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241 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Stefan Seefeld
99022d2eb8 Merge branch 'develop' 2015-06-30 18:09:40 -04:00
Stefan Seefeld
37f8f37cda Merge pull request #16 from teeks99/main_crt_error
Fixes empty example
2015-06-24 18:01:24 -04:00
Stefan Seefeld
156054371b Merge pull request #24 from agnat/fix/cv_tag_volatile_constant
Fix is_volatile constant in detail::cv_tag<>
2015-05-27 11:42:39 -04:00
David Siegel
d06f4aeaca Fix is_volatile constant in detail::cv_tag<> 2015-05-27 17:30:09 +02:00
Stefan Seefeld
e8d7bb5027 Merge pull request #23 from jzmaddock/patch-1
Stop Using type_traits details.
2015-05-27 11:07:30 -04:00
Stefan Seefeld
b207fc1a04 Merge pull request #20 from Lastique/patch-2
Use _Py_fopen instead of fopen
2015-05-27 10:59:50 -04:00
jzmaddock
9742c30f47 Stop Using type_traits details.
The type_traits internal details used here are being moved to make it clear they are details and subject to change.  Old code will continue to work, but will warn about use of a deprecated header.
2015-05-21 19:20:31 +01:00
Stefan Seefeld
97f894bc1a Merge pull request #7 from PeterMartini/develop
Boost.Build now uses src/ instead of v2/
2015-05-08 13:18:33 -04:00
Andrey Semashev
eefc434bae Use _Py_fopen instead of fopen
A followup fix for the previous commit 36f8f69411.
2015-05-06 15:29:42 +03:00
Stefan Seefeld
226d1ac961 Merge pull request #19 from Lastique/patch-1
Fix compilation with python 3.0-3.3
2015-05-06 08:10:30 -04:00
Andrey Semashev
36f8f69411 Fix compilation with python 3.0-3.3
Backport commit 3e405b6fd5 to develop branch: Fix exec_file for Python 3 < 3.4. Also fix version check to actually fix compilation with python 3.4.
2015-05-06 15:06:29 +03:00
Tom Kent
97b0d9737c Fixes empty example
Uses of visual studio were getting a 'unresolved external symbol _mainCRTStartup' because there was no main() being linked into the test_embed.exe. I'm not a bjam expert, but I think that is because the embedding target is an executable (instead of an obj/lib?). I also have no idea if this was a problem on unix or if this fix will affect that platform.
2015-04-10 19:47:44 -05:00
Stefan Seefeld
3e405b6fd5 Fix exec_file for Python 3 < 3.4. 2015-04-09 08:57:08 -04:00
Stefan Seefeld
e1e9eb303a Merge pull request #13 from ax3l/fix-missingPlaceholderInclude
Fix Trac #10932 Missing Include: Bind Placeholders
2015-03-26 09:16:15 -04:00
Stefan Seefeld
9eee9ef461 Merge pull request #15 from mmatrosov/master
Fix #11100 and #8058: binary compatibility and leaked file handle in exec_file()
2015-03-26 08:23:15 -04:00
Mikhail Matrosov
fe24ab9dd5 [#8058] Close file handle before exec_file() routine returns. 2015-03-11 01:11:54 +03:00
Mikhail Matrosov
a911c17fd6 [#11100] Fix binary incompatibilities with fopen() in exec_file() routine. 2015-03-11 01:11:54 +03:00
Daniel James
8d5d777ebb Add metadata file. 2015-01-25 21:25:23 +02:00
Peter Dimov
ea87bfee8c Merge pull request #9 from danieljames/metadata
Create metadata file.
2015-01-25 20:31:16 +02:00
Axel Huebl
17a7655c74 Fix Missing Include: Bind Placeholders
boost/python/exception_translator.hpp(22): error: identifier "_1" is undefined
boost/python/exception_translator.hpp(22): error: identifier "_2" is undefined
2015-01-14 16:02:23 +01:00
Daniel James
0a47c583b1 Add metadata file. 2014-08-18 15:09:41 +01:00
Peter Martini
e445e193fe Boost.Build now uses src/ instead of v2/
Update examples to reflect this
2014-04-21 23:07:11 -04:00
Beman Dawes
832a1edd79 Merge 86392 from trunk. The spirit change was not applied because the file is not present in branches/release.
[SVN r86489]
2013-10-27 21:10:04 +00:00
John Maddock
6b7e0cc71f Remove all references to now defunct (and removed) header.
[SVN r86438]
2013-10-26 10:13:38 +00:00
Beman Dawes
74b9bcaaa5 Add Boost.Build support for the Git modular layout, using links to to new header locations, thus preventing breakage to vast amounts of user code and build setups. Being added to SVN so that changes will automatically propagate to Git and modular Boost. Thanks to Steven Watanabe, Jürgen Hunold, Vladimir Prus, and Bjørn Roald for developing this patch. Steven in particular conceived the approach and did the initial implementation, which was further refined by the other contributors.
[SVN r86392]
2013-10-22 15:23:42 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
371914a0e0 Remove use of obsolete BOOST_TT_BROKEN_COMPILER_SPEC
[SVN r86250]
2013-10-11 23:23:26 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
8021a21abb Remove remaining occurances of BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
These evaded scripting.

[SVN r86249]
2013-10-11 23:22:36 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
9ceb9c02f5 Remove BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
Process #ifdef...#else...#endif blocks.

[SVN r86246]
2013-10-11 23:19:17 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
97f9a10b9c Remove BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
Process #ifndef...#else...#endif blocks.

[SVN r86245]
2013-10-11 23:17:48 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
87f776b178 Remove obsolete files.
[SVN r86242]
2013-10-11 23:11:35 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
590b7887f4 Python: Fix build.
[SVN r86099]
2013-10-01 08:40:58 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
badedbebfc Python: Remove obsolete GCC version checks.
[SVN r86066]
2013-09-30 15:58:19 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
cc80f46a6d Python: Remove obsolete MSVC version check.
[SVN r86029]
2013-09-30 00:19:23 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
42e7d7bbb3 Python: Clean up some old MSVC related code.
[SVN r85922]
2013-09-25 21:17:17 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
5476f97d59 Python: Simplify object_operators implementation.
The old-MSVC-specific version is no longer needed.

[SVN r85898]
2013-09-25 11:20:43 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
da01e9b660 Remove use of obsolete BOOST_APPEND_EXPLICIT_TEMPLATE_TYPE{,_SPEC} macro.
[SVN r85896]
2013-09-25 10:29:44 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
a89bf7e9e8 Remove use of obsolete BOOST_EXPLICIT_TEMPLATE_TYPE{,_SPEC} macros.
[SVN r85894]
2013-09-25 10:28:56 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
52201f0cba Undo previous commit, it was meant for another branch
[SVN r85888]
2013-09-25 08:32:03 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
3480aee9e7 Initial modular patch, from Bjorn.
[SVN r85884]
2013-09-25 08:13:57 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
ead8d0aba5 Python: Simplify object and BOOST_PYTHON_FORWARD_OBJECT_CONSTRUCTORS macro.
The macro no longer needs an implementation for old MSVC.

[SVN r85881]
2013-09-25 07:55:31 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
7a4b240838 Python: Remove use of obsolete BOOST_PYTHON_EXPLICIT_TT_DEF macro.
[SVN r85880]
2013-09-25 07:55:17 +00:00
Stephen Kelly
f500202dab Python: Trivially define the BOOST_PYTHON_EXPLICIT_TT_DEF macro
As BOOST_NO_EXPLICIT_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE_ARGUMENTS is never defined, this
macro is obsolete.

[SVN r85879]
2013-09-25 07:55:01 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ca18dc9daa merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r82295]
2012-12-31 04:14:35 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
fc3f1bb531 libs/python/doc/projects.html: adding Pyrap
[SVN r82294]
2012-12-31 03:44:48 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8cc149f4f4 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r81965]
2012-12-15 01:25:41 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
5f8f5b4c3e libs/python/doc/projects.html: update pointed out by Greg Landrum
[SVN r81964]
2012-12-15 01:15:24 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a3f478e9af boost.python: merging trunk to release
[SVN r81773]
2012-12-07 19:51:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
303885fefa applying patch from trac ticket 4609
[SVN r79774]
2012-07-27 22:43:32 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
46796f3413 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r79096]
2012-06-25 22:09:52 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
2c1a276671 python: minor doc bug fix (ticket #7014)
[SVN r79095]
2012-06-25 21:56:38 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
0b8b88abc7 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r79011]
2012-06-19 20:01:25 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c3d20eb07f Replace all uses of boost/utility.hpp with more-granular includes. Solves modularization dependency nightmare.
[SVN r78502]
2012-05-18 04:44:04 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e32979fe0a boost/python/object_core.hpp: trac #6890
[SVN r78427]
2012-05-11 20:39:21 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
76db3311ed merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r77125]
2012-02-27 02:49:42 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
af8efb72bd libs/python/doc/v2/make_function.html: fixing obvious doc bug pointed out by Johan Rade
[SVN r77124]
2012-02-27 02:20:10 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
5792bffaa2 Python: applying #6409: __visibility__ (with underscores) to avoid name clashes
[SVN r76562]
2012-01-17 19:36:56 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
7acb544b47 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r76422]
2012-01-11 23:48:18 +00:00
Daniel James
e3130fe75b Document 'Creating boost::python::object from PyObject*'.
From Pedro Larroy. Fixes #6393.

[SVN r76421]
2012-01-11 23:07:01 +00:00
Daniel James
f054b64315 Merge python doc rebuild to release.
[SVN r76359]
2012-01-08 10:07:09 +00:00
Daniel James
ef6194f1f8 Revert accidental python commit.
I forgot to revert this when merging from quickbook-dev.


[SVN r76357]
2012-01-08 09:22:28 +00:00
Daniel James
b262615aa8 Quickbook: Merge escape change from quickbook-dev branch.
Only changes 'raw_escape' which is only used in 1.6


[SVN r76260]
2012-01-01 14:51:32 +00:00
Daniel James
842cf85d4b Rebuild python tutorial with recent versions of tools.
This will make further changes less noisy and also happens to fix the misparse
of `__main__`.


[SVN r76196]
2011-12-26 21:56:24 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
9064a063b2 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r75919]
2011-12-12 17:46:33 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
5daa36d04d boost/python/slice.hpp: bug fix (track #6256)
[SVN r75918]
2011-12-12 17:28:13 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
fa24dbb88f merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r75414]
2011-11-08 21:27:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ba5503cf89 libs/python/pyste/src/Pyste/GCCXMLParser.py: applying python2.5-elementtree.patch from Trac Ticket #2208
[SVN r75413]
2011-11-08 21:16:29 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
49e8699b9f merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r74931]
2011-10-12 21:38:53 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8449c34948 libs/python/src/object/function.cpp: apply patch by Matthew Bradbury (trac #4259)
[SVN r74321]
2011-09-08 21:27:10 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
838f44c050 boost/python: fixing long-standing mis-spelling, resolves trac #5805
[SVN r74021]
2011-08-23 16:42:15 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
6699e8a4a2 boost/python/class.hpp: commenting out assertion, resolves trac #5803
[SVN r74020]
2011-08-23 16:24:48 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
302fee14b0 libs/python/doc/v2/with_custodian_and_ward.html: correcting minor typo
[SVN r72748]
2011-06-25 01:27:17 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
211c90ae0f boost/python.hpp: adding two more missing includes
[SVN r72746]
2011-06-24 22:16:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
f1efb481c3 boost/python.hpp: include slice.hpp (trac issue 5639)
[SVN r72745]
2011-06-24 21:27:40 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
3e409f9a87 boost/python/slice.hpp: correct long-standing spelling error; affects interface; keeping old interface for backward compatibility
[SVN r72602]
2011-06-14 23:23:33 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
cfa2baf8c9 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r72464]
2011-06-07 04:15:33 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
1212a14739 boost/python/override.hpp: trac issue #4101
[SVN r72384]
2011-06-04 09:50:27 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8e703e9569 libs/python/src: patches by Bogdan Opanchuk (trac #5590)
[SVN r72349]
2011-06-02 17:04:43 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
faf3cd0b78 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r72277]
2011-05-30 05:51:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
4df7f1c247 libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/tutorial.qbk: fixing small oversight (issue #5574)
[SVN r72220]
2011-05-27 17:11:44 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
201c100422 libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: correction, by Steven Watanabe
[SVN r72175]
2011-05-26 04:09:40 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
f441ec7dfd libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: implementing suggestions by Steven Watanabe (thanks!)
[SVN r72174]
2011-05-26 01:50:32 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
09dc86f5f2 libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: patch provided by Niklas Angare (Ticket #5565)
[SVN r72173]
2011-05-26 00:21:33 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a5e564be83 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r71226]
2011-04-13 17:34:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
dcc3590907 verifying commit privs
[SVN r71150]
2011-04-09 16:55:43 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a11a3f9f76 libs/python/src/converter/builtin_converters.cpp: Python 3.2 compatibility, based on patch by Matthew Bradbury, fixes issue #4994
[SVN r71050]
2011-04-06 21:32:59 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
74daea3d88 boost/libs/python/doc/PyConDC_2003: removing $Date$ and $Revision$ so they do not create noise on each merge to the release branch
[SVN r71004]
2011-04-05 16:49:31 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
4c2927ca46 boost/libs/python/doc/PyConDC_2003: removing $Date$ and $Revision$ so they do not create noise on each merge to the release branch
[SVN r71003]
2011-04-05 16:39:36 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e28f0509d8 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r71002]
2011-04-05 16:31:51 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a8fb9f7746 libs/python/src/module.cpp: bug fix: adding missing BOOST_PYTHON_DECL that should have been in rev. 67462, fixes trac issue #5283
[SVN r70493]
2011-03-24 04:10:59 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
0a211a746d merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r70448]
2011-03-23 00:14:55 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
2a20884e78 libs/python/src/object/class.cpp: metaclass fixes by James Emerton: james at emdata dot net
[SVN r69551]
2011-03-04 17:32:41 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ba213663b6 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r67483]
2010-12-28 20:38:29 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b5336f36d6 Boost.Python: Python 3 module initialization fixes (using PyModuleDef), based on patches provided by Austin Bingham
[SVN r67462]
2010-12-26 22:42:32 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
736ba48c2b merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r67446]
2010-12-24 17:31:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
fa32b8dfab boost/python/converter/builtin_converters.hpp: fix for Python 3 (by Austin Bingham)
[SVN r67432]
2010-12-23 16:36:53 +00:00
Eric Niebler
6066ffef9a Merged revisions 66606 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r66606 | rwgk | 2010-11-15 18:17:00 -0500 (Mon, 15 Nov 2010) | 1 line
  
  boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp: adding missing includes
........


[SVN r66614]
2010-11-16 18:30:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
c501874bc2 boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp: adding missing includes
[SVN r66606]
2010-11-15 23:17:00 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
f759e9eb0e merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r66066]
2010-10-18 04:04:52 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
cae31b5380 Make extension copied to current directory, for convenient testing
[SVN r65638]
2010-09-27 16:27:16 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
76af2cfc6b libs/python/src/object/function.cpp: support __module__ attribute (to help certain doc generation systems)
[SVN r65555]
2010-09-23 19:22:12 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
846c5d9914 Add missing includes
[SVN r65142]
2010-08-31 04:50:56 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
bd8a9eb1fd Boost.Python: Python 3 compatibility patch by Trigve Siver (trac ticket 4497)
[SVN r65055]
2010-08-27 17:28:26 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
65b3aadc63 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r63937]
2010-07-12 22:29:41 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
38e92833f6 boost/python/module_init.hpp: patch https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3843
[SVN r63777]
2010-07-09 14:50:09 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
14ea71e201 boost/python/converter/builtin_converters.hpp: 64-bit Windows special case to avoid getting a Python long for each std::size_t
[SVN r63696]
2010-07-06 14:29:25 +00:00
Hartmut Kaiser
e13ebcd0e8 Spirit: merging from trunk upto rev. 61489
[SVN r63640]
2010-07-04 22:38:38 +00:00
Marshall Clow
63a3f188b8 Merged changes for #2981, #4166, and #4377 to release branch
[SVN r63523]
2010-07-02 15:37:14 +00:00
Daniel James
34b162738f Merge documentation update.
[SVN r63517]
2010-07-02 08:27:42 +00:00
Daniel James
e481c136e5 Rebuild python documentation.
[SVN r63506]
2010-07-01 22:13:45 +00:00
Daniel James
569b395cdd Merge documentation fixes.
* Use `doc/src/*.css` instead of `doc/html/*.css`.
* Remove wiki and people directories.
* Some documentation fixes.
* Left out `minimal.css` changes and boostbook changes because of clashes.


