The upshot of the special member function invocation rules when the return type is a TypeWrapper is that it is possible for the returned object to manage a Python object of an inappropriate type. This is not usually a serious problem; the worst-case result is that errors will be detected at runtime a little later than they might otherwise be. For an example of how this can occur, note that the dict member function items returns an object of type list. Now suppose the user defines this dict subclass in Python:

>>> class mydict(dict):
...     def items(self):
...         return tuple(dict.items(self)) # return a tuple

Since an instance of mydict is also an instance of dict, when used as an argument to a wrapped C++ function, boost::python::dict can accept objects of Python type mydict. Invoking items() on this object can result in an instance of boost::python::list which actually holds a Python tuple. Subsequent attempts to use list methods (e.g. append, or any other mutating operation) on this object will raise the same exception that would occur if you tried to do it from Python.