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Author SHA1 Message Date
nobody
10c2fbd63a This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch
'iter-adaptor-and-categories'.

[SVN r10453]
2001-06-27 22:12:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
9b602d16b4 initial import
[SVN r8327]
2000-11-26 15:49:26 +00:00
414 changed files with 3336 additions and 40075 deletions

42
Jamfile
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@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
subproject libs/python ;
# bring in the rules for python
SEARCH on <module@>python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
include <module@>python.jam ;
local bpl-ldflags ;
if $(UNIX) && ( $(OS) = AIX )
{
bpl-linkflags = <linkflags>"-e initlibbpl" ;
}
dll bpl
:
src/list.cpp
src/long.cpp
src/dict.cpp
src/tuple.cpp
src/str.cpp
src/aix_init_module.cpp
src/converter/from_python.cpp
src/converter/registry.cpp
src/converter/type_id.cpp
src/object/class.cpp
src/object/function.cpp
src/object/inheritance.cpp
src/object/life_support.cpp
src/object/pickle_support.cpp
src/errors.cpp
src/module.cpp
src/converter/builtin_converters.cpp
src/converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
src/object/iterator.cpp
src/object_protocol.cpp
src/object_operators.cpp
:
$(BOOST_PYTHON_V2_PROPERTIES)
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
$(bpl-linkflags)
;

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@@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
# (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
# distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
# in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
# warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
#
# Boost.Python build and test Jamfile
#
# To run all tests quietly: jam test
# To run all tests with verbose output: jam -sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS=-v test
#
# Declares the following targets:
# 1. libboost_python.dll/.so, a dynamic library to be linked with all
# Boost.Python modules
#
# 2. pairs of test targets of the form <name>.test and <name>.run
# <name>.test runs the test when it is out-of-date, and the "test"
# pseudotarget depends on it. <name>.run runs
# a test unconditionally, and can be used to force a test to run.. Each
# test target builds one or more Boost.Python modules and runs a Python
# script to test them. The test names are:
#
# from ../test
#
# comprehensive - a comprehensive test of Boost.Python features
#
# from ../example:
# abstract -
# getting_started1 -
# getting_started2 -
# simple_vector -
# do_it_yourself_convts -
# pickle1 -
# pickle2 -
# pickle3 -
#
# dvect1 -
# dvect2 -
# ivect1 -
# ivect2 -
# noncopyable -
#
# subproject-specific environment/command-line variables:
#
# PYTHON - How to invoke the Python interpreter. Defaults to "python"
#
# PYTHON_ROOT - Windows only: where Python is installed. Defaults to "c:/tools/python"
#
# PYTHON_VERSION - Version of Python. Defaults to "2.1" on Windows, "1.5" on Unix
#
# PYTHON_TEST_ARGS - specifies arguments to be passed to test scripts on
# the command line. "-v" can be useful if you want to
# see the output of successful tests.
#
# PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS - specifies the number of test iterations to use for
# the dvect and ivect tests above.
# declare the location of this subproject relative to the root
subproject libs/python/build ;
# bring in the rules for python
SEARCH on <module@>python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
include <module@>python.jam ;
# This nasty hack works with versions of Python 1.5.2 -> 2.2 to avoid
# building any Python stuff if there's no installation.
SEARCH on <find-python-install>__init__.py = $(PYTHON_STDLIB_PATH)/test $(SUBDIR) ;
include <find-python-install>__init__.py ;
if ! $(gNO_PYTHON_INSTALL)
{
local PYTHON_PROPERTIES = $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) <define>BOOST_PYTHON_DYNAMIC_LIB ;
#######################
rule bpl-test ( test-name : sources + )
{
boost-python-test $(test-name) : $(sources) <dll>boost_python ;
}
#######################
#
# Declare the boost python static link library
#
# Base names of the source files for libboost_python
local CPP_SOURCES =
types classes conversions extension_class functions
init_function module_builder objects cross_module errors
;
lib boost_python_static : ../src/$(CPP_SOURCES).cpp
# requirements
: $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
<shared-linkable>true
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB=1
[ difference $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) : <define>BOOST_PYTHON_DYNAMIC_LIB ]
: <suppress>true # don't build this unless the user asks for it by name
;
dll boost_python
# $(SUFDLL[1])
: ../src/$(CPP_SOURCES).cpp
# requirements
: $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
<shared-linkable>true
<runtime-link>dynamic
$(PYTHON_PROPERTIES)
;
stage bin-stage : <dll>boost_python
:
<tag><debug>"_debug"
<tag><debug-python>"_pydebug"
:
debug release
;
############# comprehensive module and test ###########
bpl-test boost_python_test
: ../test/comprehensive.cpp ;
boost-python-runtest comprehensive
: ../test/comprehensive.py <pyd>boost_python_test <dll>boost_python ;
############# simple tests from ../example ############
rule boost-python-example-runtest ( name )
{
bpl-test $(name)
: ../example/$(name).cpp ;
boost-python-runtest $(name)
: ../example/test_$(name).py <pyd>$(name) <dll>boost_python ;
}
boost-python-example-runtest abstract ;
boost-python-example-runtest getting_started1 ;
boost-python-example-runtest getting_started2 ;
boost-python-example-runtest simple_vector ;
boost-python-example-runtest do_it_yourself_convts ;
boost-python-example-runtest pickle1 ;
boost-python-example-runtest pickle2 ;
boost-python-example-runtest pickle3 ;
bpl-test ivect : ../example/ivect.cpp ;
bpl-test dvect : ../example/dvect.cpp ;
bpl-test noncopyable_export : ../example/noncopyable_export.cpp ;
bpl-test noncopyable_import : ../example/noncopyable_import.cpp ;
############## cross-module tests from ../example ##########
# A simple rule to build a test which depends on multiple modules in the PYTHONPATH
rule boost-python-multi-example-runtest ( test-name : modules + )
{
boost-python-runtest $(test-name)
: ../example/tst_$(test-name).py <pyd>$(modules) <dll>boost_python
: : : $(PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS) ;
}
PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS ?= 10 ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest dvect1 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest dvect2 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest ivect1 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest ivect2 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest
noncopyable : noncopyable_import noncopyable_export ;
}

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@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
# Dummy file actually to be included by Jam when the python headers
# can't be found
if ! $(gNO_PYTHON_INSTALL)
{
ECHO "---------------------------------------------------------------------" ;
ECHO skipping Boost.Python library build ;
ECHO You can configure the location of your python installation, by setting: ;
ECHO "PYTHON_ROOT - currently" \"$(PYTHON_ROOT:J=" ")\" ;
ECHO "PYTHON_VERSION - The 2-part python Major.Minor version number (e.g." ;
ECHO " \"2.2\", NOT \"2.2.1\") - currently" \"$(PYTHON_VERSION)\" ;
ECHO ;
ECHO "The following are automatically configured from PYTHON_ROOT if not" ;
ECHO "otherwise set:" ;
ECHO " PYTHON_INCLUDES - path to Python #include directories; currently" \"$(PYTHON_INCLUDES:J=" ")\" ;
ECHO " PYTHON_LIB_PATH - path to Python library; currently" ;
ECHO " " \"$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH:J=" ")\" ;
ECHO " PYTHON_STDLIB_PATH - path to Python standard library modules; currently" ;
ECHO " " \"$(PYTHON_STDLIB_PATH:J=" ")\" ;
ECHO "---------------------------------------------------------------------" ;
}
gNO_PYTHON_INSTALL ?= true ;

241
build/bpl_static.dsp Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
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108
build/build.dsw Normal file
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BIN
build/build.opt Normal file

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@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ LIBSRC = \
classes.cpp \
conversions.cpp \
cross_module.cpp \
errors.cpp \
extension_class.cpp \
functions.cpp \
init_function.cpp \

136
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# Name "example1 - Win32 Debug"
# Name "example1 - Win32 DebugPython"
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SOURCE=..\..\example\example1.cpp
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View File

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ bpl_exa = "/libs/python/example"
files = (
bpl_src + "/classes.cpp",
bpl_src + "/conversions.cpp",
bpl_src + "/errors.cpp",
bpl_src + "/extension_class.cpp",
bpl_src + "/functions.cpp",
bpl_src + "/init_function.cpp",
@@ -24,8 +23,7 @@ bpl_exa + "/abstract.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/getting_started1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/getting_started2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/simple_vector.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/do_it_yourself_convts.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/nested.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/do_it_yourself_converters.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle3.cpp",
@@ -33,8 +31,7 @@ bpl_exa + "/test_abstract.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_simple_vector.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_do_it_yourself_convts.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_nested.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_do_it_yourself_converters.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle3.py",
@@ -55,13 +52,6 @@ bpl_exa + "/tst_dvect2.py",
bpl_exa + "/tst_ivect1.py",
bpl_exa + "/tst_ivect2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_cross_module.py",
bpl_exa + "/vector_wrapper.h",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp3.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp3.py",
)
defs = (
@@ -70,8 +60,7 @@ defs = (
"getting_started1",
"getting_started2",
"simple_vector",
"do_it_yourself_convts",
"nested",
"do_it_yourself_converters",
"pickle1",
"pickle2",
"pickle3",
@@ -79,9 +68,6 @@ defs = (
"noncopyable_import",
"ivect",
"dvect",
"richcmp1",
"richcmp2",
"richcmp3",
)
if (__name__ == "__main__"):

View File

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ LIBSRC = \
classes.cpp \
conversions.cpp \
cross_module.cpp \
errors.cpp \
extension_class.cpp \
functions.cpp \
init_function.cpp \

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
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View File

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
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!MESSAGE "getting_started2 - Win32 Debug" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE "getting_started2 - Win32 DebugPython" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE
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View File

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
STLPORTINC=-I$(BOOST)/boost/compatibility/cpp_c_headers
STDOPTS=
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ MAKEDEP=-M
LD=CC -LANG:std -n32 -mips4
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
@@ -43,12 +43,10 @@ DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
nested.o \
do_it_yourself_converters.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
ivect.o dvect.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
@@ -57,12 +55,10 @@ all: libboost_python.a \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
nested.so \
do_it_yourself_converters.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
ivect.so dvect.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
@@ -83,11 +79,8 @@ getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
do_it_yourself_converters.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o -o do_it_yourself_converters.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
@@ -112,15 +105,6 @@ ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
@@ -130,15 +114,11 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
@@ -147,8 +127,7 @@ clean:
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f nested.o nested.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
@@ -156,9 +135,6 @@ clean:
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
rm -rf ii_files

View File

@@ -17,12 +17,12 @@
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
STDOPTS=-fPIC -ftemplate-depth-21
WARNOPTS=
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ MAKEDEP=-M
LD=$(CPP)
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
@@ -44,12 +44,10 @@ DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
nested.o \
do_it_yourself_converters.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
ivect.o dvect.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
@@ -58,12 +56,10 @@ all: libboost_python.a \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
nested.so \
do_it_yourself_converters.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
ivect.so dvect.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
@@ -84,11 +80,8 @@ getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
do_it_yourself_converters.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o -o do_it_yourself_converters.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
@@ -113,15 +106,6 @@ ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
@@ -131,15 +115,11 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
@@ -148,8 +128,7 @@ clean:
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f nested.o nested.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
@@ -157,9 +136,6 @@ clean:
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
softlinks:

View File

@@ -30,16 +30,13 @@
# -fvtable-thunks eliminates the compiler warning, but
# "import boost_python_test" still causes a crash.
ROOT=R:
ROOT=L:
BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
PYINC=-I"C:\usr\include\python1.5"
PYLIB="C:\usr\lib\libpython15.a"
#PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
#PYINC=-I"C:\usr\include\python2.1"
#PYLIB="C:\usr\lib\libpython21.a"
STDOPTS=-ftemplate-depth-21
WARNOPTS=
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
LD=g++
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
@@ -62,15 +59,13 @@ all: libboost_python.a \
abstract.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
simple_vector.pyd \
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
nested.pyd \
do_it_yourself_converters.pyd \
pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
-del libboost_python.a
del libboost_python.a
ar r libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
DLLWRAPOPTS=-s --driver-name g++ -s \
@@ -106,17 +101,11 @@ simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
--def simple_vector.def \
$(OBJ) simple_vector.o $(PYLIB)
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
do_it_yourself_converters.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
--def do_it_yourself_convts.def \
$(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o $(PYLIB)
nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname nested.pyd \
--def nested.def \
$(OBJ) nested.o $(PYLIB)
--dllname do_it_yourself_converters.pyd \
--def do_it_yourself_converters.def \
$(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o $(PYLIB)
pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
@@ -160,24 +149,6 @@ dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.o
--def dvect.def \
$(OBJ) dvect.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp1.pyd \
--def richcmp1.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp1.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp2.pyd \
--def richcmp2.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp2.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp3.pyd \
--def richcmp3.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp3.o $(PYLIB)
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
@@ -187,21 +158,17 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
-del *.o
-del *.a
-del *.pyd
-del *.pyc
del *.o
del *.a
del *.pyd
del *.pyc
softlinks:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks

135
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# PROP Default_Filter "cpp;c;cxx;rc;def;r;odl;idl;hpj;bat"
# Begin Source File
SOURCE=..\..\test\comprehensive.cpp
# End Source File
# End Group
# Begin Group "Header Files"
# PROP Default_Filter "h;hpp;hxx;hm;inl"
# Begin Source File
SOURCE=..\..\test\comprehensive.hpp
# End Source File
# End Group
# Begin Group "Resource Files"
# PROP Default_Filter "ico;cur;bmp;dlg;rc2;rct;bin;rgs;gif;jpg;jpeg;jpe"
# End Group
# End Target
# End Project

View File

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
#STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b3/stlport
#STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b4/stlport
#STLPORTOPTS= \
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ LDOPTS=-shared -expect_unresolved 'Py*' -expect_unresolved '_Py*'
#HIDDEN=-hidden
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
@@ -54,12 +54,10 @@ DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
nested.o \
do_it_yourself_converters.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
ivect.o dvect.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
@@ -68,12 +66,10 @@ all: libboost_python.a \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
nested.so \
do_it_yourself_converters.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
ivect.so dvect.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
@@ -98,11 +94,8 @@ getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
do_it_yourself_converters.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o -o do_it_yourself_converters.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
@@ -127,15 +120,6 @@ ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
@@ -145,15 +129,11 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
@@ -162,8 +142,7 @@ clean:
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f nested.o nested.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
@@ -171,9 +150,6 @@ clean:
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
rm -rf cxx_repository

View File

@@ -1,9 +1,5 @@
# Usage:
#
# Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
# Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
# Adjust the pathnames below.
#
# make copy Copy the sources and tests
# make Compile all sources
# make test Run doctest tests
@@ -14,18 +10,15 @@
# 12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ROOT=R:
ROOT=L:
BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
#PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
#PYINC=/I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
#PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
PYINC=/I"C:\Python21\include"
PYLIB="C:\Python21\libs\python21.lib"
PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
PYINC=/I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
STDOPTS=/nologo /MD /GR /GX /Zm300 /DBOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
STDOPTS=/nologo /MD /GR /GX /Zm200
WARNOPTS=
OPTOPTS=
@@ -36,7 +29,7 @@ CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) /I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
LD=link.exe
LDOPTS=/nologo /dll /incremental:no
OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj errors.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
init_function.obj module_builder.obj \
objects.obj types.obj cross_module.obj
@@ -47,12 +40,10 @@ all: boost_python.lib \
abstract.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
simple_vector.pyd \
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
nested.pyd \
do_it_yourself_converters.pyd \
pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd
boost_python.lib: $(OBJ)
$(LD) -lib /nologo /out:boost_python.lib $(OBJ)
@@ -72,11 +63,8 @@ getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj
simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initsimple_vector /out:"simple_vector.pyd"
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdo_it_yourself_convts /out:"do_it_yourself_convts.pyd"
nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initnested /out:"nested.pyd"
do_it_yourself_converters.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdo_it_yourself_converters /out:"do_it_yourself_converters.pyd"
pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle1 /out:"pickle1.pyd"
@@ -99,15 +87,6 @@ ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.obj
dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) dvect.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdvect /out:"dvect.pyd"
richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp1 /out:"richcmp1.pyd"
richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp2 /out:"richcmp2.pyd"
richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp3 /out:"richcmp3.pyd"
.cpp.obj:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) /c $*.cpp
@@ -117,23 +96,19 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py --broken-auto-ptr
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
-del *.obj
-del *.lib
-del *.exp
-del *.idb
-del *.pyd
-del *.pyc
del *.obj
del *.lib
del *.exp
del *.idb
del *.pyd
del *.pyc
softlinks:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks

View File

@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
# Usage:
#
# make copy Copy the sources and tests
# make Compile all sources
# make test Run doctest tests
# make clean Remove all object files
# make del Remove the sources and tests
#
# Revision history:
# 14 Dec 01 derived from vc60.mak (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
ROOT=R:
BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
#PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
#PYINC=-I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
#PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
PYINC=-I"C:\Python21\include"
PYLIB="C:\Python21\libs\python21.lib"
STDOPTS=-gccinc -prefix UseDLLPrefix.h -DBOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
WARNOPTS=-warn on,nounusedexpr,nounused
OPTOPTS=-O
CPP=mwcc
CPPOPTS=$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS) \
$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC)
LD=mwld
LDOPTS=-export dllexport -shared
OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj errors.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
init_function.obj module_builder.obj \
objects.obj types.obj cross_module.obj
.SUFFIXES: .obj .cpp
all: libboost_python.lib \
boost_python_test.pyd \
abstract.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
simple_vector.pyd \
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
nested.pyd \
pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
libboost_python.lib: $(OBJ)
$(LD) -library -o libboost_python.lib $(OBJ)
boost_python_test.pyd: $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj $(PYLIB) -o boost_python_test.pyd
abstract.pyd: $(OBJ) abstract.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.obj $(PYLIB) -o abstract.pyd
getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj $(PYLIB) -o getting_started1.pyd
getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj $(PYLIB) -o getting_started2.pyd
simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj $(PYLIB) -o simple_vector.pyd
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj $(PYLIB) -o do_it_yourself_convts.pyd
nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.obj $(PYLIB) -o nested.pyd
pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.obj $(PYLIB) -o pickle1.pyd
pickle2.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.obj $(PYLIB) -o pickle2.pyd
pickle3.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.obj $(PYLIB) -o pickle3.pyd
noncopyable_export.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj $(PYLIB) -o noncopyable_export.pyd
noncopyable_import.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj $(PYLIB) -o noncopyable_import.pyd
ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) ivect.obj $(PYLIB) -o ivect.pyd
dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) dvect.obj $(PYLIB) -o dvect.pyd
richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj $(PYLIB) -o richcmp1.pyd
richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj $(PYLIB) -o richcmp2.pyd
richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj $(PYLIB) -o richcmp3.pyd
.cpp.obj:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
test:
$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
-del *.obj
-del *.lib
-del *.exp
-del *.idb
-del *.pyd
-del *.pyc
softlinks:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks
unlink:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) unlink
cp:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) cp
rm:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) rm
copy:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) copy
del:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) del

View File

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
call "c:\program files\metrowerks\codewarrior\other metrowerks tools\command line tools\cwenv.bat"
set MWWinx86LibraryFiles=MSL_All-DLL_x86.lib;gdi32.lib;user32.lib;kernel32.lib

View File

@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
H1
{
FONT-SIZE: 200%
COLOR: #00007f
}
H2
{
FONT-SIZE: 150%;
}
H3
{
FONT-SIZE: 125%;
}
H4
{
FONT-SIZE: 108%;
}
BODY
{
FONT-SIZE: 100%;
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff
}
PRE
{
MARGIN-LEFT: 2pc;
FONT-SIZE: 80%;
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #dfffff
}
CODE
{
FONT-SIZE: 95%;
white-space: pre
}
.index
{
TEXT-ALIGN: left
}
.page-index
{
TEXT-ALIGN: left
}
.definition
{
TEXT-ALIGN: left
}
.footnote
{
FONT-SIZE: 66%;
VERTICAL-ALIGN: super;
TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
.function-semantics
{
CLEAR: left
}
.metafunction-semantics
{
CLEAR: left
}

View File

@@ -9,214 +9,172 @@
"../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Building an
Extension Module</h1>
<h2>Building Boost.Python</h2>
<p>The build process for Boost is currently undergoing some evolution,
and, it is to be hoped, improvement. The following facts may help:
<p>Every Boost.Python extension module must be linked with the
<code>boost_python</code> shared library. To build
<code>boost_python</code>, use <a
href="../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> in the
usual way from the <code>libs/python/build</code> subdirectory
of your boost installation (if you have already built boost from
the top level this may have no effect, since the work is already
done).
<h3>Configuration</h3>
You may need to configure the following variables to point Boost.Build at your Python installation:
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Variable Name <th>Semantics <th>Default <th>Notes
<tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>
<td>The root directory of your Python installation
<td>Windows:&nbsp;<code>c:/tools/python</code>
Unix:&nbsp;<code>/usr/local</code>
<td>On Unix, this is the <code>--with-prefix=</code> directory
used to configure Python
<tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_VERSION</code>
<td>The The 2-part python Major.Minor version number
<td>Windows:&nbsp;<code>2.1</code>
Unix:&nbsp;<code>1.5</code>
<td>Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <b>not</b>
&quot;<code>2.2.1</code>&quot;, even if that's the version you
have.
<tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_INCLUDES</code>
<td>path to Python <code>#include</code> directories
<td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>
<tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_LIB_PATH</code>
<td>path to Python library object.
<td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>
<tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_STDLIB_PATH</code>
<td>path to Python standard library modules
<td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>
<tr>
<td><code>CYGWIN_ROOT</code>
<td>path to the user's Cygwin installation
<td>
<td><a href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> only. This and the following two settings are
useful when building with multiple toolsets on Windows, since
Cygwin requires a different build of Python.
<tr>
<td><code>GCC_PYTHON_ROOT</code>
<td>path to the user's Cygwin Python installation
<td><code>$(CYGWIN_ROOT)/usr/local</code>
<td><a href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> only
<tr>
<td><code>GCC_DEBUG_PYTHON_ROOT</code>
<td>path to the user's Cygwin <code><a
href="#variants">pydebug</a></code> build
<td><code>$(CYGWIN_ROOT)/usr/local/pydebug</code>
<td><a href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> only
</table>
<h3>Results</h3>
<p>The build process will create a
<code>libs/python/build/bin-stage</code> subdirectory of the
boost root (or of <code>$(ALL_LOCATE_TARGET)</code>,
if you have set that variable), containing the built
libraries. The libraries are actually built to unique
directories for each toolset and variant elsewhere in the
filesystem, and copied to the
<code>bin-stage</code> directory as a convenience, so if you
build with multiple toolsets at once, the product of later
toolsets will overwrite that of earlier toolsets in
<code>bin-stage</code>.
<h3>Testing</h3>
<p>To build and test Boost.Python from within the
<code>libs/python/build</code> directory, invoke
<blockquote>
<pre>
bjam -sTOOLS=<i><a href="../../../tools/build/index.html#Tools">toolset</a></i> test
</pre>
</blockquote>
This will
update all of the Boost.Python v1 test and example targets. The tests
are relatively quiet by default. To get more-verbose output, you might try
<blockquote>
<pre>
bjam -sTOOLS=<i><a href="../../../tools/build/index.html#Tools">toolset</a></i> -sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS=-v test
</pre>
</blockquote>
which will print each test's Python code with the expected output as
it passes.
<h2>Building your Extension Module</h2>
Though there are other approaches, the easiest way to build an
extension module using Boost.Python is with Boost.Build. Until
Boost.Build v2 is released, cross-project build dependencies are
not supported, so it works most smoothly if you add a new
subproject to your boost installation. The
<code>libs/python/example</code> subdirectory of your boost
installation contains a minimal example (along with many extra
sources). To copy the example subproject:
<ol>
<li>Create a new subdirectory in, <code>libs/python</code>, say
<code>libs/python/my_project</code>.
<li>Copy <code><a
href="../example/Jamfile">libs/python/example/Jamfile</a></code>
to your new directory.
<li>Edit the Jamfile as appropriate for your project. You'll
want to change the &quot;<code>subproject</code>&quot; rule
invocation at the top, and the names of some of the source files
and/or targets.
</ol>
If you can't modify or copy your boost installation, the
alternative is to create your own Boost.Build project. A similar
example you can use as a starting point is available in <code><a
href="../example/project.zip">this archive</a></code>. You'll
need to edit the Jamfile and Jamrules files, depending on the
relative location of your Boost installation and the new
project. Note that automatic testing of extension modules is not
available in this configuration.
<h2><a name="variants">Build Variants</a></h2>
Three <a
href="../../../tools/build/build_system.htm#variants">variant</a>
configurations of all python-related targets are supported, and
can be selected by setting the <code><a
href="../../../tools/build/build_system.htm#user_globals">BUILD</a></code>
variable:
<hr>
Makefiles for various platforms and a Visual Studio project
reside in the Boost subdirectory <tt>libs/python/build</tt>.
Build targets include:
<ul>
<li><code>release</code> (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)
<li>The <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static linking with your
extension module. On the various Unices, this library will be
called <tt>libboost_python.a</tt>. When using Visual C++, the
library will be called <tt>boost_python.lib</tt>.
<li><code>debug</code> (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)
<p>
<li>A comprehensive test of Boost.Python features. This test builds
a Boost.Python extension module, then runs Python to import the
module, and runs a series of tests on it using <tt><a href=
"../test/doctest.py">doctest</a></tt>. Source code for the module
and tests is available in the Boost subdirectory
<tt>libs/python/test</tt>.
<li><code>debug-python</code> (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
<p>
<li>Various examples from the Boost subdirectory
<tt>libs/python/example</tt>.
All these examples include a doctest modeled
on the comprehensive test above.
</ul>
<hr>
There is a group of makefiles with support for simultaneous
compilation on multiple platforms and a consistent set of
features that build the <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static
linking, the comprehensive test, and all examples in
<tt>libs/python/example</tt>:
<ul>
<li><a href="../build/vc60.mak">vc60.mak</a>:
Visual C++ 6.0 Service Pack 4
<li><a href="../build/mingw32.mak">mingw32.mak</a>:
mingw32 (Win32-targeted) gcc 2.95.2
<li><a href="../build/linux_gcc.mak">linux_gcc.mak</a>:
gcc 2.95.2 on Linux/Unix
<li><a href="../build/tru64_cxx.mak">tru64_cxx.mak</a>:
Compaq Alpha using the Compaq cxx compiler
<li><a href="../build/irix_CC.mak">irix_CC.mak</a>:
Silicon Graphics IRIX 6.5 CC compiler
</ul>
<a href="http://cctbx.sourceforge.net/page_installation_adv.html#installation_boost_python"
>Usage of these makefiles is described here.</a>
<hr>
There is another group of makefiles for GNU make.
These makefiles are less redundant than the makefiles
in the group above,
but the list of compilation targets is not as complete
and there is no support for simultaneous compilation
on multiple platforms.
<ul>
<li><a href="../build/como.mak">como.mak</a>:
Comeau C++ on Linux
<li><a href="../build/gcc.mak">gcc.mak</a>:
GCC on Linux/Unix.
</ul>
<hr>
A project workspace for Microsoft Visual Studio is provided at <tt><a
href="../build/build.dsw">libs/python/build/build.dsw</a></tt>. The
include paths for this project may need to be changed for your
installation. They currently assume that python has been installed at
<tt>c:\tools\python</tt>. Three configurations of all targets are
supported:
<ul>
<li>Release (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)
<li>Debug (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)
<li>DebugPython (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>)
</ul>
<p>The first two variants of the <code>boost_python</code>
library are built by default, and are compatible with the
default Python distribution. The <code>debug-python</code>
variant corresponds to a specially-built debugging version of
Python. On Unix platforms, this python is built by adding
<code>--with-pydebug</code> when configuring the Python
build. On Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated
by the &quot;Win32 Debug&quot; target of the
<code>PCBuild.dsw</code> Visual C++ 6.0 project in the
<code>PCBuild</code> subdirectory of your Python distribution.
Extension modules built with Python debugging enabled are <b>not
link-compatible</b> with a non-debug build of Python. Since few
people actually have a debug build of Python (it doesn't come
with the standard distribution), the normal
<code>debug</code> variant builds modules which are compatible
with ordinary Python.
<p>On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built
with
<p>When extension modules are built with Visual C++ using
<tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>, Python defaults to <i>force</i> linking with a
special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since this debug DLL
isn't supplied with the default Python installation for Windows,
Boost.Python uses <tt><a href=
"../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a></tt>
to temporarily undefine <tt>_DEBUG</tt> when <tt>Python.h</tt> is
<tt>#include</tt>d - unless <code>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</code> is defined.
<tt>#include</tt>d.
<p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the
debugging version of the library, <tt>#define
BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to re-enable python debuggin, and link
with the <code>debug-python</code> variant of
<tt>boost_python</tt>.
<p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the debugging
version of the library, <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to
re-enable library forcing, and link with the DebugPython version of
<tt>boost_python.lib</tt>. You'll need to get the debugging version
of the Python executable (<tt>python_d.exe</tt>) and DLL
(<tt>python20_d.dll</tt> or <tt>python15_d.dll</tt>). The Python
sources include project files for building these. If you <a href=
"http://www.python.org">download</a> them, change the name of the
top-level directory to <tt>src</tt>, and install it under
<tt>c:\tools\python</tt>, the workspace supplied by Boost.Python will
be able to use it without modification. Just open
<tt>c:\tools\python\src\pcbuild\pcbuild.dsw</tt> and invoke "build
all" to generate all the debugging targets.
<p>If you do not <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>, be sure that
any source files in your extension module <tt>#include &lt;<a href=
any source files <tt>#include &lt;<a href=
"../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a>&gt;</tt>
instead of the usual <tt>Python.h</tt>, or you will have link
incompatibilities.<br>
<hr>
If your platform isn't directly supported, you can build a static
library from the following source files (in the Boost subdirectory
<tt>libs/python/src</tt>), or compile them directly and link the
resulting objects into your extension module:
<ul>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/classes.cpp">classes.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/conversions.cpp">conversions.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/cross_module.cpp">cross_module.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/extension_class.cpp">extension_class.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/functions.cpp">functions.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/init_function.cpp">init_function.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/module_builder.cpp">module_builder.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/objects.cpp">objects.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/types.cpp">types.cpp</a>
</ul>
<hr>
Next: <a href="enums.html">Wrapping Enums</a> Previous: <a href=
"under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a> Up: <a href=
"index.html">Top</a>
<hr>
<p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use, modify,
<p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
any purpose.
<p>Updated: May 15, 2002 (David Abrahams)
<p>Updated: Apr 17, 2001 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
</div>

