.
-Generated by <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">Docutils</a> from <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html">reStructuredText</a> source.
-
-</div>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/building.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+[chapter Building and Testing
+    [quickbook 1.7]
+    [authors [Abrahams, David]]
+    [copyright 2002 - 2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld]
+    [id building]
+]
+[/ Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
+ / Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+ / file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+ / http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+ /]
+
+[section Requirements]
+
+Boost.Python requires [@http://www.python.org/2.2 Python 2.2]
+[footnote Note that although we tested earlier versions of Boost.Python
+ with Python 2.2, and we don't *think* we've done anything to break
+ compatibility, this release of Boost.Python may not have been tested
+ with versions of Python earlier than 2.4, so we're not 100% sure that
+ python 2.2 and 2.3 are supported.] *or* [@http://www.python.org newer].  
+
+[endsect]
+[section Background]
+
+There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:
+
+* [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html extending],
+  in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
+  executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
+  Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
+  interface so Python programmers can use it.  From Python, these
+  modules look just like regular Python modules.
+
+* [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html embedding],
+  in which the end-user launches a program written
+  in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
+  subroutine.  Think of adding scriptability to an existing
+  application.
+
+The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
+of the C++ `main()` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
+or in some other program, respectively.  Note that even when
+embedding Python in another program, [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html extension modules are often
+the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
+code], so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
+both models.
+
+Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as
+dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
+you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
+modules or the executable containing `main()`.
+
+[endsect]
+[section No-Install Quickstart]
+
+There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
+Boost.Python.  These instructions use _bb_ projects,
+which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed.  Your
+first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
+Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
+worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
+for a specific compiler configuration and figuring out the right
+compiler options to use yourself.
+
+[note Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
+   build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
+   officially supported by Boost.  Moreover *99% of all “I can't
+   build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
+   build system* without first following these instructions.
+
+   If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
+   follow these instructions, and then invoke `bjam` with the
+
+   `-a -o`\ /filename/ 
+
+   options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so
+   you can see what your alternate build system needs to do.]
+
+[section Basic Procedure]
+
+1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 of the _gsg_.
+
+2. Get the `bjam` build driver.  See section 5 of the _gsg_.
+
+3. cd into the `example/quickstart/` directory of your
+   Boost.Python installation, which contains a small example project.
+
+4. Invoke `bjam`.  Replace the “\ `stage`\ “ argument from the
+   example invocation from section 5 of the _gsg_ with “\ `test`\ ,“ to
+   build all the test targets.  Also add the argument “\ `--verbose-test`\ ”
+   to see the output generated by the tests when they are run.
+   On Windows, your `bjam` invocation might look something like:
+   ``
+     C:\\...\\quickstart> bjam toolset=msvc --verbose-test test
+   ``
+   and on Unix variants, perhaps,
+   ``
+     .../quickstart$ bjam toolset=gcc --verbose-test test
+   ``
+
+[note For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use
+   unix-style forward slashes in pathnames instead of the
+   backslashes with which Windows users may be more familiar.  The forward
+   slashes should work everywhere except in
+   [@http://www.boost.org/more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt
+   Command Prompt] windows, where you should use backslashes.]
+
+If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an
+extension module called `extending` and tested it by running a
+Python script called `test_extending.py`.  You will also have
+built and run a simple application called `embedding` that embeds
+python.
+
+[endsect]
+[section In Case of Trouble]
+
+If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages,
+it's probably because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your
+Python installation.  You might want to pass the
+`--debug-configuration` option to `bjam` the first few times
+you invoke it, to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating
+all the parts of your Python installation.  If it isn't, consider
+[link building.configuring_boost_build Configuring Boost.Build]
+as detailed below.
+
+If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
+mailing lists may be able to help:
+
+* The _bb_list_ for issues related to Boost.Build
+* The _bp_list_ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
+
+[endsect]
+[section In Case Everything Seemed to Work]
+
+Rejoice!  If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be
+a good idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on
+learning the library by going through the _tutorial_ and perhaps
+some of the _reference_, trying out what you've
+learned about the API by modifying the quickstart project.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Modifying the Example Project]
+
+If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one
+source file called `extending.cpp`, inside your Boost.Python
+distribution, and import it forever as `extending`, then you can
+stop here.  However, it's likely that you will want to make a few
+changes.  There are a few things you can do without having to learn
+_bb_ in depth.
+
+The project you just built is specified in two files in the current
+directory: `boost-build.jam`, which tells `bjam` where it can
+find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
+`Jamroot`, which describes the targets you just built.  These
+files are heavily commented, so they should be easy to modify.
+Take care, however, to preserve whitespace.  Punctuation such as
+`;` will not be recognized as intended by `bjam` if it is not
+surrounded by whitespace.
+
+[section Relocate the Project]
+
+You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can
+change it without modifying your Boost distribution.  To do that,
+simply
+
+a. copy the entire `example/quickstart/` directory
+   into a new directory.
+
+b. In the new copies of `boost-build.jam` and `Jamroot`, locate
+   the relative path near the top of the file that is clearly
+   marked by a comment, and edit that path so that it refers to the
+   same directory your Boost distribution as it referred to when
+   the file was in its original location in the
+   `example/quickstart/` directory.
+
+For example, if you moved the project from
+`/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/libs/python/example/quickstart` to
+`/home/dave/my-project`, you could change the first path in
+`boost-build.jam` from
+``
+  ../../../../tools/build/src
+``
+to
+``
+  /home/dave/boost_1_34_0/tools/build/src
+``
+and change the first path in `Jamroot` from
+``
+  ../../../..
+``
+to
+``
+  /home/dave/boost_1_34_0
+``
+
+[endsect]
+[section Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files]
+
+The names of additional source files involved in building your
+extension module or embedding application can be listed in
+`Jamroot` right alongside `extending.cpp` or `embedding.cpp`
+respectively.  Just be sure to leave whitespace around each
+filename:
+``
+  … file1.cpp file2.cpp file3.cpp …
+``
+Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can
+tell Boost.Build about it by editing the name in `Jamroot`.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Change the Name of your Extension Module]
+
+The name of the extension module is determined by two things:
+
+# the name in `Jamroot` immediately following `python-extension`, and 
+# the name passed to `BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE` in `extending.cpp`.
+
+To change the name of the extension module from `extending` to
+`hello`, you'd edit `Jamroot`, changing
+``
+  python-extension extending : extending.cpp ;
+``
+to
+``
+  python-extension hello : extending.cpp ;
+``
+and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing
+
+``
+  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extending)
+``
+to
+``
+  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
+``
+[endsect]
+[endsect]
+[endsect]
+[section Installing Boost.Python on your System]
+
+Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
+`header-only`) library, its user relies on the services of a
+Boost.Python library binary.  
+
+If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library
+binaries on your system, the _gsg_ will
+walk you through the steps of creating one.  If building binaries
+from source, you might want to supply the `--with-python`
+argument to `bjam` (or the `--with-libraries=python` argument
+to `configure`), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
+rather than all the Boost binaries.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Configuring Boost.Build]
+
+As described in the [@http://www.boost.org/build/doc/html/bbv2/overview/configuration.html Boost.Build Reference Manual], a file called
+`user-config.jam` in your home directory is used to
+specify the tools and libraries available to the build system. You
+may need to create or edit `user-config.jam` to tell Boost.Build
+how to invoke Python, `#include` its headers, and link with its
+libraries.
+
+[note If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
+   `configure` script, it may have generated a
+   `user-config.jam` for you. [footnote `configure` overwrites the existing
+   `user-config.jam` in your home directory (if any) after making a backup of
+   the old version.] If your `configure`\ /\ `make` sequence was successful and
+   Boost.Python binaries were built, your `user-config.jam` file is probably already
+   correct.]
+
+If you have one fairly “standard” python installation for your
+platform, you might not need to do anything special to describe it.  If
+you haven't configured python in `user-config.jam` (and you don't
+specify `--without-python` on the Boost.Build command line),
+Boost.Build will automatically execute the equivalent of
+
+``
+  import toolset : using ; 
+  using python ;
+``
+which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
+However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
+(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the quickstart
+method).  If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
+Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a `user-config.jam` file
+with at least the minimal incantation above.
+
+[section Python Configuration Parameters]
+
+If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
+installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
+the following optional parameters to `using python`.
+
+[variablelist
+ [[version]
+
+  [the version of Python to use.  Should be in Major.Minor
+  format, for example, `2.3`.  Do not include the subminor
+  version (i.e. *not* `2.5.1`).  If you have multiple Python
+  versions installed, the version will usually be the only
+  configuration argument required.]]
+
+ [[cmd-or-prefix]
+
+  [preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter.
+  Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python libraries and
+  header files.  Only use the alternative formulation if there is
+  no appropriate Python executable available.]]
+
+ [[*includes*]
+
+  [the `#include` paths for Python headers.  Normally the correct
+  path(s) will be automatically deduced from `version` and/or
+  `cmd-or-prefix`.]]
+
+ [[*libraries*]
+
+  [the path to Python library binaries.  On MacOS/Darwin,
+  you can also pass the path of the Python framework.  Normally the
+  correct path(s) will be automatically deduced from `version`
+  and/or `cmd-or-prefix`.]]
+
+ [[*condition*]
+
+  [if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
+  properties that are matched against the build configuration when
+  Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.  See examples
+  below for details.]]
+
+ [[*extension-suffix*]
+
+  [A string to append to the name of extension
+  modules before the true filename extension.  You almost certainly
+  don't need to use this.  Usually this suffix is only used when
+  targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
+  automatically for you based on the value of the
+  [link building.python_debugging_builds <python-debugging>] feature.
+  However, at least one Linux distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has
+  a specially configured [@https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds <python-dbg>]
+  package that claims to use such a suffix.]]
+  ]
+
+[endsect]
+[section Examples]
+
+Note that in the examples below, case and *especially whitespace* are
+significant.
+
+* If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed,
+  `user-config.jam` might contain
+  
+  ``
+    using python : 2.5 ;  # Make both versions of Python available 
+    using python : 2.4 ;  # To build with python 2.4, add python=2.4 
+                          # to your command line.
+  ``
+  The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default.  To build
+  against python 2.4, add `python=2.4` to the `bjam` command line.
+
+* If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might
+  supply the path to the interpreter in the `cmd-or-prefix`
+  parameter:
+
+  ``
+    using python : : /usr/local/python-2.6-beta/bin/python ;
+  ``
+
+* If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular
+  toolset, you might supply that toolset in the `condition`
+  parameter:
+
+  ``
+    using python ;  # use for most toolsets
+    
+    # Use with Intel C++ toolset
+    using python 
+         : # version
+         : c:\\Devel\\Python-2.5-IntelBuild\\PCBuild\\python # cmd-or-prefix
+         : # includes
+         : # libraries
+         : <toolset>intel # condition
+         ;
+  ``
+
+* If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the
+  normal and the [link building.python_debugging_builds "python debugging"]
+  builds from source on Windows, you might see:
+
+  ``
+    using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python ;
+    using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python_d
+      : # includes
+      : # libs
+      : <python-debugging>on ;
+  ``
+* You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows 
+  can build/test both Windows and Cygwin_ python extensions.  Just pass
+  `<target-os>cygwin` in the `condition` parameter
+  for the cygwin python installation:
+
+  ``
+    # windows installation
+    using python ;
+
+    # cygwin installation
+    using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
+  ``
+  when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
+  with the cygwin version of python: [#flavor]_
+
+  ``
+    bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc 
+  ``
+  This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
+  python with a [@http://cygwin.com Cygwin] bjam) but it seems as though the support in
+  Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
+  time of this writing.
+
+* Note that because of [@http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection
+  the way Boost.Build currently selects target alternatives], you might have be very
+  explicit in your build requests.  For example, given:
+
+  ``
+    using python : 2.5 ; # a regular windows build
+    using python : 2.4 : : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
+  ``
+  building with
+  ``
+    bjam target-os=cygwin
+  ``
+
+  will yield an error.  Instead, you'll need to write
+
+  ``
+    bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
+  ``
+
+[endsect]
+[endsect]
+[section Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary]
+
+If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right
+libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
+library, you'll need to think about which one to link with.  The
+Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors.  Take
+care to choose the right flavor for your application. [footnote
+Information about how to identify the static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python on
+[@http://boost.org/more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming Windows] /
+[@http://boost.org/more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming Unix variants]]
+
+[section The Dynamic Binary]
+
+The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:
+
+* A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
+  modules built with a given toolset. [footnote Because of the way most \*nix platforms
+  share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
+  that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
+  will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
+  when loaded into the same Python instance.  Not using different
+  libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
+  ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries
+  would be interoperable.  Otherwise, it could spell disaster,
+  since an extension module and the Boost.Python library would
+  have different ideas of such things as class layout. I would
+  appreciate someone doing the experiment to find out what
+  happens.]
+
+* The library contains a type conversion registry.  Because one
+  registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
+  class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
+  module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.
+
+[endsect]
+[section The Static Binary]
+
+It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
+any of the following cases:
+
+* You are _extending_ python and the types exposed in your
+  dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
+  other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
+  core library code is duplicated among them.
+
+* You are _embedding_ python in your application and either:
+
+  * You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
+    where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
+    Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.
+
+  * Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension
+    modules into your application and you don't care if any
+    dynamically-loaded Boost.Python extension modules are able to
+    use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
+    modules (and vice-versa).
+
+[endsect]
+[endsect]
+[section `#include` Issues]
+
+1. If you should ever have occasion to `#include "python.h"`
+   directly in a translation unit of a program using Boost.Python,
+   use `#include "boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp"` instead.
+   It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python,
+   one of which is mentioned in the next section.
+
+2. Be sure not to `#include` any system headers before
+   `wrap_python.hpp`.  This restriction is actually imposed by
+   Python, or more properly, by Python's interaction with your
+   operating system.  See
+   [@http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html] for details.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Python Debugging Builds]
+
+Python can be built in a special “python debugging” configuration
+that adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful
+for developers of extension modules.  The data structures used by
+the debugging configuration contain additional members, so *a
+Python executable built with python debugging enabled cannot be
+used with an extension module or library compiled without it, and
+vice-versa.*
+
+Since pre-built “python debugging” versions of the Python
+executable and libraries are not supplied with most distributions
+of Python, [footnote On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging python and associated libraries are built by adding --with-pydebug when configuring the Python build. On Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by the "Win32 Debug" target of the Visual Studio project in the PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.] and we didn't want to force our users
+to build them, Boost.Build does not automatically enable python
+debugging in its `debug` build variant (which is the default).
+Instead there is a special build property called
+`python-debugging` that, when used as a build property, will
+define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right
+libraries to link with.
+
+On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data
+structures will only be used if the symbol `Py_DEBUG` is defined.
+On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
+the preprocessor symbol `_DEBUG`, Python defaults to force
+linking with a special debugging version of the Python DLL.  Since
+that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not present,
+Boost.Python temporarily undefines `_DEBUG` when `Python.h`
+is #included from `boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp` - unless
+`BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON` is defined.  The upshot is that if you want
+“python debugging”and you aren't using Boost.Build, you should make
+sure `BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON` is defined, or python debugging will be
+suppressed.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Testing Boost.Python]
+
+To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke `bjam` in the
+`test` subdirectory of your Boost.Python distribution.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users]
+
+If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
+prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
+create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
+shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
+linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
+the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in
+[@https://docs.python.org/2/install/index.html Installing Python Modules]
+to create `libpythonXX.a`, where `XX` corresponds to the major and minor
+version numbers of your Python installation.
+
+[endsect]

