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Author SHA1 Message Date
Daniel James
8bf5a125cf Create a branch for inspect fixes.
[SVN r61439]
2010-04-20 21:11:27 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
5b36b84444 Fixed tab and no-newline-at-end-of-file issues from inspection report
[SVN r61435]
2010-04-20 17:54:16 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
78ec0d12db libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: moving "rule require-windows" block up to avoid bjam syntax error
[SVN r61086]
2010-04-05 21:28:30 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a7c16bf695 libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: compile calling_conventions tests only under Windows, following Valdimir Prus' instructions (boost mailing list)
[SVN r61053]
2010-04-04 21:03:33 +00:00
Steven Watanabe
6d4be7ab3a Handle the destructor call in a way that keeps msvc happy. Fixes #4003
[SVN r60868]
2010-03-26 19:04:40 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
65e74ccf1e boost/python/object_core.hpp: new .is_none() member function
[SVN r60625]
2010-03-15 22:00:30 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
9398a63250 Implement --python-buildid.
Fixes #3544.
Patch from Gaudenz Steinlin.


[SVN r59987]
2010-02-28 08:22:46 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
1660730320 Remove unintentional reference to "union" test that's not checked in.
[SVN r59331]
2010-01-28 14:39:30 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5418a663cb Support different MS calling conventions, thanks to Nicolas Lelong.
Closes #3833.


[SVN r59265]
2010-01-25 14:48:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
33408d2dcc boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp: missing include added to resolve g++ 4.4 compilation errors
[SVN r59256]
2010-01-24 19:04:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
3ad52bce72 Support different MS calling conventions, thanks to Nicolas Lelong.
Closes #3833.


[SVN r59247]
2010-01-24 02:08:46 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
4f6a37f80d boost.python: some make_tuple changed to boost::python::make_tuple for gcc 4.4 -std=c++0x compatibility; https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3584
[SVN r57641]
2009-11-13 20:48:25 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
338732793a Don't use type_is_gc... type_is_gc expects a PyTypeObject, which is not what will get passed to it if we pass it to the tp_is_gc fields of static_data_object
[SVN r57590]
2009-11-12 00:46:46 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
8b0655ce94 Fix for #2582, thanks for the patch.
[SVN r57016]
2009-10-20 15:06:21 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
36d24b9f8b rm cmake from trunk. I'm not entirely sure this is necessary to satisfy the inspect script, but I'm not taking any chances, and it is easy to put back
[SVN r56942]
2009-10-17 02:07:38 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
35ff0adf2b boost/python: some Py_ssize_t replaced with boost::python::ssize_t to restore compatibility with Python 2.3 and 2.4
[SVN r56491]
2009-09-30 12:35:54 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
115cde9c7f Revert accidental change.
[SVN r56310]
2009-09-19 16:59:05 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
ef2a02c396 Merged 2009 GSoC work from sandbox-branches/bhy/py3k branch back into trunk.
[SVN r56305]
2009-09-19 02:32:41 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e3f6f01588 boost/python/object_operators.hpp: added missing error checks in operator bool_type(), operator!(); this resolves https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3356 posted by Stefan Seefeld
[SVN r55708]
2009-08-22 00:18:28 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d7389277d3 libs/python/test/exec.cpp: new exercise_embedding_html(), in reaction to https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/1890
[SVN r55640]
2009-08-18 00:49:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8d2ca93e98 libs/python/src/exec.cpp: bug fixes
Remark:
  operator!() for boost::python::object invokes PyObject_IsTrue()
  and is therefore not equivalent to "is None".
  In this particular case !global or !local returns true for an
  empty dict.
(Changes to libs/python/test/exec.cpp just helped in debugging.)


[SVN r55639]
2009-08-18 00:24:54 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
d47e3b2a15 Copyrights on CMakeLists.txt to keep them from clogging up the inspect
reports.  This is essentially the same commit as r55095 on the release
branch.



[SVN r55159]
2009-07-26 00:49:56 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
27aa9382fc boost_python_unsigned_converter_fix_no_ctypes.patch by Anderson Lizardo (https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3189)
[SVN r54923]
2009-07-13 15:00:07 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
1a204046c7 boost::python: unsigned converter fix by Anderson Lizardo (https://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/3189)
[SVN r54919]
2009-07-13 05:16:34 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
3c98a72153 Use appropriate default values for global and local dicts.
[SVN r53936]
2009-06-15 14:53:48 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
a4f028246a Allow duplicate enum values. Fixes #2744
Thanks to hugo.lima@openbossa.org


[SVN r53660]
2009-06-05 21:18:14 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6ffeca641c GCC Warning Suppression
[SVN r53659]
2009-06-05 20:15:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
22b65a1485 Fix up a lot of missing dependency info. Closes #3136.
[SVN r53657]
2009-06-05 20:12:47 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d45b9ea66b Add missing dependencies
[SVN r53645]
2009-06-04 23:27:40 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
0373302165 If no python is configured, default-configure it.
Fixes #2846.


[SVN r53380]
2009-05-29 08:18:09 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
ef53bedd0a Don't mention --preserve-test-targets.
Targets are no longer removed by default, so this reference
is unnecessary.