View File

@@ -91,8 +91,8 @@ initialization. These bind the corresponding enum values to the appropriate
names so they can be used from Python:
<blockquote><pre>
mymodule.add(boost::python::make_ref(enum_value_1), "enum_value_1");
mymodule.add(boost::python::make_ref(enum_value_2), "enum_value_2");
mymodule.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_1), "enum_value_1");
mymodule.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_2), "enum_value_2");
...
</pre></blockquote>

View File

@@ -37,12 +37,19 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
// Add regular functions to the module.
this_module.def(greet, "greet");
this_module.def(square, "square");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}
</pre>
</blockquote>

View File

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
@@ -63,6 +65,11 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
// Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}
</blockquote></pre>
<p>
@@ -91,12 +98,6 @@ Notes:<ul>
<li>Any function added to a class whose initial argument matches the class (or
any base) will act like a member function in Python.
<li>To define a nested class, just pass the enclosing
<tt>class_builder</tt> (instead of a <tt>module_builder</tt>) as the
first argument to the nested <tt>class_builder</tt>'s constructor.
</ul>
<p>
We can even make a subclass of <code>hello.world</code>:

View File

@@ -16,101 +16,62 @@
intrusive on your C++ design. In most cases, you should not have to alter
your C++ classes in any way in order to use them with Boost.Python. The system
<em>should</em> simply ``reflect'' your C++ classes and functions into
Python.
Python. The major features of Boost.Python include support for:
<ul>
<li><a href="inheritance.html">Subclassing extension types in Python</a>
<li><a href="overriding.html">Overriding virtual functions in Python</a>
<li><a href="overloading.html">[Member] function Overloading</a>
<li><a href="special.html#numeric_auto">Automatic wrapping of numeric operators</a>
</ul>
among others.
<p>
<table border="1">
<tr><td> <b>Note:</b> this is the last official release of
Boost.Python v1. Development of this version of the library has
stopped; it will be retired soon in favor of the redesigned and
improved version 2. A summary of the development goals is available on
the Python <a href="http://www.python.org/sigs/c++-sig/">C++-sig</a>
page, which also serves as a mailing list for users of both versions
of the library. A preview of the v2 documentation is available <a
href="http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/*checkout*/boost/boost/libs/python/doc/v2/index.html?rev=HEAD&content-type=text/html">here</a>,
and instructions for getting started with a prerelease are available
upon request.
</table>
<h2>Supported Platforms</h2>
<p>Boost.Python is known to have been tested
against <a href="http://www.python/org/2.2.1">Python 2.2.1</a> using
the following compilers:
<p>Boost.Python is known to have been tested in the following configurations:
<ul>
<li>Against Python 2.0 using the following compiler/library combinations:
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/downloads/updates/sp/vs6/sp5/default.asp">MSVC++6sp5</a>.
All tests pass.
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>
with the native library.
<li><a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/downloads/updates/sp/vs6/sp5/default.asp">MSVC++6sp5</a>
with <a href="http://www.stlport.org">STLPort</a>-4.5.3. A compiler bug interferes with
<a
href="../example/simple_vector.cpp">libs/python/example/simple_vector.cpp</a>. All
other tests pass.
<li>An upcoming release of <a
href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks
CodeWarrior Pro6 for Windows</a> with the native library (the first
release has a bug that's fatal to Boost.Python)
<p>
<li><a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/visualc/">MSVC++7 (Visual
Studio .NET)</a>. All tests pass.
<p>
<li><a href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks
CodeWarrior Pro7.2 and Pro7.0 for Windows</a>. All tests pass.
<p>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org">GCC 3.0.4</a> under <a
href="http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> and
<a href="http://www.redhat.com/">RedHat Linux 7.1</a>.
All tests pass.
<p>
<li>Compaq C++ V6.2-024 for Digital UNIX (an <a
href="http://www.edg.com/">EDG</a>-based compiler).
All tests pass.<br>
Note that the Boost.Compatibility
library must be included (see e.g. tru64_cxx.mak in the build
directory).
<p>
<li>Silicon Graphics MIPSpro Version 7.3.1.2m (an <a
href="http://www.edg.com/">EDG</a>-based compiler).
All tests pass.<br>
Note that the Boost.Compatibility
library must be included (see e.g. irix_CC.mak in the build
directory).
<p>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org">GCC 2.95.2</a> under <a
href="http://www.mingw.org">MinGW</a> and <a
href="http://www.redhat.com/">RedHat Linux 7.1</a>.
Compilation succeeds, but some tests fail at runtime due to
exception handling bugs. It is therefore highly recommended
to use GCC 3.0.4 instead.
<p>
<li><a
<li><a
href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/c50/">Intel
C++ 6.0</a> beta: Comprehensive test fails to link due to a
linker bug. Other tests seem to work.
<p>
<li><a
href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/c50/">Intel
C++ 5.0</a> Comprehensive test fails at runtime due to an
exception-handling bug. Other tests seem to work.
C++ 5.0</a>. Compilation succeeds, but tests <font
color="#FF0000"><b>FAILED at runtime</b></font> due to a bug in its
exception-handling implementation.
</ul>
<p>
Note that pickling doesn't work with Python 2.2
due to a core language bug. This is fixed in
<a href="http://www.python/org/2.2.1">2.2.1</a>.
<li>Against Python 1.5.2 using the following compiler/library:
<p>
Boost.Python has also been used with other versions of Python back to
Python 1.5.2. It is expected that the older Python releases still work,
but we are not regularly testing for backward compatibility.
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>
<li><a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>/<a
href="http://www.stlport.org">STLport 4.0</a>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC 2.95.2</a> [by <a href="mailto:koethe@informatik.uni-hamburg.de">Ullrich
Koethe</a>]
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC 2.95.2</a>/<a href="http://www.stlport.org">STLport 4.0</a>
<li>Compaq C++ V6.2-024 for Digital UNIX V5.0 Rev. 910 (an <a
href="http://www.edg.com/">EDG</a>-based compiler) with <a
href="http://www.stlport.org/beta.html">STLport-4.1b3</a> [by <a
href="mailto:rwgk@cci.lbl.gov">Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve</a>]
<li>An upcoming release of <a href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks CodeWarrior
Pro6 for Windows</a> (the first release has a bug that's fatal to Boost.Python)
</ul>
</ul>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<ul>
@@ -191,8 +152,8 @@ but we are not regularly testing for backward compatibility.
href="../test/comprehensive.cpp">cpp</a>]</code>
<p>
Questions should be directed to the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/sigs/c++-sig/">Python C++ SIG</a>.
Questions should be directed to <a href=
"http://www.yahoogroups.com/list/boost">the boost mailing list</a>.
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify,
@@ -201,5 +162,5 @@ but we are not regularly testing for backward compatibility.
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Apr 2002
Updated: Mar 6, 2001

View File

@@ -78,19 +78,26 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
{
    python::module_builder my_module("my_module");
    python::class_builder&lt;Base&gt; base_class(my_module, "Base");
    base_class.def(python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
    python::class_builder&lt;Derived&gt; derived_class(my_module, "Derived");
    derived_class.def(python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
<b>// Establish the inheritance relationship between Base and Derived
derived_class.declare_base(base_class);</b>
my_module.def(derived_as_base, "derived_as_base");
my_module.def(get_name, "get_name");
my_module.def(get_derived_x, "get_derived_x");
    try
    {
       python::module_builder my_module("my_module");
       python::class_builder&lt;Base&gt; base_class(my_module, "Base");
       base_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
       python::class_builder&lt;Derived&gt; derived_class(my_module, "Derived");
       derived_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
<b>// Establish the inheritance relationship between Base and Derived
derived_class.declare_base(base_class);</b>
my_module.def(derived_as_base, "derived_as_base");
my_module.def(get_name, "get_name");
my_module.def(get_derived_x, "get_derived_x");
    }
    catch(...)
    {
       python::handle_exception();    // Deal with the exception for Python
    }
}
</pre>
</blockquote>
@@ -137,10 +144,10 @@ struct Derived2 { int f(); };
<hr>
...
   python::class_builder&lt;Base&gt; base2_class(my_module, "Base2");
   base2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
   base2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
   python::class_builder&lt;Derived2&gt; derived2_class(my_module, "Derived2");
   derived2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
   derived2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
derived_class.declare_base(base_class, <b>python::without_downcast</b>);
</pre>
</blockquote>

View File

@@ -1,326 +0,0 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>A New Type Conversion Mechanism for Boost.Python</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
<p><img border="0" src="../../../c++boost.gif" width="277" height="86"
alt="boost logo"></p>
<h1>A New Type Conversion Mechanism for Boost.Python</h1>
<p>By <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">David Abrahams</a>.
<h2>Introduction</h2>
This document describes a redesign of the mechanism for automatically
converting objects between C++ and Python. The current implementation
uses two functions for any type <tt>T</tt>:
<blockquote><pre>
U from_python(PyObject*, type&lt;T&gt;);
void to_python(V);
</pre></blockquote>
where U is convertible to T and T is convertible to V. These functions
are at the heart of C++/Python interoperability in Boost.Python, so
why would we want to change them? There are many reasons:
<h3>Bugs</h3>
<p>Firstly, the current mechanism relies on a common C++ compiler
bug. This is not just embarrassing: as compilers get to be more
conformant, the library stops working. The issue, in detail, is the
use of inline friend functions in templates to generate
conversions. It is a very powerful, and legal technique as long as
it's used correctly:
<blockquote><pre>
template &lt;class Derived&gt;
struct add_some_functions
{
friend <i>return-type</i> some_function1(..., Derived <i>cv-*-&amp;-opt</i>, ...);
friend <i>return-type</i> some_function2(..., Derived <i>cv-*-&amp;-opt</i>, ...);
};
template &lt;class T&gt;
struct some_template : add_some_functions&lt;some_template&lt;T&gt; &gt;
{
};
</pre></blockquote>
The <tt>add_some_functions</tt> template generates free functions
which operate on <tt>Derived</tt>, or on related types. Strictly
speaking the related types are not just cv-qualified <tt>Derived</tt>
values, pointers and/or references. Section 3.4.2 in the standard
describes exactly which types you must use as parameters to these
functions if you want the functions to be found
(there is also a less-technical description in section 11.5.1 of
C++PL3 <a href="#ref_1">[1]</a>). Suffice it to say that
with the current design, the <tt>from_python</tt> and
<tt>to_python</tt> functions are not supposed to be callable under any
conditions!
<h3>Compilation and Linking Time</h3>
The conversion functions generated for each wrapped class using the
above technique are not function templates, but regular functions. The
upshot is that they must <i>all</i> be generated regardless of whether
they are actually used. Generating all of those functions can slow
down module compilation, and resolving the references can slow down
linking.
<h3>Efficiency</h3>
The conversion functions are primarily used in (member) function
wrappers to convert the arguments and return values. Being functions,
converters have no interface which allows us to ask &quot;will the
conversion succeed?&quot; without calling the function. Since the
return value of the function must be the object to be passed as an
argument, Boost.Python currently uses C++ exception-handling to detect
an unsuccessful conversion. It's not a particularly good use of
exception-handling, since the failure is not handled very far from
where it occurred. More importantly, it means that C++ exceptions are
thrown during overload resolution as we seek an overload that matches
the arguments passed. Depending on the implementation, this approach
can result in significant slowdowns.
<p>It is also unclear that the current library generates a minimal
amount of code for any type conversion. Many of the conversion
functions are nontrivial, and partly because of compiler limitations,
they are declared <tt>inline</tt>. Also, we could have done a better
job separating the type-specific conversion code from the code which
is type-independent.
<h3>Cross-module Support</h3>
The current strategy requires every module to contain the definition
of conversions it uses. In general, a new module can never supply
conversion code which is used by another module. Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve
designed a clever system which imports conversions directly from one
library into another using some explicit declarations, but it has some
disadvantages also:
<ol>
<li>The system Ullrich Koethe designed for implicit conversion between
wrapped classes related through inheritance does not currently work if
the classes are defined in separate modules.
<li>The writer of the importing module is required to know the name of
the module supplying the imported conversions.
<li>There can be only one way to extract any given C++ type from a
Python object in a given module.
</ol>
The first item might be addressed by moving Boost.Python into a shared
library, but the other two cannot. Ralf turned the limitation in item
two into a feature: the required module is loaded implicitly when a
conversion it defines is invoked. We will probably want to provide
that functionality anyway, but it's not clear that we should require
the declaration of all such conversions. The final item is a more
serious limitation. If, for example, new numeric types are defined in
separate modules, and these types can all be converted to
<tt>double</tt>s, we have to choose just one conversion method.
<h3>Ease-of-use</h3>
One persistent source of confusion for users of Boost.Python has been
the fact that conversions for a class are not be visible at
compile-time until the declaration of that class has been seen. When
the user tries to expose a (member) function operating on or returning
an instance of the class in question, compilation fails...even though
the user goes on to expose the class in the same translation unit!
<p>
The new system lifts all compile-time checks for the existence of
particular type conversions and replaces them with runtime checks, in
true Pythonic style. While this might seem cavalier, the compile-time
checks are actually not much use in the current system if many classes
are wrapped in separate modules, since the checks are based only on
the user's declaration that the conversions exist.
<h2>The New Design</h2>
<h3>Motivation</h3>
The new design was heavily influenced by a desire to generate as
little code as possible in extension modules. Some of Boost.Python's
clients are enormous projects where link time is proportional to the
amount of object code, and there are many Python extension modules. As
such, we try to keep type-specific conversion code out of modules
other than the one the converters are defined in, and rely as much as
possible on centralized control through a shared library.
<h3>The Basics</h3>
The library contains a <tt>registry</tt> which maps runtime type
identifiers (actually an extension of <tt>std::type_info</tt> which
preserves references and constness) to entries containing type
converters. An <tt>entry</tt> can contain only one converter from C++ to Python
(<tt>wrapper</tt>), but many converters from Python to C++
(<tt>unwrapper</tt>s). <font color="#ff0000">What should happen if
multiple modules try to register wrappers for the same type?</font>. Wrappers
and unwrappers are known as <tt>body</tt> objects, and are accessed
by the user and the library (in its function-wrapping code) through
corresponding <tt>handle</tt> (<tt>wrap&lt;T&gt;</tt> and
<tt>unwrap&lt;T&gt;</tt>) objects. The <tt>handle</tt> objects are
extremely lightweight, and delegate <i>all</i> of their operations to
the corresponding <tt>body</tt>.
<p>
When a <tt>handle</tt> object is constructed, it accesses the
registry to find a corresponding <tt>body</tt> that can convert the
handle's constructor argument. Actually the registry record for any
type
<tt>T</tt>used in a module is looked up only once and stored in a
static <tt>registration&lt;T&gt;</tt> object for efficiency. For
example, if the handle is an <tt>unwrap&lt;Foo&amp;&gt;</tt> object,
the <tt>entry</tt> for <tt>Foo&amp;</tt> is looked up in the
<tt>registry</tt>, and each <tt>unwrapper</tt> it contains is queried
to determine if it can convert the
<tt>PyObject*</tt> with which the <tt>unwrap</tt> was constructed. If
a body object which can perform the conversion is found, a pointer to
it is stored in the handle. A body object may at any point store
additional data in the handle to speed up the conversion process.
<p>
Now that the handle has been constructed, the user can ask it whether
the conversion can be performed. All handles can be tested as though
they were convertible to <tt>bool</tt>; a <tt>true</tt> value
indicates success. If the user forges ahead and tries to do the
conversion without checking when no conversion is possible, an
exception will be thrown as usual. The conversion itself is performed
by the body object.
<h3>Handling complex conversions</h3>
<p>Some conversions may require a dynamic allocation. For example,
when a Python tuple is converted to a <tt>std::vector&lt;double&gt;
const&amp;</tt>, we need some storage into which to construct the
vector so that a reference to it can be formed. Furthermore, multiple
conversions of the same type may need to be &quot;active&quot;
simultaneously, so we can't keep a single copy of the storage
anywhere. We could keep the storage in the <tt>body</tt> object, and
have the body clone itself in case the storage is used, but in that
case the storage in the body which lives in the registry is never
used. If the storage was actually an object of the target type (the
safest way in C++), we'd have to find a way to construct one for the
body in the registry, since it may not have a default constructor.
<p>
The most obvious way out of this quagmire is to allocate the object using a
<i>new-expression</i>, and store a pointer to it in the handle. Since
the <tt>body</tt> object knows everything about the data it needs to
allocate (if any), it is also given responsibility for destroying that
data. When the <tt>handle</tt> is destroyed it asks the <tt>body</tt>
object to tear down any data it may have stored there. In many ways,
you can think of the <tt>body</tt> as a &quot;dynamically-determined
vtable&quot; for the handle.
<h3>Eliminating Redundancy</h3>
If you look at the current Boost.Python code, you'll see that there
are an enormous number of conversion functions generated for each
wrapped class. For a given class <tt>T</tt>, functions are generated
to extract the following types <tt>from_python</tt>:
<blockquote><pre>
T*
T const*
T const* const&amp;
T* const&amp;
T&amp;
T const&amp;
T
std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;&amp;
std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;
std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt; const&amp;
boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;&amp;
boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;
boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt; const&amp;
</pre></blockquote>
Most of these are implemented in terms of just a few conversions, and
<t>if you're lucky</t>, they will be inlined and cause no extra
overhead. In the new system, however, a significant amount of data
will be associated with each type that needs to be converted. We
certainly don't want to register a separate unwrapper object for all
of the above types.
<p>Fortunately, much of the redundancy can be eliminated. For example,
if we generate an unwrapper for <tt>T&</tt>, we don't need an
unwrapper for <tt>T const&</tt> or <tt>T</tt>. Accordingly, the user's
request to wrap/unwrap a given type is translated at compile-time into
a request which helps to eliminate redundancy. The rules used to
<tt>unwrap</tt> a type are:
<ol>
<li> Treat built-in types specially: when unwrapping a value or
constant reference to one of these, use a value for the target
type. It will bind to a const reference if neccessary, and more
importantly, avoids having to dynamically allocate room for
an lvalue of types which can be cheaply copied.
<li>
Reduce everything else to a reference to an un-cv-qualified type
where possible. Since cv-qualification is lost on Python
anyway, there's no point in trying to convert to a
<tt>const&amp;</tt>. <font color="#ff0000">What about conversions
to values like the tuple-&gt;vector example above? It seems to me
that we don't want to make a <tt>vector&lt;double&gt;&amp;</tt>
(non-const) converter available for that case. We may need to
rethink this slightly.</font>
</ol>
<p>To handle the problem described above in item 2, we modify the
procedure slightly. To unwrap any non-scalar <tt>T</tt>, we seek an
unwrapper for <tt>add_reference&lt;T&gt;::type</tt>. Unwrappers for
<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> always return <tt>T&amp;</tt>, and are
registered under both <tt>T&nbsp;&amp;</tt> and
<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt>.
<p>For compilers not supporting partial specialization, unwrappers for
<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> must return <tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt>
(since constness can't be stripped), but a separate unwrapper object
need to be registered for <tt>T&nbsp;&amp;</tt> and
<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> anyway, for the same reasons.
<font color="#ff0000">We may want to make it possible to compile as
though partial specialization were unavailable even on compilers where
it is available, in case modules could be compiled by different
compilers with compatible ABIs (e.g. Intel C++ and MSVC6).</font>
<h3>Efficient Argument Conversion</h3>
Since type conversions are primarily used in function wrappers, an
optimization is provided for the case where a group of conversions are
used together. Each <tt>handle</tt> class has a corresponding
&quot;<tt>_more</tt>&quot; class which does the same job, but has a
trivial destructor. Instead of asking each &quot;<tt>_more</tt>&quot;
handle to destroy its own body, it is linked into an endogenous list
managed by the first (ordinary) handle. The <tt>wrap</tt> and
<tt>unwrap</tt> destructors are responsible for traversing that list
and asking each <tt>body</tt> class to tear down its
<tt>handle</tt>. This mechanism is also used to determine if all of
the argument/return-value conversions can succeed with a single
function call in the function wrapping code. <font color="#ff0000">We
might need to handle return values in a separate step for Python
callbacks, since the availablility of a conversion won't be known
until the result object is retrieved.</font>
<br>
<hr>
<h2>References</h2>
<p><a name="ref_1">[1]</a>B. Stroustrup, The C++ Programming Language
Special Edition Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-70073-5.
<hr>
<p>Revised <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B %Y" startspan -->19 December 2001<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="31283" --></p>
<p>© Copyright David Abrahams, 2001</p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
This hierarchy contains converter handle classes.
+-------------+
| noncopyable |
+-------------+
^
| A common base class used so that
+--------+--------+ conversions can be linked into a
| conversion_base | chain for efficient argument
+-----------------+ conversion
^
|
+---------+-----------+
| |
+-----------+----+ +------+-------+ only used for
| unwrap_more<T> | | wrap_more<T> | chaining, and don't manage any
+----------------+ +--------------+ resources.
^ ^
| |
+-----+-----+ +-------+-+ These converters are what users
| unwrap<T> | | wrap<T> | actually touch, but they do so
+-----------+ +---------+ through a type generator which
minimizes the number of converters
that must be generated, so they
Each unwrap<T>, unwrap_more<T>, wrap<T>, wrap_more<T> converter holds
a reference to an appropriate converter object
This hierarchy contains converter body classes
Exposes use/release which
are needed in case the converter
+-----------+ in the registry needs to be
| converter | cloned. That occurs when a
+-----------+ unwrap target type is not
^ contained within the Python object.
|
+------------------+-----+
| |
+--------+-------+ Exposes |
| unwrapper_base | convertible() |
+----------------+ |
^ |
| |
+--------+----+ +-----+-----+
| unwrapper<T>| | wrapper<T>|
+-------------+ +-----------+
Exposes T convert(PyObject*) Exposes PyObject* convert(T)
unwrap:
constructed with a PyObject*, whose reference count is
incremented.
find the registry entry for the target type
look in the collection of converters for one which claims to be
able to convert the PyObject to the target type.
stick a pointer to the unwrapper in the unwrap object
when unwrap is queried for convertibility, it checks to see
if it has a pointer to an unwrapper.
on conversion, the unwrapper is asked to allocate an
implementation if the unwrap object isn't already holding
one. The unwrap object "takes ownership" of the unwrapper's
implementation. No memory allocation will actually take place
unless this is a value conversion.
on destruction, the unwrapper is asked to free any implementation
held by the unwrap object. No memory deallocation actually
takes place unless this is a value conversion
on destruction, the reference count on the held PyObject is
decremented.
We need to make sure that by default, you can't instantiate
callback<> for reference and pointer return types: although the
unwrappers may exist, they may convert by-value, which would cause
the referent to be destroyed upon return.
wrap:
find the registry entry for the source type
see if there is a converter. If found, stick a pointer to it in
the wrap object.
when queried for convertibility, it checks to see if it has a
pointer to a converter.
on conversion, a reference to the target PyObject is held by the
converter. Generally, the PyObject will have been created by the
converter, but in certain cases it may be a pre-existing object,
whose reference count will have been incremented.
when a wrap<T> x is used to return from a C++ function,
x.release() is returned so that x no longer holds a reference to
the PyObject when destroyed.
Otherwise, on destruction, any PyObject still held has its
reference-count decremented.
When a converter is created by the user, the appropriate element must
be added to the registry; when it is destroyed, it must be removed
from the registry.

View File

@@ -151,9 +151,16 @@ struct baz_callback {
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(foobar)
{
boost::python::module_builder foobar("foobar");
boost::python::class_builder&lt;baz,baz_callback&gt; baz_class("baz");
baz_class.def(&amp;baz::calls_pure, "calls_pure");
try
{
boost::python::module_builder foobar("foobar");
boost::python::class_builder&lt;baz,baz_callback&gt; baz_class("baz");
baz_class.def(&amp;baz::calls_pure, "calls_pure");
}
catch(...)
{
boost::python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}
</pre>
</blockquote>

View File

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ code before the last Python reference to it disappears:
BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
PyObject* to_python(Foo* p)
{
return boost::python::python_extension_class_converters&lt;Foo&gt;::smart_ptr_to_python(p);
return boost::python::python_extension_class_converters&lt;Foo&gt::ptr_to_python(p);
}
PyObject* to_python(const Foo* p)

View File

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>Rich Comparisons</title>
<div>
<img src="../../../c++boost.gif"
alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"
align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<hr>
<h1>Rich Comparisons</h1>
<hr>
In Python versions up to and including Python 2.0, support for
implementing comparisons on user-defined classes and extension types
was quite simple. Classes could implement a <tt>__cmp__</tt> method
that was given two instances of a class as arguments, and could only
return <tt>0</tt> if they were equal or <tt>+1</tt> or <tt>-1</tt> if
they were not. The method could not raise an exception or return
anything other than an integer value.
In Python 2.1, <b>Rich Comparisons</b> were added (see
<a href="http://python.sourceforge.net/peps/pep-0207.html">PEP 207</a>).
Python classes can now individually overload each of the &lt;, &lt;=,
&gt;, &gt;=, ==, and != operations.
<p>
For more detailed information, search for "rich comparison"
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/customization.html"
>here</a>.
<p>
Boost.Python supports both automatic overloading and manual overloading
of the Rich Comparison operators. The <b>compile-time</b> support is
independent of the Python version that is used when compiling
Boost.Python extension modules. That is, <tt>op_lt</tt> for example can
always be used, and the C++ <tt>operator&lt;</tt> will always be bound
to the Python method <tt>__lt__</tt>. However, the <b>run-time</b>
behavior will depend on the Python version.
<p>
With Python versions before 2.1, the Rich Comparison operators will not
be called by Python when any of the six comparison operators
(<tt>&lt;</tt>, <tt>&lt;=</tt>, <tt>==</tt>, <tt>!=</tt>,
<tt>&gt;</tt>, <tt>&gt;=</tt>) is used in an expression. The only way
to access the corresponding methods is to call them explicitly, e.g.
<tt>a.__lt__(b)</tt>. Only with Python versions 2.1 or higher will
expressions like <tt>a &lt; b</tt> work as expected.
<p>
To support Rich Comparisions, the Python C API was modified between
Python versions 2.0 and 2.1. A new slot was introduced in the
<tt>PyTypeObject</tt> structure: <tt>tp_richcompare</tt>. For backwards
compatibility, a flag (<tt>Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_RICHCOMPARE</tt>) has to be
set to signal to the Python interpreter that Rich Comparisions are
supported by a particular type.
There is only one flag for all the six comparison operators.
When any of the six operators is wrapped automatically or
manually, Boost.Python will set this flag. Attempts to use comparison
operators at the Python level that are not defined at the C++ level
will then lead to an <tt>AttributeError</tt> when the Python 2.1
(or higher) interpreter tries, e.g., <tt>a.__lt__(b)</tt>. That
is, in general all six operators should be supplied. Automatically
wrapped operators and manually wrapped operators can be mixed. For
example:<pre>
boost::python::class_builder&lt;code&gt; py_code(this_module, "code");
py_code.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
py_code.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;int&gt;());
py_code.def(boost::python::operators&lt;( boost::python::op_eq
| boost::python::op_ne)&gt;());
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__lt__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__le__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__gt__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__ge__");
</pre>
<tt>NotImplemented</tt> is a simple free function that (currently) has
to be provided by the user. For example:<pre>
boost::python::ref
NotImplemented(const code&amp;, const code&amp;) {
return
boost::python::ref(Py_NotImplemented, boost::python::ref::increment_count);
}
</pre>
See also:
<ul>
<li><a href="../example/richcmp1.cpp"><tt>../example/richcmp1.cpp</tt></a>
<li><a href="../example/richcmp2.cpp"><tt>../example/richcmp2.cpp</tt></a>
<li><a href="../example/richcmp3.cpp"><tt>../example/richcmp3.cpp</tt></a>
</ul>
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Nicholas K. Sauter &amp; Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001.
Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This
document is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty, and
with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: July 2001
</div>