doc/building.rst

@@ -1,680 +0,0 @@
-.. Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
-.. Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
-.. file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
-.. http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
-
-==============================================
- |(logo)|__ Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO
-==============================================
-
-.. |(logo)| image:: ../../../boost.png
-   :alt: Boost C++ Libraries:
-   :class: boost-logo
-
-__ ../index.html
-
-
-.. section-numbering::
-   :depth: 2
-
-.. contents:: Contents
-   :depth: 2
-   :class: sidebar small
-
-.. |newer| replace:: *newer*
-
-Requirements
-============
-
-Boost.Python requires `Python 2.2`_ [#2.2]_ *or* |newer|__.  
-
-.. _Python 2.2: http://www.python.org/2.2
-__ http://www.python.org
-
-Background
-==========
-
-There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:
-
-- extending_, in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
-  executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
-  Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
-  interface so Python programmers can use it.  From Python, these
-  modules look just like regular Python modules.
-
-- embedding_, in which the end-user launches a program written
-  in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
-  subroutine.  Think of adding scriptability to an existing
-  application.
-
-.. _extending: http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html
-.. _embedding: http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html
-
-The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
-of the C++ ``main()`` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
-or in some other program, respectively.  Note that even when
-embedding Python in another program, `extension modules are often
-the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
-code`__, so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
-both models.
-
-__ http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html
-
-Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as
-dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
-you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
-modules or the executable containing ``main()``.
-
-.. _quickstart:
-
-No-Install Quickstart
-=====================
-
-There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
-Boost.Python.  These instructions use Boost.Build_ projects,
-which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed.  Your
-first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
-Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
-worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
-for a specific compiler configuration and figuring out the right
-compiler options to use yourself.
-
-.. .. raw:: html
-
-   <div style="width:50%">
-
-.. Note:: Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
-   build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
-   officially supported by Boost.  Moreover **99% of all “I can't
-   build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
-   build system** without first following these instructions.
-
-   If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
-   follow these instructions, and then invoke ``bjam`` with the
-
-   .. parsed-literal::
-
-     ``-a -o``\ *filename* 
-
-   options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so
-   you can see what your alternate build system needs to do.
-
-.. .. raw:: html
- 
-   </div>
-
-.. _Boost.Build: ../../../tools/build/index.html
-
-Basic Procedure
----------------
-
-1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 [`Unix/Linux`__, `Windows`__\ ] of the
-   Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
-
-   __ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#get-boost
-   __ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#get-boost
-
-2. Get the ``bjam`` build driver.  See section 5 [`Unix/Linux`__,
-   `Windows`__\ ] of the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
-
-   __ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary
-   __ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary
-
-
-3. cd into the ``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory of your
-   Boost installation, which contains a small example project.
-
-4. Invoke ``bjam``.  Replace the “\ ``stage``\ “ argument from the
-   example invocation from section 5 of the `Getting Started
-   Guide`_ with “\ ``test``\ ,“ to build all the test targets.  Also add
-   the argument “\ ``--verbose-test``\ ” to see the output generated by
-   the tests when they are run.
-
-   On Windows, your ``bjam`` invocation might look something like:
-
-   .. parsed-literal::
-
-     C:\\boost_1_34_0\\…\\quickstart> **bjam toolset=msvc --verbose-test test**
-
-   and on Unix variants, perhaps,
-
-   .. parsed-literal::
-
-     ~/boost_1_34_0/…/quickstart$ **bjam toolset=gcc --verbose-test test**
-
-.. Admonition:: Note to Windows Users
-
-   For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use
-   unix-style forward slashes in pathnames instead of the
-   backslashes with which you may be more familiar.  The forward
-   slashes should work everywhere except in `Command Prompt`_
-   windows, where you should use backslashes.
-
-   .. _Command Prompt: ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt
-
-If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an
-extension module called ``extending`` and tested it by running a
-Python script called ``test_extending.py``.  You will also have
-built and run a simple application called ``embedding`` that embeds
-python.
-
-.. _Getting Started Guide: ../../../more/getting_started/index.html
-
-In Case of Trouble
-------------------
-
-If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages,
-it's probably because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your
-Python installation.  You might want to pass the
-``--debug-configuration`` option to ``bjam`` the first few times
-you invoke it, to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating
-all the parts of your Python installation.  If it isn't, consider
-`Configuring Boost.Build`_ as detailed below.
-
-If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
-mailing lists may be able to help:
-
-* The `Boost.Build mailing list`__ for issues related to Boost.Build
-* The Python `C++ Sig`__ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
-
-__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
-__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
-
-In Case Everything Seemed to Work
----------------------------------
-
-Rejoice!  If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be
-a good idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on
-learning the library by going through the tutorial_ and perhaps
-some of the `reference documentation`_, trying out what you've
-learned about the API by modifying the quickstart project.
-
-.. _reference documentation: v2/reference.html
-.. _tutorial: tutorial/index.html
-
-Modifying the Example Project
------------------------------
-
-If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one
-source file called |extending.cpp|_, inside your Boost
-distribution, and import it forever as ``extending``, then you can
-stop here.  However, it's likely that you will want to make a few
-changes.  There are a few things you can do without having to learn
-Boost.Build_ in depth.
-
-The project you just built is specified in two files in the current
-directory: |boost-build.jam|_, which tells ``bjam`` where it can
-find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
-|Jamroot|_, which describes the targets you just built.  These
-files are heavily commented, so they should be easy to modify.
-Take care, however, to preserve whitespace.  Punctuation such as
-``;`` will not be recognized as intended by ``bjam`` if it is not
-surrounded by whitespace.
-
-.. |boost-build.jam| replace:: ``boost-build.jam``
-.. _boost-build.jam: ../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam
-
-.. |Jamroot| replace:: ``Jamroot``
-.. _Jamroot: ../example/quickstart/Jamroot
-
-.. |extending.cpp| replace:: ``extending.cpp``
-.. _extending.cpp: ../example/quickstart/extending.cpp
-
-Relocate the Project
-....................
-
-You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can
-change it without modifying your Boost distribution.  To do that,
-simply
-
-a. copy the entire ``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory
-   into a new directory.
-
-b. In the new copies of |boost-build.jam|_ and |Jamroot|_, locate
-   the relative path near the top of the file that is clearly
-   marked by a comment, and edit that path so that it refers to the
-   same directory your Boost distribution as it referred to when
-   the file was in its original location in the
-   ``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory.
-
-For example, if you moved the project from
-``/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/libs/python/example/quickstart`` to
-``/home/dave/my-project``, you could change the first path in
-|boost-build.jam|_ from
-
-.. parsed-literal::
-
-  **../../../..**\ /tools/build/v2
-
-to
-
-.. parsed-literal::
-
-  **/home/dave/boost_1_34_0**\ /tools/build/v2
-
-and change the first path in |Jamroot|_ from
-
-.. parsed-literal::
-
-  **../../../..**
-
-to
-
-.. parsed-literal::
-
-  **/home/dave/boost_1_34_0**
-
-Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files
-................................................
-
-The names of additional source files involved in building your
-extension module or embedding application can be listed in
-|Jamroot|_ right alongside ``extending.cpp`` or ``embedding.cpp``
-respectively.  Just be sure to leave whitespace around each
-filename::
-
-  … file1.cpp file2.cpp file3.cpp …
-
-Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can
-tell Boost.Build about it by editing the name in |Jamroot|_.
-
-Change the Name of your Extension Module
-........................................
-
-The name of the extension module is determined by two things:
-
-1. the name in |Jamroot|_ immediately following ``python-extension``, and 
-2. the name passed to ``BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE`` in |extending.cpp|_.
-
-To change the name of the extension module from ``extending`` to
-``hello``, you'd edit |Jamroot|_, changing
-
-.. parsed-literal::
-
-  python-extension **extending** : extending.cpp ;
-
-to
-
-.. parsed-literal::
-
-  python-extension **hello** : extending.cpp ;
-
-and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing
-
-.. parsed-literal::
-
-  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(\ **extending**\ )
-
-to
-
-.. parsed-literal::
-
-  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(\ **hello**\ )
-
-Installing Boost.Python on your System
-======================================
-
-Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
-`header-only`_) library, its user relies on the services of a
-Boost.Python library binary.  
-
-.. _header-only: ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries
-
-If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library
-binaries on your system, the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_ will
-walk you through the steps of creating one.  If building binaries
-from source, you might want to supply the ``--with-python``
-argument to ``bjam`` (or the ``--with-libraries=python`` argument
-to ``configure``), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
-rather than all the Boost binaries.
-
-
-Configuring Boost.Build
-=======================
-
-As described in the `Boost.Build reference manual`__, a file called
-``user-config.jam`` in your home directory [#home-dir]_ is used to
-specify the tools and libraries available to the build system. You
-may need to create or edit ``user-config.jam`` to tell Boost.Build
-how to invoke Python, ``#include`` its headers, and link with its
-libraries.
-
-__ http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration
-
-.. Admonition:: Users of Unix-Variant OSes
-
-   If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
-   ``configure`` script, it may have generated a
-   ``user-config.jam`` for you. [#overwrite]_ If your ``configure``\
-   /\ ``make`` sequence was successful and Boost.Python binaries
-   were built, your ``user-config.jam`` file is probably already
-   correct.
-
-If you have one fairly “standard” python installation for your
-platform, you might not need to do anything special to describe it.  If
-you haven't configured python in ``user-config.jam`` (and you don't
-specify ``--without-python`` on the Boost.Build command line),
-Boost.Build will automatically execute the equivalent of ::
-
-  import toolset : using ; 
-  using python ;
-
-which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