Addresses #2001.


[SVN r53379]
2009-05-29 08:05:49 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
3ecb3301a2 Fixed most tab and min/max issues from trunk inspection report
[SVN r53141]
2009-05-20 19:19:00 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
e16b3f8ab8 Merge cmake files release -> trunk.
[SVN r52866]
2009-05-09 22:57:30 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
7a7b32661e fixed wrong version
[SVN r52604]
2009-04-26 14:46:18 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e312047405 libs/python/src/converter/builtin_converters.cpp: Troy Straszheim's bool/int patch with additional BOOST_PYTHON_BOOL_INT_STRICT condition; see also: http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2009-March/014354.html
[SVN r52299]
2009-04-09 17:30:13 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
50acffa593 Tune up python tests for removal of our ctest hacks
[SVN r52255]
2009-04-08 15:46:14 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
cf5fcc0a1e Test for overload resolution bug.
See this mail for details:

http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2009-March/014362.html



[SVN r52250]
2009-04-08 12:08:35 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
c9e694bed8 Build python modules without leading 'lib' and not single threaded
[SVN r52249]
2009-04-08 11:54:20 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
0b7333f854 Moved property map library into property_map/ directory; made old files into stubs with #warnings; converted uses and docs of property map library to use new names
[SVN r52226]
2009-04-07 01:28:38 +00:00
John Maddock
98a9fa445b Add PDF generation options to fix external links to point to the web site.
Added a few more Boostbook based libs that were missed first time around.
Fixed PDF naming issues.

[SVN r51284]
2009-02-17 10:05:58 +00:00
John Maddock
354fbb4d24 Add Jamfile to build PDF versions of all the docs.
Tweaked some existing Jamfiles so that PDF build finds all the necessary image files etc.
Tweaked fo.xsl to provide more options by default, and improve formatting.

[SVN r51104]
2009-02-08 16:59:14 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
472b18881b Boost.Python enable_shared_from_this patches by Nicolas Lelong and Chad Austin:
http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2008-December/014103.html
  http://mail.python.org/pipermail/cplusplus-sig/2008-February/013003.html


[SVN r50368]
2008-12-23 07:55:33 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
96798a3a38 Cosmetic fixes (improper links)
[SVN r49867]
2008-11-22 03:25:41 +00:00
Michael A. Jackson
7d2f44b21e Updating CMake files to latest trunk. Added dependency information for regression tests and a few new macros for internal use.
[SVN r49627]
2008-11-07 17:02:56 +00:00
Michael A. Jackson
5cda75ebe7 Continuing merge of CMake build system files into trunk with the encouragement of Doug Gregor
[SVN r49510]
2008-11-01 13:15:41 +00:00
Daniel James
6347f2e86c Clean up some link errors.
[SVN r48987]
2008-09-28 12:21:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
97f3d849df boost/python, boost/mpl: gcc 4.4 compatibility (see http://svn.boost.org/trac/boost/ticket/2069)
[SVN r48960]
2008-09-25 04:49:24 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
61fc9cf054 python/object_core.hpp: "inline" added to declarations, to match definitions (resolves MIPSpro 7.41 warnings)
[SVN r48659]
2008-09-08 02:15:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b3e91f845e boost/python/object_core.hpp: work around Tru64 cxx 6.5 name lookup problems (with fully-qualified names)
[SVN r48629]
2008-09-06 05:30:02 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
d67cd6717d Add generic call operator support.
[SVN r47846]
2008-07-27 19:41:41 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c44100afda Make valid HTML
[SVN r46844]
2008-06-29 12:26:17 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
1dee81dc71 added note on removing targets
[SVN r46817]
2008-06-28 18:24:17 +00:00
Beman Dawes
801326275f With his kind permission, change Jaakko "Järvi" to "Jarvi"
[SVN r46808]
2008-06-28 13:45:21 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
98f20f30d6 Compatibility with Apache STDCXX library. Don't assume eh.h comes along with the other headers automatically.
[SVN r46721]
2008-06-26 16:41:34 +00:00
Markus Schöpflin
b01e0e6b9c Added missing ostream header file.
[SVN r46115]
2008-06-04 15:11:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b0a9b11c9c Projects using Boost.Python: PolyBoRi (text provided by Michael Brickenstein)
[SVN r45920]
2008-05-29 20:04:19 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
304277b806 See Python C++-SIG thread: "object.attr(object& attrname) proposal"
Started 2008-05-25 by hohehohe2@gmail.com.

Excerpts:

If char const* is passed to objecjt.attr(), it uses
PyObject_GetAttrStrng() or PyObject_SetAttrStrng().  If object is
passed to objecjt.attr(), it takes the object as a Python string
object and uses PyObject_GetAttr() or PyObject_SetAttr().

If attr() behaves like this, it can be useful when there are lots
of objects which you know have the same attribute name. You can save
time by first making a boost::python::object and passing it to every
object's attr() inside a loop.