View File

@@ -60,27 +60,13 @@
<b><tt class='method'>__str__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
<dd>
Create a string representation which is suitable for printing.
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__lt__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__le__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__eq__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__ne__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__gt__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__ge__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dd>
Rich Comparison methods.
New in Python 2.1.
See <a href="richcmp.html">Rich Comparisons</a>.
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__cmp__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dd>
Three-way compare function.
See <a href="richcmp.html">Rich Comparisons</a>.
Three-way compare function, used to implement comparison operators
(&lt; etc.) Should return a negative integer if <code> self < other
</code> , zero if <code> self == other </code> , a positive integer if
<code> self > other </code>.
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__hash__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
<dd>
@@ -287,35 +273,6 @@ bignum_class.def(&amp;rmod, "__rmod__");
found first (be it ``<code>int</code>`` or ``<code>float</code>'') will be
used for either of the two types.
<h3><a name="inplace">Inplace Operators</a></h3>
<p>
Boost.Python can also be used to expose inplace numeric operations
(i.e., <code>+=</code> and so forth). These operators must be wrapped
manually, as described in the previous section. For example, suppose
the class BigNum has an <code>operator+=</code>:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum& operator+= (BigNum const&amp; right);
</pre></blockquote>
This can be exposed by first writing a wrapper function:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum& iadd (BigNum&amp; self, const BigNum&amp; right)
{
return self += right;
}
</pre></blockquote>
and then exposing the wrapper with
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def(&amp;iadd, "__iadd__");
</pre></blockquote>
<h3><a name="coercion">Coercion</a></h3>
@@ -587,42 +544,17 @@ Note that "__rrpow__" is an extension not present in plain Python.
<code>__cmp__, __rcmp__</code>
<td>
<code>cmp(left, right)</code><br>
<br>See <a href="richcmp.html">Rich Comparisons</a>.
<code>left &lt; right</code><br>
<code>left &lt;= right</code><br>
<code>left &gt; right</code><br>
<code>left &gt;= right</code><br>
<code>left == right</code><br>
<code>left != right</code>
<td>
<code>op_cmp</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left &lt; cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_right &lt; cpp_left</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__lt__</code>
<br><code>__le__</code>
<br><code>__eq__</code>
<br><code>__ne__</code>
<br><code>__gt__</code>
<br><code>__ge__</code>
<td>
<code>left &lt; right</code>
<br><code>left &lt;= right</code>
<br><code>left == right</code>
<br><code>left != right</code>
<br><code>left &gt; right</code>
<br><code>left &gt;= right</code>
<br>See <a href="richcmp.html">Rich Comparisons</a>
<td>
<code>op_lt</code>
<br><code>op_le</code>
<br><code>op_eq</code>
<br><code>op_ne</code>
<br><code>op_gt</code>
<br><code>op_ge</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left &lt; cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left &lt;= cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left == cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left != cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left &gt; cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left &gt;= cpp_right </code>
<tr>
<td>
@@ -768,7 +700,7 @@ void throw_key_error_if_end(
if (p == m.end())
{
PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, boost::python::converters::to_python(key));
boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
throw boost::python::error_already_set();
}
}

View File

@@ -35,7 +35,8 @@
"example1.html#world_class"><code>extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code></a>
template defines a whole raft of these conversions (for <code>T, T*,
T&amp;, std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;</code>, etc.), using the same inline
friend function technique employed by <a href="../../utility/operators.htm">the boost operators
friend function technique employed by <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/libs/utility/operators.htm">the boost operators
library</a>.
<p>
Because the <code>to_python</code> and <code>from_python</code> functions

View File

@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - April 2002 Progress Report</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">April 2002 Progress Report</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></dt>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#arity">Arbitrary Arity Support</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#callbacks">New Callback Interface</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#policies">Call Policies for Construtors</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#bugs">Real Users, Real Bugs</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#insights">New Insights</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#v1">Boost.Python V1 Maintenance</a></dt>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#missing">What's Missing</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></h2>
April was a short month as far as Boost.Python was concerned, since
the spring ISO C++ Committee Meeting (and associated vacation)
occupied me for the 2nd half of the month. However, a suprising amount
of work got done...
<h3><a name="arity">Arbitrary Arity Support</a></h3>
I began using the <a
href="../../../preprocessor/doc/index.htm">Boost.Preprocessor</a>
metaprogramming library to generate support for functions and member
functions of arbitrary arity, which was, to say the least, quite an
adventure. The feedback cycle resulting from my foray into
Boost.Preprocessor resulted in several improvements to the library,
most notably in its documentation.
<p>
Boost.Python now supports calls of up to 17 arguments on most
compilers. Because most EDG-based compilers have dismal preprocessor
performance, I had to &quot;manually&quot; expand the metaprograms for
arities from zero to fifteen arguments, and EDG-based compilers with
<code>__EDG_VERSION__&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;245</code> only support 15
arguments by default. If some crazy program finds a need for more than
the default arity support, users can increase the base support by
setting the <code>BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY</code> preprocessor symbol.
<h3><a name="callbacks">New Callback Interface</a></h3>
I mentioned in <a href="Mar2002.html">last month's report</a> that I
wasn't pleased with the interface for the interface for calling into
Python, so now it has been redesigned. The new interface is outlined
in <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-April/000953.html">this
message</a> (though the GCC 2.95.3 bugs have been fixed).
<h3><a name="policies">Call Policies for Constructors</a></h3>
On April 2nd, I <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-April/000916.html">announced</a>
support for the use of call policies with constructors.
<h3><a name="bugs">Real Users, Real Bugs</a></h3>
At least two people outside of Kull began actually using Boost.Python
v2 in earnest this month. Peter Bienstman and Pearu Pearson both
provided valuable real-world bug reports that helped me to improve the
library's robustness.
<h3><a name="insights">New Insights</a></h3>
<a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001010.html"
>Answering some of Pearu's questions</a> about explicitly converting
objects between Python and C++ actually led me to a new understanding
of the role of the current conversion facilities. In Boost.Python v1,
all conversions between Python and C++ were handled by a single family
of functions, called <code>to_python()</code> and
<code>from_python()</code>. Since the primary role of Boost.Python is
to wrap C++ functions in Python, I used these names for the first kind
of converters I needed: those that extract C++ objects to be used as
function arguments and which C++ function return values to
Python. The better-considered approach in Boost.Python v2 uses a
completely different mechanism for conversions used when calling
Python from C++, as in wrapped virtual function implementations. I
usually think of this as a &quot;callback&quot;, as in &quot;calling
back into Python&quot;, and I named the converters used in callbacks
accordingly: <code>to_python_callback</code> and
<code>from_python_callback</code>. However, as it turns out, the
behavior of the &quot;callback&quot; converters is the appropriate one
for users who want to explicitly extract a C++ value from a Python
object, or create a Python object from a C++ value. The upshot is that
it probably makes sense to change the name of the existing <code>to_python</code> and
<code>from_python</code> so those names are available for the
user-friendly explicit converters.
<p>
<a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001013.html">Another
of Pearu's questions</a> pushes momentum further in the direction of a
more-sophisticated overloading mechanism than the current
simple-minded &quot;first match&quot; approach, as I suggested <a
href="Mar2002.html#implicit_conversions">last month</a>.
<h3><a name="v1">Boost.Python V1 Maintenance</a></h3>
As much as I'm looking forward to retiring Boost.Python v1, a
significant amount of effort has been being spent dealing with support
problems; the saying that code rots when left alone is true, and
Boost.Python is no exception. Eventually it became obvious to me that
we were going to have to invest some effort in keeping V1 healthy
while working on V2. Ralf and I have expanded support for various
compilers and stabilized the V1 codebase considerably. We discarded
the obsolete Visual Studio projects which were causing so much
confusion. Still to do before the next Boost release:
<ol>
<li>Update the build/test documentation with detailed instructions for
configuring various toolsets.
<li>Provide some links to Boost.Python v2 to let people know what's
coming.
</ol>
<h2><a name="missing">What's Missing</a></h2>
Last month I announced that I would implement the following which are
not yet complete:
<ol>
<li>Document all implemented features
<li>Implement conversions for <code>char</code> types. This is
implemented but not tested, so we have to assume it doesn't work.
</ol>
These are my first priority for this month (especially the
documentation).
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
3 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - CallPolicies Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">CallPolicies Concept</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#composition">CallPolicies Composition</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Models of the CallPolicies concept are used to specialize the
behavior of Python callable objects generated by Boost.Python to
wrapped C++ objects like function and member function
pointers, providing three behaviors:
<ol>
<li> <code>precall</code> - Python argument tuple management before
the wrapped object is invoked
<li> <code>result_converter</code> - C++ return value handling
<li> <code>postcall</code> - Python argument tuple and result
management after the wrapped object is invoked
</ol>
<h2><a name="composition"></a>CallPolicies Composition</h2>
In order to allow the use of multiple models of CallPolicies in the
same callable object, Boost.Python's CallPolicies class templates
provide a chaining interface which allows them to be recursively
composed. This interface takes the form of an optional template
parameter, <code>Base</code> which defaults to <a
href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">
<code>default_call_policies</code></a>. By convention, the
<code>precall</code> function of the
<code>Base</code> is invoked <i>after</i> the <code>precall</code>
function supplied by the outer template, and the <code>postcall</code>
function of the <code>Base</code> is invoked <i>before</i> the
<code>postcall</code> function of the outer template. If a
<code>result_converter</code> is supplied by the outer template, it
<i>replaces</i> any <code>result_converter</code> supplied by the
<code>Base</code>. For an example, see <a
href="return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec">
<code>return_internal_reference</code></a>.
<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
<h3><a name="CallPolicies-concept"></a>CallPolicies Concept</h3>
<p>In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes an object whose
type <code><b>P</b></code> is a model of CallPolicies,
<code><b>a</b></code> denotes a <code>PyObject*</code> pointing to
a Python argument tuple object, and <code><b>r</b></code> denotes a
<code>PyObject*</code> referring to a &quot;preliminary&quot; result
object.
<table summary="CallPolicies expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><b>Expression</b></td>
<td><b>Type</b></td>
<td><b>Result/Semantics</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>x.precall(a)</code></td>
<td>convertible to <code>bool</code>
<td>returns <code>false</code> and <code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
upon failure, <code>true</code> otherwise.
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>P::result_converter</code></td>
<td>A model of <a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a>.
<td>An MPL unarymetafunction object used produce the
&quot;preliminary&quot result object.
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>x.postcall(a, r)</code></td>
<td>convertible to <code>PyObject*</code>
<td>0 <code>0</code> and <code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
upon failure. Must &quot;conserve references&quot; even in the
event of an exception. In other words, if <code>r</code> is not
returned, its reference count must be decremented; if another
existing object is returned, its reference count must be
incremented.
</table>
Models of CallPolicies are required to be <a
href="../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html">CopyConstructible</a>.
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
19 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
</body>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Dereferenceable Concept</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#Dereferenceable-concept">Dereferenceable Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Instances of a dereferenceable type can be used like a pointer to access an lvalue.
<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
<h3><a name="Dereferenceable-concept"></a>Dereferenceable Concept</h3>
<p>In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes an object whose
type is a model of Dereferenceable.
<table summary="Dereferenceable expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><b>Expression</b></td>
<td><b>Requirements</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>*x</code></td>
<td>An lvalue
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
10 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
</body>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Extractor Concept</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#Extractor-concept">Extractor Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#notes">Notes</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>An Extractor is a class which Boost.Python can use to extract C++
objects from Python objects, and is typically used by facilities that
define <code>from_python</code> conversions for
&quot;traditional&quot; Python extension types.
<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
<h3><a name="Extractor-concept"></a>Extractor Concept</h3>
<p>In the table below, <code><b>X</b></code> denotes a model of
Extractor and <code><b>a</b></code> denotes an instance of a Python
object type.
<table summary="Extractor expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><b>Expression</b></td>
<td><b>Type</b></td>
<td><b>Semantics</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>X::execute(a)</code></td>
<td>non-void
<td>Returns the C++ object being extracted. The
<code>execute</code> function must not be overloaded.
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>&amp;a.ob_type</code>
<td><code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-type-methods.html">PyTypeObject</a>**</code>
<td>Points to the <code>ob_type</code> field of an object which is
layout-compatible with <code>PyObject</code>
</tr>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="notes"></a>Notes</h2>
Informally, an Extractor's <code>execute</code> member must be a
non-overloaded static function whose single argument is a Python
object type. Acceptable Python object types include those publicly (and
unambiguously) derived from <code>PyObject</code>, and POD types which
are layout-compatible with PyObject.
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
22 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
</body>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">HolderGenerator Concept</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#HolderGenerator-concept">HolderGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>A HolderGenerator is a unary metafunction class which returns types
suitable for holding instances of its argument in a wrapped C++ class
instance.
<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
<h3><a name="HolderGenerator-concept"></a>HolderGenerator Concept</h3>
<p>In the table below, <code><b>G</b></code> denotes an type which
models HolderGenerator, and <code><b>X</b></code> denotes a class
type.
<table summary="Holder expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><b>Expression</b></td>
<td><b>Requirements</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>G::apply&lt;X&gt;::type</code></td>
<td>A concrete subclass of <a
href="instance_holder.html#instance_holder-spec">instance_holder</a>
which can hold objects of type <code>X</code>.
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
20 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
</body>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - June 2002 Progress Report</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">June 2002 Progress Report</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#handle"><code>handle&lt;T&gt;</code></a></dt>
<dt><a href="#object"><code>object</code></a></dt>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#operators"><code>object</code> operators</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#conversions"><code>object</code> conversions</a></dt>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#list"><code>list</code></a></dt>
<dt><a href="#numerics"><code>Numerics</code></a></dt>
<dt><a href="#community">Community</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#next">What's Next</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
July was mostly focused on allowing expressive manipulation of
individual Python objects, or what Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve calls
&quot;Writing Python in C++&quot;. The work began with this <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001311.html">posting</a>,
which outlines the issues and intention.
<h2><a name="handle"><code>handle&lt;T&gt;</code></a></h2>
The most basic element needed was a replacement for the
<code>reference&lt;&gt;</code> class template and the
<code>ref</code> typedef from Boost.Python v1, a simple smart
pointer to a Python object. The old v1 typedef
&quot;<code>ref</code>&quot; (for
<code>reference&lt;PyObject&gt;</code>) had to be retired because I
thought it would be too confusing given the importance of <code><a
href="../../../bind/ref.html">boost::ref</a>()</code> to this
library. I began a <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001311.html">discussion</a>of
possible names, and it was eventually <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001337.html">decided</a>
to rename <code>reference</code> to <code>handle</code> and supply a
default argument so that <code>ref</code> could be spelled
<code>handle&lt;&gt;</code> without an additional typedef. There
were also some interface changes to make it safer and more-efficient
to interface with the raw
<code>PyObject*</code>s forced on us by Python's 'C' API. A
discussion of those protocols can be found <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001401.html">here</a>.
<h2><a name="handle"><code>object</code></a></h2>
It is intended that users will seldom need or want to work with
<code>handle&lt;&gt;</code>; its major distinguishing features are
that it gives direct access to the underlying object representation
through <code>operator*</code> and <code>operator-&gt;</code>, and
that can be <code>NULL</code>, both sources of danger. Instead the
library provides a class called <code>object</code>, which
encapsulates a valid Python object and provides a similar interface to
Python's.
<h3><a name="operators"><code>object</code> operators</a></h3>
The first challenge was to provide support for object manipulations
using a Python-like syntax, mostly in the form of operator overloads:
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Python <th>C++
<tr>
<td><code>y = x.foo</code> <td><code>y = x.attr(&quot;foo&quot;);
<tr>
<td><code>x.foo = 1</code> <td><code>x.attr(&quot;foo&quot;) = 1;
<tr>
<td><code>y = x[z]</code> <td><code>y = x[z];
<tr>
<td><code>x[z] = 1</code> <td><code>x[z] = 1;
<tr>
<td><code>y = x[3:-1]</code> <td><code>y = x.slice(3,-1);
<tr>
<td><code>y = x[3:]</code> <td><code>y = x.slice(3,_);
<tr>
<td><code>y = x[:-2]</code> <td><code>y = x.slice(_,-2);
<tr>
<td><code>z = x(1, y)</code> <td><code>z = x(1, y);
<tr>
<td><code>z = x.f(1, y)</code> <td><code>z = x.attr(&quot;f&quot;)(1, y);
<tr>
<td><code>not x</code> <td><code>!x
<tr>
<td><code>x and y</code> <td><code>x and y
</table>
I'm still a unsatisfied with the interface for attribute access. There
original proposal used a syntax like this one:
<pre>
y = x._(&quot;foo&quot;);
x._(&quot;foo&quot;) = 1;
</pre>
which was only marginally better than what we've got. Niki Spahiev
then <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001447.html">pointed
out</a> a potential conflict with the macro which GNU Gettext <a
href="http://www.gnu.org/manual/gettext/html_mono/gettext.html#SEC6">suggests</a>
people define. This unfortunate state of affairs forced us into using
<code>attr</code> instead. I'd still like to find a better interface,
but the lack of overloadable C++ operators which aren't already used
in Python is an obstacle. The comma operator is still a possibility,
but it has the wrong precedence:
<pre>
y = x,&quot;foo&quot; // error
x,&quot;foo&quot; = 1; // error
y = (x,&quot;foo&quot;); // ok
(x,&quot;foo&quot;) = 1; // ok
</pre>
Well, I guess we could consider adding that to the interface without
removing <code>attr()</code>, to see how it plays out...
<h3><a name="operators"><code>object</code> conversions</a></h3>
The <code>object</code> class also provided an opportunity to replace
Boost.Python v1's <code>to_python()</code> as a user-level
interface. Instead, <code>object</code> has a templated constructor
which can be used to convert any C++ object to Python using the same
underlying mechanisms used for the arguments to <code><a
href="call.html">call</a>&lt;&gt;</code>.
<p>Incidentally, the implementation of operator and conversion support
for object uncovered an inordinate number of compiler bugs in our
targeted platforms. It was a lot more &quot;interesting&quot; than it
should have been.
<h2><a name="list"><code>list</code></a></h2>
With <code>object</code> implemented, it was time to begin replacing
the ad-hoc implementations of <code>list</code>, <code>string</code>,
and <code>dictionary</code> supplied by Boost.Python v1 with something
more robust. I started with <code>list</code> as an example. Because
<code>object</code> already provides all of the requisite operators,
publicly deriving <code>list</code> from object seemed like a good
choice. The remaining issues were what do do about the one-argument
list constructor (which in Python attempts to convert its argument to
a list), and how to deal converting with <code>list</code> arguments
to wrapped functions. Some of the issues are laid out in <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001551.html">this
thread</a>. Ultimately, it was decided that <code>list(x)</code>
should do the same thing in C++ as in Python (conversion), while
<code>list</code> arguments should only match Python
<code>list</code>s (and <code>list</code> subclasses). The
implementation worked well, and provided a <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001586.html">roadmap</a>
for the protocol to be used for implementation of the other built-in
types.
<h2><a name="numerics">Numerics</a></h2>
Support for C++ <code>long long</code> and <code>unsigned long
long</code>
(and <code>__int64</code> on MSVC) to/from python conversions was
added this month. We also improved handling of numeric overflows when
converting, e.g., a Python int to a type with a more limited range of
representation.
<h2><a name="community">Community</a></h2>
<ul>
<li>Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve and Nick Sauter have implemented
<a href="http://cci.lbl.gov/boost/">multiplatform nightly
build-and-test</a> runs for Boost.Python V2 at LBL.
<li>Dave Hawkes has made significant progress on generating the
Python <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001503.html">built-in
function and API wrappers</a>
<li>Achim Domma has agreed to take up the job of implementing the
<code>str</code>, <code>dict</code>, and <code>tuple</code> classes.
</ul>
Deep thanks to all the Boost.Python contributors! This project
wouldn't be possible without your participation.
<h2><a name="next">What's Next</a></h2>
As I write this we are already well into the month of July, so I
suggest you consult the <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-July/">Mailing
List Archive</a> if you want to know what's been happening. Otherwise
you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
19 July, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - March 2002 Progress Report</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">March 2002 Progress Report</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></dt>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#calling_python">Calling Python from C++</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#virtual_functions">Virtual Functions</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#abstract_classes">Abstract Classes</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#implicit_conversions">C++ Implicit Conversions</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#data_members">C++ Data Members</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></dt>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#future">The Near future</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#notes">Notes</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></h2>
March was mostly devoted to the reimplementation of features from
Boost.Python v1, and some new features. Re-examination of the features
from Boost.Python v1 allowed me to make significant improvements.
<h3><a name="calling_python">Calling Python from C++</a></h3>
The ability to call Python from C++ is crucial for virtual function
support. Implementing this feature well for V2 proved to be more
interesting than I expected. You can review most of the relevant
design decisions
<a href="callbacks.txt">here</a>.
<p>
One point which <i>isn't</i> emphasized in that document is that there
are subtle differences in the way <code>from_python</code> conversions
work when used for C++ function arguments and Python function return
values. In particular, while <code>T const&amp;</code> arguments may
invoke rvalue converters, a reference-to-const return value requires
an lvalue converter, since a temporary conversion result would leave
the returned reference dangling.
<p>I'm not particularly pleased with the current callback interface,
since it usually results in constructs like:
<pre>
<u>return returning</u>&lt;X&amp;&gt;::call(f, obj);
</pre>
However, I think the following may be possible and I plan to investigate:
<pre>
return apply&lt;X&amp;&gt;(f, obj);
</pre>
I'm open to suggestion for better names (and syntaxes)!
<h3><a name="virtual_functions">Virtual Functions</a></h3>
Once Python callbacks were implemented, it was just a short step to
implementing virtual functions. Python extension class exposing a C++
class whose virtual functions are overridable in Python must actually
hold a C++ instance of a class <i>derived</i> from the one exposed to
Python. Needing some way for users to specify that class, I added an
optional template argument to <code>value_holder_generator</code> and
<code>pointer_holder_generator&lt;&gt;</code> to specify the class
actually held. This move began to put pressure on the
<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface, since the need for the user to
produce complicated instantations of
<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> was increased:
<pre>
class&lt;Foo, bases&lt;&gt;, value_holder_generator&lt;Foo_callback&gt; &gt;(&quot;Foo&quot;)
.def(&quot;hello&quot;, &amp;Foo::hello)
...
</pre>
<h3><a name="abstract_classes">Abstract Classes</a></h3>
Normally when a C++ class is exposed to Python, the library registers
a conversion function which allows users to wrap functions returning
values of that type. Naturally, these return values are temporaries,
so the conversion function must make a copy in some
dynamically-allocated storage (a &quot;holder&quot;) which is managed
by the corresponding Python object.
<p>Unfortunately, in the case of abstract classes (and other types
without a publicly-accessible copy constructor), instantiating this
conversion function causes a compilation error. In order to support
non-copyable classes, there had to be some way to prevent the library
from trying to instantiate the conversion function. The only practical
approach I could think of was to add an additional template parameter
to the <code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface. When the number of
template parameters with useful defaults begins to grow, it is often
hard to choose an order which allows users to take advantage of the
defaults.
<p>
This was the straw that broke the
<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface's back and caused the redesign
whose outcome is detailed <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-March/000892.html">here</a>.
The approach allows the user to supply the optional parameters in an
arbitrary order. It was inspired by the use of <a
href="../../../utility/iterator_adaptors.htm#named_tempalte_parameters">named
template parameters</a> in the <a
href="../../../utility/iterator_adaptors.htm">Boost Iterator Adaptor
Library</a>, though in this case it is possible to deduce the meaning
of the template parameters entirely from their type properties,
resulting in a simpler interface. Although the move from a
policy-based design to what resembles a configuration DSL usually
implies a loss of flexibility, in this case I think any costs are far
outweighed by the advantages.
<p>Note: working around the limitations of the various compilers I'm
supporting was non-trivial, and resulted in a few messy implementation
details. It might be a good idea to switch to a more-straightforward
approach once Metrowerks CodeWarrior Pro8 is released.
<h3><a name="implicit_conversions">C++ Implicit Conversions</a></h3>
Support for C++ implicit conversion involves creating
<code>from_python</code> converters for a type <code>U</code> which in
turn use <code>from_python</code> converters registered for a type
<code>T</code> where there exists a implicit conversion from
<code>T</code> to <code>U</code>. The current implementation is
subject to two inefficiencies:
<ol>
<li>Because an rvalue <code>from_python</code> converter produces two
pieces of data (a function and a <code>void*</code>) from its
<code>convertible()</code> function, we end up calling the function
for <code>T</code> twice: once when the converter is looked up in the
registry, and again when the conversion is actually performed.
<li>A vector is used to mark the "visited" converters, preventing
infinite recursion as <code>T</code> to
<code>U</code> and <code>U</code> to <code>T</code> converters
continually search through one-another.
</ol>
I consider the former to be a minor issue. The second may or may not
prove to be computationally significant, but I believe that
architecturally, it points toward a need for more sophisticated
overload resolution. It may be that we want CLOS-style multimethod
dispatching along with C++ style rules that prevent more than one
implicit conversion per argument.
<h3><a name="data_members">C++ Data Members</a></h3>
To supply the ability to directly access data members, I was able to
hijack the new Python <a
href="http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property">property</a>
type. I had hoped that I would also be able to re-use the work of <a
href="make_function.html">make_function</a> to create callable python
objects from C++ functions which access a data member of a given
class. C++ facilities for specifying data member pointer non-type
template arguments require the user to explicitly specify the type of
the data member and this under-utilized feature is also not
well-implemented on all compilers, so passing the member pointer as a
runtime value is the only practical approach. The upshot is that any
such entity would actually have to be a function <i>object</i>, and I
haven't implemented automatic wrapping of C++ callable function
objects yet, so there is less re-use in the implementation than I'd
like. I hope to implement callable object wrapping and refactor this
code one day. I also hope to implement static data member support,
for which Python's property will not be an appropriate descriptor.
<h3><a name="miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>Moved <code>args&lt;&gt;</code> and <code>bases&lt;&gt;</code> from unnamed namespace to <code>boost::python</code> in their own header files.
<li>Convert <code>NULL</code> pointers returned from wrapped C++ functions to <code>None</code>.
<li>Improved some compile-time error checks.
<li>Eliminated <code>boost/python/detail/eval.hpp</code> in favor of
more-general <code>boost/mpl/apply.hpp</code>.
<li>General code cleanup and refactoring.
<li>Works with Microsoft Visual C++ 7.0
<li>Warning suppression for many compilers
<li>Elegant interface design for exporting <code>enum</code> types.
</ul>
<hr>
<h2><a name="future">The Near Future</a></h2>
Before April 15th I plan to
<ol>
<li>Document all implemented features
<li>Implement a <code>CallPolicy</code> interface for constructors of wrapped
classes
<li>Implement conversions for <code>char</code> types.
<li>Implement automated code generation for all headers containing
families of overloaded functions to handle arbitrary arity.
</ol>
I also hope to implement a mechanism for generating conversions
between arbitrary Python sequences and C++ containers, if time permits
(and others haven't already done it)!
<h2><a name="notes">Notes</a></h2>
The older version of KCC used by Kull is generating lots of warnings
about a construct I use to instantiate static members of various class
templates. I'm thinking of moving to an idiom which uses a function
template to suppress it, but worry about bloating the size of debug
builds. Since KCC users may be moving to GCC, I'm not sure that it's
worth doing anything about it.
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
1 April, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
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<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - May 2002 Progress Report</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">May 2002 Progress Report</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#features">New Features</a></dt>
<dl>
<dt><a href="#aix_shared">Shared Library Support for AIX</a><dd>
<dt><a href="#class_enhancements">Class Enhancements</a><dd>
<dl>
<dt><a href="#operators">Operators</a><dd>
<dt><a href="#iterators">Iterators</a><dd>
<dt><a href="#properties">Properties</a><dd>
<dt><a href="#setattr">setattr</a><dd>
<dt><a href="#module">__module__ Attribute</a><dd>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#back_reference">back_reference</a><dd>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#misc">Miscellaneous</a></dt>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#converters">Converters</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#shared">Shared Libraries</a></dt>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#next">What's Next</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
Aside from library development, work on Boost.Python in May was
focused on reducing the support burden. In recent weeks, responding to
requests for support, espcially surrounding building the library, had
begun to impede progress on development. There was a major push to
release a stable 1.28.0 of Boost, including documentation of <a
href="../../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> and specific
<a href="../building.html">instructions</a> for building Boost.Python
v1. The documentation for Boost.Python v2 was also updated as
described <a href="#documentation">here</a>.
<h2><a name="features">New Features</a></h2>
<h3><a name="aix_shared">Shared Library Support for AIX</a></h3>
The Kull group required the ability to build and test Boost.Python
extensions on AIX, a platform with &quot;creatively designed&quot;
shared library semantics. Making this work was a multi-pronged
effort, involving changes to Boost.Build and some great research by
Martin Casado which uncovered the key mechanism required to allow
shared libraries to use functions from the Python executable. The
current solution used in Boost.Build relies on a <a
href="../../../../tools/build/gen_aix_import_file.py">Python
Script</a> as part of the build process. This is not a problem for
Boost.Python, as Python will be available. However, the commands
issued by the script are so simple that a 100%-pure-Boost.Jam
solution is surely possible. Linking on AIX is sufficiently
interesting to have skewed the Boost.Python development schedule a
bit.
<h3><a name="class_enhancements">Class Enhancements</a></h3>
<h4><a name="operators">Operators</a></h4>
Support for exposing C++ operators and functions as the corresponding
Python special methods was added. Thinking that the Boost.Python
<a href="../special.html#numeric">v1 interface</a> was a little too
esoteric (especially the use of
<code>left_operand&lt;...&gt;/right_operand&lt;...&gt;</code> for
asymmetric operands), I introduced a simple form of <a
href="http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html">expression
templates</a> which allow users to simply write the expressions that
should be wrapped, as in this <a href="operators.html#examples">example</a>.
<h4><a name="iterators">Iterators</a></h4>
Python iterator support as required by the Kull project resulted in a
highly flexible interface allowing:
<dl>
<dt>Direct exposure of a class' <code>begin()</code> and
<code>end()</code> functions:
<pre>
...
.def(&quot;__iter__&quot;, iterator&lt;list_int&gt;())
</pre>
<dd>
<dt>Creation of iterators from member functions...
<pre>
...
.def(&quot;__iter__&quot;
, range(&amp;my_class::x_begin, &amp;my_class::x_end))
)
</pre>
<dd>
<dt>...and member data:
<pre>
...
.def(&quot;__iter__&quot;
, range(&amp;std::pair&lt;char*,char*&gt;::first, &amp;std::pair&lt;char*,char*&gt;::second))
)
</pre>
<dd>
<dt>The ability to specify <a
href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>, e.g. to prevent copying of
heavyweight values:
<pre>
...
.def(&quot;__iter__&quot;,
, range&lt;return_value_policy&lt;copy_non_const_reference&gt; &gt;(
&amp;my_sequence&lt;heavy&gt;::begin
, &amp;my_sequence&lt;heavy&gt;::end))
</pre>
<dd>
</dl>
<h4><a name="properties">Properties</a></h4>
The Kull iteration interfaces also required the ability to iterate
over a sequence specified by an instance's attribute:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = field()
&gt;&gt;&gt; for e in f.elements:
... print e,
</pre>
This forced the exposure of the <a
href="http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property"><code>property</code></a>
interface used internally to implement the data member exposure
facility described in <a
href="Mar2002#data_members">March</a>. Properties are an
incredibly useful idiom, so it's good to be able to provide them
at little new development cost.
<h4><a name="setattr">setattr</a></h4>
<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> acquired a <code>setattr</code> member
function which allows users to easily add new Python objects as class
attributes.
<h4><a name="module">__module__ Attribute</a></h4>
Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve has been working on pickling support for v2. To
make it work correctly, he had to make sure that a class'
<code>__module__</code> attribute was set correctly.
<h3><a name="back_reference"><code>back_reference</code></a></h3>
The new <code>back_reference&lt;T&gt;</code> template can be used as a
function parameter when the user needs access to both a <code>T</code>
argument and to the Python object which manages it. The function will
only match in the overload resolution process if it would match the
same function signature with <code>T</code> substituted for
<code>back_reference&lt;T&gt;</code>. This feature is not yet
documented.
<h2><a name="documentation">Documentation</a></h2>
In a major effort to prepare Boost.Python v2 to replace v1, many pages
of new reference documentation were added:
<blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="Dereferenceable.html">Dereferenceable.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="Extractor.html">Extractor.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="HolderGenerator.html">HolderGenerator.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="ResultConverter.html">ResultConverter.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="call_method.html">call_method.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="callbacks.html">callbacks.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="data_members.html">data_members.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="has_back_reference.html">has_back_reference.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="implicit.html">implicit.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="instance_holder.html">instance_holder.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="operators.html">operators.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="ptr.html">ptr.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="type_id.html">type_id.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="with_custodian_and_ward.html">with_custodian_and_ward.html</a><dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>
Major updates were made to the following pages:
<blockquote>
<dl>
<dt><a href="call.html">call.html</a><dd> <dt><a href="updated">updated</a><dd>
<dt><a href="class.html">class.html</a><dd>
<dt><a href="reference.html">reference.html</a><dd>
</dl>
</blockquote>
As usual, careful documentation forces one to consider the
interface again, and there were many interface changes
associated with this effort, including the elevation of the
following components from implementation detail to
first-class library citizen:
<blockquote>
<dl>
<dt>type_id.hpp<dd>
<dt>pointee.hpp<dd>
<dt>lvalue_from_pytype.hpp<dd></dl>
</dl>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="misc">Miscellaneous</a></h2>
<h3><a name="converters">Converters</a></h3>
It appears that the world of C++ &lt;==&gt; Python conversion rules is
an endlessly-rich area of exploration. Completing the conversions for
<code>char</code> and <code>char const*</code> types, as described at
the end of <a href="Apr2002.html#missing">April's report</a>,
uncovered some interesting new shades to the problem. It turns out to
be worth distinguishing mutable and immutable lvalue conversions,
because despite the fact that Python doesn't understand
<code>const</code>, it does understand immutability (c.f. Python
strings, which expose an immutable <code>char</code> pointer). It is
also worth recognizing types which represent lvalue <i>sequences</i>,
to prevent Python <code>&quot;foobar&quot;</code> from being silently
truncated to C++ <code>'f'</code>. More details on this insight can be
found in the mailing list <a
href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001023.html">
archive</a>. I don't plan to do anything about this immediately, but I
do think it's the right direction to go in the long run.
<h3><a name="checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
In order to better coordinate changes made by multiple developers, I
enabled <a
href="http://sourceforge.net/docman/display_doc.php?docid=772&group_id=1">syncmail</a>
for the Boost.Python CVS trees, and established an associated <a
href="http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/boost-python-cvs">mailing
list</a>. Subscribe to this list to receive notices of each new
checkin.
<h3><a name="shared">Shared Libraries</a></h3>
Beyond the vagaries of dynamic linking on AIX, I have been
participating in a more-general discussion of dynamic linking for
C++. Needless to say, C++ dynamic linking is of critical importance to
Boost.Python: all extension modules are normally built as shared
libraries, and Boost.Python extension modules share a common library
as well.
In fact, there are at least two separate conversations. One
in the C++ standard extensions mailing list concerns what can be
standardized for C++ and shared libraries; the other, mostly on the <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/">gcc</a> mailing list, concerns the
behavior of GCC on Posix/ELF platforms.
Some of the GCC threads are here:
<blockquote>
<a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02002.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02002.html</a><br>
<a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02945.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02945.html</a><br>
<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg01758.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg01758.html</a>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="next">What's Next</a></h2>
Development is focused on what's needed to be able to retire
Boost.Python v1. At the moment, that means deciding the user-friendly
interfaces for to_/from_python conversion, and formally exposing the
Python object smart pointers and object wrapper classes. Quite a few
questions have also been showing up recently about how to embed Python
with Boost.Python, and how to link with it statically; the solutions
to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
11 June, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - ResultConverter Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">ResultConverter Concept</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>A ResultConverter for a type <code>T</code> is a type whose
instances can be used to convert C++ return values of type
<code>T</code> <code>to_python</code>. A ResultConverterGenerator is
an MPL unary metafunction class which, given the return type of a C++
function, returns a ResultConverter for that type. ResultConverters in
Boost.Python generally inspect library's registry of converters to
find a suitable converter, but converters which don't use the registry
are also possible.
<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
<h3><a name="ResultConverter-concept"></a>ResultConverter Concept</h3>
<p>In the table below, <code><b>C</b></code> denotes a ResultConverter
type for a type <b><code>R</code></b> , <code><b>c</b></code> denotes
an object of type <code><b>C</b></code> , and <code><b>r</b></code>
denotes an object of type <code><b>R</b></code>.
<table summary="ResultConverter expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><b>Expression</b></td>
<td><b>Type</b></td>
<td><b>Semantics</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>C c;</code></td>
<td>
<td>Constructs a <code>C</code> object.
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>c.convertible()</code></td>
<td>convertible to <code>bool</code></td>
<td><code>false</code> iff no conversion from any <code>R</code> value
to a Python object is possible.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>c(r)</code></td>
<td>convertible to <code>PyObject*</code></td>
<td>A pointer to a Python object corresponding to <code>r</code>,
or <code>0</code> iff <code>r</code> could not be converted
<code>to_python</code>, in which case <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>
should return non-zero.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="ResultConverterGenerator-concept"></a>ResultConverterGenerator Concept</h3>
<p>In the table below, <code><b>G</b></code> denotes a
ResultConverterGenerator type and <code><b>R</b></code> denotes a possible
C++ function return type.
<table summary="ResultConverterGenerator expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><b>Expression</b></td>
<td><b>Requirements</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>G::apply&lt;R&gt;::type</code></td>
<td>A ResultConverter type for <code>R</code>.</td>
</table>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
09 May, 2002 <!--Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Acknowledgments</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Acknowledgments</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
{{text}}
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Bibliography</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Bibliography</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
{{bibliographical information}}
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;call.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;call.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#call-spec">call</a></dt>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>
<code>&lt;boost/python/call.hpp&gt;</code> defines the <a
href="#call-spec"><code>call</code></a> family of overloaded function
templates, used to invoke Python callable objects from C++.
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
<a name="call-spec">template &lt;class R, class A1, class A2, ... class A<i>n</i>&gt;</a>
R call(PyObject* callable, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;, ... A<i>n</i> const&amp;)
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>R</code> is a pointer type, reference
type, or a complete type with an accessible copy constructor</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Invokes <code>callable(a1,&nbsp;a2,&nbsp;...a<i>n</i>)</code> in
Python, where <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>n</i></code> are the arguments to
<code>call()</code>, converted to Python objects.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> The result of the Python call, converted to the C++ type <code>R</code>.</dt>
</dt>
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> For a complete semantic description and
rationale, see <a href="callbacks.html">this page</a>.
</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
The following C++ function applies a Python callable object to its two
arguments and returns the result. If a Python exception is raised or
the result can't be converted to a <code>double</code>, an exception
is thrown.
<pre>
double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
{
return boost::python::call&lt;double&gt;(func, x, y);
}
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;call_method.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;call_method.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#call_method-spec">call_method</a></dt>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>
<code>&lt;boost/python/call_method.hpp&gt;</code> defines the <a
href="#call_method-spec"><code>call_method</code></a> family of overloaded function
templates, used to invoke callable attributes of Python objects from C++.
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
<a name="call_method-spec">template &lt;class R, class A1, class A2, ... class A<i>n</i>&gt;</a>
R call_method(PyObject* self, char const* method, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;, ... A<i>n</i> const&amp;)
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>R</code> is a pointer type, reference
type, or a complete type with an accessible copy constructor</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Invokes <code>self.<i>method</i>(a1,&nbsp;a2,&nbsp;...a<i>n</i>)</code> in
Python, where <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>n</i></code> are the arguments to
<code>call_method()</code>, converted to Python objects. For a
complete semantic description, see <a href="callbacks.html">this
page</a>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> The result of the Python call, converted to the
C++ type <code>R</code>.</dt>
</dt>
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> <code>call_method</code> is critical to
implementing C++ virtual functions which are overridable in Python,
as shown by the example below.
</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
The following C++ illustrates the use of <code>call_method</code> in
wrapping a class with a virtual function that can be overridden in
Python:
<h3>C++ Module Definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/utility.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;cstring&gt;
// class to be wrapped
class Base
{
public:
virtual char const* class_name() const { return &quot;Base&quot;; }
virtual ~Base();
};
bool is_base(Base* b)
{
return !std::strcmp(b-&gt;class_name(), &quot;Base&quot;);
}
// Wrapper code begins here
using namespace boost::python;
// Callback class
class Base_callback : public Base
{
public:
Base_callback(PyObject* self) : m_self(self) {}
char const* class_name() const { return <b>call_method</b>(m_self, &quot;class_name&quot;); }
char const* Base_name() const { return Base::class_name(); }
private:
PyObject* m_self;
};
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
{
module("my_module")
.def(&quot;is_base&quot;, is_base)
.add(
class_&lt;Base,Base_callback, noncopyable&gt;(&quot;Base&quot;)
.def(&quot;class_name&quot;, &#24;Base_callback::Base_name);
)
;
}
</pre>
<h3>Python Code</h3>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; class Derived(Base):
... def __init__(self):
... Base.__init__(self)
... def class_name(self):
... return self.__class__.__name__
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; is_base(Base()) # calls the class_name() method from C++
1
&gt;&gt;&gt; is_base(Derived())
0
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
10 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Calling Python Functions and Methods</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Calling Python Functions and Methods</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#argument_handling">Argument Handling</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#result_handling">Result Handling</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#result_handling">Rationale</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
<p>
Boost.Python provides two families of function templates,
<code><a href="call.html#call-spec">call</a></code> and <code><a
href="call_method.html#call_method-spec">call_method</a></code>, for
invoking Python functions and methods respectively. The interface for
calling a Python function object (or any Python callable object) looks
like:
<pre>
call&lt;ResultType&gt;(callable_object, a1, a2... a<i>N</i>);
</pre>
Calling a method of a Python object is similarly easy:
<pre>
call_method&lt;ResultType&gt;(self_object, &quot;<i>method-name</i>&quot;, a1, a2... a<i>N</i>);
</pre>
<h2><a name="argument_handling">Argument Handling</a></h2>
<p>
Arguments are converted to Python according to their type. By default,
the arguments <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>N</i></code> are copied into
new Python objects, but this behavior can be overridden by the use of
<code><a href="ptr.html#ptr-spec">ptr()</a></code> and <a
href="../../../bind/ref.html#reference_wrapper">ref()</a>:
<pre>
class X : boost::noncopyable
{
...
};
void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
{
// Invoke callable, passing a Python object which holds a reference to x
boost::python::call&lt;void&gt;(callable, boost::ref(x));
}
</pre>
In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes the actual argument
object and <code><b>cv</b></code> denotes an optional
<i>cv-qualification</i>: &quot;<code>const</code>&quot;,
&quot;<code>volatile</code>&quot;, or &quot;<code>const
volatile</code>&quot;.
<table border="1" summary="class_ template parameters">
<tr>
<th>Argument Type
<th>Behavior
<tr>
<td><code>T cv&amp;</code><br>
<code>T cv</code>
<td>The Python argument is created by the same means used
for the return value of a wrapped C++ function returning
<code>T</code>. When
<code>T</code> is a class type, that normally means
<code>*x</code> is copy-constructed into the new Python
object.
<tr>
<td><code>T*</code>
<td>If <code>x&nbsp;==&nbsp;0</code>, the Python argument will
be <code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a></code>. Otherwise,
the Python argument is created by the same means used for the
return value of a wrapped C++ function returning
<code>T</code>. When
<code>T</code> is a class type, that normally means
<code>*x</code> is copy-constructed into the new Python
object.
<tr>
<td><code><a
href="../../../bind/ref.html#reference_wrapper">boost::reference_wrapper</a>&lt;T&gt; </code>
<td>The Python argument contains a pointer to, rather than a
copy of, <code>x.get()</code>. Note: failure to ensure that no
Python code holds a reference to the resulting object beyond
the lifetime of <code>*x.get()</code> <b>may result in a
crash!</b>
<tr>
<td><code><a
href="ptr.html#pointer_wrapper-spec">pointer_wrapper</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>
<td>If <code>x.get()&nbsp;==&nbsp;0</code>, the Python
argument will be <code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a></code>.
Otherwise, the Python argument contains a pointer to, rather
than a copy of, <code>*x.get()</code>. Note: failure to ensure
that no Python code holds a reference to the resulting object
beyond the lifetime of <code>*x.get()</code> <b>may result in
a crash!</b>
</table>
<h2><a name="result_handling">Result Handling</a></h2>
In general, <code>call&lt;ResultType&gt;()</code> and
<code>call_method&lt;ResultType&gt;()</code> return
<code>ResultType</code> by exploiting all lvalue and rvalue
<code>from_python</code> converters registered for ResultType and
returning a copy of the result. However, when
<code>ResultType</code> is a pointer or reference type, Boost.Python
searches only for lvalue converters. To prevent dangling pointers and
references, an exception will be thrown if the Python result object
has only a single reference count.
<h2><a name="rationale">Rationale</a></h2>
In general, to get Python arguments corresponding to
<code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>N</i></code>, a new Python object must be
created for each one; should the C++ object be copied into that Python
object, or should the Python object simply hold a reference/pointer to
the C++ object? In general, the latter approach is unsafe, since the
called function may store a reference to the Python object
somewhere. If the Python object is used after the C++ object is
destroyed, we'll crash Python.
<p>In keeping with the philosophy that users on the Python side
shouldn't have to worry about crashing the interpreter, the default
behavior is to copy the C++ object, and to allow a non-copying
behavior only if the user writes <code><a
href="../../../bind/ref.html">boost::ref</a>(a1)</code> instead of a1
directly. At least this way, the user doesn't get dangerous behavior
&quot;by accident&quot;. It's also worth noting that the non-copying
(&quot;by-reference&quot;) behavior is in general only available for
class types, and will fail at runtime with a Python exception if used
otherwise[<a href="#1">1</a>].
<p>
However, pointer types present a problem: one approach is to refuse
to compile if any aN has pointer type: after all, a user can always pass
<code>*aN</code> to pass &quot;by-value&quot; or <code>ref(*aN)</code>
to indicate a pass-by-reference behavior. However, this creates a
problem for the expected null pointer to
<code>None</code> conversion: it's illegal to dereference a null
pointer value.
<p>
The compromise I've settled on is this:
<ol>
<li>The default behavior is pass-by-value. If you pass a non-null
pointer, the pointee is copied into a new Python object; otherwise
the corresponding Python argument will be None.
<li>if you want by-reference behavior, use <code>ptr(aN)</code> if
<code>aN</code> is a pointer and <code>ref(aN)</code> otherwise. If
a null pointer is passed to <code>ptr(aN)</code>, the corresponding
Python argument will be <code>None</code>.
</ol>
<p>
As for results, we have a similar problem: if <code>ResultType</code>
is allowed to be a pointer or reference type, the lifetime of the
object it refers to is probably being managed by a Python object. When
that Python object is destroyed, our pointer dangles. The problem is
particularly bad when the <code>ResultType</code> is char const* - the
corresponding Python String object is typically uniquely-referenced,
meaning that the pointer dangles as soon as <code>call&lt;char
const*&gt;(...)</code> returns.
<p>
The old Boost.Python v1 deals with this issue by refusing to compile
any uses of <code>call&lt;char const*&gt;()</code>, but this goes both
too far and not far enough. It goes too far because there are cases
where the owning Python string object survives beyond the call (just
for instance, when it's the name of a Python class), and it goes not
far enough because we might just as well have the same problem with a
returned pointer or reference of any other type.
<p>
In Boost.Python v2 this is dealt with by:
<ol>
<li> lifting the compile-time restriction on const
char* callback returns
<li> detecting the case when the reference count on the result
Python object is 1 and throwing an exception inside of
<code>call&lt;U&gt;(...)</code> when <code>U</code> is a pointer
or reference type.
</ol>
This should be acceptably safe because users have to explicitly
specify a pointer/reference for <code>U</code> in
<code>call&lt;U&gt;</code>, and they will be protected against dangles
at runtime, at least long enough to get out of the
<code>call&lt;U&gt;(...)</code> invocation.
<hr>
<a name="1">[1]</a> It would be possible to make it fail at compile-time for non-class
types such as int and char, but I'm not sure it's a good idea to impose
this restriction yet.
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
17 April, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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Here's the plan:
I aim to provide an interface similar to that of Boost.Python v1's
callback<>::call(...) for dealing with callbacks. The interface will
look like:
returning<ResultType>::call("method_name", self_object, a1, a2...);
or
returning<ResultType>::call(callable_object, a1, a2...);
ARGUMENT HANDLING
There is an issue concerning how to make Python objects from the
arguments a1...aN. A new Python object must be created; should the C++
object be copied into that Python object, or should the Python object
simply hold a reference/pointer to the C++ object? In general, the
latter approach is unsafe, since the called function may store a
reference to the Python object somewhere. If the Python object is used
after the C++ object is destroyed, we'll crash Python.
I plan to make the copying behavior the default, and to allow a
non-copying behavior if the user writes boost::ref(a1) instead of a1
directly. At least this way, the user doesn't get dangerous behavior "by
accident". It's also worth noting that the non-copying ("by-reference")
behavior is in general only available for class types, and will fail at
runtime with a Python exception if used otherwise**
However, pointer types present a problem: My first thought is to refuse
to compile if any aN has pointer type: after all, a user can always pass
*aN to pass "by-value" or ref(*aN) to indicate a pass-by-reference
behavior. However, this creates a problem for the expected NULL pointer
=> None conversion: it's illegal to dereference a null pointer value.
We could use another construct, say "ptr(aN)", to deal with null
pointers, but then what does it mean? We know what it does when aN is
NULL, but it might either have by-value or by-reference behavior when aN
is non-null.
The compromise I've settled on is this:
1. The default behavior is pass-by-value. If you pass a non-null
pointer, the pointee is copied into a new Python object; otherwise
the corresponding Python argument will be None.
2. if you want by-reference behavior, use ptr(aN) if aN is a pointer
and ref(aN) otherwise. If a null pointer is passed to ptr(aN), the
corresponding Python argument will be None.
RESULT HANDLING
As for results, we have a similar problem: if ResultType is allowed to
be a pointer or reference type, the lifetime of the object it refers to
is probably being managed by a Python object. When that Python object is
destroyed, our pointer dangles. The problem is particularly bad when the
ResultType is char const* - the corresponding Python String object is
typically uniquely-referenced, meaning that the pointer dangles as soon
as returning<char const*>::call() returns.
Boost.Python v1 deals with this issue by refusing to compile any uses of
callback<char const*>::call(), but IMO this goes both too far and not
far enough. It goes too far because there are cases where the owning
String object survives beyond the call (just for instance when it's the
name of a Python class), and it goes not far enough because we might
just as well have the same problem with any returned pointer or
reference.
I propose to address this in Boost.Python v2 by
1. lifting the compile-time restriction on const
char* callback returns
2. detecting the case when the reference count on the
result Python object is 1 and throwing an exception
inside of returning<U>::call() when U is a pointer or
reference type.
I think this is acceptably safe because users have to explicitly specify
a pointer/reference for U in returning<U>, and they will be protected
against dangles at runtime, at least long enough to get out of the
returning<U>::call() invocation.
-Dave
**It would be possible to make it fail at compile-time for non-class
types such as int and char, but I'm not sure it's a good idea to impose
this restriction yet.