-However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
-(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the quickstart_
-method).  If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
-Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a ``user-config.jam`` file
-with at least the minimal incantation above.
-
-Python Configuration Parameters
--------------------------------
-
-If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
-installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
-the following optional parameters to ``using python``.
-
-version
-  the version of Python to use.  Should be in Major.Minor
-  format, for example, ``2.3``.  Do not include the subminor
-  version (i.e. *not* ``2.5.1``).  If you have multiple Python
-  versions installed, the version will usually be the only
-  configuration argument required.
-
-cmd-or-prefix
-  preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter.
-  Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python libraries and
-  header files.  Only use the alternative formulation if there is
-  no appropriate Python executable available.
-
-includes
-  the ``#include`` paths for Python headers.  Normally the correct
-  path(s) will be automatically deduced from ``version`` and/or
-  ``cmd-or-prefix``.  
-
-libraries
-  the path to Python library binaries.  On MacOS/Darwin,
-  you can also pass the path of the Python framework.  Normally the
-  correct path(s) will be automatically deduced from ``version``
-  and/or ``cmd-or-prefix``. 
-
-condition
-  if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
-  properties that are matched against the build configuration when
-  Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.  See examples
-  below for details.
-
-extension-suffix
-  A string to append to the name of extension
-  modules before the true filename extension.  You almost certainly
-  don't need to use this.  Usually this suffix is only used when
-  targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
-  automatically for you based on the value of the
-  |python-debugging|_ feature.  However, at least one Linux
-  distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has a specially configured
-  `python-dbg`__ package that claims to use such a suffix.
-
-.. |python-debugging| replace:: ``<python-debugging>``
-
-__ https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds
-
-
-Examples
---------
-
-Note that in the examples below, case and *especially whitespace* are
-significant.
-
-- If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed,
-  ``user-config.jam`` might contain::
-  
-    using python : 2.5 ;  # Make both versions of Python available 
-
-    using python : 2.4 ;  # To build with python 2.4, add python=2.4 
-                          # to your command line.
-
-  The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default.  To build
-  against python 2.4, add ``python=2.4`` to the ``bjam`` command line.
-
-- If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might
-  supply the path to the interpreter in the ``cmd-or-prefix``
-  parameter::
-
-    using python : : /usr/local/python-2.6-beta/bin/python ;
-
-- If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular
-  toolset, you might supply that toolset in the ``condition``
-  parameter::
-
-    using python ;  # use for most toolsets
-    
-    # Use with Intel C++ toolset
-    using python 
-         : # version
-         : c:\\Devel\\Python-2.5-IntelBuild\\PCBuild\\python # cmd-or-prefix
-         : # includes
-         : # libraries
-         : <toolset>intel # condition
-         ;
-
-
-- If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the
-  normal and the “\ `python debugging`_\ ” builds from source on
-  Windows, you might see::
-
-    using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python ;
-    using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python_d
-      : # includes
-      : # libs
-      : <python-debugging>on ;
-
-- You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows 
-  can build/test both Windows and Cygwin_ python extensions.  Just pass
-  ``<target-os>cygwin`` in the ``condition`` parameter
-  for the cygwin python installation::
-
-    # windows installation
-    using python ;
-
-    # cygwin installation
-    using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
-
-  when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
-  with the cygwin version of python: [#flavor]_
-
-    bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc 
-
-  This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
-  python with a Cygwin_ bjam) but it seems as though the support in
-  Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
-  time of this writing.
-
-- Note that because of `the way Boost.Build currently selects target
-  alternatives`__, you might have be very explicit in your build
-  requests.  For example, given::
-
-    using python : 2.5 ; # a regular windows build
-    using python : 2.4 : : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
-
-  building with ::
-
-    bjam target-os=cygwin
-
-  will yield an error.  Instead, you'll need to write::
-
-    bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
-
-.. _Cygwin: http://cygwin.com
-
-__ http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection
-
-Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary
-======================================
-
-If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right
-libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
-library, you'll need to think about which one to link with.  The
-Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors.  Take
-care to choose the right flavor for your application. [#naming]_
-
-The Dynamic Binary
-------------------
-
-The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:
-
-- A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
-  modules built with a given toolset. [#toolset-specific]_
-
-- The library contains a type conversion registry.  Because one
-  registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
-  class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
-  module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.
-
-The Static Binary
------------------
-
-It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
-any of the following cases:
-
-- You are extending_ python and the types exposed in your
-  dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
-  other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
-  core library code is duplicated among them.
-
-- You are embedding_ python in your application and either:
-
-  - You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
-    where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
-    Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.
-
-  - Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension
-    modules into your application and you don't care if any
-    dynamically-loaded Boost.Python extension modules are able to
-    use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
-    modules (and vice-versa).
-
-``#include`` Issues
-===================
-
-1. If you should ever have occasion to ``#include "python.h"``
-   directly in a translation unit of a program using Boost.Python,
-   use ``#include "boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp"`` instead.
-   It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python,
-   one of which is mentioned in the next section.
-
-2. Be sure not to ``#include`` any system headers before
-   ``wrap_python.hpp``.  This restriction is actually imposed by
-   Python, or more properly, by Python's interaction with your
-   operating system.  See
-   http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html for details.
-
-.. _python-debugging:
-.. _python debugging:
-
-Python Debugging Builds
-=======================
-
-Python can be built in a special “python debugging” configuration
-that adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful
-for developers of extension modules.  The data structures used by
-the debugging configuration contain additional members, so **a
-Python executable built with python debugging enabled cannot be
-used with an extension module or library compiled without it, and
-vice-versa.**
-
-Since pre-built “python debugging” versions of the Python
-executable and libraries are not supplied with most distributions
-of Python, [#get-debug-build]_ and we didn't want to force our users
-to build them, Boost.Build does not automatically enable python
-debugging in its ``debug`` build variant (which is the default).
-Instead there is a special build property called
-``python-debugging`` that, when used as a build property, will
-define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right
-libraries to link with.
-
-On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data
-structures will only be used if the symbol ``Py_DEBUG`` is defined.
-On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
-the preprocessor symbol ``_DEBUG``, Python defaults to force
-linking with a special debugging version of the Python DLL.  Since
-that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not present,
-Boost.Python temporarily undefines _DEBUG when Python.h
-is #included from ``boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp`` - unless
-``BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON`` is defined.  The upshot is that if you want
-“python debugging”and you aren't using Boost.Build, you should make
-sure ``BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON`` is defined, or python debugging will be
-suppressed.
-
-Testing Boost.Python
-====================
-
-To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke ``bjam`` in the
-``libs/python/test`` subdirectory of your Boost distribution.
-
-Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users
-=======================================================
-
-If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
-prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
-create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
-shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
-linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
-the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in `Installing
-Python Modules`__ to create ``libpythonXX.a``, where ``XX``
-corresponds to the major and minor version numbers of your Python
-installation.
-
-__ http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html
-
------------------------------
-
-.. [#2.2] Note that although we tested earlier versions of
-   Boost.Python with Python 2.2, and we don't *think* we've done
-   anything to break compatibility, this release of Boost.Python
-   may not have been tested with versions of Python earlier than
-   2.4, so we're not 100% sure that python 2.2 and 2.3 are
-   supported.
-
-.. [#naming] Information about how to identify the
-   static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python:
-
-   * `on Windows`__
-   * `on Unix variants`__
-
-   __ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming
-   __ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming
-
-.. [#toolset-specific] Because of the way most \*nix platforms
-   share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
-   that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
-   will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
-   when loaded into the same Python instance.  Not using different
-   libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
-   ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries
-   would be interoperable.  Otherwise, it could spell disaster,
-   since an extension module and the Boost.Python library would
-   have different ideas of such things as class layout. I would
-   appreciate someone doing the experiment to find out what
-   happens.
-
-.. [#overwrite] ``configure`` overwrites the existing
-   ``user-config.jam`` in your home directory
-   (if any) after making a backup of the old version.
-
-.. [#flavor] Note that the ``<target-os>cygwin`` feature is
-   different from the ``<flavor>cygwin`` subfeature of the ``gcc``
-   toolset, and you might need handle both explicitly if you also
-   have a MinGW GCC installed.
-
-.. [#home-dir] Windows users, your home directory can be
-   found by typing::
-
-     ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
-
-   into a `command prompt`_ window.
-
-.. [#get-debug-build] On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging
-   python and associated libraries are built by adding
-   ``--with-pydebug`` when configuring the Python build. On
-   Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by
-   the "Win32 Debug" target of the Visual Studio project in the
-   PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.