I just made a bit of modification to boost:python locally and did a
quick test, like

test 1:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    omain.attr(attrname) = 444; //attrname is a char const*
  }

test 2:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    object o = omain.attr(attrname); //attrname is a char const*
  }

test 3:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    omain.attr(oaaaa) = 444; //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
  }

test 4:
  for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
  {
    object o = omain.attr(oaaaa); //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
  }

and it reasonably reflected the difference between PyObject_*Attr() and PyObject_*AttrString.

test 1 :2783ms
test 2 :2357ms
test 3 :1882ms
test 4 :1267ms

test5: PyObject_SetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa", po_num444);
test6: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa"));
test7: PyObject_SetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa, po_num444);
test8: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa));
(po_ prefixed variables are PyObject*),

all inside each for loop, and the results were

test 5 :2410ms
test 6 :2277ms
test 7 :1629ms
test 8 :1094ms

It's boost 1.35.0, Python 2.5 on linux(gcc4.1.2).
I also did the same test on windows(vs8) and the tendency was not
so different.


[SVN r45918]
2008-05-29 19:48:55 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a334649b0c braces added to resolve g++ 4.3.0 warning
[SVN r45359]
2008-05-14 19:38:08 +00:00
Daniel James
79b7f88df6 Quote href values - our tools don't support unquoted values.
[SVN r45283]
2008-05-11 13:49:20 +00:00
Daniel James
a33ed032c6 Merge in documentation fixes. Apart from the change to optional's documenation
Jamfile, which I included by mistake.

Fixes #1659, #1661, #1684, #1685, 1687, #1690, #1801

I wrote about this at:

http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php

Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc

........
  r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs. Refs #1512
........
  r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs. Refs #1513
........
  r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library. Refs #1659
........
  r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive. Refs #1661
........
  r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in the python docs. Refs #1684.
........
  r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs. Refs #1684.
........
  r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs. Refs #1685
........
  r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix some links in the optional docs. Refs #1687
........
  r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap. Refs #1690
........
  r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a typo in the format library. Refs #1801
........
  r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line
  
  Initialise svnmerge.
........
  r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
........
  r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
........
  r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
........
  r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
........
  r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix another typo in spirit docs.
........


[SVN r44807]
2008-04-27 07:39:49 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
b316819925 Andreas indexing suite patch
[SVN r44450]
2008-04-16 03:07:11 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
52245de2e5 Andreas patch
[SVN r44449]
2008-04-16 03:07:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
2f1f79ce87 bogus VC8 warning C4180 disabled
[SVN r44041]
2008-04-04 18:57:27 +00:00
Beman Dawes
863bff9072 Remove per email from Dave
[SVN r43901]
2008-03-28 02:11:13 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
2213cf98c6 Work around vc9 bugs
[SVN r43845]
2008-03-24 18:27:22 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
2dba3148ce map std::invalid_argument -> Python ValueError
[SVN r43546]
2008-03-09 04:30:13 +00:00
Daniel James
48aa6ab9a9 Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
[SVN r43423]
2008-02-27 19:22:01 +00:00
Daniel James
6ba5067e0b Point links to the pages that used to be in 'more' to the site.
[SVN r43210]
2008-02-10 15:02:17 +00:00
Daniel James
60f4f5e54c Link to people pages on the website, as they've been removed from the download.
[SVN r43209]
2008-02-10 14:56:22 +00:00
Eric Niebler
7ee9cf679b stl_iterator does better error handling
[SVN r42836]
2008-01-17 22:47:54 +00:00
357 changed files with 2875 additions and 2047 deletions

View File

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
import os ;
import indirect ;
import modules ;
import feature ;
import python ;
@@ -22,73 +24,121 @@ if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
}
}
rule find-py3-version
{
local versions = [ feature.values python ] ;
local py3ver ;
for local v in $(versions)
{
if $(v) >= 3.0
{
py3ver = $(v) ;
}
}
return $(py3ver) ;
}
py3-version = [ find-py3-version ] ;
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
: requirements
-<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
<tag>@$(__name__).tag
;
rule tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
{
local result = $(name) ;
if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB
{
if $(name) = boost_python && $(PYTHON_ID)
{
result = $(result)-$(PYTHON_ID) ;
}
}
# forward to the boost tagging rule
return [ indirect.call $(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
$(result) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
}
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
lib boost_python
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
rule lib_boost_python ( is-py3 ? )
{
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
lib [ cond $(is-py3) : boost_python3 : boost_python ]
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
[ cond $(is-py3) : <python>$(py3-version) ]
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
}
lib_boost_python ;
boost-install boost_python ;
if $(py3-version)
{
lib_boost_python yes ;
boost-install boost_python3 ;
}

View File

@@ -1,902 +0,0 @@
# Microsoft Developer Studio Project File - Name="boost_python" - Package Owner=<4>
# Microsoft Developer Studio Generated Build File, Format Version 6.00
# ** DO NOT EDIT **
# TARGTYPE "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library" 0x0102
CFG=BOOST_PYTHON - WIN32 RELEASE
!MESSAGE This is not a valid makefile. To build this project using NMAKE,
!MESSAGE use the Export Makefile command and run
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE NMAKE /f "boost_python.mak".
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE You can specify a configuration when running NMAKE
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@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
</head>
<body>
<div class="document" id="logo-boost-python-build-and-test-howto">
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.htm"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.html"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ all the parts of your Python installation. If it isn't, consider
<p>If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
mailing lists may be able to help:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="in-case-everything-seemed-to-work">