[SVN r63347]
2010-06-26 12:30:09 +00:00
Daniel James
ea3c254370 Update various libraries' documentation build.
Mostly to use the images and css files under doc/src instead of
doc/html, usually be deleting the settings in order to use the defaults.
Also add 'boost.root' to some builds in order to fix links which rely on
it.

[SVN r63146]
2010-06-20 18:00:48 +00:00
Marshall Clow
ed6e9d6726 Applied patch; fixes #4166
[SVN r63081]
2010-06-18 15:50:25 +00:00
Marshall Clow
1f04129832 Typo; fixes #2891
[SVN r62925]
2010-06-14 01:33:59 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
b63d44e781 Delay the warning that the Boost.Python Jamfile emits, until someone actually tries to use the library. Fixes #2417.
[SVN r62895]
2010-06-13 04:00:10 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
52d7dfffdf Use the convertible_function typedef instead of the raw function pointer type. Fixes #903
[SVN r62808]
2010-06-11 18:06:25 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
a3e76d59c3 Explicitly qualify bind with boost::. Fixes #4223.
[SVN r62198]
2010-05-25 14:22:55 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
4b9cb5337d Include all of the headers needed for the BOOST_MPL_ASSERT that is failing for several compilers
[SVN r62015]
2010-05-16 01:27:58 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
5b36b84444 Fixed tab and no-newline-at-end-of-file issues from inspection report
[SVN r61435]
2010-04-20 17:54:16 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
78ec0d12db libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: moving "rule require-windows" block up to avoid bjam syntax error
[SVN r61086]
2010-04-05 21:28:30 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a7c16bf695 libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: compile calling_conventions tests only under Windows, following Valdimir Prus' instructions (boost mailing list)
[SVN r61053]
2010-04-04 21:03:33 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
86db60255a libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: disabling calling_conventions tests
[SVN r61034]
2010-04-04 05:23:15 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
37b45d2baf merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r61033]
2010-04-04 05:19:57 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
6d4be7ab3a Handle the destructor call in a way that keeps msvc happy. Fixes #4003
[SVN r60868]
2010-03-26 19:04:40 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
65e74ccf1e boost/python/object_core.hpp: new .is_none() member function
[SVN r60625]
2010-03-15 22:00:30 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
9398a63250 Implement --python-buildid.
Fixes #3544.
Patch from Gaudenz Steinlin.


[SVN r59987]
2010-02-28 08:22:46 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
1660730320 Remove unintentional reference to "union" test that's not checked in.
[SVN r59331]
2010-01-28 14:39:30 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5418a663cb Support different MS calling conventions, thanks to Nicolas Lelong.
Closes #3833.


[SVN r59265]
2010-01-25 14:48:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
33408d2dcc boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp: missing include added to resolve g++ 4.4 compilation errors
[SVN r59256]
2010-01-24 19:04:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
3ad52bce72 Support different MS calling conventions, thanks to Nicolas Lelong.
Closes #3833.


[SVN r59247]
2010-01-24 02:08:46 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
471be524f4 boost.python: merging from trunk to release (gcc 4.4 -std=c++0x compatibility)
[SVN r57837]
2009-11-21 14:41:51 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
4f6a37f80d boost.python: some make_tuple changed to boost::python::make_tuple for gcc 4.4 -std=c++0x compatibility; https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3584
[SVN r57641]
2009-11-13 20:48:25 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e485244886 boost.python: merging from trunk to release (Troy Straszheim's fix for a long-standing bug)
[SVN r57621]
2009-11-13 00:40:01 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
338732793a Don't use type_is_gc... type_is_gc expects a PyTypeObject, which is not what will get passed to it if we pass it to the tp_is_gc fields of static_data_object
[SVN r57590]
2009-11-12 00:46:46 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
b9cd3ff109 merge from trunk very minor fixes for ticket #2582
[SVN r57017]
2009-10-20 15:18:26 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
8b0655ce94 Fix for #2582, thanks for the patch.
[SVN r57016]
2009-10-20 15:06:21 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
36d24b9f8b rm cmake from trunk. I'm not entirely sure this is necessary to satisfy the inspect script, but I'm not taking any chances, and it is easy to put back
[SVN r56942]
2009-10-17 02:07:38 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
d804f1250e rm cmake from the release branch before it goes out broken. Policy dictates that you never commit to release, you commit to trunk and merge to release.
[SVN r56941]
2009-10-17 01:10:45 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
89100353db boost/python, libs/python: all changes from trunk merged into branches/release
[SVN r56806]
2009-10-13 22:37:59 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
35ff0adf2b boost/python: some Py_ssize_t replaced with boost::python::ssize_t to restore compatibility with Python 2.3 and 2.4
[SVN r56491]
2009-09-30 12:35:54 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
115cde9c7f Revert accidental change.
[SVN r56310]
2009-09-19 16:59:05 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
ef2a02c396 Merged 2009 GSoC work from sandbox-branches/bhy/py3k branch back into trunk.
[SVN r56305]
2009-09-19 02:32:41 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
46be73387c boost/python/object_operators.hpp: merging trunk rev. 55708 into release branch
[SVN r55742]
2009-08-23 21:22:52 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e3f6f01588 boost/python/object_operators.hpp: added missing error checks in operator bool_type(), operator!(); this resolves https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3356 posted by Stefan Seefeld
[SVN r55708]
2009-08-22 00:18:28 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d685a5e8c5 python library: sync with trunk to adopt recent exec.cpp fixes
[SVN r55642]
2009-08-18 01:08:46 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d7389277d3 libs/python/test/exec.cpp: new exercise_embedding_html(), in reaction to https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/1890
[SVN r55640]
2009-08-18 00:49:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8d2ca93e98 libs/python/src/exec.cpp: bug fixes
Remark:
  operator!() for boost::python::object invokes PyObject_IsTrue()
  and is therefore not equivalent to "is None".
  In this particular case !global or !local returns true for an
  empty dict.
(Changes to libs/python/test/exec.cpp just helped in debugging.)


[SVN r55639]
2009-08-18 00:24:54 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e80224b1ad boost/python, libs/python: all changes from trunk merged into branches/release (without any manual modifications)
Commands used:
  svn merge https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/release/boost/python https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk/boost/python /net/chevy/raid1/rwgk/boost_release/merge_attempt/boost/boost/python

  svn merge https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/release/libs/python https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk/libs/python /net/chevy/raid1/rwgk/boost_release/merge_attempt/boost/libs/python

  svn, version 1.6.4 (r38063)
     compiled Aug 17 2009, 13:31:03


[SVN r55629]
2009-08-17 21:01:18 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
d47e3b2a15 Copyrights on CMakeLists.txt to keep them from clogging up the inspect
reports.  This is essentially the same commit as r55095 on the release
branch.



[SVN r55159]
2009-07-26 00:49:56 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
03fdf5b992 Add basic copyright/license to keep cmake out of the inspection report
[SVN r55095]
2009-07-22 21:51:01 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
27aa9382fc boost_python_unsigned_converter_fix_no_ctypes.patch by Anderson Lizardo (https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3189)
[SVN r54923]
2009-07-13 15:00:07 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
1a204046c7 boost::python: unsigned converter fix by Anderson Lizardo (https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3189)
[SVN r54919]
2009-07-13 05:16:34 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
3c98a72153 Use appropriate default values for global and local dicts.
[SVN r53936]
2009-06-15 14:53:48 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
a4f028246a Allow duplicate enum values. Fixes #2744
Thanks to hugo.lima@openbossa.org


[SVN r53660]
2009-06-05 21:18:14 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6ffeca641c GCC Warning Suppression
[SVN r53659]
2009-06-05 20:15:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
22b65a1485 Fix up a lot of missing dependency info. Closes #3136.
[SVN r53657]
2009-06-05 20:12:47 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d45b9ea66b Add missing dependencies
[SVN r53645]
2009-06-04 23:27:40 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
0373302165 If no python is configured, default-configure it.
Fixes #2846.


[SVN r53380]
2009-05-29 08:18:09 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
ef53bedd0a Don't mention --preserve-test-targets.
Targets are no longer removed by default, so this reference
is unnecessary.

Addresses #2001.


[SVN r53379]
2009-05-29 08:05:49 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
73b4cd3325 Fixed almost all tab and min/max issues found by inspect tool
[SVN r53142]
2009-05-20 19:41:20 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
3ecb3301a2 Fixed most tab and min/max issues from trunk inspection report
[SVN r53141]
2009-05-20 19:19:00 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
e16b3f8ab8 Merge cmake files release -> trunk.
[SVN r52866]
2009-05-09 22:57:30 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
f7d31f6ead Fix Boost.Python tests
[SVN r52856]
2009-05-08 20:42:11 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
47bb3f55a7 Add the pyrun.py script used to run Boost.Python tests via CMake
[SVN r52818]
2009-05-07 04:44:23 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
6296bd5bc4 bumped wrong version
[SVN r52656]
2009-04-29 08:16:02 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
7a7b32661e fixed wrong version
[SVN r52604]
2009-04-26 14:46:18 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e312047405 libs/python/src/converter/builtin_converters.cpp: Troy Straszheim's bool/int patch with additional BOOST_PYTHON_BOOL_INT_STRICT condition; see also: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2009-March/014354.html
[SVN r52299]
2009-04-09 17:30:13 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
50acffa593 Tune up python tests for removal of our ctest hacks
[SVN r52255]
2009-04-08 15:46:14 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
cf5fcc0a1e Test for overload resolution bug.
See this mail for details:

http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2009-March/014362.html



[SVN r52250]
2009-04-08 12:08:35 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
c9e694bed8 Build python modules without leading 'lib' and not single threaded
[SVN r52249]
2009-04-08 11:54:20 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
0b7333f854 Moved property map library into property_map/ directory; made old files into stubs with #warnings; converted uses and docs of property map library to use new names
[SVN r52226]
2009-04-07 01:28:38 +00:00
John Maddock
217250f078 Merge PDF build changes from Trunk.
[SVN r51417]
2009-02-23 18:39:32 +00:00
John Maddock
98a9fa445b Add PDF generation options to fix external links to point to the web site.
Added a few more Boostbook based libs that were missed first time around.
Fixed PDF naming issues.

[SVN r51284]
2009-02-17 10:05:58 +00:00
John Maddock
354fbb4d24 Add Jamfile to build PDF versions of all the docs.
Tweaked some existing Jamfiles so that PDF build finds all the necessary image files etc.
Tweaked fo.xsl to provide more options by default, and improve formatting.

[SVN r51104]
2009-02-08 16:59:14 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
29152af56c merge of cmake build files from trunk per beman
[SVN r50756]
2009-01-24 18:57:20 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
472b18881b Boost.Python enable_shared_from_this patches by Nicolas Lelong and Chad Austin:
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2008-December/014103.html
  http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2008-February/013003.html


[SVN r50368]
2008-12-23 07:55:33 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
96798a3a38 Cosmetic fixes (improper links)
[SVN r49867]
2008-11-22 03:25:41 +00:00
Michael A. Jackson
7d2f44b21e Updating CMake files to latest trunk. Added dependency information for regression tests and a few new macros for internal use.
[SVN r49627]
2008-11-07 17:02:56 +00:00
Michael A. Jackson
5cda75ebe7 Continuing merge of CMake build system files into trunk with the encouragement of Doug Gregor
[SVN r49510]
2008-11-01 13:15:41 +00:00
Daniel James
19846f5d79 Merge quickbook workaround and fix some links.
Merged revisions 48987,49230-49231 via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r48987 | danieljames | 2008-09-28 13:21:39 +0100 (Sun, 28 Sep 2008) | 1 line
  
  Clean up some link errors.
........
  r49230 | danieljames | 2008-10-09 23:13:48 +0100 (Thu, 09 Oct 2008) | 1 line
  
  position_iterator is meant to be a forward iterator, so avoid using operator+ with it.
........
  r49231 | danieljames | 2008-10-09 23:14:14 +0100 (Thu, 09 Oct 2008) | 4 lines
  
  Work around the problems with window newlines in position_iterator. (I'm
  about to fix them, but this will get quickbook working immediately).
  
  Fixes #2155
........


[SVN r49242]
2008-10-10 09:29:21 +00:00
Daniel James
6347f2e86c Clean up some link errors.
[SVN r48987]
2008-09-28 12:21:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
97f3d849df boost/python, boost/mpl: gcc 4.4 compatibility (see http://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/2069)
[SVN r48960]
2008-09-25 04:49:24 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
61fc9cf054 python/object_core.hpp: "inline" added to declarations, to match definitions (resolves MIPSpro 7.41 warnings)
[SVN r48659]
2008-09-08 02:15:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b3e91f845e boost/python/object_core.hpp: work around Tru64 cxx 6.5 name lookup problems (with fully-qualified names)
[SVN r48629]
2008-09-06 05:30:02 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
d67cd6717d Add generic call operator support.
[SVN r47846]
2008-07-27 19:41:41 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
a1924a2a72 Merging all trunk changes in Boost.Python to release. The logs for
these changes follow.  r44807 is a merge from another branch; many of
those changes probably don't apply.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43423 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 14:22:01 -0500 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line

  Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43546 | rwgk | 2008-03-08 23:30:13 -0500 (Sat, 08 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  map std::invalid_argument -> Python ValueError
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43799 | grafik | 2008-03-22 18:53:35 -0400 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Remove svn exec property from files that should not be executable to fix permission problems in archives.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43845 | dave | 2008-03-24 14:27:22 -0400 (Mon, 24 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Work around vc9 bugs
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43901 | bemandawes | 2008-03-27 22:11:13 -0400 (Thu, 27 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Remove per email from Dave
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44041 | rwgk | 2008-04-04 14:57:27 -0400 (Fri, 04 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  bogus VC8 warning C4180 disabled
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44449 | djowel | 2008-04-15 23:07:06 -0400 (Tue, 15 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  Andreas patch
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44450 | djowel | 2008-04-15 23:07:11 -0400 (Tue, 15 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  Andreas indexing suite patch
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44807 | danieljames | 2008-04-27 03:39:49 -0400 (Sun, 27 Apr 2008) | 78 lines

  Merge in documentation fixes.  Apart from the change to optional's documenation
  Jamfile, which I included by mistake.

  Fixes #1659, #1661, #1684, #1685, 1687, #1690, #1801

  I wrote about this at:

  http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php

  Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc

  ........
    r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs. Refs #1512
  ........
    r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs. Refs #1513
  ........
    r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library. Refs #1659
  ........
    r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive. Refs #1661
  ........
    r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in the python docs. Refs #1684.
  ........
    r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs. Refs #1684.
  ........
    r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs. Refs #1685
  ........
    r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in the optional docs. Refs #1687
  ........
    r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap. Refs #1690
  ........
    r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a typo in the format library. Refs #1801
  ........
    r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line

    Initialise svnmerge.
  ........
    r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
  ........
    r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
  ........
    r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
  ........
    r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
  ........
    r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix another typo in spirit docs.
  ........

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45283 | danieljames | 2008-05-11 09:49:20 -0400 (Sun, 11 May 2008) | 1 line

  Quote href values - our tools don't support unquoted values.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45359 | rwgk | 2008-05-14 15:38:08 -0400 (Wed, 14 May 2008) | 1 line

  braces added to resolve g++ 4.3.0 warning
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45918 | rwgk | 2008-05-29 15:48:55 -0400 (Thu, 29 May 2008) | 66 lines

  See Python C++-SIG thread: "object.attr(object& attrname) proposal"
  Started 2008-05-25 by hohehohe2@gmail.com.

  Excerpts:

  If char const* is passed to objecjt.attr(), it uses
  PyObject_GetAttrStrng() or PyObject_SetAttrStrng().  If object is
  passed to objecjt.attr(), it takes the object as a Python string
  object and uses PyObject_GetAttr() or PyObject_SetAttr().

  If attr() behaves like this, it can be useful when there are lots
  of objects which you know have the same attribute name. You can save
  time by first making a boost::python::object and passing it to every
  object's attr() inside a loop.