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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;,
&lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Headers &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;,
&lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#class_-spec">Class template <code>class_</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#class_-spec-synopsis">Class <code>class_</code>
synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#class_-spec-ctors">Class <code>class_</code>
constructors</a>
<dt><a href="#class_-spec-modifiers">Class <code>class_</code>
modifier functions</a>
<dt><a href="#class_-spec-observers">Class <code>class_</code>
observer functions</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#bases-spec">Class template <code>bases</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#bases-spec-synopsis">Class <code>bases</code>
synopsis</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#args-spec">Class template <code>args</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#args-spec-synopsis">Class <code>args</code>
synopsis</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;</code> defines the interface
through which users expose their C++ classes to Python. It declares the
<code>class_</code> class template, which is parameterized on the
class type being exposed. It also exposes the <code>args</code>
and <code>bases</code> utility class templates, which are used in
conjunction with <code>class_</code>.
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</code> contains a forward
declaration of the <code>class_</code> class template.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="class_-spec"></a>Class template <code>class_&lt;T, <font color="#007f00">Bases, HeldType, NonCopyable</font>&gt;</code></h3>
<p>Creates a Python class associated with the C++ type passed as
its first parameter. Although it has four template parameters,
only the first one is required. The three optional arguments can
actually be supplied <font color="#007f00"><b>in any
order</b></font>; Boost.Python determines the role of the argument
from its type.<br>
<br>
<table border="1" summary="class_ template parameters">
<tr>
<th>Template Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Semantics
<th>Default
<tr>
<td><code>T</code>
<td>A class type.
<td>The class being wrapped
<tr>
<td><code><font color="#007f00">Bases</font></code>
<td>A specialization of <a
href="#bases-spec"><code>bases&lt;...&gt;</code></a> which
specifies previously-exposed C++ base classes of <code>T</code><a href="#footnote_1">[1]</a>.
<td>Registers <code>from_python</code> conversions from
wrapped <code>T</code> instances to each of its exposed direct
and indirect bases. For each polymorphic base <code>B</code>,
registers conversions from indirectly-held wrapped
<code>B</code> instances to <code>T</code>.
<td><code><a href="#bases">bases&lt;&gt;</a></code>
<tr>
<td><code><font color="#007f00">HeldType</font></code>
<td>Must be <code>T</code>, a class derived
from <code>T</code>, or a <a
href="Dereferenceable.html">Dereferenceable</a> type for which
<code><a
href="pointee.html#pointee-spec">pointee</a>&lt;HeldType&gt;::type</code>
is <code>T</code> or a class derived from <code>T</code>.
</dl>
<td>Specifies the type which is actually embedded in a Python
object wrapping a <code>T</code> instance. More details <a
href="#HeldType">below</a>.
<td><code>T</code>
<tr>
<td><code><font color="#007f00">NonCopyable</font></code>
<td>If supplied, must be <a
href="../../../utility/utility.htm#Class noncopyable">boost::noncopyable</a>.
<td> Suppresses automatic registration of <code>to_python</code>
conversions which copy
<code>T</code> instances. Required when <code>T</code> has no
publicly-accessible copy constructor.
<td>An unspecified type other than <code>boost::noncopyable</code>.
</table>
<h4><a name="#HeldType">HeldType Semantics</a></h4>
<ol>
<li>
If <code>HeldType</code> is derived from T, its
exposed constructor(s) must accept an initial
<code>PyObject*</code> argument which refers back to the Python
object that contains it, as shown in <a
href="call_method.html#example">this example</a>. This argument is
not included in the argument list type passed to <a
href="#def_init-spec"><code>def_init()</code></a>, below, nor is
it passed explicitly by users when Python instances of
<code>T</code> are created. This is the idiom which allows C++ virtual
functions to be overridden in Python. Boost.Python automatically
registers additional converters which allow wrapped instances of
<code>T</code> to be passed to wrapped C++ functions expecting
<code>HeldType</code> arguments.
<li>Because Boost.Python will always allow
wrapped instances of <code>T</code> to be passed in place of
<code>HeldType</code> arguments, specifying a smart pointer for
<code>HeldType</code> allows users to pass Python
<code>T</code> instances where a smart pointer-to-<code>T</code> is
expected. Smart pointers such as <code>std::auto_ptr&lt;&gt;</code>
or <code><a
href="../../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm">boost::shared_ptr&lt;&gt;</a></code>
which contain a nested type <code>element_type</code> designating
the referent type are automatically supported; additional smart
pointer types can be supported by specializing <a
href="pointee.html#pointee-spec">pointee&lt;HeldType&gt;</a>.
<li>
As in case 1 above, when <code>HeldType</code> is a smart pointer to
a class derived from <code>T</code>, the initial
<code>PyObject*</code> argument must be supplied by all exposed
constructors.
<li>
Except in cases 1 and 3, users may optionally specify that T itself
gets initialized with a similar initial <code>PyObject*</code>
argument by specializing <a
href="has_back_reference.html#has_back_reference-spec">has_back_reference<T></a>.
</ol>
<h4><a name="class_-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template
<code>class_</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class T
<font color="#007f00"> , class Bases = bases&lt;&gt;
, class HeldType = T
, class NonCopyable = <i>unspecified</i>
&gt;
</font> class class_
{
class_();
class_(char const* name);
// exposing constructors
class_&amp; def_init();
template &lt;class Args&gt;
class_&amp; def_init(Args const&amp; = Args());
template &lt;class Args, class CallPolicy&gt;
class_&amp; def_init(Args const&amp;, CallPolicy policy);
// exposing member functions
template &lt;class F&gt;
class_&amp; def(char const* name, F f);
template &lt;class Fn, class CallPolies&gt;
class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, CallPolies);
// exposing operators
template &lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt;
class_&amp; def(<a href="operators.html#operator_-spec">detail::operator_</a>&lt;unspecified&gt;);
// exposing data members
template &lt;class D&gt;
class_&amp; def_readonly(char const* name, D T::*pm);
template &lt;class D&gt;
class_&amp; def_readwrite(char const* name, D T::*pm);
// Raw attribute modification
class_& setattr(char const* name, ref const&);
// property creation
void add_property(char const* name, ref const&amp; fget);
void add_property(char const* name, ref const&amp; fget, ref const&amp; fset);
// accessing the Python class object
ref object() const;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="class_-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>class_</code> constructors</h4>
<pre>
class_();
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> The platform's <code>std::type_info::name()</code>
implementation produces a string which corresponds to the type's
declaration in C++
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>class_</code> object which
generates a Boost.Python extension class with the same name as
<code>T</code>.
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Many platforms can generate reasonable names for
Python classes without user intervention.
</dl>
<pre>
class_(char const* name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
Python's <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
naming rules</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>class_</code> object which
generates a Boost.Python extension class named <code>name</code>.
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Gives the user full control over class naming.
</dl>
<h4><a name="class_-spec-modifiers"></a>Class template <code>class_</code>
modifier functions</h4>
<pre>
class_&amp; def_init();
template &lt;class Args&gt;
class_&amp; def_init(Args const&amp; argument_types);
template &lt;class Args, class CallPolicies&gt;
class_&amp; def_init(Args const&amp; argument_types, CallPolicies policies);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Args</code> is an <a
href="../../../mpl/doc/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a> of C++ argument
types (<i>A1, A2,... AN</i>) such that if
<code>a1, a2</code>... <code>aN</code> are objects of type
<i>A1, A2,... AN</i> respectively, the expression
<code>T(a1, a2</code>... <code>aN</code>) is valid. In the first form,
the expression <code>T()</code> must be valid.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds the result of
<code><a href=
"make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>&lt;args&lt;&gt;,Holder&gt;()</code>,
<code><a href=
"make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>&lt;Args,Holder&gt;()</code>, or
<code><a href=
"make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>&lt;Args,Holder&gt;(policies)</code>,
respectively, to the Boost.Python extension class being defined under the name
"__init__". <code>Holder</code> is a concrete subclass of <a
href="instance_holder.html#instance_holder-spec">instance_holder</a>
which holds the <code>HeldType</code>. If the extension class
already has an "__init__" attribute, the usual <a
href="http:overloading.html">overloading procedure</a> applies.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class' constructor
to Python.
</dl>
<br>
<pre>
template &lt;class F&gt;
class_&amp; def(char const* name, F f);
template &lt;class Fn, class CallPolicies&gt;
class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn f, CallPolicies policies);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>f</code> is a non-null
pointer-to-function or pointer-to-member-function, or a callable
Python object passed as a <code>PyObject*</code> or <a
href="reference_hpp.html#ref-spec"><code>ref</code></a>. <code>name</code>
is a ntbs which conforms to Python's <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
naming rules</a>. In the first form, the return type of
<code>f</code> is not a reference and is not a pointer other
than <code>char const*</code> or <code>PyObject*</code>. In the
second form <code>policies</code> is a model of <a
href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds the result of <code><a href=
"make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>(f)</code> or <code><a href=
"make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>(f,&nbsp;policies)</code> to
the Boost.Python extension class being defined, with the given
<code>name</code>. If the extension class already has an attribute named
<code><i>name</i></code>, the usual <a href=
"overloading.html">overloading procedure</a> applies.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt;
class_&amp; def(<a href="operators.html#operator_-spec">detail::operator_</a>&lt;unspecified&gt;);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds a Python <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/ref/specialnames.html">special
method</a> as described <a href="operators.html">here</a>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;class F&gt;
class_&amp; setattr(char const* name, ref x);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
Python's <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
naming rules</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> <code><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/object.html#l2h-166">PyObject_SetAttrString</a>(this->object(),&nbsp;name,&nbsp;x.get());</code>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
</dl>
<br>
<pre>
void add_property(char const* name, ref const&amp; fget);
void add_property(char const* name, ref const&amp; fget, ref const&amp; fset);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
Python's <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
naming rules</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a new Python <a
href="http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property"><code>property</code></a>
class instance, passing <code>fget.get()</code> (and
<code>fset.get()</code> in the second form) to its constructor,
then adds that property to the Python class object under
construction with the given attribute <code>name</code>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class'
data member such that it can be inspected from Python with a
natural syntax.
</dl>
<br>
<pre>
template &lt;class D&gt;
class_&amp; def_readonly(char const* name, D T::*pm);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
Python's <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
naming rules</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
<pre>
this-&gt;add_property(name, ref(<a href="data_members.html#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>(pm)));
</pre>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class'
data member such that it can be inspected from Python with a
natural syntax.
</dl>
<br>
<pre>
template &lt;class D&gt;
class_&amp; def_readwrite(char const* name, D T::*pm);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
<pre>
ref fget(<a href="data_members.html#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>(pm));
ref fset(<a href="data_members.html#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>(pm));
this-&gt;add_property(name, fget, fset);
</pre>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class'
data member such that it can be inspected and set from Python with a
natural syntax.
<h4><a name="class_-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>class_</code>
observer functions</h4>
<pre>
ref object() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> A <code>ref</code> object which holds a reference to
the Boost.Python extension class object created by the
<code>class_</code> constructor.
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Mostly not needed by users, since <code><a href=
"module.html#add-spec">module::add</a>()</code> uses this to insert the
extension class in the module.
</dl>
<h3><a name="args-spec"></a>Class template
<code>args&lt;T1, T2,</code>...<code>TN&gt;</code></h3>
<p>A conveniently-named <a
href="../../../mpl/doc/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a> which
users pass to <code><a
href="#class_-spec-modifiers">def_init</a></code> calls to make
their code more readable.
<h4><a name="args-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>args</code>
synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;T1 = <i>unspecified</i>,...TN = <i>unspecified</i>&gt;
struct args
{};
}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="bases-spec"></a>Class template
<code>bases&lt;T1, T2,</code>...<code>TN&gt;</code></h3>
<p>An <a
href="../../../mpl/doc/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a> which
can be used in <code>class_&lt;</code>...<code>&gt;</code>
instantiations indicate a list of base classes. Although users
can pass any MPL sequence in place of args, above, the use of
<code>bases</code> to indicate base classes is mandatory.
<h4><a name="bases-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>bases</code>
synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;T1 = <i>unspecified</i>,...TN = <i>unspecified</i>&gt;
struct bases
{};
}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
<p>Given a C++ class declaration:
<pre>
class Foo : public Bar, public Baz
{
public:
Foo(int, char const*);
Foo(double);
std::string const&amp; name() { return m_name; }
void name(char const*);
double value; // public data
private:
...
};
</pre>
A corresponding Boost.Python extension class can be created with:
<pre>
using namespace boost::python;
ref foo = class_&lt;Foo,bases&lt;Bar,Baz&gt; &gt;()
.def_init(args&lt;int,char const*&gt;())
.def_init(args&lt;double&gt;())
.def("get_name", &amp;Foo::get_name, return_internal_reference&lt;&gt;())
.def("set_name", &amp;Foo::set_name)
.def_readwrite("value", &amp;Foo::value)
.object();
</pre>
<hr>
<a name="footnote_1">[1]</a> By &quot;previously-exposed&quot; we mean that the for each
<code>B</code> in <code>bases</code>, an instance of
<code>class_&lt;B&gt;</code> must have already been
constructed. Ensuring this in a portable manner when a class and its
bases are exposed in the same module entails using separate
<i>full-expressions</i>, rather than chaining consecutive definitions with
&quot;<code>.add(...)</code>.
<pre>
module m(&quot;module_name&quot;);
m.add(class_&lt;Base&gt;()
.def_init());
m.add(class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt;&gt;()
.def_init());
</pre>
Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
09 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