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@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
:alt: Boost C++ Libraries:
:class: boost-logo
__ ../index.htm
__ ../index.html
.. section-numbering::
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ mailing lists may be able to help:
* The `Boost.Build mailing list`__ for issues related to Boost.Build
* The Python `C++ Sig`__ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
__ ../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ ../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
In Case Everything Seemed to Work
---------------------------------

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@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -32,7 +32,43 @@
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt>Current SVN</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Python 3 support:</li>
<ul>
<li>All the current Boost.Python test cases passed. Extension modules using
Boost.Python expected to support Python 3 smoothly.</li>
<li>Introduced <code>object.contains</code> where <code>x.contains(y)</code>
is equivalent to Python code <code>y in x</code>.
Now <code>dict.has_key</code> is just a wrapper of <code>object.contains</code>.
</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, <code>str.decode</code> will be removed.</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, the original signature of <code>list.sort</code>, which is:
<pre>void sort(object_cref cmpfunc);</pre>
will change to:
<pre>void sort(args_proxy const &args, kwds_proxy const &kwds);</pre>
This is because in Python 3 <code>list.sort</code> requires all its arguments be keyword arguments.
So you should call it like this:
<pre>x.sort(*tuple(), **dict(make_tuple(make_tuple("reverse", true))));</pre>
</li>
<li>According to <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3123/">PEP 3123</a>,
when building Boost.Python against Python older than 2.6, the following macros will
be defined in Boost.Python header:
<pre>
# define Py_TYPE(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
# define Py_REFCNT(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
# define Py_SIZE(o) (((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)</pre>
So extension writers can use these macro directly, to make code clean and compatible with Python 3.
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.39.0 Release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
@@ -329,7 +365,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
19 November 2004
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -375,6 +375,27 @@
application modules, including GUI and post-processing of results.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://polybori.sourceforge.net/">PolyBoRi</a></b></dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="mailto:brickenstein@mfo.de"
>Michael Brickenstein</a> writes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The core of PolyBoRi is a C++ library, which provides
high-level data types for Boolean polynomials and monomials,
exponent vectors, as well as for the underlying polynomial
rings and subsets of the powerset of the Boolean variables. As
a unique approach, binary decision diagrams are used as
internal storage type for polynomial structures. On top of
this C++-library we provide a Python interface. This allows
parsing of complex polynomial systems, as well as sophisticated
and extendable strategies for Gr&ouml;bner basis computation.
Boost.Python has helped us to create this interface in a
very clean way.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://www.rationaldiscovery.com">Rational Discovery
LLC</a></b></dt>
@@ -435,11 +456,11 @@
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 July, 2003</p>
29 May, 2008</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
12 Sept, 2003 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ project boost/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc ;
import boostbook : boostbook ;
using quickbook ;
path-constant images : html ;
boostbook tutorial
:
tutorial.qbk
@@ -13,4 +15,6 @@ boostbook tutorial
<xsl:param>boost.root=../../../../../..
<xsl:param>boost.libraries=../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm
<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>img.src.path=$(images)/
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>boost.url.prefix=http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/html
;

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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Chapter 1. python 1.0</title>
<title>Chapter 1. python 2.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id455917"></a><p>
<a name="id457106"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
@@ -94,15 +94,14 @@
(IDL).
</p>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h2>
<a name="id385257"></a>
<a name="id386707"></a>
Hello World
</h2>
<p>
Following C/C++ tradition, let's start with the "hello, world". A
C++ Function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"hello, world"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -110,8 +109,7 @@
<p>
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -125,8 +123,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
@@ -145,7 +142,7 @@
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: November 07, 2007 at 03:34:24 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: November 22, 2008 at 03:24:11 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer"></div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>