  I just made a bit of modification to boost:python locally and did a
  quick test, like

  test 1:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      omain.attr(attrname) = 444; //attrname is a char const*
    }

  test 2:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      object o = omain.attr(attrname); //attrname is a char const*
    }

  test 3:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      omain.attr(oaaaa) = 444; //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
    }

  test 4:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      object o = omain.attr(oaaaa); //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
    }

  and it reasonably reflected the difference between PyObject_*Attr() and PyObject_*AttrString.

  test 1 :2783ms
  test 2 :2357ms
  test 3 :1882ms
  test 4 :1267ms

  test5: PyObject_SetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa", po_num444);
  test6: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa"));
  test7: PyObject_SetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa, po_num444);
  test8: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa));
  (po_ prefixed variables are PyObject*),

  all inside each for loop, and the results were

  test 5 :2410ms
  test 6 :2277ms
  test 7 :1629ms
  test 8 :1094ms

  It's boost 1.35.0, Python 2.5 on linux(gcc4.1.2).
  I also did the same test on windows(vs8) and the tendency was not
  so different.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45920 | rwgk | 2008-05-29 16:04:19 -0400 (Thu, 29 May 2008) | 1 line

  Projects using Boost.Python: PolyBoRi (text provided by Michael Brickenstein)
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46115 | schoepflin | 2008-06-04 11:11:05 -0400 (Wed, 04 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  Added missing ostream header file.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46445 | dgregor | 2008-06-17 09:54:46 -0400 (Tue, 17 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  Add mime-type and eol-style properties as needed
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46721 | dave | 2008-06-26 12:41:34 -0400 (Thu, 26 Jun 2008) | 2 lines

  Compatibility with Apache STDCXX library.  Don't assume eh.h comes along with the other headers automatically.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46808 | bemandawes | 2008-06-28 09:45:21 -0400 (Sat, 28 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  With his kind permission, change Jaakko "J<LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIARESIS>rvi" to "Jarvi"
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46817 | djowel | 2008-06-28 14:24:17 -0400 (Sat, 28 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  added note on removing targets
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46844 | dave | 2008-06-29 08:26:17 -0400 (Sun, 29 Jun 2008) | 2 lines

  Make valid HTML

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------




[SVN r47459]
2008-07-15 21:05:24 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
c205cd86c6 added note on removing targets
[SVN r46900]
2008-06-30 12:14:28 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8d86dc199c merged valid HTML from trunk
[SVN r46845]
2008-06-29 12:55:50 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c44100afda Make valid HTML
[SVN r46844]
2008-06-29 12:26:17 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
1dee81dc71 added note on removing targets
[SVN r46817]
2008-06-28 18:24:17 +00:00
Beman Dawes
55e9ff14a1 With his kind permission, change Jaakko "Järvi" to "Jarvi"
[SVN r46809]
2008-06-28 13:57:20 +00:00
Beman Dawes
801326275f With his kind permission, change Jaakko "Järvi" to "Jarvi"
[SVN r46808]
2008-06-28 13:45:21 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
98f20f30d6 Compatibility with Apache STDCXX library. Don't assume eh.h comes along with the other headers automatically.
[SVN r46721]
2008-06-26 16:41:34 +00:00
Markus Schöpflin
b01e0e6b9c Added missing ostream header file.
[SVN r46115]
2008-06-04 15:11:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b0a9b11c9c Projects using Boost.Python: PolyBoRi (text provided by Michael Brickenstein)
[SVN r45920]
2008-05-29 20:04:19 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
304277b806 See Python C++-SIG thread: "object.attr(object& attrname) proposal"
Started 2008-05-25 by hohehohe2@gmail.com.

Excerpts:

If char const* is passed to objecjt.attr(), it uses
PyObject_GetAttrStrng() or PyObject_SetAttrStrng().  If object is
passed to objecjt.attr(), it takes the object as a Python string
object and uses PyObject_GetAttr() or PyObject_SetAttr().

If attr() behaves like this, it can be useful when there are lots
of objects which you know have the same attribute name. You can save
time by first making a boost::python::object and passing it to every
object's attr() inside a loop.

I just made a bit of modification to boost:python locally and did a
quick test, like

test 1:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    omain.attr(attrname) = 444; //attrname is a char const*
  }

test 2:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    object o = omain.attr(attrname); //attrname is a char const*
  }

test 3:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    omain.attr(oaaaa) = 444; //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
  }

test 4:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    object o = omain.attr(oaaaa); //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
  }

and it reasonably reflected the difference between PyObject_*Attr() and PyObject_*AttrString.

test 1 :2783ms
test 2 :2357ms
test 3 :1882ms
test 4 :1267ms

test5: PyObject_SetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa", po_num444);
test6: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa"));
test7: PyObject_SetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa, po_num444);
test8: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa));
(po_ prefixed variables are PyObject*),

all inside each for loop, and the results were

test 5 :2410ms
test 6 :2277ms
test 7 :1629ms
test 8 :1094ms

It's boost 1.35.0, Python 2.5 on linux(gcc4.1.2).
I also did the same test on windows(vs8) and the tendency was not
so different.


[SVN r45918]
2008-05-29 19:48:55 +00:00
Daniel James
4fea58f634 Add minor documentation fixes to the release branch.
(I left out the changes to the hash library).

Merged via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

................
  r44807 | danieljames | 2008-04-27 08:39:49 +0100 (Sun, 27 Apr 2008) | 78 lines
  
  Merge in documentation fixes.  Apart from the change to optional's documenation
  Jamfile, which I included by mistake.
  
  I wrote about this at:
  
  http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php
  
  Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc
  
  ........
    r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs.
  ........
    r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs.
  ........
    r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library.
  ........
    r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive.
  ........
    r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in the python docs.
  ........
    r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs.
  ........
    r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs.
  ........
    r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in the optional docs.
  ........
    r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap.
  ........
    r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a typo in the format library.
  ........
    r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line
    
    Initialise svnmerge.
  ........
    r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
  ........
    r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
  ........
    r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
  ........
    r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
  ........
    r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix another typo in spirit docs.
  ........
................
  r45232 | danieljames | 2008-05-08 22:50:19 +0100 (Thu, 08 May 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix some invalid xml by replacing ampersands with character entities.
................
  r45576 | danieljames | 2008-05-20 16:39:25 +0100 (Tue, 20 May 2008) | 20 lines
  
  Merge some small documentation fixes from the doc branch, and mark some
  previously merged changes as merged.
  
  Merged revisions 44811,45129,45142,45154,45281-45282,45365 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc
  
  ........
    r45129 | danieljames | 2008-05-05 12:36:50 +0100 (Mon, 05 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Update navbar links in boostbook.
  ........
    r45282 | danieljames | 2008-05-11 14:15:31 +0100 (Sun, 11 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Group functions in the hash header - requires Frank's free-function-group fix.
    (not included in release branch).
  ........
    r45365 | danieljames | 2008-05-14 21:39:00 +0100 (Wed, 14 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Add boost.root to standalone hash documentation.
    (not included in release branch).
  ........
................


[SVN r45622]
2008-05-21 20:57:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a334649b0c braces added to resolve g++ 4.3.0 warning
[SVN r45359]
2008-05-14 19:38:08 +00:00
Daniel James
79b7f88df6 Quote href values - our tools don't support unquoted values.
[SVN r45283]
2008-05-11 13:49:20 +00:00
Daniel James
a33ed032c6 Merge in documentation fixes. Apart from the change to optional's documenation
Jamfile, which I included by mistake.

Fixes #1659, #1661, #1684, #1685, 1687, #1690, #1801

I wrote about this at:

http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php

Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc

........
  r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs. Refs #1512
........
  r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs. Refs #1513
........
  r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library. Refs #1659
........
  r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive. Refs #1661
........
  r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in the python docs. Refs #1684.
........
  r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs. Refs #1684.
........
  r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs. Refs #1685
........
  r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in the optional docs. Refs #1687
........
  r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap. Refs #1690
........
  r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a typo in the format library. Refs #1801
........
  r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line
  
  Initialise svnmerge.
........
  r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
........
  r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
........
  r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
........
  r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
........
  r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix another typo in spirit docs.
........


[SVN r44807]
2008-04-27 07:39:49 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
b316819925 Andreas indexing suite patch
[SVN r44450]
2008-04-16 03:07:11 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
52245de2e5 Andreas patch
[SVN r44449]
2008-04-16 03:07:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
2f1f79ce87 bogus VC8 warning C4180 disabled
[SVN r44041]
2008-04-04 18:57:27 +00:00
Beman Dawes
694ae13063 Merge from trunk 43901 at Dave's request
[SVN r43902]
2008-03-28 02:16:12 +00:00
Beman Dawes
863bff9072 Remove per email from Dave
[SVN r43901]
2008-03-28 02:11:13 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
5168895803 Added note about --preserve-test-targets
[SVN r43849]
2008-03-24 23:04:36 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
c8bf94663c Added note about --preserve-test-targets
[SVN r43848]
2008-03-24 23:02:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
2213cf98c6 Work around vc9 bugs
[SVN r43845]
2008-03-24 18:27:22 +00:00
Daniel James
928a9389ce Rebuild a lot of documentation.
[SVN r43650]
2008-03-16 11:38:32 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
2dba3148ce map std::invalid_argument -> Python ValueError
[SVN r43546]
2008-03-09 04:30:13 +00:00
Daniel James
7d22435994 Merged revisions 43211,43214-43219,43222-43225,43227-43238,43242,43244-43245,43249-43250,43257-43259,43261,43263,43265,43267-43268,43270-43271,43273,43275-43279,43284-43289,43291,43295,43297-43298,43304-43305,43307,43313,43315,43324,43326-43327,43331,43333,43339-43343,43345,43348,43350,43352-43353,43355-43356,43358,43360,43366-43367,43369-43370,43372-43376,43378-43389,43394,43396-43398,43400-43401,43403-43404,43406-43408,43413-43415,43417-43418,43420,43422-43423 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r43417 | danieljames | 2008-02-26 22:04:55 +0000 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a link to Boost.Bimap.
........
  r43418 | danieljames | 2008-02-26 22:07:25 +0000 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Change another link that's no longer in the repository to link to the website.
........
  r43422 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 18:51:14 +0000 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix broken copyright urls. Fixes #1573.
........
  r43423 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 19:22:01 +0000 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
........


[SVN r43425]
2008-02-27 20:00:24 +00:00
Daniel James
48aa6ab9a9 Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
[SVN r43423]
2008-02-27 19:22:01 +00:00
Daniel James
96dd880146 Merged revisions 43206,43208-43213 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r43206 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 09:55:03 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix some broken links.
........
  r43209 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 14:56:22 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Link to people pages on the website, as they've been removed from the download.
........
  r43210 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 15:02:17 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Point links to the pages that used to be in 'more' to the site.
........
  r43212 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 16:10:16 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix links on the home page as well.
........
  r43213 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 16:21:22 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Generated documentation which is no longer generated.
........


[SVN r43214]
2008-02-10 16:39:38 +00:00
Daniel James
6ba5067e0b Point links to the pages that used to be in 'more' to the site.
[SVN r43210]
2008-02-10 15:02:17 +00:00
Daniel James
60f4f5e54c Link to people pages on the website, as they've been removed from the download.
[SVN r43209]
2008-02-10 14:56:22 +00:00
Eric Niebler
7ee9cf679b stl_iterator does better error handling
[SVN r42836]
2008-01-17 22:47:54 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
63f8e9f3d7 Merged revisions 41544-41546,41549-41551,41558-41561,41564,41567,41570,41573,41576-41579,41581,41583-41586,41589,41591,41594-41612,41614-41620,41622-41624,41628,41630-41635,41637,41640-41641,41643,41649-41650 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r41544 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 20:27:06 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
........
  r41549 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 21:24:51 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
........
  r41550 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 21:26:37 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 3 lines
  
  Remove unused paramters.
  Add -Wextra to gcc flags to enable more warnings.
........
  r41577 | jhunold | 2007-12-02 12:51:08 +0100 (So, 02 Dez 2007) | 3 lines
  
  Revert revisions 41544 and 41549.
  See http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2007/12/131116.php for details.
........
  r41649 | jhunold | 2007-12-03 19:47:17 +0100 (Mo, 03 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence unused paramter warning in release mode.
........
  r41650 | jhunold | 2007-12-03 19:51:26 +0100 (Mo, 03 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Add cosmetic virtual detructors to silence compile warnings.
........


[SVN r42094]
2007-12-16 10:12:07 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
03a72363a4 undo revision 41404; see http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=34238
[SVN r41986]
2007-12-12 05:39:45 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
38cc1a0c15 Add cosmetic virtual detructors to silence compile warnings.
[SVN r41650]
2007-12-03 18:51:26 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
ff44521920 Silence unused paramter warning in release mode.
[SVN r41649]
2007-12-03 18:47:17 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
0ac7e3f858 Revert revisions 41544 and 41549.
See http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2007/12/131116.php for details.


[SVN r41577]
2007-12-02 11:51:08 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
5cbb539ec5 Remove unused paramters.
Add -Wextra to gcc flags to enable more warnings.


[SVN r41550]
2007-12-01 20:26:37 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
40e4940877 Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
[SVN r41549]
2007-12-01 20:24:51 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
ab0911cf53 Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
[SVN r41544]
2007-12-01 19:27:06 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0d81eb6695 Boost.Python:
* Workarounds for many SunCC 5.9 bugs
* Suppression of many SunCC 5.9 warnings
* Improve the style of some test invocations in Jamfile


[SVN r41521]
2007-12-01 02:15:17 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
e0b535df1e Try to extend the workaround to SunPro 5.9, since we're marked as not working on 5.8
[SVN r41408]
2007-11-26 22:01:50 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d2517faa78 g++ 4.3.0 compatibility (4.3.0 20071125 (experimental))
[SVN r41404]
2007-11-26 20:46:28 +00:00
Beman Dawes
d9b4ada654 Full merge from trunk at revision 41356 of entire boost-root tree.
[SVN r41370]
2007-11-25 18:38:02 +00:00
Beman Dawes
f5df393360 Full merge from trunk at revision 41356 of entire boost-root tree.
[SVN r41369]
2007-11-25 18:07:19 +00:00
Beman Dawes
8cd4ff8950 Remove extra ) from prior commit
[SVN r41355]
2007-11-25 13:56:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
26f77691ee Attempt SunPro workaround
[SVN r41352]
2007-11-25 09:02:01 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
6e7f594027 fix for trac ticket #1450
[SVN r41164]
2007-11-17 01:51:04 +00:00
Beman Dawes
eada30f0cb Get rid of .cvsignore files
[SVN r41107]
2007-11-15 15:20:27 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
e919ffdac4 refresh docs
[SVN r41082]
2007-11-14 10:24:21 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
1cf41fd031 fix mismatch include guard
[SVN r41019]
2007-11-11 22:32:48 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
7b67118271 changed handle cast to downcast
[SVN r40935]
2007-11-08 16:28:44 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
e14c702a40 added forgotten array_object_manager_traits::get_pytype
[SVN r40889]
2007-11-07 16:06:55 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
d303ea16fc added copyright and license info for each page.
[SVN r40871]
2007-11-07 03:35:49 +00:00
Rene Rivera
bf33b54638 Recreate release branch from fixed 1.34.1 tag.
[SVN r40341]
2007-10-23 06:42:50 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
87451007b9 Move Attic files back into their rightful places
[SVN r40311]
2007-10-23 01:47:48 +00:00
Beman Dawes
2392a6a3e2 Starting point for releases
[SVN r39706]
2007-10-05 14:25:06 +00:00
nobody
6c1e7decfa This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create tag
'Version_1_34_1'.