doc/configuration.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+[chapter Configuration
+    [quickbook 1.7]
+    [authors [Abrahams, David]]
+    [copyright 2002 - 2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld]
+    [id configuration]
+]
+
+
+[section Configuration]
+
+[section Introduction]
+[*Boost.Python] uses several configuration macros in `<boost/config.hpp>`, as well as configuration macros meant to be supplied by the application. These macros are documented here.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Application Defined Macros]
+
+These are the macros that may be defined by an application using Boost.Python. Note that if you extend a strict interpretation of the C++ standard to cover dynamic libraries, using different values of these macros when compiling different libraries (including extension modules and the Boost.Python library itself) is a violation of the [link odr ODR]. However, we know of no C++ implementations on which this particular violation is detectable or causes any problems.
+
+[table
+ [[Macro][Default][Meaning]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY]
+  [15]
+  [The maximum arity of any function, member function,
+   or constructor to be wrapped, invocation of a
+   Boost.Python function wich is specified as taking
+   arguments x1, x2,...Xn. This includes, in particular,
+   callback mechanisms such as object::operator()(...) or call_method<R>(... ).]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES][10]
+  [The maximum number of template arguments to the
+   `bases<...>` class template, which is used to specify
+   the bases of a wrapped C++ class..]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_MODULE]
+  [ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, prevents your module initialization
+   function from being treated as an exported symbol
+   on platforms which support that distinction in-code]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL]
+  [ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, allows functions using the `__cdecl`
+   calling convention to be wrapped.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL]
+  [ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, allows functions using the `__stdcall`
+   calling convention to be wrapped.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL]
+  [ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, allows functions using the `__fastcall`
+   calling convention to be wrapped.]]
+]
+[endsect]
+[section Library Defined Defined Macros]
+These macros are defined by *Boost.Python* and are implementation details of interest only to implementors and those porting to new platforms.
+[table
+ [[Macro][Default][Meaning]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME][ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined, this indicates that the type_info comparison across
+   shared library boundaries does not work on this platform.
+   In other words, if shared-lib-1 passes `typeid(T)` to a function
+   in shared-lib-2 which compares it to `typeid(T)`, that comparison
+   may return `false`. If this macro is #defined, Boost.Python uses
+   and compares `typeid(T).name()` instead of using and comparing
+   the `std::type_info` objects directly.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES][ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined for a module no pythonic signatures are generated for
+   the docstrings of the module functions, and no python type is
+   associated with any of the converters registered by the module.
+   This also reduces the binary size of the module by about 14%
+   (gcc compiled).
+   If defined for the boost_python runtime library, the default for
+   the `docstring_options.enable_py_signatures()` is set to `false`.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES]
+  [ /defined/ if `BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES` is /undefined/ ]
+  [This macro is defined to enable a smooth transition from older
+   Boost.Python versions which do not support pythonic signatures.
+   For example usage see here.]]
+ [[BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE][ /not defined/ ]
+  [If defined the python type of `__init__` method "self" parameters
+   is properly generated, otherwise object is used. It is undefined by
+   default because it increases the binary size of the module by about
+   14% (gcc compiled).]]
+]
+[endsect]
+[endsect]

doc/fabscript

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# -*- python -*-
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
+# All rights reserved.
+#
+# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+
+from faber.tools.xslt import xsltflags
+from faber.tools.boost import quickbook, boostbook
+from faber.artefacts import html
+from glob import glob as G
+from os import makedirs
+from os.path import relpath, dirname, exists
+from shutil import copyfile
+
+
+def glob(pattern):
+    prefix = srcdir + '/'
+    p = len(prefix)+1
+    return [f[p:] for f in G(prefix + pattern)]
+
+
+class make_html(action):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        action.__init__(self, 'make_html', self.process)
+
+    def map(self, fs):
+        return boostbook.html.map(fs)
+
+    def process(self, target, source):
+        boostbook.html(target, source[0:1])
+        for s in source[1:]:
+            t = target[0]._filename + relpath(s._filename, srcdir)
+            d = dirname(t)
+            if not exists(d):
+                makedirs(d)
+            copyfile(s._filename, t)
+
+
+sphinx_build  = action('sphinx-build', 'sphinx-build -b html $(>) $(<)')
+rst2html  = action('rst2html', 'rst2html --trim-footnote-reference-space --footnote-references=superscript --stylesheet=$(>:D)/rst.css $(>) $(<)')
+
+python_bbk = rule(quickbook.process, 'python.bbk', 'python.qbk',
+                  dependencies=['release_notes.qbk',
+                                'building.qbk',
+                                'configuration.qbk',
+                                'suport.qbk',
+                                'faq.qbk',
+                                'glossary.qbk'])
+tutorial_bbk = rule(quickbook.process, 'tutorial.bbk', 'tutorial.qbk')
+reference_bbk = rule(quickbook.process, 'reference.bbk', 'reference.qbk')
+
+python_db = rule(boostbook.db, 'python.db', python_bbk)
+tutorial_db = rule(boostbook.db, 'tutorial.db', tutorial_bbk)
+reference_db = rule(boostbook.db, 'reference.db', reference_bbk)
+
+python = html.dir(make_html(), 'html', [python_db, 'boostbook.css'] + glob('/images/*.*') + glob('/images/callouts/*.*'),
+                  features=xsltflags('--stringparam generate.toc "library nop; chaper toc; section toc;"',
+                                     '--stringparam html.stylesheet boostbook.css',
+                                     '--stringparam boost.image.src images/bpl.png',
+                                     '--stringparam boost.graphics.root images/',
+                                     '--stringparam boost.defaults none',
+                                     '--param toc.max.depth 3',
+                                     '--param toc.section.depth 2',
+                                     '--param chunk.section.depth 1'))
+tutorial = html.dir(boostbook.html, 'html/tutorial', tutorial_db, dependencies=[python],
+                    features=xsltflags('--stringparam html.stylesheet ../boostbook.css',
+                                       '--stringparam boost.image.src ../images/bpl.png',
+                                       '--stringparam boost.graphics.root ../images/'))
+reference = html.dir(boostbook.html, 'html/reference', reference_db, dependencies=[python],
+                     features=xsltflags('--stringparam html.stylesheet ../boostbook.css',
+                                        '--stringparam boost.image.src ../images/bpl.png',
+                                        '--stringparam boost.graphics.root ../images/'))
+numpy = rule(sphinx_build, 'html/numpy', 'numpy', attrs=always, dependencies=[python])
+
+article = rule(rst2html, 'html/article.html', 'article.rst')
+
+html = alias('html', [python, tutorial, reference, numpy, article])
+
+default = html