View File

@@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Configuration</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Configuration</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#app-defined">Application Defined Macros</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#lib-defined-public">Public Library Defined Macros</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#lib-defined-impl">Library Defined Implementation Macros</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Boost.Python uses several configuration macros in <a href="http://www.boost.org/libs/config/config.htm">&lt;boost/config.hpp&gt;</a>,
as well as configuration macros meant to be supplied by the application. These
macros are documented here.</p>
<h2><a name="app-defined"></a>Application Defined Macros</h2>
<p>These are the macros that may be defined by an application using Boost.Python.</p>
<table summary="application defined macros" cellspacing="10" width="100%">
<tr>
<td><b>Macro</b></td>
<td><b>Meaning</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{macro}}</td>
<td>{{meaning}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{macro}}</td>
<td>{{meaning}}</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="lib-defined-public"></a>Public Library Defined Macros</h2>
<p>These macros are defined by Boost.Python but are expected to be used by application
code.</p>
<table summary="public library defined macros" cellspacing="10" width="100%">
<tr>
<td><b>Macro</b></td>
<td><b>Meaning</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{macro}}</td>
<td>{{meaning}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{macro}}</td>
<td>{{meaning}}</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="lib-defined-impl"></a>Library Defined Implementation Macros</h2>
<p>These macros are defined by Boost.Python and are implementation details of interest
only to implementers.</p>
<table summary="library defined implementation macros" cellspacing="10" width="100%">
<tr>
<td><b>Macro</b></td>
<td><b>Meaning</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{macro}}</td>
<td>{{meaning}}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>{{macro}}</td>
<td>{{meaning}}</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec">Class
<code>copy_const_reference</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>copy_const_reference</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec-metafunctions">Class
<code>copy_const_reference</code> metafunctions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="copy_const_reference-spec"></a>Class
<code>copy_const_reference</code></h3>
<p><code>copy_const_reference</code> is a model of <a href=
"ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
used to wrap C++ functions returning a reference-to-const type such that
the referenced value is copied into a new Python object.
<h4><a name="copy_const_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>copy_const_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
struct copy_const_reference
{
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="copy_const_reference-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
<code>copy_const_reference</code> metafunctions</h4>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
</pre>
<dl class="metafunction-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U const&amp;</code> for some
<code>U</code>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
"to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T&gt;
type;</code>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<h3>C++ Module Definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
// classes to wrap
struct Bar { int x; }
struct Foo {
Foo(int x) : { b.x = x; }
Bar const&amp; get_bar() const { return b; }
private:
Bar b;
};
// Wrapper code
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
{
module m("my_module")
.add(
class_&lt;Bar&gt;()
)
.add(
class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
.def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
.def("get_bar", &amp;Foo::get_bar
, return_value_policy&lt;copy_const_reference&gt;())
)
;
}
</pre>
<h3>Python Code</h3>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3) # create a Foo object
&gt;&gt;&gt; b = f.get_bar() # make a copy of the internal Bar object
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 February, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
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<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
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<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#copy_non_const_reference-spec">Class
<code>copy_non_const_reference</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#copy_non_const_reference-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>copy_non_const_reference</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#copy_non_const_reference-spec-metafunctions">Class
<code>copy_non_const_reference</code> metafunctions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec"></a>Class
<code>copy_non_const_reference</code></h3>
<p><code>copy_non_const_reference</code> is a model of <a href=
"ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
used to wrap C++ functions returning a reference-to-non-const type such
that the referenced value is copied into a new Python object.
<h4><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>copy_non_const_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
struct copy_non_const_reference
{
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
<code>copy_non_const_reference</code> metafunctions</h4>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
</pre>
<dl class="metafunction-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U&amp;</code> for some
non-const <code>U</code>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
"to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T&gt;
type;</code>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<p>C++ code:
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
// classes to wrap
struct Bar { int x; }
struct Foo {
Foo(int x) : { b.x = x; }
Bar&amp; get_bar() { return b; }
private:
Bar b;
};
// Wrapper code
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
{
module("my_module")
.add(
class_&lt;Bar&gt;()
)
.add(
class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
.def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
.def("get_bar", &amp;Foo::get_bar
, return_value_policy&lt;copy_non_const_reference&gt;())
);
}
</pre>
Python Code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3) # create a Foo object
&gt;&gt;&gt; b = f.get_bar() # make a copy of the internal Bar object
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2001
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

View File

@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>
<dt><a href="#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code><a href="#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>()</code> and
<code><a href="#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>()</code> are
the functions used internally by <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
"class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def_readonly</a></code> and
<code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
"class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def_readwrite</a></code> to
produce Python callable objects which wrap C++ data members.
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
<a name="make_getter-spec">template &lt;class C, class D&gt;</a>
objects::function* make_getter(D C::*pm);
template &lt;class C, class D, class Policies&gt;
objects::function* make_getter(D C::*pm, Policies const&amp; policies);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Policies</code> is a model of <a
href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which
accepts a single argument that can be converted
<code>from_python</code> to <code>C*</code>, and returns the
corresponding member <code>D</code> member of the <code>C</code>
object, converted <code>to_python</code>. If
<code>policies</code> is supplied, it will be applied to the
function as described <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> A pointer convertible to <code>PyObject*</code> which
refers to the new Python callable object.
</dl>
<pre>
<a name="make_setter-spec">template &lt;class C, class D&gt;</a>
objects::function* make_setter(D C::*pm);
template &lt;class C, class D, class Policies&gt;
objects::function* make_setter(D C::*pm, Policies const&amp; policies);
</pre>
<dl class="function*-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Policies</code> is a model of <a
href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when
called from Python, expects two arguments which can be converted
<code>from_python</code> to <code>C*</code> and
<code>D&nbsp;const&amp;</code>, respectively, and sets the
corresponding <code>D</code> member of the <code>C</code>
object. If <code>policies</code> is supplied, it will be applied
to the function as described <a
href="CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> A pointer convertible to
<code>PyObject*</code> which refers to the new Python callable
object.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<p>The code below uses make_getter and make_setter to expose a
data member as functions:
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
struct X
{
X(int x) : y(x) {}
int y;
};
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
{
module("data_members_example")
.add(
class_&lt;X&gt;(&quot;X&quot;)
.def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
.def(&quot;get&quot;, make_getter(&amp;X::y))
.def(&quot;set&quot;, make_setter(&amp;X::y))
)
;
}
</pre>
It can be used this way in Python:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from data_members_example import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; x = X(1)
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.get()
1
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.set(2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.get()
2
</pre>
<p>
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
8 May 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/default_call_policies.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/default_call_policies.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec">Class
<code>default_call_policies</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>default_call_policies</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>default_call_policies</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec">Class
<code>default_result_converter</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>default_result_converter</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec-metafunctions">Class
<code>default_result_converter</code> metafunctions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="default_call_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>default_call_policies</code></h3>
<p><code>default_call_policies</code> is a model of <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> with no <code>precall</code> or
<code>postcall</code> behavior and a <code>result_converter</code> which
handles by-value returns. Wrapped C++ functions and member functions use
<code>default_call_policies</code> unless otherwise specified. You may find
it convenient to derive new models of <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> from
<code>default_call_policies</code>.
<h4><a name="default_call_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>default_call_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
struct default_call_policies
{
static bool precall(PyObject*);
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
typedef <a href=
"#default_result_converter-spec">default_result_converter</a> result_converter;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="default_call_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>default_call_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
bool precall(PyObject*);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
</dl>
<pre>
PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>result</code>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
</dl>
<h3><a name="default_result_converter-spec"></a>Class
<code>default_result_converter</code></h3>
<p><code>default_result_converter</code> is a model of <a href=
"ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
used to wrap C++ functions returning non-pointer types, <code>char
const*</code>, and <code>PyObject*</code>, by-value.
<h4><a name="default_result_converter-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>default_result_converter</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
struct default_result_converter
{
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="default_result_converter-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
<code>default_result_converter</code> metafunctions</h4>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
</pre>
<dl class="metafunction-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is not a reference type. If
<code>T</code> is a pointer type, <code>T</code> is <code>const
char*</code> or <code>PyObject*</code>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
"to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T
const&amp;&gt; type;</code>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<p>This example comes from the Boost.Python implementation itself. Because
the <a href=
"return_value_policy.html#return_value_policy-spec">return_value_policy</a>
class template does not implement <code>precall</code> or
<code>postcall</code> behavior, its default base class is
<code>default_call_policies</code>:
<pre>
template &lt;class Handler, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
struct return_value_policy : Base
{
typedef Handler result_converter;
};
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2001
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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@@ -1,35 +0,0 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Definitions</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Definitions</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="definitions">
<dt><b>{{term}}:</b> {{definition}}</dt>
<dt><b>{{term}}:</b> {{definition}}</dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#error_already_set-spec">Class <code>error_already_set</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#error_already_set-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>error_already_set</code> synopsis</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#handle_exception-spec">handle_exception</a>
<dt><a href="#expect_non_null-spec">expect_non_null</a>
<dt><a href="#throw_error_already_set-spec">throw_error_already_set</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</code> provides types and
functions for managing and translating between Python and C++ exceptions.
This is relatively low-level functionality that is mostly used internally
by Boost.Python. Users should seldom need it.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="error_already_set-spec"></a>Class
<code>error_already_set</code></h3>
<p><code>error_already_set</code> is an exception type which can be thrown
to indicate that a Python error has occurred. If thrown, the precondition
is that <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred()</a>
returns a value convertible to <code>true</code>.
<h4><a name="error_already_set-spec-synopsis"></a>Class error_already_set synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
class error_already_set {};
}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
<a name=
"handle_exception-spec">template &lt;class T&gt; bool handle_exception</a>(T f) throw();
void handle_exception() throw();
</pre>
<dl class="handle_exception-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> The first form requires that the expression <code><a
href=
"../../../function/doc/reference.html#functionN">function0</a>&lt;void&gt;(f)</code>
is valid. The second form requires that a C++ exception is currently
being handled (see section 15.1 in the C++ standard).
<dt><b>Effects:</b> The first form calls <code>f()</code> inside a
<code>try</code> block whose <code>catch</code> clauses set an
appropriate Python exception for the C++ exception caught, returning
<code>true</code> if an exception was caught, <code>false</code>
otherwise. The second form passes a function which rethrows the exception
currently being handled to the first form.
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> No exception is being handled
<dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> At inter-language boundaries it is important to
ensure that no C++ exceptions escape, since the calling language usually
doesn't have the equipment neccessary to properly unwind the stack. Use
<code>handle_exception</code> to manage exception translation whenever
your C++ code is called directly from the Python API. This is done for
you automatically by the usual function wrapping facilities: <a href=
"make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function()</a>, <a href=
"make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor()</a>, <a
href="module.html#def-spec">module::def</a> and <a href=
"class.html#def-spec">class_::def</a>). The second form can be more
convenient to use (see the <a href="#examples">example</a> below), but
various compilers have problems when exceptions are rethrown from within
an enclosing <code>try</code> block.
</dl>
<pre>
<a name="expect_non_null-spec">template &lt;class T&gt; T* expect_non_null(T* x);</a>
</pre>
<dl class="expect_non_null-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>x</code>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set()</a></code> iff <code>x ==
0</code>.
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Simplifies error-handling when calling many
functions in the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/api.html">Python/C API</a>, which
return 0 on error.
</dl>
<pre>
<a name="throw_error_already_set-spec">void throw_error_already_set();</a>
</pre>
<dl class="throw_error_already_set-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> <code>throw&nbsp;<a href=
"#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a>();</code>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
<pre>
#include &lt;string&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
// Returns a std::string which has the same value as obj's "__name__"
// attribute.
std::string get_name(boost::python::ref obj)
{
// throws if there's no __name__ attribute
PyObject* p = boost::python::expect_non_null(
PyObject_GetAttrString(obj.get(), "__name__"));
// throws if it's not a Python string
std::string result(
boost::python::expect_non_null(
PyString_AsString(p)));
Py_XDECREF(p); // Done with p
return result;
}
//
// Demonstrate form 1 of handle_exception
//
// Place a Python Int object whose value is 1 if a and b have
// identical "__name__" attributes, 0 otherwise.
void same_name_impl(PyObject*&amp; result, PyObject* a, PyObject* b)
{
result = PyInt_FromLong(
get_name(boost::python::ref(a1)) == get_name(boost::python::ref(a2)));
}
// This is an example Python 'C' API interface function
extern "C" PyObject*
same_name(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
PyObject* a1;
PyObject* a2;
PyObject* result = 0;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, const_cast&lt;char*&gt;("OO"), &amp;a1, &amp;a2))
return 0;
// Use boost::bind to make an object compatible with
// boost::Function0&lt;void&gt;
if (boost::python::handle_exception(
boost::bind&lt;void&gt;(same_name_impl, boost::ref(result), a1, a2)))
{
// an exception was thrown; the Python error was set by
// handle_exception()
return 0;
}
return result;
}
//
// Demonstrate form 2 of handle_exception. Not well-supported by all
// compilers.
//
extern "C" PyObject*
same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
PyObject* a1;
PyObject* a2;
PyObject* result = 0;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, const_cast&lt;char*&gt;("OO"), &amp;a1, &amp;a2))
return 0;
try {
return PyInt_FromLong(
get_name(boost::python::ref(a1)) == get_name(boost::python::ref(a2)));
}
catch(...)
{
// If an exception was thrown, translate it to Python
boost::python::handle_exception();
return 0;
}
}
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
17 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - FAQ</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#question1">{{question}}</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#question2">{{question}}</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="question1"></a>{{question}}</h2>
<p>{{answer}}</p>
<h2><a name="question2"></a>{{question}}</h2>
<p>{{answer}}</p>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - February 2002 Progress Report</title>
<style type="text/css">
:link { color: #0000ff }
:visited { color: #800080 }
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h2.c2 {text-align: center}
h1.c1 {text-align: center}
</style>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width=
"100%" summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 class="c2">February 2002 Progress Report</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#Python10">Python10 Conference Report</a>
<dt><a href="#progress">Boost.Python v2 Progress</a>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a>
<dt><a href="#conversion">Overhaul of
<code>to_python</code>/<code>from_python</code>
conversion mechanism</a>
<dt><a href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<h2><a name="Python10">Python10 Conference Report</a></h2>
I spent the first week of February at the Python10 conference
in Alexandria, VA. I&#39;m including this experience report
for two reasons: firstly, it documents where my time was
used. Secondly, a public presence for Boost.Python and
interaction between the Python and C++ communities is
important to the future of Boost.Python, which in turn is
important to the Kull Project.
<p>Andy Koenig, of all people, was the keynote speaker of
this year&#39;s opening plenary session. He presented his
&quot;impressions of a polyglot outsider&quot;, which
studiously avoided any mention of C++ until the end of his
talk, when he was asked about standardization. I was
surprised to learn that the C++ community at large wanted a
few more years before beginning but when ANSI accepted
HP&#39;s request for a standard, the process was forced to
start: it was a matter of participating or having
standardization proceed without one&#39;s input. Andy managed
to highlight very effectively the balance of strengths in
Python, one of the most important being its support for
extension via libraries. In many ways that makes Python a
good analogue for C++ in the interpreted world
<p>There were several kind mentions of the Boost.Python
library from people who found it indispensable. I was
particularly happy that Karl MacMillan, Michael Droettboom,
and Ichiro Fujinaga from Johns Hopkins is using it to do OCR
on a vast library of music notation, since in a previous life
I was an author of music notation software. These guys are
also drawing on Ullrich Koethe&#39;s VIGRA library for image
manipulation (Ullrich has been a major contributor to
Boost.Python). They also have a system for writing the
Boost.Python wrapper code in C++ comments, which allows them
to keep all of the code in one place. I&#39;ve asked them to
send me some information on that.
<p>The development of Swig has been gaining momentum again
(the basic description at
www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/comparisons.html still
applies). The talk given about it by David Beazly was very
well-attended, and they appear to have quite a few users.
Swig&#39;s strengths (coverage of many langauages) and
weaknesses (incomplete C++ language support) haven&#39;t
changed, although the C++ support seems to have improved
considerably - they now claim to have a complete model of the
C++ type system. It seems to be mostly geared at wrapping
what Walter Landry calls &quot;C-Tran&quot;: C++ code which
traffics in built-in types with little use of abstraction.
I&#39;m not knocking that, either: I&#39;m sure a lot of that
code exists, so it&#39;s a valuable service. One feature Swig
has which I&#39;d like to steal is the ability to unwrap a
single Python argument into multiple C++ arguments, for
example, by converting a Python string into a pointer and
length. When his talk was over, David approached me about a
possible joint workshop on language binding, which sounds
like a fun idea to me.
<p>I spent some considerable time talking with Steven Knight,
the leader of the Scons build tool effort. We had a lot to
share with one another, and I gained a much better
appreciation for many of the Scons design decisions. Scons
seems to be concentrating on being the ultimate build system
substrate, and Steve seemed to think that we were on the
right track with our high-level design. We both hope that the
Boost.Build V2 high-level architecture can eventually be
ported to run on top of Scons.
<p>They also have a highly-refined and successful development
procedure which I&#39;d like to emulate for Boost.Build V2.
Among many other things they do, their source-control system
automatically ensures that when you check in a new test, it
is automatically run on the currently checked-in state of the
code, and is expected to fail -- a relatively obvious good
idea which I&#39;ve never heard before.
<p>Guido Van Rossum&#39;s &quot;State of the Python
Union&quot; address was full of questions for the community
about what should be done next, but the one idea Guido seemed
to stress was that core language stability and continuing
library development would be a good idea (sound familiar?) I
mentioned the Boost model as a counterpoint to the idea of
something like CPAN (the massive Perl library archives), and
it seemed to generate some significant interest. I&#39;ve
offered to work with anyone from the Python community who
wants to set up something like Boost.
<p>There was some discussion of &quot;string
interpolation&quot; (variable substitution in strings), and
Guido mentioned that he had some thoughts about the
strengths/weaknesses of Python&#39;s formatting interface. It
might be useful for those working on formatting for boost to
contact him and find out what he has to say.
<p>Ka-Ping Yee demoed a Mailman discussion thread weaver.
This tool weaves the various messages in a discussion thread
into a single document so you can follow the entire
conversation. Since we&#39;re looking very seriously at
moving Boost to Mailman, this could be a really useful thing
for us to have. If we do this, we&#39;ll move the yahoogroups
discussions into the mailman archive so old discussions can
be easily accessed in the same fashion.
<p>And, just because it&#39;s cool, though perhaps not
relevant: http://homepages.ulb.ac.be/~arigo/psyco/ is a
promising effort to accelerate the execution of Python code
to speeds approaching those of compiled languages. It
reminded me a lot of Todd Veldhuizen&#39;s research into
moving parts of C++ template compilation to runtime, only
coming from the opposite end of things.
<h2><a name="progress">Boost.Python v2 Progress</a></h2>
Here&#39;s what actually got accomplished.
<h3><a name="documentation">Documentation</a></h3>
<p>My first priority upon returning from Python10 was to get
some documentation in place. After wasting an unfortunate
amount of time looking at automatic documentation tools which
don&#39;t quite work, I settled down to use Bill Kempf&#39;s
HTML templates designed to be a boost standard. While they
are working well, it is highly labor-intensive.
<p>I decided to begin with the high-level reference material,
as opposed to tutorial, narrative, or nitty-gritty details of
the framework. It seemed more important to have a precise
description of the way the commonly-used components work than
to have examples in HTML (since we already have some test
modules), and since the low-level details are much
less-frequently needed by users it made sense for me to
simply respond to support requests for the time being.
<p>After completing approximately 60% of the high-level docs
(currently checked in to libs/python/doc/v2), I found myself
ready to start documenting the mechanisms for creating
to-/from-python converters. This caused a dilemma: I had
realized during the previous week that a much simpler,
more-efficient, and easier-to-use implementation was
possible, but I hadn&#39;t planned on implementing it right
away, since what was already in place worked adequately. I
had also received my first query on the C++-sig about how to
write such a converter
<p>Given the labor-intensive nature of documentation writing,
I decided it would be a bad idea to document the conversion
mechanism if I was just going to rewrite it. Often the best
impetus for simplifying a design is the realization that
understandably documenting its current state would be too
difficult, and this was no exception.
<h3><a name="conversion">Overhaul of
<code>to_python</code>/<code>from_python</code> conversion
mechanism</a></h3>
<p>There were two basic realizations involved here:
<ol>
<li><code>to_python</code> conversion could be a one-step
process, once an appropriate conversion function is found.
This allows elimination of the separate indirect
convertibility check
<li>There are basically two categories of from_python
conversions: those which lvalues stored within or held by
the Python object (essentially extractions), like what
happens when an instance of a C++ class exposed with class_
is used as the target of a wrapped member function), and
those in which a new rvalue gets created, as when a Python
Float is converted to a C++
<code>complex&lt;double&gt;</code> or a Python tuple is
converted to a C++ <code>std::vector&lt;&gt;</code>. From
the client side, there are two corresponding categories of
conversion: those which demand an lvalue conversion and
those which can accept an lvalue or an rvalue conversion.
</ol>
The latter realization allowed the following collapse, which
considerably simplified things:
<blockquote>
<table border="1" summary="Conversion protocol">
<tr>
<th>Target Type
<th>Eligible Converters
<tr>
<td><code>T</code>
<td rowspan="5"><code>T</code> rvalue or lvalue
<tr>
<td><code>T const</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T volatile</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T const volatile</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T const&amp;</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T const*</code>
<td rowspan="9"><code>T</code> lvalue
<tr>
<td><code>T volatile*</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T const volatile*</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T&amp;</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T volatile&amp;</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T const volatile&amp;</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T* const&amp;</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T const* const&amp;</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T volatile*const&amp;</code>
<tr>
<td><code>T const volatile*const&amp;</code>
</table>
</blockquote>
This job included the following additional enhancements:
<ul>
<li>Elimination of virtual functions, which cause object
code bloat
<li>Registration of a single converter function for all
lvalue conversions, two for all rvalue conversions
<li>Killed lots of unneeded code
<li>Increased opacity of registry interface
<li>Eliminated all need for decorated runtime type
identifiers
<li>Updated test modules to reflect new interface
<li>Eliminated the need for users to worry about converter
lifetime issues Additional Builtin Conversion Enhancements
<li>Support for complex&lt;float&gt;,
complex&lt;double&gt;, and complex&lt;long double&gt;
conversions
<li>Support for bool conversions
<li>NULL pointers representable by None in Python
<li>Support for conversion of Python classic classes to
numeric types
</ul>
<h3><a name="miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></h3>
These don&#39;t fit easily under a large heading:
<ul>
<li>Support CallPolicies for class member functions
<li>from_python_data.hpp: revamped type alignment
metaprogram so that it&#39;s fast enough for KCC
<li>classfwd.hpp header forward-declares class_&lt;T&gt;
<li>indirect_traits.hpp:
<li>added is_pointer_to_reference
<li>fixed bugs
<li>Reduced recompilation dependencies
<li>msvc_typeinfo works around broken MS/Intel typeid()
implementation
<li>Many fixes and improvements to the type_traits library
in order to work around compiler bugs and suppress warnings
<li>Eliminated the need for explicit acquisition of
converter registrations
<li>Expanded constructor support to 6 arguments
<li>Implemented generalized pointer lifetime support
<li>Updated code generation for returning.hpp
<li>Tracked down and fixed cycle GC bugs
<li>Added comprehensive unit tests for destroy_reference,
pointer_type_id, select_from_python, complex&lt;T&gt;,
bool, and classic class instance conversions
</ul>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
4 April, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.