[SVN r38286]
2007-07-24 19:28:14 +00:00
362 changed files with 4253 additions and 4705 deletions

View File

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
import os ;
import indirect ;
import modules ;
import feature ;
import python ;
@@ -12,83 +14,138 @@ if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
# Attempt default configuration of python
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
if ! [ python.configured ]
{
ECHO "WARNING: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration" ;
ECHO " failed. See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html" ;
ECHO " for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to" ;
ECHO " suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets" ;
}
}
if [ python.configured ] || ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
{
alias config-warning ;
}
else
{
message config-warning
: "warning: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration"
: "note: failed. See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html"
: "note: for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to"
: "note: suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets"
;
}
rule find-py3-version
{
local versions = [ feature.values python ] ;
local py3ver ;
for local v in $(versions)
{
if $(v) >= 3.0
{
py3ver = $(v) ;
}
}
return $(py3ver) ;
}
py3-version = [ find-py3-version ] ;
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
: requirements
-<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
<tag>@$(__name__).tag
;
rule tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
{
local result = $(name) ;
if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB
{
if $(name) = boost_python && $(PYTHON_ID)
{
result = $(result)-$(PYTHON_ID) ;
}
}
# forward to the boost tagging rule
return [ indirect.call $(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
$(result) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
}
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
lib boost_python
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
rule lib_boost_python ( is-py3 ? )
{
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
lib [ cond $(is-py3) : boost_python3 : boost_python ]
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
<dependency>config-warning
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
[ cond $(is-py3) : <python>$(py3-version) ]
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
}
lib_boost_python ;
boost-install boost_python ;
if $(py3-version)
{
lib_boost_python yes ;
boost-install boost_python3 ;
}

View File

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28
class.cpp Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
#include <boost/python/object.hpp>
#include <boost/python/class.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;
struct X
{
int x;
X(int n) : x(n) { }
};
int x_function(X& x)
{ return x.x;
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(class_ext)
{
class_<X>("X", init<int>());
def("x_function", x_function);
}
#include "module_tail.cpp"

View File

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
Somerville, MA 02143
:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
:date: $Date$
:status: This is a "work in progress"
:version: 1
:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams 2002. All rights reserved

View File

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
/*
:Author: David Goodger
:Contact: goodger@users.sourceforge.net
:date: $Date$
:version: $Revision$
:copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
boostinspect:nolicense

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
</head>
<body>
<div class="document" id="logo-boost-python-build-and-test-howto">
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.htm"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.html"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ all the parts of your Python installation. If it isn't, consider
<p>If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
mailing lists may be able to help:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="in-case-everything-seemed-to-work">

View File

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
:alt: Boost C++ Libraries:
:class: boost-logo
__ ../index.htm
__ ../index.html
.. section-numbering::
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ mailing lists may be able to help:
* The `Boost.Build mailing list`__ for issues related to Boost.Build
* The Python `C++ Sig`__ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
__ ../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ ../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
In Case Everything Seemed to Work
---------------------------------

View File

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -32,7 +32,43 @@
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt>Current SVN</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Python 3 support:</li>
<ul>
<li>All the current Boost.Python test cases passed. Extension modules using
Boost.Python expected to support Python 3 smoothly.</li>
<li>Introduced <code>object.contains</code> where <code>x.contains(y)</code>
is equivalent to Python code <code>y in x</code>.
Now <code>dict.has_key</code> is just a wrapper of <code>object.contains</code>.
</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, <code>str.decode</code> will be removed.</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, the original signature of <code>list.sort</code>, which is:
<pre>void sort(object_cref cmpfunc);</pre>
will change to:
<pre>void sort(args_proxy const &args, kwds_proxy const &kwds);</pre>
This is because in Python 3 <code>list.sort</code> requires all its arguments be keyword arguments.
So you should call it like this:
<pre>x.sort(*tuple(), **dict(make_tuple(make_tuple("reverse", true))));</pre>
</li>
<li>According to <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3123/">PEP 3123</a>,
when building Boost.Python against Python older than 2.6, the following macros will
be defined in Boost.Python header:
<pre>
# define Py_TYPE(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
# define Py_REFCNT(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
# define Py_SIZE(o) (((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)</pre>
So extension writers can use these macro directly, to make code clean and compatible with Python 3.
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.39.0 Release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
@@ -329,7 +365,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
19 November 2004
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -375,27 +375,54 @@
application modules, including GUI and post-processing of results.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://www.rationaldiscovery.com">Rational Discovery
LLC</a></b></dt>
<dt><b><a href="http://polybori.sourceforge.net/">PolyBoRi</a></b></dt>
<dd>
Rational Discovery provides computational modeling, combinatorial
library design and custom software development services to the
pharmaceutical, biotech and chemical industries. We do a substantial
amount of internal research to develop new approaches for applying
machine-learning techniques to solve chemical problems. Because we're a
small organization and chemistry is a large and complex field, it is
essential that we be able to quickly and easily prototype and test new
algorithms.
<p><a href="mailto:brickenstein@mfo.de"
>Michael Brickenstein</a> writes:</p>
<p>For our internal software, we implement core data structures in C
and expose them to Python using Boost.Python. Algorithm development is
done in Python and then translated to C if required (often it's not).
This hybrid development approach not only greatly increases our
productivity, but it also allows "non-developers" (people without C
experience) to take part in method development. Learning C is a
daunting task, but "Python fits your brain." (Thanks to Bruce Eckel for
the quote.)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The core of PolyBoRi is a C++ library, which provides
high-level data types for Boolean polynomials and monomials,
exponent vectors, as well as for the underlying polynomial
rings and subsets of the powerset of the Boolean variables. As
a unique approach, binary decision diagrams are used as
internal storage type for polynomial structures. On top of
this C++-library we provide a Python interface. This allows
parsing of complex polynomial systems, as well as sophisticated
and extendable strategies for Gr&ouml;bner basis computation.
Boost.Python has helped us to create this interface in a
very clean way.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://pyrap.googlecode.com/">Pyrap</a></b></dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="diepen@astron.nl"
>Ger van Diepen</a> writes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Pyrap is the python interface to the Radio-Astronomical Package
casacore (<a href="http://casacore.googlecode.com/"
>casacore.googlecode.com</a>). Astronomers love pyrap because
it makes it easily possible to get their data (observed with
radio-astronomical telescopes like LOFAR, ASKAP, and eVLA) in numpy
arrays and do basic data inspection and manipulation using the many
python packages that are available.</p>
<p>Boost.Python made it quite easily possible to create converters for
the various data types, also for numpy arrays and individual elements
of a numpy array. It's nice they work fully recursively. Mapping C++
functions to Python was straightforward.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://www.rdkit.org/"
>RDKit: Cheminformatics and Machine Learning Software</a></b></dt>
<dd>
A collection of cheminformatics and machine-learning software
written in C++ and Python.
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -435,11 +462,11 @@
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 July, 2003</p>
29 May, 2008</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
12 Sept, 2003 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@ project boost/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc ;
import boostbook : boostbook ;
using quickbook ;
path-constant images : html ;
boostbook tutorial
:
tutorial.qbk
:
<xsl:param>boost.root=../../../../../..
<xsl:param>boost.libraries=../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>img.src.path=$(images)/
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>boost.url.prefix=http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/html
;

View File

@@ -1,511 +0,0 @@
/*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software
License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
=============================================================================*/
/*=============================================================================
Body defaults
=============================================================================*/
body
{
margin: 1em;
font-family: sans-serif;
}
/*=============================================================================
Paragraphs
=============================================================================*/
p
{
text-align: left;
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.15;
}
/*=============================================================================
Program listings
=============================================================================*/
/* Code on paragraphs */
p tt.computeroutput
{
font-size: 9pt;
}
pre.synopsis
{
font-size: 90%;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
font-size: 9pt;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
/* Program listings in tables don't get borders */
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
margin: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
padding: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
}
/*=============================================================================
Headings
=============================================================================*/
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
{
text-align: left;
margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-weight: bold;
}
h1 { font: 140% }
h2 { font: bold 140% }
h3 { font: bold 130% }
h4 { font: bold 120% }
h5 { font: italic 110% }
h6 { font: italic 100% }
/* Top page titles */
title,
h1.title,
h2.title
h3.title,
h4.title,
h5.title,
h6.title,
.refentrytitle
{
font-weight: bold;
margin-bottom: 1pc;
}
h1.title { font-size: 140% }
h2.title { font-size: 140% }
h3.title { font-size: 130% }
h4.title { font-size: 120% }
h5.title { font-size: 110% }
h6.title { font-size: 100% }
.section h1
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-size: 140%;
}
.section h2 { font-size: 140% }
.section h3 { font-size: 130% }
.section h4 { font-size: 120% }
.section h5 { font-size: 110% }
.section h6 { font-size: 100% }
/* Code on titles */
h1 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h2 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h3 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
h4 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 120% }
h5 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 110% }
h6 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 100% }
/*=============================================================================
Author
=============================================================================*/
h3.author
{
font-size: 100%
}
/*=============================================================================
Lists
=============================================================================*/
li
{
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.3;
}
/* Unordered lists */
ul
{
text-align: left;
}
/* Ordered lists */
ol
{
text-align: left;
}
/*=============================================================================
Links
=============================================================================*/
a
{
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
}
a:hover
{
text-decoration: underline;
}
/*=============================================================================
Spirit style navigation
=============================================================================*/
.spirit-nav
{
text-align: right;
}
.spirit-nav a
{
color: white;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
.spirit-nav img
{
border-width: 0px;
}
/*=============================================================================
Table of contents
=============================================================================*/
.toc
{
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.1pc 1pc 0.1pc 1pc;
font-size: 80%;
line-height: 1.15;
}
.boost-toc
{
float: right;
padding: 0.5pc;
}
/*=============================================================================
Tables
=============================================================================*/
.table-title,
div.table p.title
{
margin-left: 4%;
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
.informaltable table,
.table table
{
width: 92%;
margin-left: 4%;
margin-right: 4%;
}
div.informaltable table,
div.table table
{
padding: 4px;
}
/* Table Cells */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
padding: 0.5em;
text-align: left;
font-size: 9pt;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
border: 1pt solid white;
font-size: 80%;
}
/*=============================================================================
Blurbs
=============================================================================*/
div.note,
div.tip,
div.important,
div.caution,
div.warning,
p.blurb
{
font-size: 9pt; /* A little bit smaller than the main text */
line-height: 1.2;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
p.blurb img
{
padding: 1pt;
}
/*=============================================================================
Variable Lists
=============================================================================*/
/* Make the terms in definition lists bold */
div.variablelist dl dt,
span.term
{
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 10pt;
}
div.variablelist table tbody tr td
{
text-align: left;
vertical-align: top;
padding: 0em 2em 0em 0em;
font-size: 10pt;
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
line-height: 1;
}
div.variablelist dl dt
{
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
}
div.variablelist dl dd
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 2em;
font-size: 10pt;
}
div.variablelist table tbody tr td p,
div.variablelist dl dd p
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
line-height: 1;
}
/*=============================================================================
Misc
=============================================================================*/
/* Title of books and articles in bibliographies */
span.title
{
font-style: italic;
}
span.underline
{
text-decoration: underline;
}
span.strikethrough
{
text-decoration: line-through;
}
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
div div.legalnotice p
{
text-align: left
}
/*=============================================================================
Colors
=============================================================================*/
@media screen
{
/* Links */
a
{
color: #005a9c;
}
a:visited
{
color: #9c5a9c;
}
h1 a, h2 a, h3 a, h4 a, h5 a, h6 a,
h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover, h5 a:hover, h6 a:hover,
h1 a:visited, h2 a:visited, h3 a:visited, h4 a:visited, h5 a:visited, h6 a:visited
{
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
color: #000000;
}
/* Syntax Highlighting */
.keyword { color: #0000AA; }
.identifier { color: #000000; }
.special { color: #707070; }
.preprocessor { color: #402080; }
.char { color: teal; }
.comment { color: #800000; }
.string { color: teal; }
.number { color: teal; }
.white_bkd { background-color: #FFFFFF; }
.dk_grey_bkd { background-color: #999999; }
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
.copyright
{
color: #666666;
font-size: small;
}
div div.legalnotice p
{
color: #666666;
}
/* Program listing */
pre.synopsis
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Blurbs */
div.note,
div.tip,
div.important,
div.caution,
div.warning,
p.blurb
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Table of contents */
.toc
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Tables */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
background-color: #F0F0F0;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Misc */
span.highlight
{
color: #00A000;
}
}
@media print
{
/* Links */
a
{
color: black;
}
a:visited
{
color: black;
}
.spirit-nav
{
display: none;
}
/* Program listing */
pre.synopsis
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Table of contents */
.toc
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
.informaltable table,
.table table
{
border: 1px solid gray;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
/* Tables */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
/* Misc */
span.highlight
{
font-weight: bold;
}
}