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@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
Python/C API at all. So stay tuned... <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span>
</p>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h2>
<a name="id471171"></a>
<a name="id472330"></a>
Building embedded programs
</h2>
<p>
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
&lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
</pre>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h2>
<a name="id471276"></a>
<a name="id472435"></a>
Getting started
</h2>
<p>
@@ -130,23 +130,22 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
<a name="python.using_the_interpreter"></a>Using the interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted. Naturally,
the <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
the <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully automatic
in Python, the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API requires you to do it [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html
by hand]. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html" target="_top">by
hand</a>. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
of C++ exceptions. Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html" target="_top">handle</a>
and <a href="../../../../v2/object.html" target="_top">object</a> class templates to
automate the process.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h2>
<a name="id471439"></a>
<a name="id472601"></a>
Running Python code
</h2>
<p>
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">code</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">filename</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
@@ -165,8 +164,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
<p>
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
@@ -176,8 +174,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
Let's import the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module and run some Python code in its namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
@@ -190,7 +187,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id472027"></a>
<a name="id473185"></a>
Manipulating Python objects
</h2>
<p>
@@ -200,8 +197,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>.
The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"result"</span><span class="special">]);</span>
@@ -212,20 +208,18 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
this variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result
is to use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h2>
<a name="id472399"></a>
<a name="id473554"></a>
Exception handling
</h2>
<p>
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression, <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>
is thrown:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5/0"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:
@@ -240,14 +234,13 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
The <tt class="literal">error_already_set</tt> exception class doesn't carry any
information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred,
you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">exception
handling functions</a> of the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API in your catch-statement.
This can be as simple as calling [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70
PyErr_Print()] to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing
the type of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
handling functions</a> of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This
can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70" target="_top">PyErr_Print()</a>
to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type
of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
exceptions</a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -30,14 +30,12 @@
is the point where C++ meets Python. Boost.Python provides a default exception
handler that translates selected standard exceptions, then gives up:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
</pre>
<p>
Users may provide custom translation. Here's an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">void</span> <span class="identifier">translator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span> <span class="identifier">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PyErr_SetString</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_UserWarning</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"I'm sorry Dave..."</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@
<p>
Consider a C++ class/struct that we want to expose to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -51,8 +50,7 @@
<p>
We can expose this to Python by writing a corresponding Boost.Python C++ Wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -71,8 +69,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'howdy'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
@@ -87,8 +84,7 @@
exposes the default constructor by default, which is why we were able to
write
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
We may wish to wrap a class with a non-default constructor. Let us build
@@ -96,8 +92,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="comment">// added constructor
</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -111,8 +106,7 @@
We have to tell <tt class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</tt> about the constructor
we want to expose instead.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -133,8 +127,7 @@
to the <tt class="literal">def()</tt> member function. Say for example we have
another World constructor taking in two doubles:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"set"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -144,8 +137,7 @@
On the other hand, if we do not wish to expose any constructors at all, we
may use <tt class="literal">no_init</tt> instead:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
This actually adds an <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</tt>
@@ -161,8 +153,7 @@
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
or <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>. Consider this class <tt class="literal">Var</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -173,8 +164,7 @@
Our C++ <tt class="literal">Var</tt> class and its data members can be exposed
to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"name"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -184,8 +174,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'is around'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="identifier">pi</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="identifier">around</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
@@ -194,8 +183,7 @@
Note that <tt class="literal">name</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
while <tt class="literal">value</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
</span><span class="identifier">Traceback</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">recent</span> <span class="identifier">call</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> #
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span>#<span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
@@ -212,8 +200,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -227,8 +214,7 @@
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <tt class="literal">Num</tt>
class using Boost.Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -237,8 +223,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -251,8 +236,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
@@ -268,24 +252,21 @@
<p>
Consider this trivial inheritance structure:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
</pre>
<p>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
object instances:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -293,8 +274,7 @@
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
and its base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>. Thus:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -317,8 +297,7 @@
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <tt class="literal">b</tt> and <tt class="literal">d</tt>
and <tt class="literal">factory</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"d"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -331,8 +310,7 @@
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
policies</a> later.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_value_policy</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">manage_new_object</span><span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
@@ -345,8 +323,7 @@
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our <tt class="literal">Base</tt> class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -364,8 +341,7 @@
that will unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
override may be called:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -397,8 +373,7 @@
<p>
Finally, exposing <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -437,8 +412,7 @@
section</a>, we wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then
implemented in C++, or Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
@@ -447,8 +421,7 @@
had a pure virtual function <tt class="literal">f</tt>. If, however, its member
function <tt class="literal">f</tt> was not declared as pure virtual:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -457,8 +430,7 @@
<p>
We wrap it this way:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -490,8 +462,7 @@
<p>
Finally, exposing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -506,8 +477,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">42</span>
@@ -517,15 +487,13 @@
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">base.f()</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">0</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">derived.f()</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">42</span>
</pre>
</div>
@@ -533,7 +501,7 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_operators_special_functions"></a>Class Operators/Special Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h2>
<a name="id461460"></a>
<a name="id462548"></a>
Python Operators
</h2>
<p>
@@ -547,8 +515,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -562,8 +529,7 @@
The class and the various operators can be mapped to Python rather easily
and intuitively:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __add__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __radd__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__
@@ -582,7 +548,7 @@
expressions".
</p>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h2>
<a name="id462216"></a>
<a name="id463302"></a>
Special Methods
</h2>
<p>
@@ -592,8 +558,7 @@
wrap C++ functions that correspond to these Python <span class="emphasis"><em>special functions</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">Rational</span> <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">);</span>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -87,16 +87,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
so Boost.Python must deal with them. To do this, it may need your help. Consider
the following C++ function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
How should the library wrap this function? A naive approach builds a Python
X object around result reference. This strategy might or might not work out.
Here's an example where it didn't
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">y</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
@@ -106,8 +104,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Well, what if f() was implemented as shown below:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -145,8 +142,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># No crash, but still bad
</span><span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