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@@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/from_python.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/from_python.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#from_python-spec">Class
Template<code>from_python</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#from_python-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>from_python</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#from_python-spec-ctors">Class Template
<code>from_python</code> constructor</a>
<dt><a href="#from_python-spec-observers">Class Template
<code>from_python</code> observer functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/from_python.hpp&gt;</code> introduces a class
template <code>from_python&lt;T&gt;</code> for extracting a C++ object of
type <code>T</code> from a Python object.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="from_python-spec"></a>Class Template
<code>from_python&lt;class T&gt;</code></h3>
<p><code>from_python&lt;T&gt;</code> is the type used internally by
Boost.Python to extract C++ function arguments from a Python argument tuple
when calling a wrapped function. It can also be used directly to make
similar conversions in other contexts.
<h4><a name="from_python-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template
<code>from_python</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class T&gt;
struct from_python : private <a href=
"../../../utility/utility.htm#Class noncopyable">boost::noncopyable</a> // Exposition only.
// from_python&lt;T&gt; meets the <a href=
"NonCopyable.html">NonCopyable</a> requirements
{
from_python(PyObject*);
bool convertible() const;
<i>convertible-to-T</i> operator()(PyObject*) const;
};
}
</pre>
<h4><a name="from_python-spec-ctors"></a>Class Template
<code>from_python</code> constructor</h4>
<pre>
from_python(PyObject* p);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>p != 0</code>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>from_python</code> object suitable
for extracting a C++ object of type <code>T</code> from <code>p</code>.
</dl>
<h4><a name="from_python-spec-observers"></a>Class Template
<code>from_python</code> observer functions</h4>
<pre>
bool convertible() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>false</code> if the conversion cannot succeed.
This indicates that either:
<dd>
<ol>
<li>No <code>from_python_converter</code> was registered for
<code>T</code>, or
<li>any such converter rejected the constructor argument
<code>p</code> by returning <code>0</code> from its
<code>convertible()</code> function
</ol>
Note that conversion may still fail in <code>operator()</code> due to
an exception.
<dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Because <code>from_python&lt;&gt;</code> is used in
overload resolution, and throwing an exception can be slow, it is useful
to be able to rule out a broad class of unsuccessful conversions without
throwing an exception.
</dl>
<pre>
<i>convertible-to-T</i> operator()(PyObject* p) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>*p</code> refers to the same object which was
passed to the constructor, and <code>convertible()</code> returns
<code>true</code>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> performs the conversion
<dt><b>Returns:</b> an object convertible to <code>T</code>.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<pre>
#include &lt;string&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/from_python.hpp&gt;
// If a std::string can be extracted from p, return its
// length. Otherwise, return 0.
std::size_t length_if_string(PyObject* p)
{
from_python&lt;std::string&gt; converter(p);
if (!converter.convertible())
return 0;
else
return converter(p).size();
}
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2001
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/has_back_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
<style type="text/css">
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<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width=
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<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86"
width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src=
"../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 class="c2">Header
&lt;boost/python/has_back_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#has_back_reference-spec">Class template
<code>has_back_reference</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href=
"#has_back_reference-spec-synopsis">Class template
<code>has_back_reference</code> synopsis</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/has_back_reference.hpp&gt;</code>
defines the traits class template
<code>has_back_reference&lt;&gt;</code>, which can be
specialized by the user to indicate that a wrapped class
instance holds a <code>PyObject*</code> corresponding to a
Python object.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="has_back_reference-spec"></a>Class template
<code>has_back_reference</code></h3>
<p>A unary metafunction whose <code>value</code> is true iff
its argument is a <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
<h4><a name="has_back_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
template <code>has_back_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template&lt;class WrappedClass&gt; class has_back_reference
{
static <i>unspecified</i> value = false;
};
}}
</pre>
<p>A &quot;<a href=
"../../../../more/generic_programming.html#traits">traits
class</a>&quot; which is inspected by Boost.Python to
determine how wrapped classes can be constructed.
<dl class="traits-semantics">
<dt><code>value</code> is an integral constant convertible
to bool of unspecified type.
<dt>Specializations may substitute a value convertible to
<code>true</code> for <code>value</code> iff for each invocation of
<code>class_&lt;WrappedClass&gt;::def_init(args&lt;</code><i>type-sequence...</i><code>&gt;())</code>,
there exists a corresponding constructor
<code>WrappedClass::WrappedClass(PyObject*,&nbsp;</code><i>type-sequence...</i><code>)</code>. If
such a specialization exists, the <code>WrappedClass</code>
constructors will be called with a &quot;back reference&quot; pointer
to the corresponding Python object whenever they are invoked from
Python.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/has_back_reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/shared_ptr.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
struct X
{
X(PyObject* self) : m_self(self), m_x(0) {}
X(PyObject* self, int x) : m_self(self), m_x(x) {}
PyObject* self() { return m_self; }
int get() { return m_x; }
void set(int x) { m_x = x; }
PyObject* m_self;
int x;
};
// specialize has_back_reference for X
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;&gt;
struct has_back_reference&lt;X&gt;
{
enum { value = true; }
}
}}
struct Y
{
Y() : m_x(0) {}
Y(int x) : m_x(x) {}
int get() { return m_x; }
void set(int x) { m_x = x; }
int x;
};
boost::shared_ptr&lt;Y&gt; Y_self(boost::shared_ptr&lt;Y&gt; self) const { return self; }
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(back_references)
{
module(&quot;back_references&quot;)
.add(
class_&lt;X&gt;(&quot;X&quot;)
.def_init()
.def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
.def(&quot;self&quot;, &amp;X::self)
.def(&quot;get&quot;, &amp;X::get)
.def(&quot;set&quot;, &amp;X::set)
)
.add(
class_&lt;Y, shared_ptr&lt;Y&gt; &gt;(&quot;Y&quot;)
.def_init()
.def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
.def(&quot;get&quot;, &amp;Y::get)
.def(&quot;set&quot;, &amp;Y::set)
.def(&quot;self&quot;, Y_self)
)
;
}
</pre>
The following Python session illustrates that <code>x.self()</code>
returns the same Python object on which it is invoked, while
<code>y.self()</code> must create a new Python object which refers to
the same Y instance.
<h3>Python code</h3>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from back_references import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; x = X(1)
&gt;&gt;&gt; x2 = x.self()
&gt;&gt;&gt; x2 is x
<b>1</b>
&gt;&gt;&gt; (x.get(), x2.get())
(1, 1)
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.set(10)
&gt;&gt;&gt; (x.get(), x2.get())
(10, 10)
&gt;&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; y = Y(2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; y2 = y.self()
&gt;&gt;&gt; y2 is y
<b>0</b>
&gt;&gt;&gt; (y.get(), y2.get())
(2, 2)
&gt;&gt;&gt; y.set(20)
&gt;&gt;&gt; (y.get(), y2.get())
(20, 20)
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
07 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.

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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;{{header}}&gt;</title>
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<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
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<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;{{header}}&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#macros">Macros</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#macro-spec">{{macro name}}</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#values">Values</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#value-spec">{{value name}}</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#types">Types</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#type-spec">{{type name}}</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#class-spec">Class <code>{{name}}</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#class-spec-synopsis">Class <code>{{name}}</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#class-spec-ctors">Class <code>{{name}}</code>
constructors and destructor</a>
<dt><a href="#class-spec-comparisons">Class <code>{{name}}</code> comparison functions</a>
<dt><a href="#class-spec-modifiers">Class <code>{{name}}</code> modifier functions</a>
<dt><a href="#class-spec-observers">Class <code>{{name}}</code> observer functions</a>
<dt><a href="#class-spec-statics">Class <code>{{name}}</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function-spec">{{function name}}</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#objects">Objects</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#object-spec">{{object name}}</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>{{Introductory text}}
<h2><a name="macros"></a>Macros</h2>
<p><a name="macro-spec"></a>{{Macro specifications}}
<h2><a name="values"></a>Values</h2>
<p><a name="value-spec"></a>{{Value specifications}}
<h2><a name="types"></a>Types</h2>
<p><a name="type-spec"></a>{{Type specifications}}
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="class-spec"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code></h3>
<p>{{class overview text}}
<h4><a name="class-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost
{
class {{name}}
{
};
};
</pre>
<h4><a name="class-spec-ctors"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> constructors and
destructor</h4>
<pre>
{{constructor}}
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
</dl>
<pre>
{{destructor}}
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
</dl>
<h4><a name="class-spec-comparisons"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> comparison
functions</h4>
<pre>
{{function}}
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
</dl>
<h4><a name="class-spec-modifiers"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> modifier
functions</h4>
<pre>
{{function}}
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
</dl>
<h4><a name="class-spec-observers"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> observer
functions</h4>
<pre>
{{function}}
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
</dl>
<h4><a name="class-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>{{name}}</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
{{function}}
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
</dl>
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
<a name="function-spec"></a>{{function}}
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Effects:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Returns:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Throws:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Complexity:</b> {{text}}
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> {{text}}
</dl>
<h2><a name="objects"></a>Objects</h2>
<p><a name="object-spec"></a>{{Object specifications}}
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
<p>{{Example(s)}}
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2001
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/implicit.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/implicit.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl function="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
<dd>
<dl function="page-index">
<dt><a href="#implicitly_convertible-spec">Function Template <code>implicitly_convertible</code></a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<code>implicitly_convertible</code> allows Boost.Python to
implicitly take advantage of a C++ implicit or explicit conversion
when matching Python objects to C++ argument types.
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<h3><a name="implicitly_convertible-spec"></a>Function template <code>implicitly_convertible</code></h3>
<pre>
template &lt;class Source, class Target&gt;
void implicitly_convertible();
</pre>
<table border="1" summary="implicitly_convertible template parameters">
<caption>
<b><code>implicitly_convertible</code> template parameters</b><br>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Parameter
<th>Description
<tr>
<td><code>Source</code>
<td>The source type of the implicit conversion
<tr>
<td><code>Target</code>
<td>The target type of the implicit conversion
<tr>
</table>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> The expression <code>Target(s)</code>,
where <code>s</code> is of type <code>Source</code>, is valid.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> registers an rvalue <code>from_python</code>
converter to <code>Target</code> which can succeed for any
<code>PyObject*&nbsp;p</code> iff there exists any registered
converter which can produce <code>Source</code> rvalues
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> C++ users expect to be able to take
advantage of the same sort of interoperability in Python as they
do in C++.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/implicit.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
struct X
{
X(int x) : v(x) {}
operator int() { return v; }
int v;
};
int x_value(X const&amp; x)
{
return x.v;
}
X make_x(int n) { return X(n); }
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(implicit_ext)
{
module(&quot;implicit_ext&quot;)
.def(&quot;x_value&quot;, x_value)
.def(&quot;make_x&quot;, make_x)
.add(
class_&lt;X&gt;(&quot;X&quot;)
.def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
)
;
implicitly_convertible&lt;X,int&gt;();
implicitly_convertible&lt;int,X&gt;();
}
</pre>
<h3>Python code</h3>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from implicit_ext import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; x_value(X(42))
42
&gt;&gt;&gt; x_value(42)
42
&gt;&gt;&gt; x = make_x(X(42))
&gt;&gt;&gt; x_value(x)
42
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
08 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Index</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="overview.html">Overview</a></dt>
<dt><a href="reference.html">Reference</a></dt>
<dt><a href="configuration.html">Configuration Information</a></dt>
<dt><a href="rationale.html">Rationale</a></dt>
<dt><a href="definitions.html">Definitions</a></dt>
<dt><a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a></dt>
<dt><a href="progress_reports.html">Progress Reports</a></dt>
<dt><a href="bibliography.html">Bibliography</a></dt>
<dt><a href="acknowledgments.html">Acknowledgments</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/instance_holder.hpp&gt;</title>
<style type="text/css">
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span.c3 {color: #ff0000}
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summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border=
"0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 class="c2">Header &lt;boost/python/instance_holder.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec">Class
<code>instance_holder</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>instance_holder</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec-ctors">Class
<code>instance_holder</code> destructor</a>
<dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec-modifiers">Class
<code>instance_holder</code> modifier functions</a>
<dt><a href="#instance_holder-spec-observers">Class
<code>instance_holder</code> observer functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/instance_holder.hpp&gt;</code> provides
<code>class&nbsp;instance_holder</code>, the base class for types
which hold C++ instances of wrapped classes.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="instance_holder-spec"></a>Class <code>instance_holder</code></h3>
<p><code>instance_holder</code> is an abstract base class whose
concrete derived classes hold C++ class instances within their
Python object wrappers. To allow multiple inheritance in Python
from C++ class wrappers, each such Python object contains a chain
of <code>instance_holder</code>s. When an <code>__init__</code>
function for a wrapped C++ class is invoked, a new
<code>instance_holder</code> instance is created and installed in
the Python object using its <code><a
href="#instance_holder-spec-modifiers">install</a></code>()
function. Each concrete class derived from
<code>instance_holder</code> must provide a <code><a
href="#instance_holder-spec-observers">holds</a>()</code>
implementation which allows Boost.Python to query it for the
type(s) it is holding. In order to support the held type's wrapped
constructor(s), the class must also provide constructors that can
accept an initial <code>PyObject*</code> argument referring to the
owning Python object, and which forward the rest of their
arguments to the constructor of the held type. The initial
argument is needed to enable virtual function overriding in
Python, and may be ignored, depending on the specific
<code>instance_holder</code> subclass.
<h4><a name="instance_holder-spec-synopsis"></a>Class instance_holder
synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
class instance_holder : <a href="../../../utility/utility.htm#Class noncopyable">noncopyable</a>
{
public:
// destructor
virtual ~instance_holder();
// instance_holder modifiers
void install(PyObject* inst) throw();
// instance_holder observers
virtual void* holds(type_info) = 0;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="instance_holder-spec-ctors">Class <code>instance_holder</code>
destructor</a></h4>
<pre>
virtual ~instance_holder();
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> destroys the object
</dl>
<h4><a name="instance_holder-spec-modifiers">Class
<code>instance_holder</code> modifiers</a></h4>
<pre>
void install(PyObject* inst) throw();
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>inst</code> is a Python instance of a
wrapped C++ class type, or is a type derived from a wrapped C++
class type.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> installs the new instance at the head of the
Python object's chain of held instances.
<dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
</dl>
<h4><a name="instance_holder-spec-observers">Class <code>instance_holder</code>
observers</a></h4>
<pre>
virtual void* holds(type_info x) = 0;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> A pointer to an object of the type described
by <code>x</code> if <code>*this</code> contains such an object,
0 otherwise.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
The following is a simplified version of the instance holder template
used by Boost.Python to wrap classes held by smart pointers:
<pre>
template &lt;class SmartPtr, class Value&gt;
struct pointer_holder : instance_holder
{
// construct from the SmartPtr type
pointer_holder(SmartPtr p)
:m_p(p)
// Forwarding constructors for the held type
pointer_holder(PyObject*)
:m_p(new Value())
{
}
template&lt;class A0&gt;
pointer_holder(PyObject*,A0 a0)
:m_p(new Value(a0))
{
}
template&lt;class A0,class A1&gt;
pointer_holder(PyObject*,A0 a0,A1 a1)
:m_p(new Value(a0,a1))
{
}
...
private: // required holder implementation
void* holds(type_info dst_t)
{
// holds an instance of the SmartPtr type...
if (dst_t == python::type_id&lt;SmartPtr&gt;())
return &amp;this-&gt;m_p;
// ...and an instance of the SmartPtr's element_type, if the
// pointer is non-null
return python::type_id&lt;Value&gt;() == dst_t ? &amp;*this-&gt;m_p : 0;
}
private: // data members
SmartPtr m_p;
};
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
29 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All
Rights Reserved.

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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/iterator.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/iterator.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#iterator-spec">Class template <code>iterator</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#iterator-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>iterator</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#iterator-spec-ctors">Class template <code>iterator</code>
constructor</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#iterators-spec">Class template <code>iterators</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#iterators-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>iterators</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#iterators-spec-types">Class template
<code>iterators</code> nested types</a>
<dt><a href="#iterators-spec-statics">Class template
<code>iterators</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#range-spec">range</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/iterator.hpp&gt;</code> provides types
and functions for creating <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/typeiter.html">Python
iterators</a> from <a
href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Container.html">C++
Containers</a> and <a
href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Iterators.html">Iterators</a>. Note
that if your <code>class_</code> supports random-access iterators,
implementing
<code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/sequence-types.html#l2h-128">__getitem__</a></code>
(also known as the Sequence Protocol) may serve you better than
using this facility: Python will automatically create an iterator
type for you (see <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/built-in-funcs.html#l2h-35">iter()</a>),
and each access can be range-checked, leaving no possiblity of
accessing through an invalidated C++ iterator.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="iterator-spec"></a>Class Template <code>iterator</code></h3>
<p>Instances of <code>iterator&lt;C,P&gt;</code> hold a reference
to a callable Python object which, when invoked from Python,
expects a single argument <code>c</code> convertible to
<code>C</code> and creates a Python iterator that traverses
[<code>c.begin()</code>,
<code>c.end()</code>). The optional <a
href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
<code>P</code> can be used to control how elements are returned
during iteration.
<p>In the table below, <code><b>c</b></code> is an instance of <code>Container</code>.
<table border="1" summary="iterator template parameters">
<tr>
<th>Template Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Semantics
<th>Default
<tr>
<td><code>Container</code>
<td>[c.begin(),c.end()) is a valid <a
href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/Iterators.html">Iterator
range</a>.
<td>The result will convert its argument to
<code>c</code> and call
<code>c.begin()</code> and <code>c.end()</code> to acquire
iterators. To invoke <code>Container</code>'s
<code>const</code> <code>begin()</code> and <code>end()</code>
functions, make it <code>const</code>.
<tr>
<td><code>NextPolicies</code>
<td>A default-constructible model of <a
href="CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>.
<td>Applied to the resulting iterators' <code>next()</code> method.
<td>An unspecified model of <a
href="CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>
which always makes a copy of the
result of deferencing the underlying C++ iterator
</table>
<h4><a name="iterator-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template iterator synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class Container
, class NextPolicies = <i>unspecified</i>&gt;
struct iterator : reference&lt;PyObject*&gt;
{
iterator();
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="iterator-spec-constructors"></a>Class Template
iterator constructor</h4>
<pre>
iterator()
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Initializes its base class with the result
of:
<pre>
range&lt;NextPolicies&gt;(&amp;iterators&lt;Container&gt;::begin, &amp;iterators&lt;Container&gt;::end)
</pre>
<dt><b>Postconditions:</b> <code>this-&gt;get()</code> points to
a Python callable object which creates a Python iterator as
described above.
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Provides an easy way to create iterators
for the common case where a C++ class being wrapped provides
<code>begin()</code> and <code>end()</code>.
</dl>
<!-- -->
<h3><a name="iterators-spec"></a>Class Template <code>iterators</code></h3>
<p>A utility class template which provides a way to reliably call
its argument's <code>begin()</code> and <code>end()</code> member
functions. Note that there is no portable way to take the address
of a member function of a C++ standard library container, so
<code>iterators&lt;&gt;</code> can be particularly helpful when
wrapping them.
<p>In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> is an instance of <code>C</code>.
<table border="1" summary="iterator template parameters">
<tr>
<th>Required Valid Expression
<th>Type
<tr>
<td><code>x.begin()</code>
<td>Convertible to <code>C::const_iterator</code> if <code>C</code> is a
<code>const</code> type; convertible to <code>C::iterator</code> otherwise.
<tr>
<td><code>x.end()</code>
<td>Convertible to <code>C::const_iterator</code> if <code>C</code> is a
<code>const</code> type; convertible to <code>C::iterator</code> otherwise.
</table>
<h4><a name="iterators-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template iterators synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class C&gt;
struct iterators
{
typedef typename C::[const_]iterator iterator;
static iterator begin(C&amp; x);
static iterator end(C&amp; x);
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="iterators-spec-types"></a>Class Template
iterators nested types</h4>
If C is a <code>const</code> type,
<pre>
typedef typename C::const_iterator iterator;
</pre>
Otherwise:
<pre>
typedef typename C::iterator iterator;
</pre>
<h4><a name="iterators-spec-statics"></a>Class Template
iterators static functions</h4>
<pre>
static iterator begin(C&amp;);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>x.begin()</code>
</dl>
<pre>
static iterator end(C&amp;);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>x.end()</code>
</dl>
<!-- -->
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
<a name=
"range-spec">template</a> &lt;class NextPolicies, class Target, class Accessor1, class Accessor2&gt;
reference&lt;PyObject*&gt range(Accessor1 start, Accessor2 finish);
template &lt;class NextPolicies, class Accessor1, class Accessor2&gt;
reference&lt;PyObject*&gt range(Accessor1 start, Accessor2 finish);
template &lt;class Accessor1, class Accessor2&gt;
reference&lt;PyObject*&gt range(Accessor1 start, Accessor2 finish);
</pre>
<dl class="range-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>NextPolicies</code> is a
default-constructible model of <a
href="CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> <dl>
The first form creates a Python callable
object which, when invoked, converts its argument to a
<code>Target</code> object
<code>x</code>, and creates a Python iterator which traverses
[<code><a
href="../../../bind/bind.html">bind</a>(start,_1)(x)</code>,&nbsp;<code><a
href="../../../bind/bind.html">bind</a>(finish,_1)(x)</code>),
applying <code>NextPolicies</code> to the iterator's
<code>next()</code> function.
<dd>
<dt>The second form is identical to
the first, except that <code>Target</code> is deduced from
<code>Accessor1</code> as follows:
<ol>
<li>If <code>Accessor1</code> is a function type,
<code>Target</code> is the type of its first argument.
<li>If <code>Accessor1</code> is a data member pointer of the
form <code>R&nbsp;(T::*)</code>, <code>Target</code> is
identical to <code>T</code>.
<li>If <code>Accessor1</code> is a member function pointer of
the form
<code>R&nbsp;(T::*)(</code><i>arguments...</i><code>)</code>&nbsp;<i>cv-opt</i>,
where <i>cv-opt</i> is an optional <code>cv-qualifier</code>,
<code>Target</code> is identical to <code>T</code>.
</ol>
<dd>
<dt>The third form is identical to the second, except that
<code>NextPolicies</code> is an unspecified model of <a
href="CallPolicies.html#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies</a>
which always makes a copy of the
result of deferencing the underlying C++ iterator<dd>
</dl>
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> The use of <code><a
href="../../../bind/bind.html">boost::bind</a>()</code> allows
C++ iterators to be accessed through functions, member functions
or data member pointers. Customization of
<code>NextPolicies</code> (e.g. using <code><a
href="return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec"
>return_internal_reference</a></code>) is useful when it is
expensive to copy sequence elements of a wrapped class
type. Customization of <code>Target</code> is useful when
<code>Accessor1</code> is a function object, or when a base
class of the intended target type would otherwise be deduced.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/return_internal_reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;vector&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(demo)
{
module(&quot;demo&quot;)
.add(
class_&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt; &gt;(&quot;dvec&quot;)
.def(&quot;__iter__&quot;, iterator&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt; &gt;())
...
)
;
}
</pre>
A more comprehensive example can be found in:
<code><dl>
<dt><a href="../../test/iterator.cpp">libs/python/test/iterator.cpp</a><dd>
<dt><a href="../../test/input_iterator.cpp">libs/python/test/input_iterator.cpp</a><dd>
<dt><a href="../../test/iterator.py">libs/python/test/input_iterator.py</a><dd>
</code>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
17 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/lvalue_from_python.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/lvalue_from_pytype.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#lvalue_from_pytype-spec">Class Template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#lvalue_from_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#lvalue_from_pytype-spec-ctors">Class Template
<code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> constructor</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#extract_identity-spec">Class Template <code>extract_identity</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#extract_identity-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>extract_identity</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#extract_identity-spec-statics">Class Template
<code>extract_identity</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#extract_member-spec">Class Template <code>extract_member</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#extract_member-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>extract_member</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#extract_member-spec-statics">Class Template
<code>extract_member</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<code>&lt;boost/python/lvalue_from_pytype.hpp&gt;</code> supplies
a facility for extracting C++ objects from within Python instances
of a given type. This is typically useful for dealing with
&quot;traditional&quot; Python extension types.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="lvalue_from_pytype-spec"></a>Class template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code></h3>
<p>Class template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> will register
from_python converters which, given an object of the given Python
type, can extract references and pointers to a particular C++
type. Its template arguments are:
<p>
<table border="1" summary="lvalue_from_pytype template parameters">
<caption>
<b><code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> Requirements</b><br>
In the table below, <b><code>x</code></b> denotes an object of type <code>PythonObject&amp;</code>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Semantics
<tr>
<td><code>Extractor</code>
<td>a model of <a
href="Extractor.html#Extractor-concept">Extractor</a> whose
execute function returns a reference type.
<td>Extracts the lvalue from the Python object once its type has been confirmed
<tr>
<td><code>python_type</code>
<td>A compile-time constant <code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-type-methods.html">PyTypeObject</a>*</code>
<td>The Python type of instances convertible by this
converter. Python subtypes are also convertible.
</table>
<h4><a name="lvalue_from_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class Extractor, PyTypeObject const* python_type&gt;
struct lvalue_from_pytype
{
lvalue_from_pytype();
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="lvalue_from_pytype-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code> constructor</h4>
<pre>
lvalue_from_pytype();
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Registers converters which can convert
Python objects of the given type to lvalues of the type returned
by <code>Extractor::execute</code>.
</dl>
<h3><a name="extract_identity-spec"></a>Class template <code>extract_identity</code></h3>
<p><code>extract_identity</code> is a model of <a
href="Extractor.html#Extractor-concept">Extractor</a> which can be
used in the common case where the C++ type to be extracted is the
same as the Python object type.
<h4><a name="extract_identity-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template
<code>extract_identity</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class InstanceType&gt;
struct extract_identity
{
static InstanceType&amp; execute(InstanceType&amp; c);
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="extract_identity-spec-statics"></a>Class template <code>extract_identity</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
InstanceType&amp; execute(InstanceType&amp; c);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>c</code>
</dl>
<h3><a name="extract_member-spec"></a>Class template <code>extract_member</code></h3>
<p><code>extract_member</code> is a model of <a
href="Extractor.html#Extractor-concept">Extractor</a> which can be
used in the common case in the common case where the C++
type to be extracted is a member of the Python object.
<h4><a name="extract_member-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>extract_member</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class InstanceType, class MemberType, MemberType (InstanceType::*member)&gt;
struct extract_member
{
static MemberType&amp; execute(InstanceType&amp; c);
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="extract_member-spec-statics"></a>Class template <code>extract_member</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static MemberType&amp; execute(InstanceType&amp; c);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>c.*member</code>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
This example presumes that someone has implemented the standard <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-basics.html">noddy
example module</a> from the Python documentation, and we want to build
a module which manipulates <code>Noddy</code>s. Since
<code>noddy_NoddyObject</code> is so simple that it carries no
interesting information, the example is a bit contrived: it assumes
you want to keep track of one particular object for some reason. This
module would have to be dynamically linked to the module which defines
<code>noddy_NoddyType</code>.
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
// definition lifted from the Python docs
typedef struct {
PyObject_HEAD
} noddy_NoddyObject;
using namespace boost::python;
static reference&lt;PyObject&gt; cache;
bool is_cached(noddy_NoddyObject* x)
{
return x == cache.get();
}
void set_cache(noddy_NoddyObject* x)
{
cache.reset((PyObject*)x, ref::increment_count);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noddy_cache)
{
module noddy_cache(&quot;noddy_cache&quot;)
.def(&quot;is_cached&quot;, is_cached)
.def(&quot;set_cache&quot;, set_cache)
;
// register Noddy lvalue converter
lvalue_from_pytype&lt;extract_identity&lt;noddy_NoddyObject&gt;,&amp;noddy_NoddyType&gt;();
}
</pre>
<h3>Python code</h3>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import noddy
&gt;&gt;&gt; n = noddy.new_noddy()
&gt;&gt;&gt; import noddy_cache
&gt;&gt;&gt; noddy_cache.is_cached(n)
0
&gt;&gt;&gt; noddy_cache.set_cache(n)
&gt;&gt;&gt; noddy_cache.is_cached(n)
1
&gt;&gt;&gt; noddy_cache.is_cached(noddy.new_noddy())
0
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2001
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
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<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/make_function.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#make_function-spec">make_function</a>
<dt><a href="#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code><a href="#make_function-spec">make_function</a>()</code> and
<code><a href="#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>()</code> are
the functions used internally by <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
"class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def</a></code>, <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a
href="module.html#module-spec-modifiers">def</a></code>, and
<code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
"class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def_init</a></code> to produce Python
callable objects which wrap C++ functions and member functions.
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
<a name="make_function-spec">template &lt;class F&gt;</a>
objects::function* make_function(F f)
template &lt;class F, class Policies&gt;
objects::function* make_function(F f, Policies const&amp; policies)
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>F</code> is a function pointer or member
function pointer type
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when called
from Python, converts its arguments to C++ and calls <code>f</code>. If
<code>F</code> is a pointer-to-member-function type, the target object of
the function call (<code>*this</code>) will be taken from the first
Python argument, and subsequent Python arguments will be used as the
arguments to <code>f</code>. If <code>policies</code> are supplied, it
must be a model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>, and will
be applied to the function as described <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> A pointer convertible to <code>PyObject*</code> which
refers to the new Python callable object.
</dl>
<pre>
<a name=
"make_constructor-spec">template &lt;class T, class ArgList, class Generator&gt;
objects::function* make_constructor();</a>
template &lt;class ArgList, class Generator, class Policies&gt;
objects::function* make_constructor(Policies const&amp; policies)
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is a class
type. <code>Policies</code> is a model of <a
href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>. <code>ArgList</code>
is an <a href="../../../mpl/doc/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a>
of C++ argument types (<i>A1, A2,... AN</i>) such that if
<code>a1, a2</code>... <code>aN</code> are objects of type
<i>A1, A2,... AN</i> respectively, the expression <code>new
Generator::apply&lt;T&gt;::type(a1, a2</code>... <code>aN</code>) is
valid. Generator is a model of <a href=
"HolderGenerator.html">HolderGenerator</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when called
from Python, expects its first argument to be a Boost.Python extension
class object. It converts its remaining its arguments to C++ and passes
them to the constructor of a dynamically-allocated
<code>Generator::apply&lt;T&gt;::type</code> object, which is
then installed in the extension class object. In the second
form, the <code>policies</code> are applied to the arguments and
result (<a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a>)
of the Python callable object
<dt><b>Returns:</b> The new Python callable object
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<p>C++ function exposed below returns a callable object wrapping one of two
functions.
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/make_function.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
char const* foo() { return "foo"; }
char const* bar() { return "bar"; }
PyObject* choose_function(bool selector)
{
if (selector)
return boost::python::make_function(foo);
else
return boost::python::make_function(bar);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(make_function_test)
{
module("make_function_test")
.def("choose_function", choose_function);
}
</pre>
It can be used this way in Python:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from make_function_test import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = choose_function(1)
&gt;&gt;&gt; g = choose_function(0)
&gt;&gt;&gt; f()
'foo'
&gt;&gt;&gt; g()
'bar'
</pre>
<p>
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
14 February 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/manage_new_object.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#manage_new_object-spec">Class
<code>manage_new_object</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#manage_new_object-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>manage_new_object</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#manage_new_object-spec-metafunctions">Class
<code>manage_new_object</code> metafunctions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="manage_new_object-spec"></a>Class
<code>manage_new_object</code></h3>
<p><code>manage_new_object</code> is a model of <a href=
"ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
used to wrap C++ functions which return a pointer to an object allocated
with a <i>new-expression</i>, and expect the caller to take responsibility
for deleting that object.
<h4><a name="manage_new_object-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>manage_new_object</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
struct manage_new_object
{
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="manage_new_object-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
<code>manage_new_object</code> metafunctions</h4>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
</pre>
<dl class="metafunction-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U*</code> for some
<code>U</code>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
"to_python_indirect.html#to_python_indirect-spec">to_python_indirect</a>&lt;T&gt;
type;</code>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<p>In C++:
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/manage_new_object.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
struct Foo {
Foo(int x) : x(x){}
int get_x() { return x; }
int x;
};
Foo* make_foo(int x) { return new Foo(x); }
// Wrapper code
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
{
module("my_module")
.def("make_foo", make_foo, return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;)
.add(
class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
.def("get_x", &amp;Foo::get_x)
)
}
</pre>
In Python:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = make_foo(3) # create a Foo object
&gt;&gt;&gt; f.get_x()
3
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
14 February 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