View File

@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Chapter 1. python 1.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title=" Building Hello World">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1">
<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title="Building Hello World">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div>
<div><h2 class="title">
<a name="python"></a>Chapter 1. python 1.0</h2></div>
<a name="python"></a>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0</h2></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Joel</span> <span class="surname">de Guzman</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Abrahams</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id385505"></a><p>
<a name="python.legal"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#python.quickstart">QuickStart</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/hello.html"> Building Hello World</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exposing.html"> Exposing Classes</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/hello.html">Building Hello World</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exposing.html">Exposing Classes</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exposing.html#python.constructors">Constructors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exposing.html#python.class_data_members">Class Data Members</a></span></dt>
@@ -60,18 +60,19 @@
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/functions.html#python.default_arguments">Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/functions.html#python.auto_overloading">Auto-Overloading</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html"> Object Interface</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html">Object Interface</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.basic_interface">Basic Interface</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.derived_object_types">Derived Object types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.extracting_c___objects">Extracting C++ objects</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.enums">Enums</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.creating_python_object">Creating <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span></code> from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span></code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/embedding.html">Embedding</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="python/embedding.html#python.using_the_interpreter">Using the interpreter</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/iterators.html">Iterators</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exception.html"> Exception Translation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/techniques.html"> General Techniques</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exception.html">Exception Translation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/techniques.html">General Techniques</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/techniques.html#python.creating_packages">Creating Packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">Extending Wrapped Objects in Python</a></span></dt>
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.quickstart"></a>QuickStart</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -93,16 +94,15 @@
code takes on the look of a kind of declarative interface definition language
(IDL).
</p>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h2>
<a name="id455837"></a>
<h3>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a>
Hello World
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Following C/C++ tradition, let's start with the "hello, world". A
C++ Function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"hello, world"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -110,8 +110,7 @@
<p>
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -123,32 +122,21 @@
That's it. We're done. We can now build this as a shared library. The resulting
DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Next stop... Building your Hello World
module from start to finish...</b></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Next stop... Building your Hello World module
from start to finish...</strong></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: November 04, 2007 at 00:10:08 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><small></small></td>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: December 26, 2011 at 21:58:39 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer"></div></td>
</tr></table>
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@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
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<head>
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.embedding"></a>Embedding</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="embedding.html#python.using_the_interpreter">Using the interpreter</a></span></dt></dl></div>
@@ -39,28 +39,28 @@
a lot easier and, in a future version, it may become unnecessary to touch the
Python/C API at all. So stay tuned... <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span>
</p>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h2>
<a name="id471088"></a>
<h3>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a>
Building embedded programs
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
To be able to embed python into your programs, you have to link to both Boost.Python's
as well as Python's own runtime library.
</p>
<p>
Boost.Python's library comes in two variants. Both are located in Boost's
<tt class="literal">/libs/python/build/bin-stage</tt> subdirectory. On Windows, the
variants are called <tt class="literal">boost_python.lib</tt> (for release builds)
and <tt class="literal">boost_python_debug.lib</tt> (for debugging). If you can't
<code class="literal">/libs/python/build/bin-stage</code> subdirectory. On Windows, the
variants are called <code class="literal">boost_python.lib</code> (for release builds)
and <code class="literal">boost_python_debug.lib</code> (for debugging). If you can't
find the libraries, you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">Building and Testing</a> on how to do this.
</p>
<p>
Python's library can be found in the <tt class="literal">/libs</tt> subdirectory
Python's library can be found in the <code class="literal">/libs</code> subdirectory
of your Python directory. On Windows it is called pythonXY.lib where X.Y is
your major Python version number.
</p>
<p>
Additionally, Python's <tt class="literal">/include</tt> subdirectory has to be added
Additionally, Python's <code class="literal">/include</code> subdirectory has to be added
to your include path.
</p>
<p>
@@ -81,72 +81,64 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
&lt;library-path&gt;$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH)
&lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
</pre>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h2>
<a name="id471193"></a>
<h3>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a>
Getting started
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding the
Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4 steps:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
#include <tt class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</tt>
</li>
<li>
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module.
</li>
<li>
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
</li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
#include <code class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <code class="literal">__main__</code> module.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
<span class="bold"><b>Note that at this time you must not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</b></span>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Note that at this time you must not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</strong></span>
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</b></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</strong></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.using_the_interpreter"></a>Using the interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted. Naturally,
the <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
the <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully automatic
in Python, the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API requires you to do it [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html
by hand]. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html" target="_top">by
hand</a>. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
of C++ exceptions. Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html" target="_top">handle</a>
and <a href="../../../../v2/object.html" target="_top">object</a> class templates to
automate the process.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h2>
<a name="id471356"></a>
<h3>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a>
Running Python code
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">code</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">filename</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
@@ -156,28 +148,25 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
and exec_file executes the code contained in the given file.
</p>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">globals</tt> and <tt class="literal">locals</tt> parameters are
The <code class="literal">globals</code> and <code class="literal">locals</code> parameters are
Python dictionaries containing the globals and locals of the context in which
to run the code. For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace
dictionary of the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module for both parameters.
dictionary of the <code class="literal">__main__</code> module for both parameters.
</p>
<p>
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
first), and returns it.
</p>
<p>
Let's import the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module and run some Python code in its namespace:
Let's import the <code class="literal">__main__</code> module and run some Python code
in its namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
@@ -189,74 +178,70 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
This should create a file called 'hello.txt' in the current directory containing
a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id471944"></a>
<h3>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a>
Manipulating Python objects
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects. But we have
already seen such a class above, and in the <a href="object.html" target="_top">previous
section</a>: the aptly named <tt class="literal">object</tt> class and its
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>.
section</a>: the aptly named <code class="literal">object</code> class and its
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <code class="literal">handle</code>.
The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"result"</span><span class="special">]);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here we create a dictionary object for the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module's namespace. Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read
this variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result
is to use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
Here we create a dictionary object for the <code class="literal">__main__</code> module's
namespace. Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read this
variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result is to
use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h2>
<a name="id472316"></a>
<h3>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a>
Exception handling
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression, <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>
is thrown:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5/0"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:
</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_divided_by_zero</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_divided_by_zero</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// handle the exception in some way
</span><span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">// handle the exception in some way</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">error_already_set</tt> exception class doesn't carry any
The <code class="literal">error_already_set</code> exception class doesn't carry any
information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred,
you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">exception
handling functions</a> of the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API in your catch-statement.
This can be as simple as calling [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70
PyErr_Print()] to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing
the type of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
handling functions</a> of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This
can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70" target="_top">PyErr_Print()</a>
to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type
of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
exceptions</a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// handle ZeroDivisionError specially
</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">// handle ZeroDivisionError specially</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// print all other errors to stderr
</span> <span class="identifier">PyErr_Print</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="comment">// print all other errors to stderr</span>
<span class="identifier">PyErr_Print</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
@@ -268,12 +253,17 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
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</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.exception"></a> Exception Translation</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="python.exception"></a>Exception Translation</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
All C++ exceptions must be caught at the boundary with Python code. This boundary
is the point where C++ meets Python. Boost.Python provides a default exception
handler that translates selected standard exceptions, then gives up:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
</pre>
<p>
Users may provide custom translation. Here's an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">void</span> <span class="identifier">translator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span> <span class="identifier">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PyErr_SetString</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_UserWarning</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"I'm sorry Dave..."</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -49,12 +47,17 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
<html>
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</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.exposing"></a> Exposing Classes</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="python.exposing"></a>Exposing Classes</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="exposing.html#python.constructors">Constructors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="exposing.html#python.class_data_members">Class Data Members</a></span></dt>
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@
<p>
Consider a C++ class/struct that we want to expose to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -51,8 +50,7 @@
<p>
We can expose this to Python by writing a corresponding Boost.Python C++ Wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -64,55 +62,47 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here, we wrote a C++ class wrapper that exposes the member functions <tt class="literal">greet</tt>
and <tt class="literal">set</tt>. Now, after building our module as a shared library,
we may use our class <tt class="literal">World</tt> in Python. Here's a sample Python
Here, we wrote a C++ class wrapper that exposes the member functions <code class="literal">greet</code>
and <code class="literal">set</code>. Now, after building our module as a shared library,
we may use our class <code class="literal">World</code> in Python. Here's a sample Python
session:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'howdy'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="string">'howdy'</span>
</pre>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.constructors"></a>Constructors</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Our previous example didn't have any explicit constructors. Since <tt class="literal">World</tt>
Our previous example didn't have any explicit constructors. Since <code class="literal">World</code>
is declared as a plain struct, it has an implicit default constructor. Boost.Python
exposes the default constructor by default, which is why we were able to
write
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
We may wish to wrap a class with a non-default constructor. Let us build
on our previous example:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="comment">// added constructor
</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="comment">// added constructor</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
This time <tt class="literal">World</tt> has no default constructor; our previous
This time <code class="literal">World</code> has no default constructor; our previous
wrapping code would fail to compile when the library tried to expose it.
We have to tell <tt class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</tt> about the constructor
We have to tell <code class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</code> about the constructor
we want to expose instead.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -124,17 +114,16 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="literal">init&lt;std::string&gt;()</tt> exposes the constructor taking
in a <tt class="literal">std::string</tt> (in Python, constructors are spelled
"<tt class="literal">"<span class="underline">_init</span>_"</tt>").
<code class="literal">init&lt;std::string&gt;()</code> exposes the constructor taking
in a <code class="literal">std::string</code> (in Python, constructors are spelled
"<code class="literal">"__init__"</code>").
</p>
<p>
We can expose additional constructors by passing more <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt>s
to the <tt class="literal">def()</tt> member function. Say for example we have
We can expose additional constructors by passing more <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>s
to the <code class="literal">def()</code> member function. Say for example we have
another World constructor taking in two doubles:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"set"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -142,27 +131,25 @@
</pre>
<p>
On the other hand, if we do not wish to expose any constructors at all, we
may use <tt class="literal">no_init</tt> instead:
may use <code class="literal">no_init</code> instead:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
This actually adds an <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</tt>
method which always raises a Python RuntimeError exception.
This actually adds an <code class="literal">__init__</code> method which always raises
a Python RuntimeError exception.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_data_members"></a>Class Data Members</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Data members may also be exposed to Python so that they can be accessed as
attributes of the corresponding Python class. Each data member that we wish
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
or <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>. Consider this class <tt class="literal">Var</tt>:
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
or <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>. Consider this class <code class="literal">Var</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -170,11 +157,10 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Our C++ <tt class="literal">Var</tt> class and its data members can be exposed
Our C++ <code class="literal">Var</code> class and its data members can be exposed
to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"name"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -182,26 +168,22 @@
Then, in Python, assuming we have placed our Var class inside the namespace
hello as we did before:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'is around'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="identifier">pi</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="identifier">around</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
<p>
Note that <tt class="literal">name</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
while <tt class="literal">value</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>.
Note that <code class="literal">name</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
while <code class="literal">value</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
</span><span class="identifier">Traceback</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">recent</span> <span class="identifier">call</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> #
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span>#<span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name</span>
<span class="identifier">Traceback</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">recent</span> <span class="identifier">call</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="error">?</span>
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span><span class="error">'</span><span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_properties"></a>Class Properties</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -210,10 +192,7 @@
The only way to access the class' data is through access (getter/setter)
functions. Access functions expose class properties. Here's an example:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -224,38 +203,31 @@
<p>
However, in Python attribute access is fine; it doesn't neccessarily break
encapsulation to let users handle attributes directly, because the attributes
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <tt class="literal">Num</tt>
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <code class="literal">Num</code>
class using Boost.Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
And at last, in Python:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2.17</span> <span class="comment"># error!
</span></pre>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2.17</span> <span class="comment"># error!</span>
</pre>
<p>
Take note that the class property <tt class="literal">rovalue</tt> is exposed as
<span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span> since the <tt class="literal">rovalue</tt>
Take note that the class property <code class="literal">rovalue</code> is exposed as
<span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span> since the <code class="literal">rovalue</code>
setter member function is not passed in:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.inheritance"></a>Inheritance</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -268,85 +240,78 @@
<p>
Consider this trivial inheritance structure:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
</pre>
<p>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <code class="literal">Base</code> and <code class="literal">Derived</code>
object instances:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>:
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <code class="literal">Base</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
and its base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>. Thus:
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <code class="literal">Derived</code>
and its base class <code class="literal">Base</code>. Thus:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Doing so, we get some things for free:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped C++
member functions)
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>If</b></span> Base is polymorphic, <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<tt class="literal">Base</tt> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<tt class="literal">Derived</tt> is expected.
</li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped
C++ member functions)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>If</strong></span> Base is polymorphic, <code class="literal">Derived</code>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Base</code> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Derived</code> is expected.
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <tt class="literal">b</tt> and <tt class="literal">d</tt>
and <tt class="literal">factory</tt>:
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <code class="literal">b</code> and <code class="literal">d</code>
and <code class="literal">factory</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"d"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Note that free function <tt class="literal">factory</tt> is being used to generate
new instances of class <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>. In such cases, we use
<tt class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</tt> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and hold the instance
in a new Python <tt class="literal">Base</tt> object until the the Python object
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
Note that free function <code class="literal">factory</code> is being used to generate
new instances of class <code class="literal">Derived</code>. In such cases, we use
<code class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</code> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <code class="literal">Base</code> and hold the instance
in a new Python <code class="literal">Base</code> object until the the Python object
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
policies</a> later.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_value_policy</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">manage_new_object</span><span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_virtual_functions"></a>Class Virtual Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In this section, we will learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our <tt class="literal">Base</tt> class:
to our <code class="literal">Base</code> class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -356,16 +321,15 @@
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing
C++ design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for
a 3rd party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything
to our class <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>. Yet, when
to our class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>. Yet, when
you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in Python and called
polymorphically <span class="bold"><b>from C++</b></span>, we'll need to
polymorphically <span class="bold"><strong>from C++</strong></span>, we'll need to
add some scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write
a class wrapper that derives from <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>
a class wrapper that derives from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>
that will unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
override may be called:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -374,81 +338,79 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice too that in addition to inheriting from <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>,
we also multiply- inherited <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></tt> (See <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">Wrapper</a>).
The <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span></tt> template makes
Notice too that in addition to inheriting from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>,
we also multiply- inherited <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> (See <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">Wrapper</a>).
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span></code> template makes
the job of wrapping classes that are meant to overridden in Python, easier.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> as:
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> as:
</p>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>
in effect calls the corresponding method of the Python object through <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_override</span></tt>.
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>
in effect calls the corresponding method of the Python object through <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_override</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Finally, exposing <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>:
Finally, exposing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span></tt> signals Boost.Python
that the function <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> is a
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span></code> signals Boost.Python
that the function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> is a
pure virtual function.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>member function and methods</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>member function and methods</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><b>methods</b></span>.
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><b>member functions</b></span>
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><strong>methods</strong></span>.
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><strong>member functions</strong></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.virtual_functions_with_default_implementations"></a>Virtual Functions with Default Implementations</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions
are wrapped using Boost.Python's <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">class
wrapper</a> facilities. If we wish to wrap <span class="bold"><b>non</b></span>-pure-virtual
wrapper</a> facilities. If we wish to wrap <span class="bold"><strong>non</strong></span>-pure-virtual
functions instead, the mechanism is a bit different.
</p>
<p>
Recall that in the <a href="exposing.html#python.class_virtual_functions" title="Class Virtual Functions">previous
Recall that in the <a class="link" href="exposing.html#python.class_virtual_functions" title="Class Virtual Functions">previous
section</a>, we wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then
implemented in C++, or Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
had a pure virtual function <tt class="literal">f</tt>. If, however, its member
function <tt class="literal">f</tt> was not declared as pure virtual:
had a pure virtual function <code class="literal">f</code>. If, however, its member
function <code class="literal">f</code> was not declared as pure virtual:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -457,57 +419,53 @@
<p>
We wrap it this way:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">override</span> <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// *note*
</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// *note*</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">default_f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice how we implemented <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>. Now,
we have to check if there is an override for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>.
If none, then we call <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></tt>.
Notice how we implemented <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></code>. Now,
we have to check if there is an override for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>.
If none, then we call <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite the line
with the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></tt> as:
with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></code> as:
</p>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Finally, exposing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Take note that we expose both <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span></tt>. Boost.Python needs to keep track
of 1) the dispatch function <tt class="literal">f</tt> and 2) the forwarding function
to its default implementation <tt class="literal">default_f</tt>. There's a special
<tt class="literal">def</tt> function for this purpose.
Take note that we expose both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span></code>. Boost.Python needs to keep track
of 1) the dispatch function <code class="literal">f</code> and 2) the forwarding function