doc/faq.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,736 @@
+[chapter Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
+    [quickbook 1.7]
+    [id faq]
+]
+
+[section How can I wrap a function which takes a function pointer as an argument?]
+
+If what you're trying to do is something like this:
+``
+  typedef boost::function<void (string s) > funcptr;
+
+  void foo(funcptr fp)
+  {
+    fp("hello,world!");
+  }
+
+  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
+  {
+    def("foo",foo);
+  }
+``
+
+And then:
+
+``
+>>> def hello(s):
+...    print s
+...
+>>> foo(hello)
+hello, world!
+``
+The short answer is: "you can't".  This is not a
+Boost.Python limitation so much as a limitation of C++.  The
+problem is that a Python function is actually data, and the only
+way of associating data with a C++ function pointer is to store it
+in a static variable of the function.  The problem with that is
+that you can only associate one piece of data with every C++
+function, and we have no way of compiling a new C++ function
+on-the-fly for every Python function you decide to pass
+to `foo`.  In other words, this could work if the C++
+function is always going to invoke the /same/ Python
+function, but you probably don't want that.
+
+If you have the luxury of changing the C++ code you're
+wrapping, pass it an `object` instead and call that;
+the overloaded function call operator will invoke the Python
+function you pass it behind the `object`.
+
+[endsect]
+[section I'm getting the "attempt to return dangling reference" error.
+ What am I doing wrong?]
+
+That exception is protecting you from causing a nasty crash. It usually
+happens in response to some code like this:
+``
+  period const &get_floating_frequency() const
+  {
+    return boost::python::call_method<period const &>( 
+      m_self,"get_floating_frequency");
+  }
+``
+And you get:
+``
+  ReferenceError: Attempt to return dangling reference to object of type:
+  class period
+``
+
+In this case, the Python method invoked by `call_method`
+constructs a new Python object. You're trying to return a reference to a
+C++ object (an instance of `class period`) contained within
+and owned by that Python object. Because the called method handed back a
+brand new object, the only reference to it is held for the duration of
+`get_floating_frequency()` above. When the function returns,
+the Python object will be destroyed, destroying the instance of
+`class period`, and leaving the returned reference dangling.
+That's already undefined behavior, and if you try to do anything with
+that reference you're likely to cause a crash. Boost.Python detects this
+situation at runtime and helpfully throws an exception instead of letting
+you do that.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Is `return_internal_reference` efficient?]
+
+[*Q:] /I have an object composed of 12 doubles. A `const&` to
+this object is returned by a member function of another class. From the
+viewpoint of using the returned object in Python I do not care if I get
+a copy or a reference to the returned object. In Boost.Python I have the
+choice of using `copy_const_reference` or `return_internal_reference`.
+Are there considerations that would lead me to prefer one over the other,
+such as size of generated code or memory overhead?/
+
+[*A:] `copy_const_reference` will make an instance with storage
+for one of your objects, `size = base_size + 12 * sizeof(double)`.
+`return_internal_reference` will make an instance with storage for a
+pointer to one of your objects, `size = base_size + sizeof(void*)`.
+However, it will also create a weak reference object which goes in the
+source object's weakreflist and a special callback object to manage the
+lifetime of the internally-referenced object. My guess?
+`copy_const_reference` is your friend here, resulting in less overall
+memory use and less fragmentation, also probably fewer total
+cycles.
+
+[endsect]
+[section How can I wrap functions which take C++ containers as arguments?]
+
+Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:
+
+# Using the regular `class_<>` wrapper:
+  ``
+    class_<std::vector<double> >("std_vector_double")
+      .def(...)
+      ...
+    ;
+  ``
+  This can be moved to a template so that several types (`double`, `int`,
+  `long`, etc.) can be wrapped with the same code. This technique is used
+  in the file `scitbx/include/scitbx/array_family/boost_python/flex_wrapper.h`
+  in the "scitbx" package. The file could easily be modified for
+  wrapping `std::vector<>` instantiations.
+  This type of C++/Python binding is most suitable for containers
+  that may contain a large number of elements (>10000).
+
+# Using custom rvalue converters. Boost.Python "rvalue converters"
+  match function signatures such as:
+  ``
+    void foo(std::vector<double> const &array); // pass by const-reference
+    void foo(std::vector<double> array); // pass by value
+  ``
+  Some custom rvalue converters are implemented in the file
+  `scitbx/include/scitbx/boost_python/container_conversions.h`
+  This code can be used to convert from C++ container types such as
+  `std::vector<>` or `std::list<>` to Python tuples and vice
+  versa. A few simple examples can be found in the file
+  `scitbx/array_family/boost_python/regression_test_module.cpp`
+  Automatic C++ container <-> Python tuple conversions are most
+  suitable for containers of moderate size. These converters generate
+  significantly less object code compared to alternative 1 above.
+
+A disadvantage of using alternative 2 is that operators such as
+arithmetic +,-,*,/,% are not available. It would be useful to have custom
+rvalue converters that convert to a "math_array" type instead of tuples.
+This is currently not implemented but is possible within the framework of
+Boost.Python V2 as it will be released in the next couple of weeks. [ed.:
+this was posted on 2002/03/10]
+
+It would also be useful to also have "custom lvalue converters" such
+as `std::vector<>` <-> Python list. These converters would
+support the modification of the Python list from C++. For example:
+
+C++:
+``
+  void foo(std::vector<double> &array)
+  {
+    for(std::size_t i=0;i&lt;array.size();i++) {
+      array[i] *= 2;
+    }
+  }
+``
+Python: [python]
+``
+  >>> l = [1, 2, 3]
+  >>> foo(l)
+  >>> print l
+  [2, 4, 6]
+``
+Custom lvalue converters require changes to the Boost.Python core library
+and are currently not available.
+
+P.S.:
+
+The "scitbx" files referenced above are available via anonymous
+CVS:
+``
+  cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.cctbx.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/cctbx login
+  cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.cctbx.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/cctbx co scitbx
+``
+
+[endsect]
+[section fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow]
+
+[*Q:] /I get this error message when compiling a large source file. What can I do?/
+
+[*A:] You have two choices:
+
+# Upgrade your compiler (preferred)
+
+# Break your source file up into multiple translation units.
+
+  `my_module.cpp`: [c++]
+
+  ``
+    ...
+    void more_of_my_module();
+    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
+    {
+      def("foo", foo);
+      def("bar", bar);
+      ...
+      more_of_my_module();
+    }
+  ``
+  `more_of_my_module.cpp`:
+  ``
+    void more_of_my_module()
+    {
+      def("baz", baz);
+      ...
+    }
+  ``
+  If you find that a `class_<...>` declaration
+  can't fit in a single source file without triggering the error, you
+  can always pass a reference to the `class_` object to a
+  function in another source file, and call some of its member
+  functions (e.g. `.def(...)`) in the auxilliary source
+  file:
+
+  `more_of_my_class.cpp`:
+  ``
+    void more_of_my_class(class&lt;my_class&gt;&amp; x)
+    {
+      x
+       .def("baz", baz)
+       .add_property("xx", &my_class::get_xx, &my_class::set_xx)
+       ;
+      ...
+    }
+  ``
+
+[endsect]
+[section How do I debug my Python extensions?]
+
+Greg Burley gives the following answer for Unix GCC users:
+
+[:Once you have created a boost python extension for your c++ library or
+  class, you may need to debug the code. Afterall this is one of the
+  reasons for wrapping the library in python. An expected side-effect or
+  benefit of using BPL is that debugging should be isolated to the c++
+  library that is under test, given that python code is minimal and
+  boost::python either works or it doesn't. (ie. While errors can occur
+  when the wrapping method is invalid, most errors are caught by the
+  compiler ;-).
+
+  The basic steps required to initiate a gdb session to debug a c++
+  library via python are shown here. Note, however that you should start
+  the gdb session in the directory that contains your BPL my_ext.so
+  module.
+
+  ``
+    (gdb) target exec python
+    (gdb) run
+    >>> from my_ext import *
+    >>> [C-c]
+    (gdb) break MyClass::MyBuggyFunction
+    (gdb) cont
+    >>> pyobj = MyClass()
+    >>> pyobj.MyBuggyFunction()
+    Breakpoint 1, MyClass::MyBuggyFunction ...
+    Current language:  auto; currently c++
+    (gdb) do debugging stuff
+  ``
+]
+
+Greg's approach works even better using Emacs' "gdb"
+command, since it will show you each line of source as you step through it.
+
+On *Windows*, my favorite debugging solution is the debugger that
+comes with Microsoft Visual C++ 7. This debugger seems to work with code
+generated by all versions of Microsoft and Metrowerks toolsets; it's rock
+solid and "just works" without requiring any special tricks from the
+user.
+
+Raoul Gough has provided the following for gdb on Windows:
+
+[:gdb support for Windows DLLs has improved lately, so it is
+  now possible to debug Python extensions using a few
+  tricks. Firstly, you will need an up-to-date gdb with support
+  for minimal symbol extraction from a DLL. Any gdb from version 6
+  onwards, or Cygwin gdb-20030214-1 and onwards should do. A
+  suitable release will have a section in the gdb.info file under
+  Configuration - Native - Cygwin Native -
+  Non-debug DLL symbols. Refer to that info section for more
+  details of the procedures outlined here.
+
+  Secondly, it seems necessary to set a breakpoint in the
+  Python interpreter, rather than using ^C to break execution. A
+  good place to set this breakpoint is PyOS_Readline, which will
+  stop execution immediately before reading each interactive
+  Python command. You have to let Python start once under the
+  debugger, so that it loads its own DLL, before you can set the
+  breakpoint:
+
+  ``
+    $ gdb python
+    GNU gdb 2003-09-02-cvs (cygwin-special)
+    [...]
+
+    (gdb) run
+    Starting program: /cygdrive/c/Python22/python.exe
+    Python 2.2.2 (#37, Oct 14 2002, 17:02:34) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
+    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+    >>> ^Z
+
+
+    Program exited normally.
+    (gdb) break *&PyOS_Readline
+    Breakpoint 1 at 0x1e04eff0
+    (gdb) run
+    Starting program: /cygdrive/c/Python22/python.exe
+    Python 2.2.2 (#37, Oct 14 2002, 17:02:34) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
+    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
+
+    Breakpoint 1, 0x1e04eff0 in python22!PyOS_Readline ()
+       from /cygdrive/c/WINNT/system32/python22.dll
+    (gdb) cont
+    Continuing.
+    >>> from my_ext import *
+
+    Breakpoint 1, 0x1e04eff0 in python22!PyOS_Readline ()
+       from /cygdrive/c/WINNT/system32/python22.dll
+    (gdb) # my_ext now loaded (with any debugging symbols it contains)
+  ``
+]
+
+[h2 Debugging extensions through Boost.Build]
+
+If you are launching your extension module tests with _bb_ using the
+`boost-python-runtest` rule, you can ask it to launch your
+debugger for you by adding "--debugger=/debugger/" to your bjam
+command-line:
+``
+  bjam -sTOOLS=vc7.1 "--debugger=devenv /debugexe" test
+  bjam -sTOOLS=gcc -sPYTHON_LAUNCH=gdb test
+``
+It can also be extremely useful to add the `-d+2` option when
+you run your test, because Boost.Build will then show you the exact
+commands it uses to invoke it. This will invariably involve setting up
+PYTHONPATH and other important environment variables such as
+LD_LIBRARY_PATH which may be needed by your debugger in order to get
+things to work right.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Why doesn't my `*=` operator work?]