View File

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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#macros">Macros</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href=
"#BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT-spec">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#module-spec">Class <code>module</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#module-spec-synopsis">Class <code>module</code>
synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#module-spec-ctors">Class <code>module</code>
constructor</a>
<dt><a href="#module-spec-modifiers">Class <code>module</code>
modifier functions</a>
<dt><a href="#module-spec-observers">Class <code>module</code>
observer functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>This header provides the basic facilities needed to create an
extension module.
<h2><a name="macros"></a>Macros</h2>
<p><a name=
"BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT-spec"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(name)</code></a>
is used to declare Python <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/methodTable.html#SECTION003400000000000000000">
module initialization functions</a>. The <code>name</code> argument must
exactly match the name of the module to be initialized, and must conform to
Python's <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier naming
rules</a>. Where you would normally write
<pre>
void init<i>name</i>()
{
...
</pre>
Boost.Python modules should be initialized with
<pre>
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(<i>name</i>)
{
...
</pre>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="module-spec">Class <code>module</code></a></h3>
<p>This class represents the Python extension module under construction. It
provides functions for adding attributes and for retrieving the underlying
Python module object.
<h4><a name="module-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>module</code>
synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
class module : public module_base
{
public:
module(const char* name);
// modifier functions
module&amp; setattr(const char* name, PyObject*);
module&amp; setattr(const char* name, PyTypeObject*);
module&amp; setattr(const char* name, ref const&amp;);
module&amp; add(PyTypeObject* x);
template &lt;class T, class Bases, class HolderGenerator&gt;
module&amp; add(class_&lt;T,Bases,HolderGenerator&gt; const&amp; c);
template &lt;class Fn&gt;
module&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn);
template &lt;class Fn, class ResultHandler&gt;
module&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, ResultHandler handler);
// observer function
ref object() const;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="module-spec-ctors">Class <code>module</code></a>
constructor</h4>
<pre>
module(const char* name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs whose value matches the
argument passed to <a href=
"#BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT-spec">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a <code>module</code> object representing a
Python module named <code>name</code>.
</dl>
<h4><a name="module-spec-modifiers">Class <code>module</code></a> modifier
functions</h4>
<pre>
module&amp; setattr(const char* name, PyObject* obj);
module&amp; setattr(const char* name, PyTypeObject* obj);
module&amp; setattr(const char* name, ref const&amp; r);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
Python's <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
naming rules</a>. In the first two forms, <code>obj</code> is non-null.
In the third form, <code>r.get()</code> is non-null.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds the given Python object to the module. If the
object is a product of <code><a href=
"make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>()</code>, the
usual <a href="overloading.html">overloading procedure</a> applies.
In the first two forms, ownership of a reference to obj is transferred
from caller to callee, even if an exception is thrown.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
</dl>
<pre>
module&amp; add(PyTypeObject* x);
template &lt;class T, class Bases, class HolderGenerator&gt;
module&amp; add(class_&lt;T,Bases,HolderGenerator&gt; const&amp; c);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> In the first form, <code>x</code> is non-null
<dt><b>Effects:</b> The first form adds the Python type object named by
<code>x</code> to the Python module under construction, with the name
given by the type's <code><a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-type-methods.html">tp_name</a></code>
field. The second form adds the extension class object being constructed
by <code>c</code> to the module, with the same name that was passed to
<code>c</code>'s constructor.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Provides a way to set type attributes in the module
without having to explicitly specify the name.
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;class Fn&gt;
module&amp; def(char const* name, Fn f);
template &lt;class Fn, class ResultHandler&gt;
module&amp; def(char const* name, Fn f, ResultHandler handler);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>f</code> is a non-null pointer-to-function or
pointer-to-member-function. <code>name</code> is a ntbs which conforms to
Python's <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
naming rules</a>. In the first form, the return type of
<code>f</code> is not a reference and is not a pointer other
than <code>char const*</code> or <code>PyObject*</code>. In the
second form <code>policy</code> is a model of <a
href="CallPolicy.html">CallPolicy</a>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds the result of <code><a href=
"make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>(f)</code> to
the extension module being defined, with the given <code>name</code>. If
the module already has an attribute named <code><i>name</i></code>, the
usual <a href="http:overloading.html">overloading procedure</a> applies.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code>
</dl>
<h4><a name="module-spec-observers">Class <code>module</code></a> observer
functions</h4>
<pre>
ref object() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> A <code>ref</code> object which holds a reference to
the Python module object created by the <code>module</code> constructor.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
<p>C++ module definition:
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
char const* greet()
{
return "hello, Boost.Python!";
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(boost_greet)
{
module("boost_greet")
.def("greet", greet);
}
</pre>
Interactive Python:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import boost_greet
&gt;&gt;&gt; boost_greet.greet()
'hello, Boost.Python!'
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
14 February, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

View File

@@ -1,531 +0,0 @@
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/operators.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/operators.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#self_t-spec">Class <code>self_ns::self_t</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#self_t-spec-synopsis">Class <code>self_t</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#self_t-spec-inplace">Class <code>self_t</code> inplace operators</a>
<dt><a href="#self_t-spec-comparisons">Class <code>self_t</code> comparison functions</a>
<dt><a href="#self_t-spec-ops">Class <code>self_t</code> non-member operations</a>
<dt><a href="#self_t-spec-value-unary-ops">Class <code>self_t</code> unary operations</a>
<dt><a href="#self_t-spec-value-value-ops">Class <code>self_t</code> value operations</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#other-spec">Class template <code>other</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#other-spec-synopsis">Class <code>other</code> synopsis</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#operator_-spec">Class template <code>operator_</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#operator_-spec-synopsis">Class <code>operator_</code> synopsis</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#objects">Objects</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#self-spec">self</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/operators.hpp&gt;</code> provides types
and functions for automatically generating Python <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/ref/specialnames.html">special
methods</a> from the corresponding C++ constructs. Most of these
constructs are operator expressions, hence the name. To use the
facility, substitute the <code><a
href="#self-spec">self</a></code> object for an object of the
class type being wrapped in the expression to be exposed, and pass
the result to <a
href="class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">class_&lt;&gt;::def()</a>. Much
of what is exposed in this header should be considered part of the
implementation, so is not documented in detail here.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="self_t-spec"></a>Class <code>self_ns::self_t</code></h3>
<p><code>self_ns::self_t</code> is the actual type of the <a
href="#self-spec"><code>self</code></a> object. The library
isolates <code>self_t</code> in its own namespace,
<code>self_ns</code>, in order to prevent the generalized operator
templates which operate on it from being found by
argument-dependent lookup in other contexts. This should be
considered an implementation detail, since users should never have
to mention <code>self_t</code> directly.
<h4><a name="self_t-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>self_ns::self_t</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace self_ns {
{
class self_t {};
// inplace operators
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator+=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator-=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator*=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator/=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator%=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&gt;&gt;=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&lt;&lt;=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&amp;=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator^=(self_t, T);
template &lt;class T&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator|=(self_t, T);
// comparisons
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator==(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator!=(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&lt;(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&gt;(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&lt;=(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&gt;=(L const&amp;, R const&amp;);
// non-member operations
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator+(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator-(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator*(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator/(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator%(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&gt;&gt;(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&lt;&lt;(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator&amp;(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator^(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator|(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
template &lt;class L, class R&gt; <a
href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; pow(L const&amp;, R const&amp);
// unary operations
<a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator-(self_t);
<a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator+(self_t);
<a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; operator~(self_t);
// value operations
<a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; int_(self_t);
<a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; long_(self_t);
<a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; float_(self_t);
<a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; complex_(self_t);
<a href="#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; str(self_t);
}}};
</pre>
The tables below describe the methods generated when the results of
the expressions described are passed as arguments to <a
href="class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">class_&lt;&gt;::def()</a>.
<code><b>x</b></code> is an object of the class type being wrapped.
<h4><a name="self_t-spec-inplace"></a>Class <code>self_t</code> inplace operators</h4>
In the table below, If <code><b>r</b></code> is an object of type
<code><a href="#other-spec">other</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>,
<code><b>y</b></code> is an object of type <code>T</code>; otherwise,
<code><b>y</b></code> is an object of the same type as
<code><b>r</b></code>.
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th>C++ Expression
<th>Python Method Name
<th>C++ Implementation
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;+=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__iadd__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;+=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;-=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__isub__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;-=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;*=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__imul__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;*=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;/=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__idiv__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;/=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;%=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__imod__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;%=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;&gt;&gt;=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__irshift__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;&gt;&gt;=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;&lt;&lt;=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__ilshift__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;&lt;&lt;=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;&amp;=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__iand__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;&amp;=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;^=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__ixor__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;^=&nbsp;y</code>
<tr><td><code>self&nbsp;|=&nbsp;r</code>
<td><code>__ior__</code>
<td><code>x&nbsp;|=&nbsp;y</code>
</table>
<h4><a name="self_t-spec-comparisons"></a>Class <code>self_t</code> comparison
functions</h4>
In the tables below, if <code><b>r</b></code> is of type <code><a
href="#self_t-spec">self_t</a></code>, <code><b>y</b></code> is an object
of the same type as <code>x</code>;
<br>
if <code><b>l</b></code> or <code><b>r</b></code> is an object of type <code><a
href="#other-spec">other</a>&lt;T&gt;</code>,
<code><b>y</b></code> is an object of type <code>T</code>;
<br>
otherwise, <code><b>y</b></code> is an object of the same type as
<code><b>l</b></code> or <code><b>r</b></code>.<br>
<code><b>l</b></code>
is never of type <code><a href="#self_t-spec">self_t</a></code>.
<p>
The column of <b>Python Expressions</b> illustrates the expressions
that will be supported in Python for objects convertible to the types
of <code>x</code> and <code>y</code>. The secondary operation arises
due to Python's <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/ref/customization.html#l2h-89">reflection
rules</a> for rich comparison operators, and are only used when the
corresponding operation is not defined as a method of the
<code>y</code> object.
<table border="1">
<tr><th>C++ Expression <th>Python Method Name <th>C++ Implementation
<th>Python Expressions<br>(primary, secondary)
<code>
<tr><td>self&nbsp;==&nbsp;r <td>__eq__ <td>x&nbsp;==&nbsp;y
<td>x&nbsp;==&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;==&nbsp;x
<tr><td>l&nbsp;==&nbsp;self <td>__eq__ <td>y&nbsp;==&nbsp;x
<td>y&nbsp;==&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;==&nbsp;y
<tr><td>self&nbsp;!=&nbsp;r <td>__ne__ <td>x&nbsp;!=&nbsp;y
<td>x&nbsp;!=&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;!=&nbsp;x
<tr><td>l&nbsp;!=&nbsp;self <td>__ne__ <td>y&nbsp;!=&nbsp;x
<td>y&nbsp;!=&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;!=&nbsp;y
<tr><td>self&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;r <td>__lt__ <td>x&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;y
<td>x&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;x
<tr><td>l&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;self <td>__gt__ <td>y&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;x
<td>y&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;y
<tr><td>self&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;r <td>__gt__ <td>x&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;y
<td>x&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;x
<tr><td>l&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;self <td>__lt__ <td>y&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;x
<td>y&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;&gt;&nbsp;y
<tr><td>self&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;r <td>__le__ <td>x&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;y
<td>x&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;x
<tr><td>l&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;self <td>__ge__ <td>y&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;x
<td>y&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;y
<tr><td>self&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;r <td>__ge__ <td>x&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;y
<td>x&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;y, y&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;x
<tr><td>l&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;self <td>__le__ <td>y&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;x
<td>y&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;x, x&nbsp;&gt;=&nbsp;y
</code>
</table>
<h4><a name="self_t-spec-ops"></a>Class
<code>self_t</code> non-member operations</h4>
The operations whose names begin with &quot;<code>__r</code>&quot;
below will only be called if the left-hand operand does not already
support the given operation, as described <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/numeric-types.html#l2h-152">here</a>.
<table border="1">
<tr><th>C++ Expression <th>Python Method Name <th>C++ Implementation
<code>
<tr><td>self&nbsp;+&nbsp;r <td>__add__ <td>x&nbsp;+&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;+&nbsp;self <td>__radd__ <td>y&nbsp;+&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;-&nbsp;r <td>__sub__ <td>x&nbsp;-&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;-&nbsp;self <td>__rsub__ <td>y&nbsp;-&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;*&nbsp;r <td>__mul__ <td>x&nbsp;*&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;*&nbsp;self <td>__rmul__ <td>y&nbsp;*&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;/&nbsp;r <td>__div__ <td>x&nbsp;/&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;/&nbsp;self <td>__rdiv__ <td>y&nbsp;/&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;%&nbsp;r <td>__mod__ <td>x&nbsp;%&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;%&nbsp;self <td>__rmod__ <td>y&nbsp;%&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;r <td>__rshift__ <td>x&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;self <td>__rrshift__ <td>y&nbsp;&gt;&gt;&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;&lt;&lt;&nbsp;r <td>__lshift__ <td>x&nbsp;&lt;&lt;&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;&lt;&lt;&nbsp;self <td>__rlshift__ <td>y&nbsp;&lt;&lt;&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;r <td>__and__ <td>x&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;self <td>__rand__ <td>y&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;^&nbsp;r <td>__xor__ <td>x&nbsp;^&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;^&nbsp;self <td>__rxor__ <td>y&nbsp;^&nbsp;x
<tr><td>self&nbsp;|&nbsp;r <td>__or__ <td>x&nbsp;|&nbsp;y
<tr><td>l&nbsp;|&nbsp;self <td>__ror__ <td>y&nbsp;|&nbsp;x
<tr><td>pow(self,&nbsp;r) <td>__pow__ <td>pow(x,&nbsp;y)
<tr><td>pow(l,&nbsp;self) <td>__rpow__ <td>pow(y,&nbsp;x)
</code>
</table>
<h4><a name="self_t-spec-unary-ops"></a>Class
<code>self_t</code> unary operations</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr><th>C++ Expression <th>Python Method Name <th>C++ Implementation
<code>
<tr><td>-self <td>__neg__ <td>-x
<tr><td>+self<td>__pos__ <td>+x
<tr><td>~self<td>__invert__ <td>~x
</code>
</table>
<h4><a name="self_t-spec-value-ops"></a>Class
<code>self_t</code> value operations</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr><th>C++ Expression <th>Python Method Name <th>C++ Implementation
<code>
<tr><td>int_(self)<td>__int__ <td>long(x)
<tr><td>long_<td>__long__ <td>PyLong_FromLong(x)
<tr><td>float_<td>__float__ <td>double(x)
<tr><td>complex_<td>__complex__ <td>std::complex&lt;double&gt;(x)
<tr><td>str<td>__str__ <td><a href="../../../conversion/lexical_cast.htm#lexical_cast">lexical_cast</a>&lt;std::string&gt;(x)
</code>
</table>
<h3><a name="other-spec"></a>Class Template <code>other</code></h3>
<p>Instances of <code>other&lt;T&gt;</code> can be used in
operator expressions with <a href="#self-spec">self</a>; the
result is equivalent to the same expression with a <code>T</code>
object in place of <code>other&lt;T&gt;</code>. Use
<code>other&lt;T&gt;</code> to prevent construction of a
<code>T</code> object in case it is heavyweight, when no
constructor is available, or simply for clarity.
<h4><a name="other-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template other synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class T&gt;
struct other
{
};
}}
</pre>
<!-- -->
<h3><a name="operator_-spec"></a>Class Template <code>detail::operator_</code></h3>
<p>Instantiations of <code>detail::operator_&lt;&gt;</code> are
used as the return type of operator expressions involving <code><a
href="#self-spec">self</a></code>. This should be considered an
implementation detail and is only documented here as a way of
showing how the result of <code>self</code>-expressions match
calls to <a
href="class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">class_&lt;&gt;::def()</a>.
<h4><a name="operator_-spec-synopsis"></a>Class Template
<code>detail::operator_</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace detail
{
template &lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt;
struct operator_
{
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="objects"></a>Objects</h2>
<p><a name="self-spec"><code>self</code></a>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
extern self_ns self;
}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/operators.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/operators.hpp&gt;
struct number
: boost::<a href="../../../utility/operators.htm#grpd_oprs">integer_arithmetic</a>&lt;number&gt;
{
number(long x_) : x(x_) {}
operator long() const { return x; }
number&amp; operator+=(number const&amp; rhs)
{ x += rhs }
number&amp; operator-=(number const&amp; rhs);
{ x -= rhs }
number&amp; operator*=(number const&amp; rhs)
{ x *= rhs }
number&amp; operator/=(number const&amp; rhs);
{ x /= rhs }
number&amp; operator%=(number const&amp; rhs);
{ x %= rhs }
long x;
};
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(demo)
{
module(&quot;demo&quot;)
.add(
class_&lt;number&gt;(&quot;number&quot;)
// interoperate with self
.def(self += self)
.def(self + self)
.def(self -= self)
.def(self - self)
.def(self *= self)
.def(self * self)
.def(self /= self)
.def(self / self)
.def(self %= self)
.def(self % self)
// Convert to Python int
.def(int_(self))
// interoperate with long
.def(self += long())
.def(self + long())
.def(long() + self)
.def(self -= long())
.def(self - long())
.def(long() - self)
.def(self *= long())
.def(self * long())
.def(long() * self)
.def(self /= long())
.def(self / long())
.def(long() / self)
.def(self %= long())
.def(self % long())
.def(long() % self)
)
;
}
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
3 June, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Overview</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Overview</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#topic1">First topic</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#topic2">Second topic</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>{{text}}</p>
<h2><a name="topic1"></a>First Topic</h2>
<p>{{text}}</p>
<h2><a name="topic2"></a>Second Topic</h2>
<p>{{text}}</p>
<h2><a name="footnotes"></a>Footnotes</h2>
<dl>
<dt><a name="footnote1" class="footnote">(1)</a> {{text}}</dt>
<dt><a name="footnote2" class="footnote">(2)</a> {{text}}</dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Progress Reports</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Progress Reports</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
Monthly progress reports are required as part of Boost Consulting's
contract with LLNL for Boost.Python development. These reports contain
a useful record of the project history, including the rationale for
design decisions and links to relevant discussions.
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="feb2002.html">February 2002</a></dt>
<dt><a href="Mar2002.html">March 2002</a></dt>
<dt><a href="Apr2002.html">April 2002</a></dt>
<dt><a href="May2002.html">May 2002</a></dt>
<dt><a href="Jun2002.html">June 2002</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
18 July, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/ptr.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/ptr.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ptr-spec">ptr</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec">Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec-types">Class
<code>pointer_wrapper</code> types</a>
<dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec-ctors">Class
<code>pointer_wrapper</code> constructors and destructor</a>
<dt><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec-observers">Class
<code>pointer_wrapper</code> observer functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#metafunctions">Metafunctions</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#is_pointer_wrapper-spec">Class template <code>is_pointer_wrapper</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#is_pointer_wrapper-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>is_pointer_wrapper</code> synopsis</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#unwrap_pointer-spec">Class template <code>unwrap_pointer</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#unwrap_pointer-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>unwrap_pointer</code> synopsis</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/ptr.hpp&gt;</code> defines the
<code>ptr()</code> function template, which allows users to
specify how to convert C++ pointer values to python in the context
of implementing overridable virtual functions, invoking Python
callable objects, or explicitly converting C++ objects to
Python. Normally, when passing pointers to Python callbacks, the
pointee is copied to ensure that the Python object
never holds a dangling reference. To specify that the new Python
object should merely contain a copy of a pointer <code>p</code>,
the user can pass <code><a href="#ptr-spec">ptr</a>(p)</code> instead of passing
<code>p</code> directly. This interface is meant to mirror the use
of <a href="../../../bind/ref.html"><code>boost::ref()</code></a>,
which can be similarly used to prevent copying of referents.
<p><code>ptr(p)</code> returns an instance of <code><a
href="#pointer_wrapper-spec">pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</a></code>, which
can be detected using the <code><a
href="#is_pointer_wrapper-spec">is_pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</a></code>
metafunction; <code><a
href="#unwrap_pointer-spec">unwrap_pointer&lt;&gt;</a></code> is a
metafunction which extracts the original pointer type from a
<code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>. These classes can be thought
of as implementation details.
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
<a name="ptr-spec">template &lt;class T&gt;</a>
pointer_wrapper&lt;T&gt; ptr(T x);
</pre>
<dl class="ptr-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is a pointer type.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code><a href="#pointer_wrapper-spec">pointer_wrapper</a>&lt;T&gt;(x)</code>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing.
</dl>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec"></a>Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code></h3>
<p>A &quot;type envelope&quot; which is returned by <a
href="#ptr-spec">ptr()</a>, used to indicate reference semantics
for pointers passed to Python callbacks.
<h4><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>pointer_wrapper</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template&lt;class Ptr&gt; class pointer_wrapper
{
public:
typedef Ptr type;
explicit pointer_wrapper(Ptr x);
operator Ptr() const;
Ptr get() const;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec-types"></a>Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code> types</h4>
<pre>
typedef Ptr type;
</pre>
The type of the pointer being wrapped.
<h4><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code> constructors and
destructor</h4>
<pre>
explicit pointer_wrapper(Ptr x);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Ptr</code> is a pointer type.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Stores <code>x</code> in a the <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
<dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing.
</dl>
<h4><a name="pointer_wrapper-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>pointer_wrapper</code> observer
functions</h4>
<pre>
operator Ptr() const;
Ptr get() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a copy of the stored pointer.
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> <code>pointer_wrapper</code> is intended
to be a stand-in for the actual pointer type, but sometimes it's
better to have an explicit way to retrieve the pointer.
</dl>
<h3><a name="is_pointer_wrapper-spec"></a>Class template <code>is_pointer_wrapper</code></h3>
<p>A unary metafunction whose <code>value</code> is true iff its
argument is a <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
<h4><a name="is_pointer_wrapper-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>is_pointer_wrapper</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template&lt;class T&gt; class is_pointer_wrapper
{
static <i>unspecified</i> value = ...;
};
}}
</pre>
<dl class="metafunction-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code> iff <code>T</code> is a
specialization of
<code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
<dt><code>value</code> is an integral constant convertible to bool of
unspecified type
</dl>
<h3><a name="unwrap_pointer-spec"></a>Class template <code>unwrap_pointer</code></h3>
A unary metafunction which extracts the wrapped pointer type from a
specialization of <code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>.
<h4><a name="unwrap_pointer-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>unwrap_pointer</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template&lt;class T&gt; class unwrap_pointer
{
typedef <i>unspecified</i> type;
};
}}
</pre>
<dl class="metafunction-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>T::type</code> if <code>T</code> is a
specialization of
<code>pointer_wrapper&lt;&gt;</code>, <code>T</code> otherwise
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
This example illustrates the use of <code>ptr()</code> to prevent an
object from being copied:
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/call.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/ptr.hpp&gt;
class expensive_to_copy
{
...
};
void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
{
// call the Python function f, passing a Python object built around
// which refers to *x by-pointer.
//
// *** Note: ensuring that *x outlives the argument to f() is ***
// *** up to the user! Failure to do so could result in a crash! ***
boost::python::call&lt;void&gt;(f, ptr(x));
}
...
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
29 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Rationale</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Rationale</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#topic1">First topic</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#topic2">Second topic</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#footnotes">Footnotes</a></dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>{{text}}</p>
<h2><a name="topic1"></a>First Topic</h2>
<p>{{text}}</p>
<h2><a name="topic2"></a>Second Topic</h2>
<p>{{text}}</p>
<h2><a name="footnotes"></a>Footnotes</h2>
<dl>
<dt><a name="footnote1" class="footnote">(1)</a> {{text}}</dt>
<dt><a name="footnote2" class="footnote">(2)</a> {{text}}</dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
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<h3>Models of CallPolicies</h3>
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<h3>Models of ResultConverterGenerator</h3>
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<hr>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
3 June, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All
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<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/reference_existing_object.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/reference_existing_object.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#reference_existing_object-spec">Class
<code>reference_existing_object</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#reference_existing_object-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>reference_existing_object</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#reference_existing_object-spec-metafunctions">Class
<code>reference_existing_object</code> metafunctions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="reference_existing_object-spec"></a>Class
<code>reference_existing_object</code></h3>
<p><code>reference_existing_object</code> is a model of <a href=
"ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
used to wrap C++ functions which return a reference or pointer to a C++
object. When the wrapped function is called, the value referenced by its
return value is not copied. A new Python object is created which contains a
pointer to the referent, and no attempt is made to ensure that the lifetime
of the referent is at least as long as that of the corresponding Python
object. Thus, it can be <font color="#ff0000"><b>highly
dangerous</b></font> to use <code>reference_existing_object</code> without
additional lifetime management from such models of <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> as <a href=
"with_custodian_and_ward.html#with_custodian_and_ward-spec">with_custodian_and_ward</a>.
This class is used in the implementation of <a href=
"return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec">return_internal_reference</a>.
<h4><a name="reference_existing_object-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>reference_existing_object</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
struct reference_existing_object
{
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="reference_existing_object-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
<code>reference_existing_object</code> metafunctions</h4>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
</pre>
<dl class="metafunction-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U&amp;</code> or
<code>U*</code>for some <code>U</code>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
"to_python_indirect.html#to_python_indirect-spec">to_python_indirect</a>&lt;T,V&gt;
type</code>, where <code>V</code> is a <a href=
"to_python_indirect.html#HolderObjectGenerator">HolderObjectGenerator</a>
which constructs an instance holder containing an <i>unowned</i>
<code>U*</code> pointing to the referent of the wrapped function's return
value.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<p>In C++:
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/reference_existing_object.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;utility&gt;
// classes to wrap
struct Singleton
{
Singleton() : x(0) {}
int exchange(int n) // set x and return the old value
{
std::swap(n, x);
return n;
}
int x;
};
Singleton&amp; get_it()
{
static Singleton just_one;
return just_one;
}
// Wrapper code
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(singleton)
{
module("singleton")
.def("get_it", get_it)
.add(
class_&lt;Singleton&gt;()
.def("exchange", &amp;Singleton::exchange)
);
}
</pre>
In Python:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import singleton
&gt;&gt;&gt; s1 = singleton.get_it()
&gt;&gt;&gt; s2 = singleton.get_it()
&gt;&gt;&gt; id(s1) == id(s2) # s1 and s2 are not the same object
0
&gt;&gt;&gt; s1.exchange(42) # but they reference the same C++ Singleton
0
&gt;&gt;&gt; s2.exchange(99)
42
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
14 February 2002 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/return_internal_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/return_internal_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#return_internal_reference-spec">Class Template <code>return_internal_reference</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#return_internal_reference-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>return_internal_reference</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#return_internal_reference-spec-statics">Class
<code>return_internal_reference</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<code>return_internal_reference</code> instantiations are models of <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> which allow pointers and
references to objects held internally by a free or member function
argument or from the target of a member function to be returned
safely without making a copy of the referent. The default for its
first template argument handles the common case where the
containing object is the target (<code>*this</code>) of a wrapped
member function.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="return_internal_reference-spec"></a>Class template <code>return_internal_reference</code></h3>
<table border="1" summary="return_internal_reference template parameters">
<caption>
<b><code>return_internal_reference</code> template parameters</b>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Description
<th>Default
<tr>
<td><code>owner_arg</code>
<td>A positive compile-time constant of type
<code>std::size_t</code>.
<td>The index of the parameter which contains the object to
which the reference or pointer is being returned. If used to
wrap a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
(<code>*this</code>). Note that if the target Python object
type doesn't support weak references, a Python
<code>TypeError</code> exception will be raised when the
function being wrapped is called.
<td>1
<tr>
<td><code>Base</code>
<td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
<td>Used for policy composition. Any
<code>result_converter</code> it supplies will be overridden by
<code>return_internal_reference</code>, but its
<code>precall</code> and <code>postcall</code> policies are
composed as described here <a
href="CallPolicies.html#composition">CallPolicies</a>.
<td><code><a href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">default_call_policies</a></code>
</table>
<h4><a name="return_internal_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>return_internal_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;std::size_t owner_arg = 1, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
struct return_internal_reference : Base
{
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
typedef <a href="reference_existing_object.html#reference_existing_object-spec">reference_existing_object</a> result_converter;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="default_call_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>default_call_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/tupleObjects.html#l2h-476">PyTuple_Check</a>(args) != 0</code>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code><a href="with_custodian_and_ward.html#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-statics">with_custodian_and_ward_postcall::postcall(args, result)</a></code>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/return_internal_reference.hpp&gt;
class Bar
{
Bar(int x) : x(x) {}
int get_x() const { return x; }
void set_x(int x) { this-&gt;x = x; }
private:
int x;
}
class Foo
{
public:
Foo(int x) : b(x) {}
// Returns an internal reference
Bar const&amp; get_bar() const { return b; }
private:
Bar b;
};
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(internal_refs)
{
module m(&quot;internal_refs&quot;)
.add(
class_&lt;Bar&gt;()
.def(&quot;get_x&quot;, &amp;Bar::get_x)
.def(&quot;set_x&quot;, &amp;Bar::set_x)
)
.add(
class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
.def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
.def(&quot;get_bar&quot;, &amp;Foo::get_bar
, return_internal_reference&lt;&gt;())
)
;
}
</pre>
<h3>Python code</h3>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from internal_refs import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3)
&gt;&gt;&gt; b1 = f.get_bar()
&gt;&gt;&gt; b2 = f.get_bar()
&gt;&gt;&gt; b1.get_x()
3
&gt;&gt;&gt; b2.get_x()
3
&gt;&gt;&gt; b1.set_x(42)
&gt;&gt;&gt; b2.get_x()
42
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 February, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