to its default implementation <code class="literal">default_f</code>. There's a special
<code class="literal">def</code> function for this purpose.
</p>
<p>
In Python, the results would be as expected:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">42</span>
@@ -515,40 +473,35 @@
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">base.f()</tt>:
Calling <code class="literal">base.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">0</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">derived.f()</tt>:
Calling <code class="literal">derived.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">42</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_operators_special_functions"></a>Class Operators/Special Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h2>
<a name="id461377"></a>
<h3>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a>
Python Operators
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
C is well known for the abundance of operators. C++ extends this to the extremes
by allowing operator overloading. Boost.Python takes advantage of this and
makes it easy to wrap C++ operator-powered classes.
</p>
<p>
Consider a file position class <tt class="literal">FilePos</tt> and a set of operators
Consider a file position class <code class="literal">FilePos</code> and a set of operators
that take on FilePos instances:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -562,29 +515,28 @@
The class and the various operators can be mapped to Python rather easily
and intuitively:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __add__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __radd__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+=</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __iadd__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-=</span> <span class="identifier">other</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// __lt__
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __add__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __radd__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+=</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __iadd__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-=</span> <span class="identifier">other</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// __lt__</span>
</pre>
<p>
The code snippet above is very clear and needs almost no explanation at all.
It is virtually the same as the operators' signatures. Just take note that
<tt class="literal">self</tt> refers to FilePos object. Also, not every class
<tt class="literal">T</tt> that you might need to interact with in an operator
expression is (cheaply) default-constructible. You can use <tt class="literal">other&lt;T&gt;()</tt>
in place of an actual <tt class="literal">T</tt> instance when writing "self
<code class="literal">self</code> refers to FilePos object. Also, not every class
<code class="literal">T</code> that you might need to interact with in an operator
expression is (cheaply) default-constructible. You can use <code class="literal">other&lt;T&gt;()</code>
in place of an actual <code class="literal">T</code> instance when writing "self
expressions".
</p>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h2>
<a name="id462134"></a>
<h3>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a>
Special Methods
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Python has a few more <span class="emphasis"><em>Special Methods</em></span>. Boost.Python
supports all of the standard special method names supported by real Python
@@ -592,8 +544,7 @@
wrap C++ functions that correspond to these Python <span class="emphasis"><em>special functions</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">Rational</span> <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -601,35 +552,40 @@
<span class="identifier">ostream</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;(</span><span class="identifier">ostream</span><span class="special">&amp;,</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Rational"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">float_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __float__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">other</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">&gt;))</span> <span class="comment">// __pow__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">abs</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __abs__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __str__
</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">float_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __float__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">other</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">&gt;))</span> <span class="comment">// __pow__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">abs</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __abs__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __str__</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Need we say more?
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
What is the business of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>? Well, the method <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></tt> requires the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt> to do its work (i.e. <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>
is used by the method defined by <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></tt>.
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
What is the business of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>? Well, the method <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></code> requires the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code> to do its work (i.e. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>
is used by the method defined by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.functions"></a>Functions</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -38,18 +38,12 @@
facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions that
take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
But before you do, you might want to fire up Python 2.2 or later and type
<tt class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</tt>.
<code class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</code>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
@@ -68,12 +62,12 @@ In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than <span class="bold"><b>right</b></span> now.
Although never is often better than <span class="bold"><strong>right</strong></span> now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</pre>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.call_policies"></a>Call Policies</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -87,16 +81,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
so Boost.Python must deal with them. To do this, it may need your help. Consider
the following C++ function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
How should the library wrap this function? A naive approach builds a Python
X object around result reference. This strategy might or might not work out.
Here's an example where it didn't
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">y</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
@@ -106,8 +98,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Well, what if f() was implemented as shown below:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -124,31 +115,30 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Here's what's happening:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<tt class="literal">f</tt> is called passing in a reference to <tt class="literal">y</tt>
and a pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <tt class="literal">y.x</tt> is returned
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">y</tt> is deleted. <tt class="literal">x</tt> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">x.some_method()</tt> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">y</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">x</code> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">x.some_method()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
We could copy result into a new object:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># No crash, but still bad
</span><span class="number">3.14</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># No crash, but still bad</span>
<span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
<p>
This is not really our intent of our C++ interface. We've broken our promise
@@ -158,29 +148,24 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Our problems do not end there. Suppose Y is implemented as follows:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice that the data member <tt class="literal">z</tt> is held by class Y using
Notice that the data member <code class="literal">z</code> is held by class Y using
a raw pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="preprocessor"># Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
For reference, here's the implementation of <tt class="literal">f</tt> again:
For reference, here's the implementation of <code class="literal">f</code> again:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -189,71 +174,70 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Here's what's happening:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<tt class="literal">f</tt> is called passing in a reference to <tt class="literal">y</tt>
and a pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt>
</li>
<li>
A pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt> is held by <tt class="literal">y</tt>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <tt class="literal">y.x</tt> is returned
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">z</tt> is deleted. <tt class="literal">y.z</tt> is a dangling pointer
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">y.z_value()</tt> is called
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">z-&gt;value()</tt> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A pointer to <code class="literal">z</code> is held by <code class="literal">y</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">z</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">y.z</code> is a dangling
pointer
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">y.z_value()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">z-&gt;value()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h2>
<a name="id463996"></a>
<h3>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a>
Call Policies
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Call Policies may be used in situations such as the example detailed above.
In our example, <tt class="literal">return_internal_reference</tt> and <tt class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</tt>
In our example, <code class="literal">return_internal_reference</code> and <code class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</code>
are our friends:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
<p>
What are the <tt class="literal">1</tt> and <tt class="literal">2</tt> parameters, you
What are the <code class="literal">1</code> and <code class="literal">2</code> parameters, you
ask?
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <tt class="literal">Y&amp;
y</tt>, is the owner of the returned reference: <tt class="literal">X&amp;</tt>.
The "<tt class="literal">1</tt>" simply specifies the first argument.
In short: "return an internal reference <tt class="literal">X&amp;</tt> owned
by the 1st argument <tt class="literal">Y&amp; y</tt>".
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <code class="literal">Y&amp;
y</code>, is the owner of the returned reference: <code class="literal">X&amp;</code>.
The "<code class="literal">1</code>" simply specifies the first argument.
In short: "return an internal reference <code class="literal">X&amp;</code> owned
by the 1st argument <code class="literal">Y&amp; y</code>".
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the lifetime of the argument indicated by ward
(i.e. the 2nd argument: <tt class="literal">Z* z</tt>) is dependent on the lifetime
of the argument indicated by custodian (i.e. the 1st argument: <tt class="literal">Y&amp;
y</tt>).
(i.e. the 2nd argument: <code class="literal">Z* z</code>) is dependent on the lifetime
of the argument indicated by custodian (i.e. the 1st argument: <code class="literal">Y&amp;
y</code>).
</p>
<p>
It is also important to note that we have defined two policies above. Two
or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy2</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy3</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
@@ -261,42 +245,44 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Here is the list of predefined call policies. A complete reference detailing
these can be found <a href="../../../../v2/reference.html#models_of_call_policies" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward</b></span>: Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</b></span>: Ties
lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_internal_reference</b></span>: Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</b></span><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle">
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>reference_existing_object</b></span>: naive (dangerous)
approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_const_reference</b></span>: Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_non_const_reference</b></span>:
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>manage_new_object</b></span>: Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward</strong></span>: Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</strong></span>: Ties
lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>return_internal_reference</strong></span>: Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</strong></span>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>reference_existing_object</strong></span>: naive
(dangerous) approach
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_const_reference</strong></span>: Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_non_const_reference</strong></span>:
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>manage_new_object</strong></span>: Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Remember the Zen, Luke:</b></span>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Remember the Zen, Luke:</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
"Explicit is better than implicit"
@@ -306,7 +292,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.overloading"></a>Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -317,8 +303,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
We have here our C++ class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -345,8 +330,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some member
function pointer variables:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -354,75 +338,69 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
With these in hand, we can proceed to define and wrap this for Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.default_arguments"></a>Default Arguments</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python wraps (member) function pointers. Unfortunately, C++ function
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <tt class="literal">f</tt>
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <code class="literal">f</code>
with default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
But the type of a pointer to the function <tt class="literal">f</tt> has no information
But the type of a pointer to the function <code class="literal">f</code> has no information
about its default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!</span>
</pre>
<p>
When we pass this function pointer to the <tt class="literal">def</tt> function,
When we pass this function pointer to the <code class="literal">def</code> function,
there is no way to retrieve the default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!</span>
</pre>
<p>
Because of this, when wrapping C++ code, we had to resort to manual wrapping
as outlined in the <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
as outlined in the <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
or writing thin wrappers:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="comment">// in module init
</span> <span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// all arguments
</span> <span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// two arguments
</span> <span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// one argument
</span></pre>
<span class="comment">// in module init</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// all arguments</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// two arguments</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// one argument</span>
</pre>
<p>
When you want to wrap functions (or member functions) that either:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
have default arguments, or
</li>
<li>
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
have default arguments, or
</li>
<li class="listitem">
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id466035"></a>
<h3>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Boost.Python now has a way to make it easier. For instance, given a function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -430,24 +408,22 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will automatically create the thin wrappers for us. This macro will create
a class <tt class="literal">foo_overloads</tt> that can be passed on to <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>.
a class <code class="literal">foo_overloads</code> that can be passed on to <code class="literal">def(...)</code>.
The third and fourth macro argument are the minimum arguments and maximum
arguments, respectively. In our <tt class="literal">foo</tt> function the minimum
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>
arguments, respectively. In our <code class="literal">foo</code> function the minimum
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <code class="literal">def(...)</code>
function will automatically add all the foo variants for us:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id466353"></a>
<h3>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Objects here, objects there, objects here there everywhere. More frequently
than anything else, we need to expose member functions of our classes to
@@ -456,12 +432,11 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
play. Another macro is provided to make this a breeze.
</p>
<p>
Like <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>, <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
Like <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>, <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
may be used to automatically create the thin wrappers for wrapping member
functions. Let's have an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span>
<span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'x'</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -473,34 +448,31 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <tt class="literal">wack_em</tt>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <code class="literal">wack_em</code>
member function accepting a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 3 arguments (i.e.
the third and fourth macro argument). The thin wrappers are all enclosed
in a class named <tt class="literal">george_overloads</tt> that can then be used
as an argument to <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>:
in a class named <code class="literal">george_overloads</code> that can then be used
as an argument to <code class="literal">def(...)</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
See the <a href="../../../../v2/overloads.html#BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS-spec" target="_top">overloads
reference</a> for details.
</p>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h2>
<a name="id466716"></a>
<h3>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a>
init and optional
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
A similar facility is provided for class constructors, again, with default
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt>?
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>?
For example, given a class X with a constructor:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"constructor"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
@@ -509,25 +481,23 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
You can easily add this constructor to Boost.Python in one shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice the use of <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt> and <tt class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</tt>
Notice the use of <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code> and <code class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</code>
to signify the default (optional arguments).
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.auto_overloading"></a>Auto-Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
It was mentioned in passing in the previous section that <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
and <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt> can also be
It was mentioned in passing in the previous section that <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
and <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code> can also be
used for overloaded functions and member functions with a common sequence
of initial arguments. Here is an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -551,66 +521,66 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Like in the previous section, we can generate thin wrappers for these overloaded
functions in one-shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
</p>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h2>
<a name="id467498"></a>
<h3>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a>
Manual Wrapping
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
It is important to emphasize however that <span class="bold"><b>the overloaded
functions must have a common sequence of initial arguments</b></span>. Otherwise,
It is important to emphasize however that <span class="bold"><strong>the overloaded
functions must have a common sequence of initial arguments</strong></span>. Otherwise,
our scheme above will not work. If this is not the case, we have to wrap
our functions <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
our functions <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
</p>
<p>
Actually, we can mix and match manual wrapping of overloaded functions and
automatic wrapping through <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
and its sister, <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>. Following
up on our example presented in the section <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
automatic wrapping through <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
and its sister, <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>. Following
up on our example presented in the section <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
overloading</a>, since the first 4 overload functins have a common sequence
of initial arguments, we can use <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
to automatically wrap the first three of the <tt class="literal">def</tt>s and
of initial arguments, we can use <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
to automatically wrap the first three of the <code class="literal">def</code>s and
manually wrap just the last. Here's how we'll do this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Create a member function pointers as above for both X::f overloads:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.hello"></a> Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h2>
<a name="id386086"></a>
<a name="python.hello"></a>Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<h3>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a>
From Start To Finish
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we will outline the steps necessary
to achieve that. We will use the build tool that comes bundled with every boost
distribution: <span class="bold"><b>bjam</b></span>.
distribution: <span class="bold"><strong>bjam</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>Building without bjam</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>Building without bjam</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built. What's
written here should not be taken as "the one and only way". There
are of course other build tools apart from <tt class="literal">bjam</tt>.
are of course other build tools apart from <code class="literal">bjam</code>.
</p>
<p>
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
@@ -65,65 +65,59 @@
and run a python program using the extension.
</p>
<p>
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <tt class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>.
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>.
There, you can find:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
hello.cpp
</li>
<li>
hello.py
</li>
<li>
Jamroot
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
hello.cpp
</li>
<li class="listitem">
hello.py
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Jamroot
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">hello.cpp</tt> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<tt class="literal">Jamroot</tt> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us. Finally, <tt class="literal">hello.py</tt> is our Python
program that uses the extension in <tt class="literal">hello.cpp</tt>.
The <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<code class="literal">Jamroot</code> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us. Finally, <code class="literal">hello.py</code> is our Python
program that uses the extension in <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code>.
</p>
<p>
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost directory
or somewhere in your path such that <tt class="literal">bjam</tt> can be executed
or somewhere in your path such that <code class="literal">bjam</code> can be executed
in the command line. Pre-built Boost.Jam executables are available for most
platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found <a href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h2>
<a name="id386244"></a>
<h3>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a>
Let's Jam!
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/jam.png" alt="jam"></span>
</p>
<p>
<a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamroot" target="_top">Here</a> is our minimalist
Jamroot file. Simply copy the file and tweak <tt class="literal">use-project boost</tt>
Jamroot file. Simply copy the file and tweak <code class="literal">use-project boost</code>
to where your boost root directory is and your OK.
</p>
<p>
The comments contained in the Jamrules file above should be sufficient to get
you going.
</p>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h2>
<a name="id386301"></a>
<h3>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a>
Running bjam
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> is run using your operating system's command line
interpreter.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
Start it up.
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Start it up.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
A file called user-config.jam in your home directory is used to configure your
tools. In Windows, your home directory can be found by typing:
@@ -139,25 +133,24 @@
using msvc : 8.0 ;
# Python configuration
using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools<span class="emphasis"><em>Python</em></span> ;
using python : 2.4 : C:<span class="emphasis"><em>dev/tools/Python</em></span> ;
</pre>
<p>
The first rule tells Bjam to use the MSVC 8.0 compiler and associated tools.
The second rule provides information on Python, its version and where it is
located. The above assumes that the Python installation is in <tt class="literal">C:/dev/tools/Python/</tt>.
located. The above assumes that the Python installation is in <code class="literal">C:<span class="emphasis"><em>dev/tools\/Python</em></span></code>.
If you have one fairly "standard" python installation for your platform,
you might not need to do this.
</p>
<p>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <tt class="literal">cd</tt> to <tt class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>
where the tutorial <tt class="literal">"hello.cpp"</tt> and the <tt class="literal">"Jamroot"</tt>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <code class="literal">cd</code> to <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>
where the tutorial <code class="literal">"hello.cpp"</code> and the <code class="literal">"Jamroot"</code>
is situated.
</p>
<p>
Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">bjam</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span>
</pre>
<p>
It should be building now:
@@ -172,7 +165,7 @@ bjam
And so on... Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">Creating library <span class="emphasis"><em>path-to-boost_python.dll</em></span>
Creating library <span class="emphasis"><em>path-to-'''hello_ext'''.exp</em></span>
Creating library /path-to-hello_ext.exp/
**passed** ... hello.test
...updated 35 targets...
</pre>
@@ -180,24 +173,23 @@ bjam
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>There you go... Have fun!</b></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong>There you go... Have fun!</strong></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.iterators"></a>Iterators</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -30,112 +30,102 @@
iterators, but these are two very different beasts.
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>C++ iterators:</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>C++ iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input,
output)
</li>
<li>
There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access
</li>
<li>
A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input,
output)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>Python Iterators:</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>Python Iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
1 category (forward)
</li>
<li>
1 operation category (next())
</li>
<li>
Raises StopIteration exception at end
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
1 category (forward)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
1 operation category (next())
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Raises StopIteration exception at end
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The typical Python iteration protocol: <tt class="literal"><span class="bold"><b>for y
in x...</b></span></tt> is as follows:
The typical Python iteration protocol: <code class="literal"><span class="bold"><strong>for y
in x...</strong></span></code> is as follows:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
</span><span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">:</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator</span>
<span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get each item
</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="comment"># process y
</span><span class="keyword">except</span> <span class="identifier">StopIteration</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span> <span class="comment"># iterator exhausted
</span></pre>
<span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get each item</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="comment"># process y</span>
<span class="keyword">except</span> <span class="identifier">StopIteration</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span> <span class="comment"># iterator exhausted</span>
</pre>
<p>
Boost.Python provides some mechanisms to make C++ iterators play along nicely
as Python iterators. What we need to do is to produce appropriate <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__iter__</span></tt> function from C++ iterators that
as Python iterators. What we need to do is to produce appropriate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__iter__</span></code> function from C++ iterators that
is compatible with the Python iteration protocol. For example:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Or for use in class_&lt;&gt;:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>range</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>range</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
We can create a Python savvy iterator using the range function:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
range(start, finish)
</li>
<li>
range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
range(start, finish)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Here, start/finish may be one of:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