+
+[*Q:] ['I have exported my class to python, with many overloaded
+operators. it works fine for me except the `*=`
+operator. It always tells me "can't multiply sequence with non int
+type". If I use `p1.__imul__(p2)` instead of
+`p1 *= p2`, it successfully executes my code. What's
+wrong with me?]
+
+[*A:] There's nothing wrong with you. This is a bug in Python
+      2.2. You can see the same effect in Pure Python (you can learn a lot
+      about what's happening in Boost.Python by playing with new-style
+      classes in Pure Python).
+``
+>>> class X(object):
+...     def __imul__(self, x):
+...         print 'imul'
+...
+>>> x = X()
+>>> x *= 1
+``
+To cure this problem, all you need to do is upgrade your Python to
+version 2.2.1 or later.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Does Boost.Python work with Mac OS X?]
+
+It is known to work under 10.2.8 and 10.3 using
+Apple's gcc 3.3 compiler:
+``gcc (GCC) 3.3 20030304 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 1493)``
+Under 10.2.8 get the August 2003 gcc update (free at [@http://connect.apple.com]).
+Under 10.3 get the Xcode Tools v1.0 (also free).
+
+Python 2.3 is required. The Python that ships with 10.3 is
+fine. Under 10.2.8 use these commands to install Python
+as a framework:
+``./configure --enable-framework
+make
+make frameworkinstall``
+
+The last command requires root privileges because the target
+directory is `/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.3`.
+However, the installation does not interfere with the Python
+version that ships with 10.2.8.
+
+It is also crucial to increase the `stacksize` before
+starting compilations, e.g.:
+``limit stacksize 8192k``
+If the `stacksize` is too small the build might crash with
+internal compiler errors.
+
+Sometimes Apple's compiler exhibits a bug by printing an error
+like the following while compiling a
+`boost::python::class_<your_type>`
+template instantiation:
+``
+  .../inheritance.hpp:44: error: cannot
+    dynamic_cast `p' (of type `struct cctbx::boost_python::<unnamed>::add_pair*
+    ') to type `void*' (source type is not polymorphic)
+``
+
+We do not know a general workaround, but if the definition of
+`your_type` can be modified the following was found
+to work in all cases encountered so far:
+``
+  struct your_type
+  {
+    // before defining any member data
+  #if defined(__MACH__) &amp;&amp; defined(__APPLE_CC__) &amp;&amp; __APPLE_CC__ == 1493
+    bool dummy_;
+  #endif
+    // now your member data, e.g.
+    double x;
+    int j;
+    // etc.
+  };
+``
+[endsect]
+[section How can I find the existing PyObject that holds a C++ object?]
+
+[: "I am wrapping a function that always returns a pointer to an
+      already-held C++ object."]
+
+One way to do that is to hijack the mechanisms used for wrapping a class
+with virtual functions. If you make a wrapper class with an initial
+PyObject* constructor argument and store that PyObject* as "self", you
+can get back to it by casting down to that wrapper type in a thin wrapper
+function. For example:
+``
+  class X { X(int); virtual ~X(); ... };
+  X* f();  // known to return Xs that are managed by Python objects
+
+
+  // wrapping code
+
+  struct X_wrap : X
+  {
+    X_wrap(PyObject* self, int v) : self(self), X(v) {}
+    PyObject* self;
+  };
+
+  handle<> f_wrap()
+  {
+    X_wrap* xw = dynamic_cast<X_wrap*>(f());
+    assert(xw != 0);
+    return handle<>(borrowed(xw->self));
+  }
+
+  ...
+
+  def("f", f_wrap());
+  class_<X,X_wrap,boost::noncopyable>("X", init<int>())
+   ...
+   ;
+``
+
+Of course, if X has no virtual functions you'll have to use
+`static_cast` instead of `dynamic_cast` with no
+runtime check that it's valid. This approach also only works if the
+`X` object was constructed from Python, because
+`X`\ s constructed from C++ are of course never
+`X_wrap` objects.
+
+Another approach to this requires you to change your C++ code a bit;
+if that's an option for you it might be a better way to go. work we've
+been meaning to get to anyway. When a `shared_ptr<X>` is
+converted from Python, the shared_ptr actually manages a reference to the
+containing Python object. When a shared_ptr<X> is converted back to
+Python, the library checks to see if it's one of those "Python object
+managers" and if so just returns the original Python object. So you could
+just write `object(p)` to get the Python object back. To
+exploit this you'd have to be able to change the C++ code you're wrapping
+so that it deals with shared_ptr instead of raw pointers.
+
+There are other approaches too. The functions that receive the Python
+object that you eventually want to return could be wrapped with a thin
+wrapper that records the correspondence between the object address and
+its containing Python object, and you could have your f_wrap function
+look in that mapping to get the Python object out.
+
+[endsect]
+[section How can I wrap a function which needs to take ownership of a raw pointer?]
+
+[*Q:] Part of an API that I'm wrapping goes something like this:
+
+``
+  struct A {}; struct B { void add( A* ); }
+  where B::add() takes ownership of the pointer passed to it.
+``
+
+However:
+
+``
+  a = mod.A()
+  b = mod.B()
+  b.add( a )
+  del a
+  del b
+  # python interpreter crashes
+  # later due to memory corruption.
+``
+
+Even binding the lifetime of a to b via `with_custodian_and_ward` doesn't prevent
+the python object a from ultimately trying to delete the object it's pointing to.
+Is there a way to accomplish a 'transfer-of-ownership' of a wrapped C++ object?
+
+--Bruce Lowery
+
+Yes: Make sure the C++ object is held by auto_ptr:
+``
+  class_<A, std::auto_ptr<A> >("A")
+    ...
+    ;
+``
+Then make a thin wrapper function which takes an auto_ptr parameter:
+``
+  void b_insert(B &b, std::auto_ptr<A> a)
+  {
+    b.insert(a.get());
+    a.release();
+  }
+``
+Wrap that as B.add. Note that pointers returned via `manage_new_object`
+will also be held by `auto_ptr`, so this transfer-of-ownership
+will also work correctly.
+
+[endsect]
+[section Compilation takes too much time and eats too much memory!
+ What can I do to make it faster?]
+
+Please refer to the `Reducing Compiling Time` section in the _tutorial_.
+
+[endsect]
+[section How do I create sub-packages using Boost.Python?]
+
+Please refer to the `Creating Packages` section in the _tutorial_.
+
+[endsect]
+[section error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments]
+
+/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
+
+If you see Microsoft Visual C++ 7.1 (MS Visual Studio .NET 2003) issue
+an error message like the following it is most likely due to a bug
+in the compiler:
+``
+  boost\boost\python\detail\invoke.hpp(76):
+  error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments"
+``
+This message is triggered by code like the following:
+``
+  #include <boost/python.hpp>
+
+  using namespace boost::python;
+
+  class FXThread
+  {
+  public:
+    bool setAutoDelete(bool doso) throw();
+  };
+
+  void Export_FXThread()
+  {
+    class_< FXThread >("FXThread")
+        .def("setAutoDelete", &amp;FXThread::setAutoDelete)
+    ;
+  }
+``
+The bug is related to the `throw()` modifier.
+As a workaround cast off the modifier. E.g.:
+``
+   .def("setAutoDelete", (bool (FXThread::*)(bool)) &FXThread::setAutoDelete)
+``
+(The bug has been reported to Microsoft.)
+
+[endsect]
+[section How can I automatically convert my custom string type to and from a Python string?]
+
+/Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:/
+
+Below is a small, self-contained demo extension module that shows
+how to do this. Here is the corresponding trivial test:
+``
+  import custom_string
+  assert custom_string.hello() == "Hello world."
+  assert custom_string.size("california") == 10
+``
+If you look at the code you will find:
+
+* A custom `to_python` converter (easy):
+        `custom_string_to_python_str`
+
+*A custom lvalue converter (needs more code):
+        `custom_string_from_python_str`
+
+The custom converters are registered in the global Boost.Python
+registry near the top of the module initialization function. Once
+flow control has passed through the registration code the automatic
+conversions from and to Python strings will work in any module
+imported in the same process.
+
+``
+  #include <boost/python/module.hpp>
+  #include <boost/python/def.hpp>
+  #include <boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp>
+
+  namespace sandbox { namespace {
+
+  class custom_string
+  {
+    public:
+      custom_string() {}
+      custom_string(std::string const &value) : value_(value) {}
+      std::string const &value() const { return value_; }
+    private:
+      std::string value_;
+  };
+
+  struct custom_string_to_python_str
+  {
+    static PyObject* convert(custom_string const &s)
+    {
+      return boost::python::incref(boost::python::object(s.value()).ptr());
+    }
+  };
+
+  struct custom_string_from_python_str
+  {
+    custom_string_from_python_str()
+    {
+      boost::python::converter::registry::push_back(
+        &convertible,
+        &construct,
+        boost::python::type_id<custom_string>());
+    }
+
+    static void* convertible(PyObject* obj_ptr)
+    {
+      if (!PyString_Check(obj_ptr)) return 0;
+      return obj_ptr;
+    }
+
+    static void construct(
+      PyObject* obj_ptr,
+      boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
+    {
+      const char* value = PyString_AsString(obj_ptr);
+      if (value == 0) boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
+      void* storage = (
+        (boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_storage<custom_string>*)
+          data)->storage.bytes;
+      new (storage) custom_string(value);
+      data->convertible = storage;
+    }
+  };
+
+  custom_string hello() { return custom_string("Hello world."); }
+
+  std::size_t size(custom_string const &s) { return s.value().size(); }
+
+  void init_module()
+  {
+    using namespace boost::python;
+
+    boost::python::to_python_converter<
+      custom_string,
+      custom_string_to_python_str>();
+
+    custom_string_from_python_str();
+
+    def("hello", hello);
+    def("size", size);
+  }
+
+  }} // namespace sandbox::<anonymous>
+
+  BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
+  {
+    sandbox::init_module();
+  }
+``
+[endsect]
+[section Why is my automatic to-python conversion not being found?]
+
+/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
+
+If you define custom converters similar to the ones
+shown above the `def_readonly()` and `def_readwrite()`
+member functions provided by `boost::python::class_` for
+direct access to your member data will not work as expected.
+This is because `def_readonly("bar",&foo::bar)` is
+equivalent to:
+
+``
+  .add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference()))
+``
+Similarly, `def_readwrite("bar",&foo::bar)` is
+equivalent to:
+
+``
+  .add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference()),
+                     make_setter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference())
+``
+In order to define return value policies compatible with the
+custom conversions replace `def_readonly()` and
+`def_readwrite()` by `add_property()`. E.g.:
+
+``
+  .add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_value_policy<return_by_value>()),
+                     make_setter(&foo::bar, return_value_policy<return_by_value>()))
+``
+
+[endsect]
+[section Is Boost.Python thread-aware/compatible with multiple interpreters?]
+
+/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
+
+The quick answer to this is: no.
+
+The longer answer is that it can be patched to be so, but it's
+complex. You will need to add custom lock/unlock wrapping of every
+time your code enters Boost.Python (particularly every virtual
+function override) plus heavily modify
+`boost/python/detail/invoke.hpp` with custom unlock/lock
+wrapping of every time Boost.Python enters your code. You must
+furthermore take care to /not/ unlock/lock when Boost.Python
+is invoking iterator changes via `invoke.hpp`.
+
+There is a patched `invoke.hpp` posted on the C++-SIG
+mailing list archives and you can find a real implementation of all
+the machinery necessary to fully implement this in the TnFOX
+project at [@http://sourceforge.net/projects/tnfox/ this]
+SourceForge project location.
+
+[endsect]