@@ -160,8 +156,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -171,16 +166,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Notice that the data member <tt class="literal">z</tt> is held by class Y using
a raw pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="preprocessor"># Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
For reference, here's the implementation of <tt class="literal">f</tt> again:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -212,7 +205,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
</ol></div>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h2>
<a name="id464076"></a>
<a name="id465291"></a>
Call Policies
</h2>
<p>
@@ -220,8 +213,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
In our example, <tt class="literal">return_internal_reference</tt> and <tt class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</tt>
are our friends:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
@@ -229,8 +221,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
What are the <tt class="literal">1</tt> and <tt class="literal">2</tt> parameters, you
ask?
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <tt class="literal">Y&amp;
@@ -239,8 +230,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
In short: "return an internal reference <tt class="literal">X&amp;</tt> owned
by the 1st argument <tt class="literal">Y&amp; y</tt>".
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the lifetime of the argument indicated by ward
@@ -252,8 +242,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
It is also important to note that we have defined two policies above. Two
or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy2</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy3</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
@@ -317,8 +306,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
We have here our C++ class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -345,8 +333,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some member
function pointer variables:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -354,8 +341,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
With these in hand, we can proceed to define and wrap this for Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -369,30 +355,26 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <tt class="literal">f</tt>
with default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
But the type of a pointer to the function <tt class="literal">f</tt> has no information
about its default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
When we pass this function pointer to the <tt class="literal">def</tt> function,
there is no way to retrieve the default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
Because of this, when wrapping C++ code, we had to resort to manual wrapping
as outlined in the <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
or writing thin wrappers:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -415,14 +397,13 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id466117"></a>
<a name="id467317"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
<p>
Boost.Python now has a way to make it easier. For instance, given a function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -430,8 +411,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will automatically create the thin wrappers for us. This macro will create
@@ -441,11 +421,10 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>
function will automatically add all the foo variants for us:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id466436"></a>
<a name="id467632"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
<p>
@@ -460,8 +439,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
may be used to automatically create the thin wrappers for wrapping member
functions. Let's have an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span>
<span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'x'</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -473,8 +451,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <tt class="literal">wack_em</tt>
@@ -483,15 +460,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
in a class named <tt class="literal">george_overloads</tt> that can then be used
as an argument to <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
See the <a href="../../../../v2/overloads.html#BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS-spec" target="_top">overloads
reference</a> for details.
</p>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h2>
<a name="id466799"></a>
<a name="id467992"></a>
init and optional
</h2>
<p>
@@ -499,8 +475,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt>?
For example, given a class X with a constructor:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"constructor"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
@@ -509,8 +484,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
You can easily add this constructor to Boost.Python in one shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice the use of <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt> and <tt class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</tt>
@@ -526,8 +500,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
used for overloaded functions and member functions with a common sequence
of initial arguments. Here is an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -551,21 +524,19 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Like in the previous section, we can generate thin wrappers for these overloaded
functions in one-shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
</p>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h2>
<a name="id467581"></a>
<a name="id468767"></a>
Manual Wrapping
</h2>
<p>
@@ -584,21 +555,18 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
to automatically wrap the first three of the <tt class="literal">def</tt>s and
manually wrap just the last. Here's how we'll do this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Create a member function pointers as above for both X::f overloads:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
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<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
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<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.hello"></a> Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h2>
<a name="id387672"></a>
<a name="id388718"></a>
From Start To Finish
</h2>
<p>
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found <a href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h2>
<a name="id386265"></a>
<a name="id387300"></a>
Let's Jam!
</h2>
<p>
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
you going.
</p>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h2>
<a name="id386322"></a>
<a name="id387357"></a>
Running bjam
</h2>
<p>
@@ -156,8 +156,7 @@ using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools<span class="emphasis"><em>Python</em></span> ;
<p>
Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">bjam</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span>
</pre>
<p>
It should be building now:
@@ -180,6 +179,17 @@ bjam
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
Starting from Boost 1.35, bjam erases the generated executables (e.g. pyd
file) after the test has concluded to conserve disk space. To keep bjam from
doing that, pass --preserve-test-targets to bjam.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -64,8 +64,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
</span><span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get each item
@@ -79,16 +78,14 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Or for use in class_&lt;&gt;:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>range</b></span>
@@ -134,8 +131,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pions</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">smash</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">bogons</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -146,8 +142,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"pions"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_end</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bogons"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_end</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
@@ -163,8 +158,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">list_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Turn a Python sequence into an STL input range
</span> <span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -183,8 +177,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">([</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">])</span>
</pre>
</div>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">'foo'</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'bar'</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -78,8 +77,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">slice</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
@@ -126,23 +124,20 @@
These derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> types act like real Python types.
For instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
</pre>
<p>
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <tt class="literal">dict</tt>
has a <tt class="literal">keys()</tt> method:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="literal">make_tuple</tt> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
In C++, when Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>s are used as arguments
@@ -150,8 +145,7 @@
<tt class="literal">f</tt>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <tt class="literal">str</tt> type and subtypes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">n2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"upper"</span><span class="special">)();</span> <span class="comment">// NAME = name.upper()
</span> <span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// better
@@ -161,15 +155,13 @@
<p>
In finer detail:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Illustrates that we provide versions of the str type's methods as C++ member
functions.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <tt class="literal">"format"
@@ -184,19 +176,17 @@
<p>
Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="comment"># modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<p>
C++:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id469586"></a>
<a name="id470756"></a>
class_&lt;T&gt; as objects
</h2>
<p>
@@ -207,8 +197,7 @@
<p>
We can use this to create wrapped instances. Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Vec2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"angle"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">angle</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -225,16 +214,14 @@
can be achieved with the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt> function. Consider
the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
</span></pre>
<p>
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>
can't be implicitly converted to <tt class="literal">double</tt>s. Instead, what
we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
@@ -251,8 +238,7 @@
be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
@@ -260,8 +246,7 @@
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt>
facility in fact solves the mutable copying problem:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"whatever"</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies x.__dict__ !
</span></pre>
</div>
@@ -276,14 +261,12 @@
typing to C++'s strong static typing (in C++, ints cannot be implicitly converted
to enums). To illustrate, given a C++ enum:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
the construct:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"red"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"blue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
@@ -315,8 +298,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -325,8 +307,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>