member data pointers
</li>
<li>
member function pointers
</li>
<li>
adaptable function object (use Target parameter)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
member data pointers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
member function pointers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
adaptable function object (use Target parameter)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>iterator</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>iterator</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Given a container <tt class="literal">T</tt>, iterator is a shortcut that simply
calls <tt class="literal">range</tt> with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.
Given a container <code class="literal">T</code>, iterator is a shortcut that simply
calls <code class="literal">range</code> with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.
</p>
<p>
Let's put this into action... Here's an example from some hypothetical bogon
Particle accelerator code:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pions</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">smash</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">bogons</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -144,58 +134,54 @@
<p>
Now, our C++ Wrapper:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"pions"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_end</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bogons"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_end</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>stl_input_iterator</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>stl_input_iterator</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
So far, we have seen how to expose C++ iterators and ranges to Python. Sometimes
we wish to go the other way, though: we'd like to pass a Python sequence to
an STL algorithm or use it to initialize an STL container. We need to make
a Python iterator look like an STL iterator. For that, we use <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></tt>.
Consider how we might implement a function that exposes <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">()</span></tt> to Python:
a Python iterator look like an STL iterator. For that, we use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>.
Consider how we might implement a function that exposes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">()</span></code> to Python:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">list_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Turn a Python sequence into an STL input range
</span> <span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// Turn a Python sequence into an STL input range</span>
<span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">// Part of the wrapper for list&lt;int&gt;
</span><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"list_int"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">// Part of the wrapper for list&lt;int&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"list_int"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"assign"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">list_assign</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;)</span>
<span class="comment">// ...
</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// ...</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now in Python, we can assign any integer sequence to <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list_int</span></tt>
Now in Python, we can assign any integer sequence to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list_int</span></code>
objects:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">([</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">])</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.object"></a> Object Interface</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="python.object"></a>Object Interface</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.basic_interface">Basic Interface</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.derived_object_types">Derived Object types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.extracting_c___objects">Extracting C++ objects</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.enums">Enums</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.creating_python_object">Creating <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span></code> from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span></code></a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python variables
may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc., among other
things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these Pythonic variables
are just instances of class <tt class="literal">object</tt>. We will see in this
are just instances of class <code class="literal">object</code>. We will see in this
chapter how to deal with Python objects.
</p>
<p>
As mentioned, one of the goals of Boost.Python is to provide a bidirectional
mapping between C++ and Python while maintaining the Python feel. Boost.Python
C++ <tt class="literal">object</tt>s are as close as possible to Python. This should
C++ <code class="literal">object</code>s are as close as possible to Python. This should
minimize the learning curve significantly.
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/python.png" alt="python"></span>
</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.basic_interface"></a>Basic Interface</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Class <tt class="literal">object</tt> wraps <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>. All the
intricacies of dealing with <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s such as managing
reference counting are handled by the <tt class="literal">object</tt> class. C++
object interoperability is seamless. Boost.Python C++ <tt class="literal">object</tt>s
Class <code class="literal">object</code> wraps <code class="literal">PyObject*</code>. All the
intricacies of dealing with <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s such as managing
reference counting are handled by the <code class="literal">object</code> class. C++
object interoperability is seamless. Boost.Python C++ <code class="literal">object</code>s
can in fact be explicitly constructed from any C++ object.
</p>
<p>
To illustrate, this Python code snippet:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">'foo'</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'bar'</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -76,10 +74,7 @@
<p>
Can be rewritten in C++ using Boost.Python facilities this way:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">slice</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
@@ -95,120 +90,114 @@
in C++, the look and feel should be immediately apparent to the Python coder.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.derived_object_types"></a>Derived Object types</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> types
Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <code class="literal">object</code> types
corresponding to that of Python's:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
list
</li>
<li>
dict
</li>
<li>
tuple
</li>
<li>
str
</li>
<li>
long_
</li>
<li>
enum
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
list
</li>
<li class="listitem">
dict
</li>
<li class="listitem">
tuple
</li>
<li class="listitem">
str
</li>
<li class="listitem">
long_
</li>
<li class="listitem">
enum
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
These derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> types act like real Python types.
These derived <code class="literal">object</code> types act like real Python types.
For instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
</pre>
<p>
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <tt class="literal">dict</tt>
has a <tt class="literal">keys()</tt> method:
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <code class="literal">object</code> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <code class="literal">dict</code>
has a <code class="literal">keys()</code> method:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="literal">make_tuple</tt> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
<code class="literal">make_tuple</code> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
In C++, when Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>s are used as arguments
In C++, when Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>s are used as arguments
to functions, subtype matching is required. For example, when a function
<tt class="literal">f</tt>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <tt class="literal">str</tt> type and subtypes.
<code class="literal">f</code>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <code class="literal">str</code> type and subtypes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">n2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"upper"</span><span class="special">)();</span> <span class="comment">// NAME = name.upper()
</span> <span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// better
</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">n2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"upper"</span><span class="special">)();</span> <span class="comment">// NAME = name.upper()</span>
<span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// better</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
In finer detail:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Illustrates that we provide versions of the str type's methods as C++ member
functions.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <tt class="literal">"format"
% x,y,z</tt> in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <code class="literal">"format"
% x,y,z</code> in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to
do that in std C++.
</p>
<div class="sidebar"><p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Beware</b></span> the common pitfall
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Beware</strong></span> the common pitfall
of forgetting that the constructors of most of Python's mutable types make
copies, just as in Python.
</p></div>
</p>
</div>
<p>
Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="comment"># modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="comment"># modifies the copy</span>
</pre>
<p>
C++:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id469503"></a>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy</span>
</pre>
<h3>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a>
class_&lt;T&gt; as objects
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Due to the dynamic nature of Boost.Python objects, any <tt class="literal">class_&lt;T&gt;</tt>
Due to the dynamic nature of Boost.Python objects, any <code class="literal">class_&lt;T&gt;</code>
may also be one of these types! The following code snippet wraps the class
(type) object.
</p>
<p>
We can use this to create wrapped instances. Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Vec2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"angle"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">angle</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -217,91 +206,85 @@
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vec345</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">5.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.extracting_c___objects"></a>Extracting C++ objects</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
At some point, we will need to get C++ values out of object instances. This
can be achieved with the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt> function. Consider
can be achieved with the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code> function. Consider
the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error</span>
</pre>
<p>
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>
can't be implicitly converted to <tt class="literal">double</tt>s. Instead, what
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>
can't be implicitly converted to <code class="literal">double</code>s. Instead, what
we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the
Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>. The second line attempts to <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span>
the <tt class="literal">Vec2</tt> object from held by the Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>.
Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>. The second line attempts to <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span>
the <code class="literal">Vec2</code> object from held by the Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>.
</p>
<p>
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python
<tt class="literal">object</tt> does not really hold a <tt class="literal">Vec2</tt>
<code class="literal">object</code> does not really hold a <code class="literal">Vec2</code>
type? This is certainly a possibility considering the dynamic nature of Python
<tt class="literal">object</tt>s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type can't
<code class="literal">object</code>s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type can't
be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code>
facility in fact solves the mutable copying problem:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"whatever"</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies x.__dict__ !
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"whatever"</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies x.__dict__ !</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.enums"></a>Enums</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python has a nifty facility to capture and wrap C++ enums. While Python
has no <tt class="literal">enum</tt> type, we'll often want to expose our C++ enums
to Python as an <tt class="literal">int</tt>. Boost.Python's enum facility makes
has no <code class="literal">enum</code> type, we'll often want to expose our C++ enums
to Python as an <code class="literal">int</code>. Boost.Python's enum facility makes
this easy while taking care of the proper conversions from Python's dynamic
typing to C++'s strong static typing (in C++, ints cannot be implicitly converted
to enums). To illustrate, given a C++ enum:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
the construct:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"red"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"blue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
can be used to expose to Python. The new enum type is created in the current
<tt class="literal">scope()</tt>, which is usually the current module. The snippet
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <tt class="literal">int</tt>
<code class="literal">scope()</code>, which is usually the current module. The snippet
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <code class="literal">int</code>
type which is associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>what is a scope?</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>what is a scope?</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
@@ -313,40 +296,65 @@
<p>
You can access those values in Python as
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
</pre>
<p>
where my_module is the module where the enum is declared. You can also create
a new scope around a class:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// Expose X::nested as X.nested
</span><span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">nested</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"nested"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">// Expose X::nested as X.nested</span>
<span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">nested</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"nested"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"red"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"blue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.creating_python_object"></a>Creating <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span></code> from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
When you want a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span></code> to manage a pointer to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
pyobj one does:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">pyobj</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
In this case, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code> object,
manages the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pyobj</span></code>, it won&#8217;t
increase the reference count on construction.
</p>
<p>
Otherwise, to use a borrowed reference:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pyobj</span><span class="special">)));</span>
</pre>
<p>
In this case, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Py_INCREF</span></code> is
called, so <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pyobj</span></code> is not destructed
when object o goes out of scope.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
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</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.techniques"></a> General Techniques</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="python.techniques"></a>General Techniques</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages">Creating Packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">Extending Wrapped Objects in Python</a></span></dt>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
Here are presented some useful techniques that you can use while wrapping code
with Boost.Python.
</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.creating_packages"></a>Creating Packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -50,11 +50,10 @@
<p>
We have a C++ library that works with sounds: reading and writing various
formats, applying filters to the sound data, etc. It is named (conveniently)
<tt class="literal">sounds</tt>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
<code class="literal">sounds</code>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
like so:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
</pre>
@@ -62,16 +61,14 @@
We would like to present this same hierarchy to the Python user, allowing
him to write code like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span> <span class="comment"># echo is a C++ function
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span> <span class="comment"># echo is a C++ function</span>
</pre>
<p>
The first step is to write the wrapping code. We have to export each module
separately with Boost.Python, like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">export</span> <span class="identifier">everything</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span> <span class="identifier">namespace</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
@@ -93,18 +90,18 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <tt class="literal">core.pyd</tt>,
<tt class="literal">io.pyd</tt> and <tt class="literal">filters.pyd</tt>.
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <code class="literal">core.pyd</code>,
<code class="literal">io.pyd</code> and <code class="literal">filters.pyd</code>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
The extension <tt class="literal">.pyd</tt> is used for python extension modules,
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
The extension <code class="literal">.pyd</code> is used for python extension modules,
which are just shared libraries. Using the default for your system, like
<tt class="literal">.so</tt> for Unix and <tt class="literal">.dll</tt> for Windows,
<code class="literal">.so</code> for Unix and <code class="literal">.dll</code> for Windows,
works just as well.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
@@ -118,19 +115,16 @@
io.pyd
</pre>
<p>
The file <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt> is what tells Python that the directory
<tt class="literal">sounds/</tt> is actually a Python package. It can be a empty
The file <code class="literal">__init__.py</code> is what tells Python that the directory
<code class="literal">sounds/</code> is actually a Python package. It can be a empty
file, but can also perform some magic, that will be shown later.
</p>
<p>
Now our package is ready. All the user has to do is put <tt class="literal">sounds</tt>
Now our package is ready. All the user has to do is put <code class="literal">sounds</code>
into his <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/node8.html#SECTION008110000000000000000" target="_top">PYTHONPATH</a>
and fire up the interpreter:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'file.mp3'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">new_sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1.0</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -150,10 +144,7 @@
If we want this flexibility, we will have to complicate our package hierarchy
a little. First, we will have to change the name of the extension modules:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
@@ -162,7 +153,7 @@
</pre>
<p>
Note that we added an underscore to the module name. The filename will have
to be changed to <tt class="literal">_core.pyd</tt> as well, and we do the same
to be changed to <code class="literal">_core.pyd</code> as well, and we do the same
to the other extension modules. Now, we change our package hierarchy like
so:
</p>
@@ -183,77 +174,68 @@
to each one. But if we leave it that way, the user will have to access the
functions in the core module with this syntax:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
which is not what we want. But here enters the <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt>
magic: everything that is brought to the <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt> namespace
which is not what we want. But here enters the <code class="literal">__init__.py</code>
magic: everything that is brought to the <code class="literal">__init__.py</code> namespace
can be accessed directly by the user. So, all we have to do is bring the
entire namespace from <tt class="literal">_core.pyd</tt> to <tt class="literal">core/__init__.py</tt>.
So add this line of code to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
entire namespace from <code class="literal">_core.pyd</code> to <code class="literal">core/__init__.py</code>.
So add this line of code to <code class="literal">sounds/core/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
</pre>
<p>
We do the same for the other packages. Now the user accesses the functions
and classes in the extension modules like before:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
with the additional benefit that we can easily add pure Python functions
to any module, in a way that the user can't tell the difference between a
C++ function and a Python function. Let's add a <span class="emphasis"><em>pure</em></span>
Python function, <tt class="literal">echo_noise</tt>, to the <tt class="literal">filters</tt>
package. This function applies both the <tt class="literal">echo</tt> and <tt class="literal">noise</tt>
filters in sequence in the given <tt class="literal">sound</tt> object. We create
a file named <tt class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</tt> and code our
Python function, <code class="literal">echo_noise</code>, to the <code class="literal">filters</code>
package. This function applies both the <code class="literal">echo</code> and <code class="literal">noise</code>
filters in sequence in the given <code class="literal">sound</code> object. We create
a file named <code class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</code> and code our
function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
</pre>
<p>
Next, we add this line to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
Next, we add this line to <code class="literal">sounds/filters/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
</pre>
<p>
And that's it. The user now accesses this function like any other function
from the <tt class="literal">filters</tt> package:
from the <code class="literal">filters</code> package:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"></a>Extending Wrapped Objects in Python</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Thanks to Python's flexibility, you can easily add new methods to a class,
even after it was already created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'A C instance!'</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># a regular function</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'A C instance!'</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># now we turn it in a member function
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># now we turn it in a member function</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">c</span>
@@ -266,12 +248,9 @@
</p>
<p>
We can do the same with classes that were wrapped with Boost.Python. Suppose
we have a class <tt class="literal">point</tt> in C++:
we have a class <code class="literal">point</code> in C++:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -279,48 +258,44 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
Packages</a>, we can code directly into <tt class="literal">geom/__init__.py</tt>:
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a class="link" href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
Packages</a>, we can code directly into <code class="literal">geom/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="comment"># a regular function</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="comment"># now we turn it into a member function
</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span>
<span class="comment"># now we turn it into a member function</span>
<span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>All</b></span> point instances created from C++ will
<span class="bold"><strong>All</strong></span> point instances created from C++ will
also have this member function! This technique has several advantages:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
Cut down compile times to zero for these additional functions
</li>
<li>
Reduce the memory footprint to virtually zero
</li>
<li>
Minimize the need to recompile
</li>
<li>
Rapid prototyping (you can move the code to C++ if required without changing
the interface)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Cut down compile times to zero for these additional functions
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Reduce the memory footprint to virtually zero
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Minimize the need to recompile
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Rapid prototyping (you can move the code to C++ if required without changing
the interface)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
You can even add a little syntactic sugar with the use of metaclasses. Let's
create a special metaclass that "injects" methods in other classes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
</span><span class="comment"># You can use here any class exported by Boost instead of "point"
</span><span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__class__</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.</span>
<span class="comment"># You can use here any class exported by Boost instead of "point"</span>
<span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__class__</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">injector</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">__metaclass__</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span><span class="special">):</span>
@@ -331,8 +306,8 @@
<span class="identifier">setattr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__init__</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment"># inject some methods in the point foo
</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">more_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">injector</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="comment"># inject some methods in the point foo</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">more_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">injector</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">__repr__</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Point(x=%s, y=%s)'</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
@@ -341,8 +316,7 @@
<p>
Now let's see how it got:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">!</span>
@@ -350,8 +324,7 @@
<p>
Another useful idea is to replace constructors with factory functions:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -363,7 +336,7 @@
support.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.reducing_compiling_time"></a>Reducing Compiling Time</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -372,10 +345,7 @@
can easily become too high. If this is causing you problems, you can split
the class_ definitions in multiple files:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -394,11 +364,10 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now you create a file <tt class="literal">main.cpp</tt>, which contains the <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</tt>
Now you create a file <code class="literal">main.cpp</code>, which contains the <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</code>
macro, and call the various export functions inside it.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_triangle</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -411,8 +380,7 @@
Compiling and linking together all this files produces the same result as
the usual approach:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">triangle</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -432,21 +400,21 @@
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <tt class="literal">--multiple</tt> option, that generates
take a look at the <code class="literal">--multiple</code> option, that generates
the wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
This method is useful too if you are getting the error message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal
error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow"</em></span>
when compiling a large source file, as explained in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.
@@ -456,12 +424,17 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a>
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View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[library python
[version 1.0]
[version 2.0]
[authors [de Guzman, Joel], [Abrahams, David]]
[copyright 2002 2003 2004 2005 Joel de Guzman, David Abrahams]
[category inter-language support]
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
[python]
>>> import hello_ext
>>> print hello.greet()
>>> print hello_ext.greet()
hello, world
[c++]
@@ -901,8 +901,8 @@ wrapping as outlined in the [link python.overloading previous section], or
writing thin wrappers:
// write "thin wrappers"
int f1(int x) { f(x); }
int f2(int x, double y) { f(x,y); }
int f1(int x) { return f(x); }
int f2(int x, double y) { return f(x,y); }
/*...*/
@@ -1302,6 +1302,23 @@ create a new scope around a class:
[def PyModule_GetDict [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/moduleObjects.html#l2h-594 PyModule_GetDict]]
[endsect]
[section:creating_python_object Creating `boost::python::object` from `PyObject*`]
When you want a `boost::python::object` to manage a pointer to `PyObject*` pyobj one does:
boost::python::object o(boost::python::handle<>(pyobj));
In this case, the `o` object, manages the `pyobj`, it wont increase the reference count on construction.
Otherwise, to use a borrowed reference:
boost::python::object o(boost::python::handle<>(boost::python::borrowed(pyobj)));
In this case, `Py_INCREF` is called, so `pyobj` is not destructed when object o goes out of scope.
[endsect] [/ creating_python_object ]
[endsect] [/ Object Interface]
[section Embedding]
@@ -1381,10 +1398,10 @@ interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
[section Using the interpreter]
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully
automatic in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html by hand]. This is
automatic in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html by hand]. This is
messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
Fortunately Boost.Python provides the [@../../../v2/handle.html handle] and
[@../../../v2/object.html object] class templates to automate the process.
@@ -1466,7 +1483,7 @@ If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression,
The [^error_already_set] exception class doesn't carry any information in itself.
To find out more about the Python exception that occurred, you need to use the
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html exception handling functions]
of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70 PyErr_Print()] to
print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the
exception with those of the [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html