doc/glossary.qbk

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+[chapter Glossary
+    [quickbook 1.7]
+    [id glossary]
+]
+
+[variablelist
+[[arity [#arity]]
+ [The number of argumnts accepted by a function or member function.
+  Unless otherwise specified, the hidden `this` argument to member
+  functions is not counted when specifying arity.]]
+[[ntbs [#ntbs]]
+ [Null-Terminated Byte String, or 'C'-string. C++ string literals are *ntbs*\ es.
+  An *ntbs* must never be null.]]
+[[raise [#raise]]
+ [Exceptions in Python are "raised", not "thrown", as they are in C++.
+  When this documentation says that some Python exception is "raised" in
+  the context of C++ code, it means that the corresponding Python exception
+  is set via the [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html Python/'C' API],
+  and `throw_error_already_set()` is called.]]
+[[POD [#pod]]
+ [A technical term from the C++ standard. Short for "Plain Ol'Data":
+  A POD-struct is an aggregate class that has no non-static data members
+  of type pointer to member, non-POD-struct, non-POD-union (or array of such
+  types) or reference, and has no user-defined copy assign- ment operator and
+  no user-defined destructor. Similarly, a POD-union is an aggregate union that
+  has no non-static data members of type pointer to member, non-POD-struct,
+  non-POD-union (or array of such types) or reference, and has no
+  user-defined copy assignment operator and no user-defined destructor. A
+  POD class is a class that is either a POD-struct or a POD-union. An
+  aggregate is an array or a class (clause 9) with no user-declared
+  constructors (12.1), no private or protected non-static data members
+  (clause 11), no base classes (clause 10), and no virtual functions
+  (10.3).]]
+[[ODR [#odr]]
+ [The "One Definition Rule", which says that any entity in a C++ program must have
+  the same definition in all translation units (object files) which make up a program.]]
+]
+

doc/html/boost.css

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+    Copyright 2002 William E. Kempf
+    Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompany-
+    ing file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+
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+    TEXT-ALIGN: left;
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+{
+    TEXT-ALIGN: left;
+}
+.footnote
+{
+    FONT-SIZE: 66%;
+    VERTICAL-ALIGN: super;
+    TEXT-DECORATION: none;
+}
+.function-semantics
+{
+    CLEAR: left;
+}

doc/html/boostbook.css

@@ -0,0 +1,700 @@
+
+/*=============================================================================
+Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
+http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
+
+Copyright 2013 Niall Douglas additions for colors and alignment.
+Copyright 2013 Paul A. Bristow additions for more colors and alignments.
+
+Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompany-
+ing file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
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+    }
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+=============================================================================*/
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+        {
+            color: #666666;
+            font-size: small;
+        }
+
+        div div.legalnotice p
+        {
+            color: #666666;
+        }
+
+    /* Program listing */
+        pre.synopsis
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+        .programlisting,
+        .screen
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+        td .programlisting,
+        td .screen
+        {
+            border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+    /* Blurbs */
+        div.note,
+        div.tip,
+        div.important,
+        div.caution,
+        div.warning,
+        p.blurb
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+    /* Table of contents */
+        div.toc
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+    /* Tables */
+        div.informaltable table tr td,
+        div.table table tr td
+        {
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+        div.informaltable table tr th,
+        div.table table tr th
+        {
+            background-color: #F0F0F0;
+            border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+        .copyright-footer
+        {
+            color: #8F8F8F;
+        }
+
+    /* Misc */
+        span.highlight
+        {
+            color: #00A000;
+        }
+    }
+
+    @media print
+    {
+    /* Links */
+        a
+        {
+            color: black;
+        }
+
+        a:visited
+        {
+            color: black;
+        }
+
+        .spirit-nav
+        {
+            display: none;
+        }
+
+    /* Program listing */
+        pre.synopsis
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        .programlisting,
+        .screen
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        td .programlisting,
+        td .screen
+        {
+            border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
+        }
+
+    /* Table of contents */
+        div.toc
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        .informaltable table,
+        .table table
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+            border-collapse: collapse;
+        }
+
+    /* Tables */
+        div.informaltable table tr td,
+        div.table table tr td
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        div.informaltable table tr th,
+        div.table table tr th
+        {
+            border: 1px solid gray;
+        }
+
+        table.simplelist tr td
+        {
+            border: none !important;
+        }
+
+    /* Misc */
+        span.highlight
+        {
+            font-weight: bold;
+        }
+    }
+
+/*=============================================================================
+Images
+=============================================================================*/
+
+    span.inlinemediaobject img
+    {
+        vertical-align: middle;
+    }
+
+/*==============================================================================
+Super and Subscript: style so that line spacing isn't effected, see
+http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/communityengine/index.cfm?event=showdetails&productId=1&postId=5341
+==============================================================================*/
+
+sup,
+sub {
+height: 0;
+line-height: 1;
+vertical-align: baseline;
+position: relative;
+
+}
+
+/* For internet explorer: */
+
+* html sup,
+* html sub {
+vertical-align: bottom;
+}
+
+sup {
+bottom: 1ex;
+}
+
+sub {
+top: .5ex;
+}
+
+/*==============================================================================
+Indexes: pretty much the same as the TOC.
+==============================================================================*/
+
+    .index
+    {
+       font-size: 80%;
+       padding-top: 0px;
+       padding-bottom: 0px;
+       margin-top: 0px;
+       margin-bottom: 0px;
+       margin-left: 0px;
+    }
+
+    .index ul
+    {
+       padding-left: 3em;
+    }
+
+    .index p
+    {
+       padding: 2px;
+       margin: 2px;
+    }
+
+    .index-entry-level-0
+    {
+        font-weight: bold;
+    }
+
+    .index em
+    {
+        font-weight: bold;
+    }
+
+
+/*==============================================================================
+Alignment and coloring use 'role' feature, available from Quickbook 1.6 up.
+Added from Niall Douglas for role color and alignment.
+http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/243318
+*/
+
+/* Add text alignment (see http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_text_text-align.asp) */
+span.aligncenter
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: center;
+}
+span.alignright
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: right;
+}
+/* alignleft is the default. */
+span.alignleft
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: left;
+}
+
+/* alignjustify stretches the word spacing so that each line has equal width
+within a chosen fraction of page width (here arbitrarily 20%).
+*Not* useful inside table items as the column width remains the total string width.
+Nor very useful, except to temporarily restrict the width.
+*/
+span.alignjustify
+{
+  display: inline-block; width: 20%; text-align: justify;
+}
+
+/* Text colors.
+Names at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-css3-color-20020219/ 4.3. X11 color keywords.
+Quickbook Usage: [role red Some red text]
+
+*/
+span.red { inline-block; color: red; }
+span.green { color: green; }
+span.lime { color: #00FF00; }
+span.blue { color: blue; }
+span.navy { color: navy; }
+span.yellow { color: yellow; }
+span.magenta { color: magenta; }
+span.indigo { color: #4B0082; }
+span.cyan { color: cyan; }
+span.purple { color: purple; }
+span.gold { color: gold; }
+span.silver { color: silver; } /* lighter gray */
+span.gray { color: #808080; } /* light gray */