View File

@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
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<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#return_value_policy-spec">Class Template <code>return_value_policy</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#return_value_policy-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>return_value_policy</code> synopsis</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<code>return_value_policy</code> instantiations are simply models
of <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> which are composed of a <a href=
"ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> and optional <code>Base</code> <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="return_value_policy-spec"></a>Class template <code>return_value_policy</code></h3>
<table border="1" summary="return_value_policy template parameters">
<caption>
<b><code>return_value_policy</code> template parameters</b>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Default
<tr>
<td><a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a>
<td>A model of <a href=
"ResultConverterGenerator.html">ResultConverterGenerator</a>.
<tr>
<td><code>Base</code>
<td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
<td><code><a href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">default_call_policies</a></code>
</table>
<h4><a name="return_value_policy-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>return_value_policy</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class ResultConverterGenerator, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
struct return_value_policy : Base
{
typedef ResultConverterGenerator result_converter;
};
}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<h3>C++ Module Definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
// classes to wrap
struct Bar { int x; }
struct Foo {
Foo(int x) : { b.x = x; }
Bar const&amp; get_bar() const { return b; }
private:
Bar b;
};
// Wrapper code
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
{
module("my_module")
.add(
class_&lt;Bar&gt;()
)
.add(
class_&lt;Foo&gt;()
.def_init(args&lt;int&gt;())
.def("get_bar", &amp;Foo::get_bar
, return_value_policy&lt;copy_const_reference&gt;())
)
;
}
</pre>
<h3>Python Code</h3>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3) # create a Foo object
&gt;&gt;&gt; b = f.get_bar() # make a copy of the internal Bar object
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 February, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

View File

@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_converter-spec">Class Template <code>to_python_converter</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_converter-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>to_python_converter</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#to_python_converter-spec-ctors">Class Template
<code>to_python_converter</code> constructor</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<code>to_python_converter</code> registers a conversion from
objects of a given C++ type into a Python object.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="to_python_converter-spec"></a>Class template <code>to_python_converter</code></h3>
<code>to_python_converter</code> adds a wrapper around a static
member function of its second template parameter, handling
low-level details such as insertion into the converter registry.
<table border="1" summary="to_python_converter template parameters">
<caption>
<b><code>to_python_converter</code> template parameters</b><br>
In the table below, <b><code>x</code></b> denotes an object of type <code>T</code>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Description
<tr>
<td><code>T</code>
<td>
<td>The C++ type of the source object in the conversion
<tr>
<td><code>Conversion</code>
<td><code>PyObject*&nbsp;p&nbsp;=&nbsp;Conversion::convert(x)</code>,<br>
if <code>p&nbsp;==&nbsp;0</code>, <code><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>.
<td>A class type whose static member function
<code>convert</code> does the real work of the conversion.
<tr>
</table>
<h4><a name="to_python_converter-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>to_python_converter</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class T, class Conversion&gt;
struct to_python_converter
{
to_python_converter();
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="to_python_converter-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>to_python_converter</code> constructor</h4>
<pre>
to_python_converter();
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Registers a to_python converter which uses
<code>Conversion::convert()</code> to do its work.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
This example presumes that someone has implemented the standard <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-basics.html">noddy example
module</a> from the Python documentation, and placed the corresponding
declarations in <code>&quot;noddy.h&quot;</code>. Because
<code>noddy_NoddyObject</code> is the ultimate trivial extension type,
the example is a bit contrived: it wraps a function for which all
information is contained in the <i>type</i> of its return value.
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &quot;noddy.h&quot;
struct tag {};
tag make_tag() { return tag(); }
using namespace boost::python;
struct tag_to_noddy
{
static PyObject* convert(tag const&amp; x)
{
return PyObject_New(noddy_NoddyObject, &amp;noddy_NoddyType);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(to_python_converter)
{
module(&quot;to_python_converter&quot;)
.def(&quot;make_tag&quot;, make_tag)
;
to_python_converter&lt;tag, tag_to_noddy&gt;();
}
</pre>
<h3>Python code</h3>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import to_python_converter
&gt;&gt;&gt; def always_none():
... return None
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; def choose_function(x):
... if (x % 2 != 0):
... return to_python_converter.make_tag
... else:
... return always_none
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; a = [ choose_function(x) for x in range(5) ]
&gt;&gt;&gt; b = [ f() for f in a ]
&gt;&gt;&gt; type(b[0])
&lt;type 'NoneType'&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; type(b[1])
&lt;type 'Noddy'&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; type(b[2])
&lt;type 'NoneType'&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; type(b[3])
&lt;type 'Noddy'&gt;
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
05 November, 2001
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/to_python_indirect.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/to_python_indirect.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_indirect-spec">Class Template <code>to_python_indirect</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_indirect-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>to_python_indirect</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#to_python_indirect-spec-observers">Class Template
<code>to_python_indirect</code> observer functions</a>
<dt><a href="#to_python_indirect-spec-statics">Class Template
<code>to_python_indirect</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<code>&lt;boost/python/to_python_indirect.hpp&gt;</code> supplies
a way to construct new Python objects that hold wrapped C++ class
instances via a pointer or smart pointer.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="to_python_indirect-spec"></a>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code></h3>
<p>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code> converts objects
of its first argument type to python as extension class instances, using the ownership policy provided by its 2nd argument.
<p>
<table border="1" summary="to_python_indirect template parameters">
<caption>
<b><code>to_python_indirect</code> Requirements</b><br>
In the table below, <b><code>x</code></b> denotes an object of
type <code>T</code>, <b><code>h</code></b> denotes an
object of type
<code>boost::python::objects::instance_holder*</code>, and
<b><code>p</code></b> denotes an object of type
<code>U*</code>.
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Description
<tr>
<td><code>T</code>
<td>Either <code>U</code>&nbsp;<i>cv</i><code>&amp;</code>
(where <i>cv</i> is any optional cv-qualification) or a <a
href="Dereferenceable.html">Dereferenceable</a> type such that
<code>*x</code> is convertible to <code>U const&amp;</code>, where
<code>U</code> is a class type.
<td>A type deferencing a C++ class exposed to Python using
class template <code><a
href="class.html#class_-spec">class_</a></code>.
<tr>
<td><code>MakeHolder</code>
<td>h = MakeHolder::execute(p);
<td>A class whose static <code>execute()</code> creates an
<code>instance_holder</code>.
</table>
Instantiations of <code>to_python_indirect</code> are models of <a
href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a>.
<h4><a name="to_python_indirect-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class T, class MakeHolder&gt;
struct to_python_indirect
{
static bool convertible();
PyObject* operator()(T ptr_or_reference) const;
private:
static PyTypeObject* type();
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="to_python_indirect-spec-observers"></a>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code> observers</h4>
<pre>
PyObject* operator()(T x) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>x</code> refers to an object (if it
is a pointer type, it is non-null). <code>convertible() ==
true</code>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates an appropriately-typed Boost.Python
extension class instance, uses <code>MakeHolder</code> to create
an <code>instance_holder</code> from <code>x</code>, installs
the <code>instance_holder</code> in the new extension class
instance, and returns a pointer to it.
</dl>
<h4><a name="to_python_indirect-spec-statics"></a>Class template <code>to_python_indirect</code> statics</h4>
<pre>
bool convertible();
</pre>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Returns <code>true</code> iff any module has
registered a Python type corresponding to <code>U</code>.
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
This example replicates the functionality of <a
href="reference_existing_object.html#reference_existing_object-spec">reference_existing_object</a>,
but without some of the compile-time error checking.
<pre>
struct make_reference_holder
{
typedef boost::python::objects::instance_holder* result_type;
template &lt;class T&gt;
static result_type execute(T* p)
{
return new boost::python::objects::pointer_holder&lt;T*, T&gt;(p);
}
};
struct reference_existing_object
{
// metafunction returning the <a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a>
template &lt;class T&gt;
struct apply
{
typedef boost::python::to_python_indirect&lt;T,make_reference_holder&gt; type;
};
};
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
16 February, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

View File

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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/to_python_value.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/to_python_value.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_value-spec">Class
<code>to_python_value</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_value-spec-synopsis">Class template
<code>to_python_value</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#to_python_value-spec-observers">Class template
<code>to_python_value</code> observer functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="to_python_value-spec"></a>Class template
<code>to_python_value</code></h3>
<p><code>to_python_value</code> is a model of <a href=
"ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a>
which copies its argument into a new Python object.
<h4><a name="to_python_value-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>to_python_value</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class T&gt;
struct to_python_value
{
typedef typename <a href="../../../type_traits/index.htm#transformations">add_reference</a>&lt;
typename <a href="../../../type_traits/index.htm#transformations">add_const</a>&lt;T&gt;::type
&gt;::type argument_type;
static bool convertible();
PyObject* operator()(argument_type) const;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="to_python_value-spec-observers"></a>Class
<code>to_python_value</code> observers</h4>
<pre>
static bool convertible();
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code> iff a converter has been registered which can convert <code>T</code> to python by-value.
</dl>
<pre>
PyObject* operator()(argument_type x) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>convertible()&nbsp;==&nbsp;true</code>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> converts <code>x</code> to python
<dt><b>Returns:</b> the resulting Python object iff a converter for <code>T</code> has been registered, <code>0</code> otherwise.
</dl>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 February, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

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<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border=
"0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 class="c1">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 class="c2">Header &lt;boost/python/type_id.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#type_info-spec">Class
<code>type_info</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#type_info-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>type_info</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#type_infospec-ctors">Class
<code>type_info</code> constructor</a>
<dt><a href="#type_infospec-comparisons">Class
<code>type_info</code> comparison functions</a>
<dt><a href="#type_infospec-observers">Class
<code>type_info</code> observer functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#type_id-spec">type_id</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p><code>&lt;boost/python/type_id.hpp&gt;</code> provides types and
functions for runtime type identification like those of of
<code>&lt;typeinfo&gt;</code>. It exists mostly to work around
certain compiler bugs and platform-dependent interactions with
shared libraries.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="type_info-spec"></a>Class <code>type_info</code></h3>
<p><code>type_info</code> instances identify a type. As
<code>std::type_info</code> is specified to (but unlike its
implementation in some compilers),
<code>boost::python::type_info</code> never represents top-level
references or cv-qualification (see section 5.2.8 in the C++
standard). Unlike <code>std::type_info</code>,
<code>boost::python::type_info</code> instances are copyable, and
comparisons always work reliably across shared library boundaries.
<h4><a name="type_info-spec-synopsis"></a>Class type_info
synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
class type_info : <a href=
"../../../utility/operators.htm#totally_ordered1">totally_ordered</a>&lt;type_info&gt;
{
public:
// constructor
type_info(std::type_info const&amp; = typeid(void));
// comparisons
bool operator&lt;(type_info const&amp; rhs) const;
bool operator==(type_info const&amp; rhs) const;
// observers
char const* name() const;
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="type_infospec-ctors">Class <code>type_info</code>
constructor</a></h4>
<pre>
type_info(std::type_info const&amp; = typeid(void));
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> constructs a <code>type_info</code> object
which identifies the same type as its argument.
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Since it is occasionally neccessary to make
an array of <code>type_info</code> objects a benign default
argument is supplied. <span class="c3"><b>Note:</b></span> this
constructor does <i>not</i> correct for non-conformance of
compiler <code>typeid()</code> implementations. See <code><a
href="#type_id-spec">type_id</a></code>, below.
</dl>
<h4><a name="type_infospec-comparisons">Class
<code>type_info</code> comparisons</a></h4>
<pre>
bool operator&lt;(type_info const&amp; rhs) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> yields a total order over
<code>type_info</code> objects.
</dl>
<pre>
bool operator==(type_info const&amp; rhs) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code> iff the two values describe
the same type.
</dl>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Note:</b> The use of <code><a href=
"../../../utility/operators.htm#totally_ordered1">totally_ordered</a>&lt;type_info&gt;</code>
as a private base class supplies operators <code>&lt;=</code>,
<code>&gt;=</code>, <code>&gt;</code>, and <code>!=</code>
</dl>
<h4><a name="type_infospec-observers">Class <code>type_info</code>
observers</a></h4>
<pre>
char const* name() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> The result of calling <code>name()</code> on
the argument used to construct the object.
</dl>
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<pre>
std::ostream&amp; operator&lt;&lt;(std::ostream&amp;s, type_info const&amp;x);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Writes a description of the type described by
to <code>x</code> into <code>s</code>.
<dt><b>Rationale:</b> Not every C++ implementation provides a
truly human-readable <code>type_info::name()</code> string, but
for some we may be able to decode the string and produce a
reasonable representation.
</dl>
<pre>
<a name="type_id-spec">template &lt;class T&gt; type_info type_id</a>()
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>type_info(typeid(T))</code>
<dt><b>Note:</b> On some non-conforming C++ implementations, the
code is not actually as simple as described above; the semantics
are adjusted to work <i>as-if</i> the C++ implementation were
conforming.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
The following example, though silly, illustrates how the
<code>type_id</code> facility might be used
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/type_id.hpp&gt;
// Returns true iff the user passes an int argument
template &lt;class T&gt;
bool is_int(T x)
{
using boost::python::type_id;
return type_id&lt;T&gt;() == type_id&lt;int&gt;();
}
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
18 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All
Rights Reserved.

View File

@@ -1,289 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/with_custodian_and_ward.hpp&gt;</title>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/with_custodian_and_ward.hpp&gt;</h2>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward-spec">Class Template <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward-spec-statics">Class
<code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec">Class Template <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code></a>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-synopsis">Class Template
<code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> synopsis</a>
<dt><a href="#with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-statics">Class
<code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> static functions</a>
</dl>
</dl>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
This header provides faciliites for establishing a lifetime
dependency between two of a function's Python argument or result
objects. The <i>ward</i> object will not be destroyed until after
the custodian as long as the <i>custodian</i> object supports <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-weakref.html">weak
references</a> (Boost.Python extension classes all support weak
references). The two class templates
<code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> and
<code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> differ in the point
at which they take effect.
<p>In order to reduce the chance of inadvertently
creating dangling pointers, the default is to do lifetime binding
<i>before</i> the underlying C++ object is invoked. However,
before invocation the result object is not available, so
<code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> is provided to bind
lifetimes after invocation. Also, if a C++ exception is thrown
after <code>with_custodian_and_ward&lt;&gt;::precall</code> but
before the underlying C++ object actually stores a pointer, the
lifetime of the custodian and ward objects will be artificially
bound together, so one might choose
<code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> instead, depending
on the semantics of the function being wrapped.
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="with_custodian_and_ward-spec"></a>Class template <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code></h3>
<table border="1" summary="with_custodian_and_ward template parameters">
<caption>
<b><code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> template parameters</b>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Description
<th>Default
<tr>
<td><code>custodian</code>
<td>A positive compile-time constant of type
<code>std::size_t</code>.
<td>The 1-based index of the parameter which is the dependency in the
lifetime relationship to be established. If used to
wrap a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
(<code>*this</code>). Note that if the target Python object
type doesn't support weak references, a Python
<code>TypeError</code> exception will be raised when the
C++ object being wrapped is called.
<tr>
<td><code>ward</code>
<td>A positive compile-time constant of type
<code>std::size_t</code>.
<td>The 1-based index of the parameter which is the dependent in the
lifetime relationship to be established. If used to
wrap a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
(<code>*this</code>).
<tr>
<td><code>Base</code>
<td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
<td>Used for <a href="CallPolicies.html#composition">policy composition</a>.
<td><code><a href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">default_call_policies</a></code>
</table>
<h4><a name="with_custodian_and_ward-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;std::size_t custodian, std::size_t ward, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
struct with_custodian_and_ward : Base
{
static bool precall(PyObject* args);
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="with_custodian_and_ward-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>with_custodian_and_ward</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
bool precall(PyObject* args);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/tupleObjects.html#l2h-476">PyTuple_Check</a>(args) != 0</code>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Makes the lifetime of the argument indicated
by <code>ward</code> dependent on the lifetime of the argument
indicated by <code>custodian</code>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>false</code> and <code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
upon failure, <code>true</code> otherwise.
</dl>
<!-- xxxxxx -->
<h3><a name="with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec"></a>Class template <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code></h3>
<table border="1" summary="with_custodian_and_ward_postcall template parameters">
<caption>
<b><code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> template parameters</b>
</caption>
<tr>
<th>Parameter
<th>Requirements
<th>Description
<th>Default
<tr>
<td><code>custodian</code>
<td>A compile-time constant of type
<code>std::size_t</code>.
<td>The index of the parameter which is the dependency in the
lifetime relationship to be established. Zero indicates the
result object; 1 indicates the first argument. If used to wrap
a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
(<code>*this</code>). Note that if the target Python object
type doesn't support weak references, a Python
<code>TypeError</code> exception will be raised when the
C++ object being wrapped is called.
<tr>
<td><code>ward</code>
<td>A compile-time constant of type <code>std::size_t</code>.
<td>The index of the parameter which is the dependent in the
lifetime relationship to be established. Zero indicates the
result object; 1 indicates the first argument. If used to wrap
a member function, parameter 1 is the target object
(<code>*this</code>).
<tr>
<td><code>Base</code>
<td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>
<td>Used for <a href="CallPolicies.html#composition">policy
composition</a>.
<td><code><a href="default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec">default_call_policies</a></code>
</table>
<h4><a name="with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;std::size_t custodian, std::size_t ward, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
struct with_custodian_and_ward_postcall : Base
{
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="with_custodian_and_ward_postcall-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/tupleObjects.html#l2h-476">PyTuple_Check</a>(args)
!= 0</code>, <code>result&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>.
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Makes the lifetime of the object indicated
by <code>ward</code> dependent on the lifetime of the object
indicated by <code>custodian</code>.
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>0</code> and <code><a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
upon failure, <code>true</code> otherwise.
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
The following example shows how
<code>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</code> is used by the library
to implement <code><a
href="return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec">return_internal_reference</a></code>
<pre>
template &lt;std::size_t owner_arg = 1, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
struct return_internal_reference
: with_custodian_and_ward_postcall&lt;0, owner_arg, Base&gt;
{
typedef <a href="reference_existing_object.html#reference_existing_object-spec">reference_existing_object</a> result_converter;
};
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
29 May, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>

Binary file not shown.

View File

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
# Specify our location in the boost project hierarchy
subproject libs/python/example ;
# Declares the following targets:
#
# 1. an extension module called "getting_started1", which is
# built from "getting_started1.cpp". Built by default
#
# 2. A test target called my-test.test which runs
# test_getting_started1.py with the extension module above. Built
# when out-of date, but only if invoked by name or if the global
# "test" target is invoked.
#
# 3. A test target called my-test.run wihch runs the above test
# unconditionally. Built only when invoked by name.
#
# To see verbose test output, add "-sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS=-v" to the bjam
# command-line before the first target.
#
# Include definitions needed for Python modules
SEARCH on python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
include python.jam ;
# Declare a Python extension called getting_started1
extension getting_started1
: # sources
getting_started1.cpp
# dependencies
<dll>../build/boost_python
;
# Declare a test for the extension module
boost-python-runtest my-test
: # Python test driver
test_getting_started1.py
# extension modules to use
<pyd>getting_started1 ;

View File

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ See also: libs/python/doc/pickle.html
Other advanced concepts are introduced by:
abstract.cpp
simple_vector.cpp
do_it_yourself_convts.cpp
do_it_yourself_converters.cpp
Examples for the cross-module support are provided by:
noncopyable_export.cpp
@@ -19,3 +19,6 @@ Examples for the cross-module support are provided by:
ivect.cpp
See also: libs/python/doc/cross_module.html
The files example1.cpp and rwgk1.cpp are obsolete. They are only
included because the Visual Studio project in the build directory still
refers to them.

View File

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
if (tup.size() != 3) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
"expecting exactly 3 values in tuple.");
python::throw_error_already_set();
throw python::error_already_set();
}
MillerIndex result;
for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
@@ -105,10 +105,12 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(do_it_yourself_convts)
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(do_it_yourself_converters)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("do_it_yourself_convts");
python::module_builder this_module("do_it_yourself_converters");
// Create the Python type object for our extension class.
python::class_builder<IndexingSet> ixset_class(this_module, "IndexingSet");
@@ -118,4 +120,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(do_it_yourself_convts)
// Add the member functions.
ixset_class.def(&IndexingSet::add, "add");
ixset_class.def(&IndexingSet::get, "get");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -20,18 +20,10 @@ namespace {
}
}
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC // fixes for JIT debugging
# include <windows.h>
extern "C" void structured_exception_translator(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
{
throw;
}
extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
= _set_se_translator(structured_exception_translator);
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(dvect)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("dvect");
python::class_builder<vects::dvect> dvect_class(this_module, "dvect");
@@ -45,4 +37,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(dvect)
# include "dvect_defs.cpp"
# include "ivect_defs.cpp"
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace vects {
struct dvect : public std::vector<double>
{
dvect() : std::vector<double>() {}
dvect(std::size_t n) : std::vector<double>(n) {}
dvect(size_t n) : std::vector<double>(n) {}
dvect(boost::python::tuple tuple) : std::vector<double>(tuple.size())
{
std::vector<double>::iterator v_it = begin();

54
example/example1.cpp Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
#include <string.h>
namespace hello {
class world
{
public:
world(int) {}
~world() {}
const char* get() const { return "hi, world"; }
};
size_t length(const world& x) { return strlen(x.get()); }
}
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
// Python requires an exported function called init<module-name> in every
// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
extern "C"
#ifdef _WIN32
__declspec(dllexport)
#endif
void inithello()
{
try
{
// create an object representing this extension module
boost::python::module_builder hello("hello");
// Create the Python type object for our extension class
boost::python::class_builder<hello::world> world_class(hello, "world");
// Add the __init__ function
world_class.def(boost::python::constructor<int>());
// Add a regular member function
world_class.def(&hello::world::get, "get");
// Add a regular function to the module
hello.def(hello::length, "length");
}
catch(...)
{
boost::python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}
// Win32 DLL boilerplate
#if defined(_WIN32)
#include <windows.h>
extern "C" BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HINSTANCE, DWORD, LPVOID)
{
return 1;
}
#endif // _WIN32

View File

@@ -16,15 +16,17 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
{
try {
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
// Add regular functions to the module.
this_module.def(greet, "greet");
this_module.def(square, "square");
}
catch(...) {
boost::python::handle_exception();
}
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
@@ -42,4 +44,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
// Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -20,18 +20,10 @@ namespace {
}
}
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC // fixes for JIT debugging
# include <windows.h>
extern "C" void structured_exception_translator(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
{
throw;
}
extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
= _set_se_translator(structured_exception_translator);
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(ivect)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("ivect");
python::class_builder<vects::ivect> ivect_class(this_module, "ivect");
@@ -45,5 +37,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(ivect)
# include "dvect_defs.cpp"
# include "ivect_defs.cpp"
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace vects {
struct ivect : public std::vector<int>
{
ivect() : std::vector<int>() {}
ivect(std::size_t n) : std::vector<int>(n) {}
ivect(size_t n) : std::vector<int>(n) {}
ivect(boost::python::tuple tuple) : std::vector<int>(tuple.size())
{
std::vector<int>::iterator v_it = begin();

View File

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
/*
This example shows how convert a nested Python tuple.
*/
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
#include <stdio.h>
namespace {
boost::python::list
show_nested_tuples(boost::python::tuple outer)
{
boost::python::list result;
for (int i = 0; i < outer.size(); i++) {
boost::python::tuple inner(
BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(outer[i].get(),
boost::python::type<boost::python::tuple>()));
for (int j = 0; j < inner.size(); j++) {
double x = BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(inner[j].get(),
boost::python::type<double>());
char buf[128];
sprintf(buf, "(%d,%d) %.6g", i, j, x);
result.append(BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(std::string(buf)));
}
}
return result;
}
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(nested)
{
boost::python::module_builder this_module("nested");
this_module.def(show_nested_tuples, "show_nested_tuples");
}

View File

@@ -6,18 +6,10 @@ namespace python = boost::python;
#include "noncopyable.h"
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC // fixes for JIT debugging
# include <windows.h>
extern "C" void structured_exception_translator(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
{
throw;
}
extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
= _set_se_translator(structured_exception_translator);
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_export)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("noncopyable_export");
python::class_builder<store> store_class(this_module, "store");
@@ -25,4 +17,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_export)
store_class.def(python::constructor<int>());
store_class.def(&store::recall, "recall");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -19,18 +19,10 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
}
}
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC // fixes for JIT debugging
# include <windows.h>
extern "C" void structured_exception_translator(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
{
throw;
}
extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
= _set_se_translator(structured_exception_translator);
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_import)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("noncopyable_import");
python::import_converters<store>
@@ -42,4 +34,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_import)
// However, to keep this example simple, we only define a
// module-level function.
this_module.def(add_stores, "add_stores");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle1)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("pickle1");
@@ -54,4 +56,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle1)
// Support for pickle.
world_class.def(world_getinitargs, "__getinitargs__");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

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