View File

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
<a href="doc/html/index.html">link</a> &nbsp;<hr>
<p>© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2001</p>
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
accompanying file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
accompanying file <a href="../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
</body>
</html>
</html>

View File

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ documentation).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
<td valign="top"><code>P::extract_return_type</code></td>
<td>A model of <a href=
"../../../doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
<td>An MPL unary <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a> used extract the return type from a given signature. By default it is derived from mpl::front.</td>
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This

View File

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type <code>T</code>. In addition, all pointers are Dereferenceable.
18 December, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
doc/v2/Extractor.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ are layout-compatible with PyObject.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
doc/v2/HolderGenerator.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

View File

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ worth doing anything about it.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ instances of the associated Python type will be considered a match.
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ C++ function return type.
09 May, 2002 <!--Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
</table>
<hr>
<p><a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
the architect, designer, and implementor of <b>Boost.Python</b>.</p>
<p><a href="mailto:brett.calcott@paradise.net.nz">Brett Calcott</a>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
argument support</a> and wrote the excellent <a href=
"../tutorial/index.html">tutorial documentation</a>.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> implemented the <a href="pickle.html">pickle
support</a>, and has enthusiastically supported the library since its
birth, contributing to design decisions and providing invaluable
@@ -59,15 +59,15 @@
C++ and Python for solving the problems of large-scale software
construction.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
wrote an incredible C++ <a href="http://www.mywikinet.com/mpl">Template
Metaprogramming Library</a> which allows Boost.Python to perform much of
its compile-time magic. In addition, Aleksey very generously contributed
his time and deep knowledge of the quirks of various buggy compilers to
help us get around problems at crucial moments.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="../../../../people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
Karvonen</a>, wrote a similarly amazing <a href=
"../../../preprocessor/doc/index.html">Preprocessor Metaprogramming
Library</a>, and generously contributed the time and expertise to get it
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
struct arg
{
template &lt;class T&gt;
arg &amp;perator = (T const &amp;value);
arg &amp;operator = (T const &amp;value);
explicit arg (char const *name){elements[0].name = name;}
};
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(xxx)
<p>Revised 01 August, 2003</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt; &gt;("Derived");
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
1 November, 2005 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -106,6 +106,33 @@
function from being treated as an exported symbol on platforms which
support that distinction in-code</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__cdecl
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__stdcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__fastcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="lib-defined-impl"></a>Library Defined Implementation
@@ -184,7 +211,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(def_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ struct return_value_policy : Base
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dict swap_object_dict(object target, dict d)
<p>Revised 30 September, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ bar2 doc
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(exception_translator_ext)
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extract_ext)
<p>Revised 15 November, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -856,6 +856,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ null_ok&lt;T&gt;* allow_null(T* p)
</p>
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
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@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(back_references)
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
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@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(implicit_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring.",
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ struct pointer_holder : instance_holder
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
</body>
</html>

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@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ long zeroes(list l)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ python::long_ fact(long n)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(noddy_cache)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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View File

@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ template &lt;class F, class Policies, class Keywords, class Signature&gt;
to <code>f</code>. <ul>
<li> If <code>policies</code> are supplied, it
will be applied to the function as described <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
"CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
<li>If <code>keywords</code> are
supplied, the keywords will be applied in order to the final
arguments of the resulting function.
arguments of the resulting function.
<li>If <code>Signature</code>
is supplied, it should be an instance of an <a
href="../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/front-extensible-sequence.html">MPL front-extensible
@@ -125,36 +125,33 @@ template &lt;class F, class Policies, class Keywords, class Signature&gt;
</dl>
<pre>
<a name=
"make_constructor-spec"></a>template &lt;class T, class ArgList, class Generator&gt;
<a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor();
template &lt;class ArgList, class Generator, class Policies&gt;
<a name="make_constructor-spec">template &lt;class F&gt;</a>
<a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(F f)
template &lt;class F, class Policies&gt;
<a href=
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(Policies const&amp; policies)
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(F f, Policies const&amp; policies)
template &lt;class F, class Policies, class KeywordsOrSignature&gt;
<a href=
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(F f, Policies const&amp; policies, KeywordsOrSignature const&amp; ks)
template &lt;class F, class Policies, class Keywords, class Signature&gt;
<a href=
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(F f, Policies const&amp; policies, Keywords const&amp; kw, Signature const&amp; sig)
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is a class type.
<code>Policies</code> is a model of <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>. <code>ArgList</code> is an <a
href="../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/forward-sequence.html">MPL sequence</a> of C++ argument
types (<i>A1,&nbsp;A2,...&nbsp;AN</i>) such that if
<code>a1,&nbsp;a2</code>...&nbsp;<code>aN</code> are objects of type
<i>A1,&nbsp;A2,...&nbsp;AN</i> respectively, the expression <code>new
Generator::apply&lt;T&gt;::type(a1,&nbsp;a2</code>...&nbsp;<code>aN</code>)
is valid. Generator is a model of <a href=
"HolderGenerator.html">HolderGenerator</a>.</dt>
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>F</code> is a
function pointer type. If <code>policies</code> are supplied, it must
be a model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>. If
<code>kewords</code> are supplied, it must be the result of a <a href=
"args.html#keyword-expression"><em>keyword-expression</em></a>
specifying no more arguments than the <a href=
"definitions.html#arity">arity</a> of <code>f</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when called
from Python, expects its first argument to be a Boost.Python extension
class object. It converts its remaining its arguments to C++ and passes
them to the constructor of a dynamically-allocated
<code>Generator::apply&lt;T&gt;::type</code> object, which is then
installed in the extension class object. In the second form, the
<code>policies</code> are applied to the arguments and result (<a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a>)
of the Python callable object</dt>
from Python, converts its arguments to C++ and calls <code>f</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> An instance of <a href=
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> which holds the new Python
@@ -186,7 +183,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(make_function_test)
def("choose_function", choose_function);
}
</pre>
It can be used this way in Python:
It can be used this way in Python:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from make_function_test import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = choose_function(1)
@@ -204,7 +201,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(make_function_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ RuntimeError: Unidentifiable C++ Exception
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ void set_first_element(numeric::array&amp; y, double value)
<p>Revised 07 October, 2006</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -74,6 +74,32 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></a></dt>
@@ -328,6 +354,102 @@ static void del(object const&amp;target, char const* key);
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct const_objattribute_policies
{
typedef object const& key_type;
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the
attribute access.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<h3><a name="objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a mutable <code>object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct objattribute_policies : const_objattribute_policies
{
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by
<code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_item_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></h3>
@@ -533,6 +655,11 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
template &lt;class A0, class A1,...class An&gt;
object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;,...An const&amp;) const;
detail::args_proxy operator* () const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
// truth value testing
//
typedef unspecified bool_type;
@@ -542,6 +669,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
//
proxy&lt;const_object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*) const;
proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*);
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&);
// item access
//
@@ -580,6 +709,25 @@ object operator()(A0 const&amp; a1, A1 const&amp; a2,...An const&amp; aN) const;
call&lt;object&gt;(object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this)).ptr(), a1,
a2,...aN)</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname>, and named
arguments given by the dictionary <varname>kwds</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
operator bool_type() const;
</pre>
@@ -608,6 +756,21 @@ proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const* name);
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> name is a <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of
<code>*this</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds
<code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt;
proxy&lt;const_object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key) const;
template &lt;class T&gt;
@@ -672,6 +835,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
object&amp; operator=(object const&amp;);
PyObject* ptr() const;
bool is_none() const;
};
}}}
</pre>
@@ -732,6 +897,14 @@ PyObject* ptr() const;
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a pointer to the internally-held Python
object.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
bool is_none() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> result of (ptr() == Py_None)</dt>
</dl>
<!-- -->
<h3><a name="proxy-spec"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code></h3>
@@ -938,11 +1111,11 @@ object sum_items(object seq)
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 January, 2006
15 March, 2010
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,112 +1,93 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
</head>
<div>
<body>
<div>
<img src="../../../../boost.png" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" align=
"center" width="277" height="86" />
<hr />
<img src="../../../../boost.png"
alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)"
align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>Pickle is a Python module for object
serialization, also known as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<hr>
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>
<p>It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions that
read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that can
be written to a file.</p>
Pickle is a Python module for object serialization, also known
as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<p>The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module through the
interface as described in detail in the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html">Python Library
Reference for pickle.</a> This interface involves the special methods
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt>, <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
as described in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully
compatible with Python's cPickle module.</p>
<hr />
<p>
It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions
that read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that
can be written to a file.
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>At the user level, the
Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special methods:
<p>
The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module
through the interface as described in detail in the
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html"
>Python Library Reference for pickle.</a> This interface
involves the special methods <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>,
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> as described
in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully compatible
with Python's cPickle module.
<dl>
<dt><strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong></dt>
<hr>
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
At the user level, the Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special
methods:
<p>If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.</p>
</dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
<dt><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<p>
If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method. This
method should return a Python object representing the state of the
instance.</dd>
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong>
<dt><strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method.
This method should return a Python object representing the state of
the instance.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by
the unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above).
Subsequently the unpickler tests if the new instance has a
<tt>__setstate__</tt> method. If so, this method is called with the
result of <tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.</dd>
</dl>The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr />
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong>
<h2>Examples</h2>There are three files in <tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt>
that show how to provide pickle support.
<hr />
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by the
unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above). Subsequently
the unpickler tests if the new instance has a <tt>__setstate__</tt>
method. If so, this method is called with the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example can be fully restored by passing the appropriate
argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient to define the
pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This is done in the
following way:
</dl>
The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr>
<h2>Examples</h2>
There are three files in
<tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt> that show how to
provide pickle support.
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The C++ class in this example can be fully restored by passing the
appropriate argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient
to define the pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>.
This is done in the following way:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -117,26 +98,28 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example contains member data that cannot be restored by any
of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to provide the
<tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of pickle interface
methods:
The C++ class in this example contains member data that cannot be
restored by any of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to
provide the <tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of
pickle interface methods:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -161,92 +144,76 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result
of <tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a
valid approach if it is anticipated that the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> will always be empty. Note that the safety guard
described below will catch the cases where this assumption is violated.
<p>For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a valid
approach if it is anticipated that the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> will
always be empty. Note that the safety guard described below will catch
the cases where this assumption is violated.</p>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>This
example is similar to <a href=
"../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of <tt>__getstate__</tt>.
This requires a little more code but is unavoidable if the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<hr />
This example is similar to <a
href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the
object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This requires a little more code but is
unavoidable if the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>The pickle protocol described above has
an important pitfall that the end user of a Boost.Python extension module
might not be aware of:
<hr>
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>
<p><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty.</strong></p>
The pickle protocol described above has an important pitfall that the
end user of a Boost.Python extension module might not be aware of:
<p>
<strong>
<tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt>
is not empty.
</strong>
<p>
<p>The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:</p>
The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:
<ul>
<li>his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be pickled
in order to restore the instances correctly.</li>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be
pickled in order to restore the instances correctly.
<li>the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<li>
the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.
</ul>
<p>
To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has
an attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is
raised if this attribute is not defined:
<pre>
<p>To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has an
attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is raised if
this attribute is not defined:</p>
<pre>
RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__getstate_manages_dict__ not set)
</pre>
To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard
should intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from
<a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
</pre>To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the <tt>
__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard should
intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from <a href=
"../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
// ...
static bool getstate_manages_dict() { return true; }
};
</pre>
Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
</pre>Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
import your_bpl_module
class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
__getstate_manages_dict__ = 1
@@ -255,54 +222,41 @@ is not empty.
def __setstate__(self, state):
# your code here
</pre>
<hr />
<hr>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<ul>
<li>
In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should
only be implemented for extension classes that will eventually
be pickled.
<ul>
<li>In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should only be
implemented for extension classes that will eventually be pickled.</li>
<p>
<li>
Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.
<li>Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.</li>
<p>
<li>
If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.
<li>If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</ul>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<hr>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The <tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique
for implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via
the <tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only
the basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>The
<tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique for
implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via the
<tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only the
basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.enable_pickling()
// ...
</pre>
This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described
in the Python documentation. By &quot;injecting&quot; a
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into the definition of the wrapped
class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
</pre>This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described in the
Python documentation. By "injecting" a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into
the definition of the wrapped class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
# import the wrapped world class
from pickle4_ext import world
@@ -312,18 +266,15 @@ class we make all instances pickleable:
# now inject __getinitargs__ (Python is a dynamic language!)
world.__getinitargs__ = world_getinitargs
</pre>
</pre>See also the <a href=
"../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">
tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr />
© Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under the
Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
See also the
<a href="../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"
>tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under
the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
<p>
Updated: Feb 2004.
</div>
<p>Updated: Feb 2004.</p>
</div>
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View File

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pointee_demo)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ design decisions and links to relevant discussions.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Python:
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(singleton)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ TypeError: No to_python (by-value) converter found for C++ type: class boost::sh
24 Jun, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(return_self_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
Mladenov 2003. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -167,12 +167,13 @@ PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
class Bar
{
public:
Bar(int x) : x(x) {}
int get_x() const { return x; }
void set_x(int x) { this-&gt;x = x; }
private:
int x;
}
};
class Foo
{
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ class Foo
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
{
class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar")
class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar", init&lt;int&gt;())
.def("get_x", &amp;Bar::get_x)
.def("set_x", &amp;Bar::set_x)
;
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(nested)
<p>Revised 09 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
object stop();
object step();
// The return type of slice::get_indicies()
// The return type of slice::get_indices()
template &lt;typename RandomAccessIterator&gt;
struct range
{
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
template &lt;typename RandomAccessIterator&gt;
range&lt;RandomAccessIterator&gt;
get_indicies(
get_indices(
RandomAccessIterator const&amp; begin,
RandomAccessIterator const&amp; end);
};
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ slice object, but in practice they are usually integers.</dt>
<pre>
template &lt;typename RandomAccessIterator&gt;
slice::range&lt;RandomAccessIterator&gt;
slice::get_indicies(
slice::get_indices(
RandomAccessIterator const&amp; begin,
RandomAccessIterator const&amp; end) const;
</pre>
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ slice::get_indicies(
Iterators that form a half-open range.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Create a RandomAccessIterator pair that defines a
fully-closed range within the [begin,end) range of its arguments.&nbsp;
This function translates this slice's indicies while accounting for the
effects of any PyNone or negative indicies, and non-singular step sizes.</dt>
This function translates this slice's indices while accounting for the
effects of any PyNone or negative indices, and non-singular step sizes.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a slice::range
that has been initialized with a non-zero value of step and a pair of
RandomAccessIterators that point within the range of this functions
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ arguments and define a closed interval.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <a href="definitions.html#raise">Raises</a> a Python <code>TypeError</code> exception if any of this slice's arguments
are neither references to <code>PyNone</code> nor convertible to <code>int</code>.&nbsp; Throws
<code>std::invalid_argument</code> if the resulting range would be empty.&nbsp; You
should always wrap calls to <code>slice::get_indicies()</code>
should always wrap calls to <code>slice::get_indices()</code>
within <code>try { ...; } catch (std::invalid_argument) {}</code> to
handle this case and take appropriate action.</dt>
<dt><b>Rationale</b>: closed-interval: If
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ double partial_sum(std::vector&lt;double&gt; const&amp; Foo, const slice index)
{
slice::range&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt;::const_iterator&gt; bounds;
try {
bounds = index.get_indicies&lt;&gt;(Foo.begin(), Foo.end());
bounds = index.get_indices&lt;&gt;(Foo.begin(), Foo.end());
}
catch (std::invalid_argument) {
return 0.0;

View File

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ ssize_t const ssize_t_min = INT_MIN;
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ str remove_angle_brackets(str x)
<p>Revised 3 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ struct reference_existing_object
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ PyObject* operator()(argument_type x) const;
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ tuple head_and_tail(object sequence)
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ bool is_int(T x)
</p>
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed under the Boost Software License,
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)<

View File

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
<hr>
<h2>
<a name="introduction">Introduction</a>
</h2>This header provides faciliites for establishing a lifetime
</h2>This header provides facilities for establishing a lifetime
dependency between two of a function's Python argument or result objects.
The <i>ward</i> object will not be destroyed until after the custodian as
long as the <i>custodian</i> object supports <a href=
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ struct return_internal_reference
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p>
<i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
</p>
</body>

View File

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(polymorphism)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2004</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

5
example/Jamroot Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -11,7 +11,10 @@ use-project boost
# boost_python library from the project whose global ID is
# /boost/python.
project
: requirements <library>/boost/python//boost_python ;
: requirements <library>/boost/python//boost_python
<implicit-dependency>/boost//headers
: usage-requirements <implicit-dependency>/boost//headers
;
# Declare the three extension modules. You can specify multiple
# source files after the colon separated by spaces.

View File

@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
# Edit this path to point at the tools/build/v2 subdirectory of your
# Edit this path to point at the tools/build/src subdirectory of your
# Boost installation. Absolute paths work, too.
boost-build ../../../tools/build/v2 ;
boost-build ../../../tools/build/src ;

4
example/quickstart/Jamroot Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ use-project boost
# /boost/python.
project boost-python-quickstart
: requirements <library>/boost/python//boost_python
<implicit-dependency>/boost//headers
: usage-requirements <implicit-dependency>/boost//headers
;
# Make the definition of the python-extension rule available
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ import testing ;
testing.make-test run-pyd : extending test_extending.py : : test_ext ;
# Declare a test of the embedding application
testing.run embedding
testing.run embedding embedding.cpp
: # any ordinary arguments
: script.py # any arguments that should be treated as relative paths
: # requirements

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