View File

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@
<tt class="literal">sounds</tt>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
like so:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
</pre>
@@ -62,16 +61,14 @@
We would like to present this same hierarchy to the Python user, allowing
him to write code like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span> <span class="comment"># echo is a C++ function
</span></pre>
<p>
The first step is to write the wrapping code. We have to export each module
separately with Boost.Python, like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">export</span> <span class="identifier">everything</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span> <span class="identifier">namespace</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
@@ -129,8 +126,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'file.mp3'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">new_sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1.0</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -152,8 +148,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
@@ -185,8 +180,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -196,15 +190,13 @@
entire namespace from <tt class="literal">_core.pyd</tt> to <tt class="literal">core/__init__.py</tt>.
So add this line of code to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
</pre>
<p>
We do the same for the other packages. Now the user accesses the functions
and classes in the extension modules like before:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -217,8 +209,7 @@
a file named <tt class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</tt> and code our
function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -227,15 +218,13 @@
<p>
Next, we add this line to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
</pre>
<p>
And that's it. The user now accesses this function like any other function
from the <tt class="literal">filters</tt> package:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
</div>
@@ -246,8 +235,7 @@
Thanks to Python's flexibility, you can easily add new methods to a class,
even after it was already created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'A C instance!'</span>
@@ -270,8 +258,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -284,8 +271,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
@@ -317,8 +303,7 @@
You can even add a little syntactic sugar with the use of metaclasses. Let's
create a special metaclass that "injects" methods in other classes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
</span><span class="comment"># You can use here any class exported by Boost instead of "point"
</span><span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__class__</span>
@@ -341,8 +326,7 @@
<p>
Now let's see how it got:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">!</span>
@@ -350,8 +334,7 @@
<p>
Another useful idea is to replace constructors with factory functions:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -374,8 +357,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -397,8 +379,7 @@
Now you create a file <tt class="literal">main.cpp</tt>, which contains the <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</tt>
macro, and call the various export functions inside it.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_triangle</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -411,8 +392,7 @@
Compiling and linking together all this files produces the same result as
the usual approach:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">triangle</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[library python
[version 1.0]
[version 2.0]
[authors [de Guzman, Joel], [Abrahams, David]]
[copyright 2002 2003 2004 2005 Joel de Guzman, David Abrahams]
[category inter-language support]
@@ -1381,10 +1381,10 @@ interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
[section Using the interpreter]
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully
automatic in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html by hand]. This is
automatic in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html by hand]. This is
messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
Fortunately Boost.Python provides the [@../../../v2/handle.html handle] and
[@../../../v2/object.html object] class templates to automate the process.
@@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@ If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression,
The [^error_already_set] exception class doesn't carry any information in itself.
To find out more about the Python exception that occurred, you need to use the
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html exception handling functions]
of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70 PyErr_Print()] to
print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the
exception with those of the [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html

View File

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
<a href="doc/html/index.html">link</a> &nbsp;<hr>
<p>© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2001</p>
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
accompanying file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
accompanying file <a href="../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
</body>
</html>
</html>

View File

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ documentation).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
<td valign="top"><code>P::extract_return_type</code></td>
<td>A model of <a href=
"../../../doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
<td>An MPL unary <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a> used extract the return type from a given signature. By default it is derived from mpl::front.</td>
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This

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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type <code>T</code>. In addition, all pointers are Dereferenceable.
18 December, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ are layout-compatible with PyObject.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ worth doing anything about it.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ instances of the associated Python type will be considered a match.
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ C++ function return type.
09 May, 2002 <!--Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
</table>
<hr>
<p><a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
the architect, designer, and implementor of <b>Boost.Python</b>.</p>
<p><a href="mailto:brett.calcott@paradise.net.nz">Brett Calcott</a>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
argument support</a> and wrote the excellent <a href=
"../tutorial/index.html">tutorial documentation</a>.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> implemented the <a href="pickle.html">pickle
support</a>, and has enthusiastically supported the library since its
birth, contributing to design decisions and providing invaluable
@@ -59,15 +59,15 @@
C++ and Python for solving the problems of large-scale software
construction.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
wrote an incredible C++ <a href="http://www.mywikinet.com/mpl">Template
Metaprogramming Library</a> which allows Boost.Python to perform much of
its compile-time magic. In addition, Aleksey very generously contributed
his time and deep knowledge of the quirks of various buggy compilers to
help us get around problems at crucial moments.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="../../../../people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
Karvonen</a>, wrote a similarly amazing <a href=
"../../../preprocessor/doc/index.html">Preprocessor Metaprogramming
Library</a>, and generously contributed the time and expertise to get it
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(xxx)
<p>Revised 01 August, 2003</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt; &gt;("Derived");
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
1 November, 2005 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -106,6 +106,33 @@
function from being treated as an exported symbol on platforms which
support that distinction in-code</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__cdecl
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__stdcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__fastcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="lib-defined-impl"></a>Library Defined Implementation
@@ -184,7 +211,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(def_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ struct return_value_policy : Base
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dict swap_object_dict(object target, dict d)
<p>Revised 30 September, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ bar2 doc
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(exception_translator_ext)
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extract_ext)
<p>Revised 15 November, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -856,6 +856,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ null_ok&lt;T&gt;* allow_null(T* p)
</p>
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(back_references)
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
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@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(implicit_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring.",
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
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@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ struct pointer_holder : instance_holder
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
</body>
</html>