doc/html/docutils.css

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+/*
+:Author: David Goodger
+:Contact: goodger@python.org
+:Date: $Date$
+:Revision: $Revision$
+:Copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
+
+Default cascading style sheet for the HTML output of Docutils.
+
+See http://docutils.sf.net/docs/howto/html-stylesheets.html for how to
+customize this style sheet.
+*/
+
+/* used to remove borders from tables and images */
+.borderless, table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
+  border: 0 }
+
+table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
+  /* Override padding for "table.docutils td" with "! important".
+     The right padding separates the table cells. */
+  padding: 0 0.5em 0 0 ! important }
+
+.first {
+  /* Override more specific margin styles with "! important". */
+  margin-top: 0 ! important }
+
+.last, .with-subtitle {
+  margin-bottom: 0 ! important }
+
+.hidden {
+  display: none }
+
+a.toc-backref {
+  text-decoration: none ;
+  color: black }
+
+blockquote.epigraph {
+  margin: 2em 5em ; }
+
+dl.docutils dd {
+  margin-bottom: 0.5em }
+
+/* Uncomment (and remove this text!) to get bold-faced definition list terms
+dl.docutils dt {
+  font-weight: bold }
+*/
+
+div.abstract {
+  margin: 2em 5em }
+
+div.abstract p.topic-title {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  text-align: center }
+
+div.admonition, div.attention, div.caution, div.danger, div.error,
+div.hint, div.important, div.note, div.tip, div.warning {
+  margin: 2em ;
+  border: medium outset ;
+  padding: 1em }
+
+div.admonition p.admonition-title, div.hint p.admonition-title,
+div.important p.admonition-title, div.note p.admonition-title,
+div.tip p.admonition-title {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-family: sans-serif }
+
+div.attention p.admonition-title, div.caution p.admonition-title,
+div.danger p.admonition-title, div.error p.admonition-title,
+div.warning p.admonition-title {
+  color: red ;
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-family: sans-serif }
+
+/* Uncomment (and remove this text!) to get reduced vertical space in
+   compound paragraphs.
+div.compound .compound-first, div.compound .compound-middle {
+  margin-bottom: 0.5em }
+
+div.compound .compound-last, div.compound .compound-middle {
+  margin-top: 0.5em }
+*/
+
+div.dedication {
+  margin: 2em 5em ;
+  text-align: center ;
+  font-style: italic }
+
+div.dedication p.topic-title {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-style: normal }
+
+div.figure {
+  margin-left: 2em ;
+  margin-right: 2em }
+
+div.footer, div.header {
+  clear: both;
+  font-size: smaller }
+
+div.line-block {
+  display: block ;
+  margin-top: 1em ;
+  margin-bottom: 1em }
+
+div.line-block div.line-block {
+  margin-top: 0 ;
+  margin-bottom: 0 ;
+  margin-left: 1.5em }
+
+div.sidebar {
+  margin-left: 1em ;
+  border: medium outset ;
+  padding: 1em ;
+  background-color: #ffffee ;
+  width: 40% ;
+  float: right ;
+  clear: right }
+
+div.sidebar p.rubric {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-size: medium }
+
+div.system-messages {
+  margin: 5em }
+
+div.system-messages h1 {
+  color: red }
+
+div.system-message {
+  border: medium outset ;
+  padding: 1em }
+
+div.system-message p.system-message-title {
+  color: red ;
+  font-weight: bold }
+
+div.topic {
+  margin: 2em }
+
+h1.section-subtitle, h2.section-subtitle, h3.section-subtitle,
+h4.section-subtitle, h5.section-subtitle, h6.section-subtitle {
+  margin-top: 0.4em }
+
+h1.title {
+  text-align: center }
+
+h2.subtitle {
+  text-align: center }
+
+hr.docutils {
+  width: 75% }
+
+img.align-left {
+  clear: left }
+
+img.align-right {
+  clear: right }
+
+ol.simple, ul.simple {
+  margin-bottom: 1em }
+
+ol.arabic {
+  list-style: decimal }
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+  list-style: lower-alpha }
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+  list-style: upper-alpha }
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+  list-style: lower-roman }
+
+ol.upperroman {
+  list-style: upper-roman }
+
+p.attribution {
+  text-align: right ;
+  margin-left: 50% }
+
+p.caption {
+  font-style: italic }
+
+p.credits {
+  font-style: italic ;
+  font-size: smaller }
+
+p.label {
+  white-space: nowrap }
+
+p.rubric {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-size: larger ;
+  color: maroon ;
+  text-align: center }
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  font-size: larger }
+
+p.sidebar-subtitle {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-weight: bold }
+
+p.topic-title {
+  font-weight: bold }
+
+pre.address {
+  margin-bottom: 0 ;
+  margin-top: 0 ;
+  font-family: serif ;
+  font-size: 100% }
+
+pre.literal-block, pre.doctest-block {
+  margin-left: 2em ;
+  margin-right: 2em }
+
+span.classifier {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-style: oblique }
+
+span.classifier-delimiter {
+  font-family: sans-serif ;
+  font-weight: bold }
+
+span.interpreted {
+  font-family: sans-serif }
+
+span.option {
+  white-space: nowrap }
+
+span.pre {
+  white-space: pre }
+
+span.problematic {
+  color: red }
+
+span.section-subtitle {
+  /* font-size relative to parent (h1..h6 element) */
+  font-size: 80% }
+
+table.citation {
+  border-left: solid 1px gray;
+  margin-left: 1px }
+
+table.docinfo {
+  margin: 2em 4em }
+
+table.docutils {
+  margin-top: 0.5em ;
+  margin-bottom: 0.5em }
+
+table.footnote {
+  border-left: solid 1px black;
+  margin-left: 1px }
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th,
+table.docinfo td, table.docinfo th {
+  padding-left: 0.5em ;
+  padding-right: 0.5em ;
+  vertical-align: top }
+
+table.docutils th.field-name, table.docinfo th.docinfo-name {
+  font-weight: bold ;
+  text-align: left ;
+  white-space: nowrap ;
+  padding-left: 0 }
+
+h1 tt.docutils, h2 tt.docutils, h3 tt.docutils,
+h4 tt.docutils, h5 tt.docutils, h6 tt.docutils {
+  font-size: 100% }
+
+ul.auto-toc {
+  list-style-type: none }

doc/html/images/callouts/1.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M10.428,10.411h0.56c3.78,0,4.788-1.96,4.872-3.444h3.22v19.88h-3.92V13.154h-4.732V10.411z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/10.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M3.815,10.758h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76v17.04h-3.36V13.11H3.815V10.758z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M22.175,7.806c4.009,0,5.904,2.76,5.904,8.736c0,5.975-1.896,8.76-5.904,8.76
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+			c0-4.393-0.527-6.049-2.448-6.049c-1.92,0-2.448,1.656-2.448,6.049C19.727,20.934,20.255,22.613,22.175,22.613z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/11.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M5.209,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.36V12.764H5.209V10.412z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M18.553,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.359V12.764h-4.056V10.412z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/12.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M4.813,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.36V12.764H4.813V10.412z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M17.316,13.484c0-5.545,4.056-6.024,5.568-6.024c3.265,0,5.856,1.92,5.856,5.376
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+			c3.072-2.232,4.296-3.097,4.296-5.017c0-1.128-0.72-2.424-2.353-2.424c-2.352,0-2.423,1.944-2.447,3.192H17.316z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/13.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M3.813,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.36V12.764H3.813V10.412z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M20.611,14.636h0.529c1.008,0,2.855-0.096,2.855-2.304c0-0.624-0.288-2.185-2.137-2.185
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+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/14.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M4.146,10.412h0.48c3.24,0,4.104-1.681,4.176-2.952h2.76V24.5h-3.36V12.764H4.146V10.412z"/>
+		<path style="fill:#FFFFFF;" d="M28.457,20.732h-1.896V24.5h-3.36v-3.768h-6.72v-2.904L22.746,7.46h3.815v10.656h1.896V20.732z
+			 M23.201,18.116c0-4.128,0.072-6.792,0.072-7.32h-0.048l-4.272,7.32H23.201z"/>
+	</g>
+</g>
+</svg>

doc/html/images/callouts/15.svg

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 12.0.1, SVG Export Plug-In . SVG Version: 6.00 Build 51448)  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
+	<!ENTITY ns_svg "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
+	<!ENTITY ns_xlink "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
+]>
+<svg  version="1.0" id="Layer_1" xmlns="&ns_svg;" xmlns:xlink="&ns_xlink;" width="33" height="33" viewBox="0 0 33 33"
+	 style="overflow:visible;enable-background:new 0 0 33 33;" xml:space="preserve">
+<circle style="stroke:#000000;" cx="16.5" cy="16.5" r="16"/>
+<g>
+	<g style="enable-background:new    ;">
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doc/html/images/callouts/16.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/17.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/18.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/19.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/2.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/20.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/21.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/22.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/23.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/24.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/25.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/26.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/3.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/6.svg

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doc/html/images/callouts/8.svg

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doc/html/images/prev.svg

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+<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 9.0, SVG Export Plug-In  -->
+<!DOCTYPE svg [
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+	<!ENTITY st1 "fill:#FFFFFF;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:7.5901;stroke-linejoin:round;">
+	<!ENTITY st2 "fill-rule:nonzero;clip-rule:nonzero;stroke:#000000;stroke-miterlimit:4;">
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