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@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ long zeroes(list l)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ python::long_ fact(long n)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
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@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(noddy_cache)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(make_function_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ RuntimeError: Unidentifiable C++ Exception
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ void set_first_element(numeric::array&amp; y, double value)
<p>Revised 07 October, 2006</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -74,6 +74,32 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></a></dt>
@@ -328,6 +354,102 @@ static void del(object const&amp;target, char const* key);
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct const_objattribute_policies
{
typedef object const& key_type;
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the
attribute access.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<h3><a name="objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a mutable <code>object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct objattribute_policies : const_objattribute_policies
{
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by
<code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_item_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></h3>
@@ -533,6 +655,11 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
template &lt;class A0, class A1,...class An&gt;
object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;,...An const&amp;) const;
detail::args_proxy operator* () const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
// truth value testing
//
typedef unspecified bool_type;
@@ -542,6 +669,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
//
proxy&lt;const_object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*) const;
proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*);
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&);
// item access
//
@@ -580,6 +709,25 @@ object operator()(A0 const&amp; a1, A1 const&amp; a2,...An const&amp; aN) const;
call&lt;object&gt;(object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this)).ptr(), a1,
a2,...aN)</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname>, and named
arguments given by the dictionary <varname>kwds</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
operator bool_type() const;
</pre>
@@ -608,6 +756,21 @@ proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const* name);
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> name is a <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of
<code>*this</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds
<code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt;
proxy&lt;const_object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key) const;
template &lt;class T&gt;
@@ -672,6 +835,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
object&amp; operator=(object const&amp;);
PyObject* ptr() const;
bool is_none() const;
};
}}}
</pre>
@@ -732,6 +897,14 @@ PyObject* ptr() const;
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a pointer to the internally-held Python
object.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
bool is_none() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> result of (ptr() == Py_None)</dt>
</dl>
<!-- -->
<h3><a name="proxy-spec"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code></h3>
@@ -938,11 +1111,11 @@ object sum_items(object seq)
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 January, 2006
15 March, 2010
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
doc/v2/operators.html Executable file → Normal file
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@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,112 +1,93 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
</head>
<div>
<body>
<div>
<img src="../../../../boost.png" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" align=
"center" width="277" height="86" />
<hr />
<img src="../../../../boost.png"
alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)"
align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>Pickle is a Python module for object
serialization, also known as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<hr>
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>
<p>It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions that
read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that can
be written to a file.</p>
Pickle is a Python module for object serialization, also known
as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<p>The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module through the
interface as described in detail in the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html">Python Library
Reference for pickle.</a> This interface involves the special methods
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt>, <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
as described in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully
compatible with Python's cPickle module.</p>
<hr />
<p>
It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions
that read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that
can be written to a file.
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>At the user level, the
Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special methods:
<p>
The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module
through the interface as described in detail in the
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html"
>Python Library Reference for pickle.</a> This interface
involves the special methods <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>,
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> as described
in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully compatible
with Python's cPickle module.
<dl>
<dt><strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong></dt>
<hr>
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
At the user level, the Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special
methods:
<p>If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.</p>
</dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
<dt><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<p>
If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method. This
method should return a Python object representing the state of the
instance.</dd>
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong>
<dt><strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method.
This method should return a Python object representing the state of
the instance.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by
the unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above).
Subsequently the unpickler tests if the new instance has a
<tt>__setstate__</tt> method. If so, this method is called with the
result of <tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.</dd>
</dl>The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr />
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong>
<h2>Examples</h2>There are three files in <tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt>
that show how to provide pickle support.
<hr />
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by the
unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above). Subsequently
the unpickler tests if the new instance has a <tt>__setstate__</tt>
method. If so, this method is called with the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example can be fully restored by passing the appropriate
argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient to define the
pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This is done in the
following way:
</dl>
The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr>
<h2>Examples</h2>
There are three files in
<tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt> that show how to
provide pickle support.
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The C++ class in this example can be fully restored by passing the
appropriate argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient
to define the pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>.
This is done in the following way:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -117,26 +98,28 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example contains member data that cannot be restored by any
of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to provide the
<tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of pickle interface
methods:
The C++ class in this example contains member data that cannot be
restored by any of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to
provide the <tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of
pickle interface methods:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -161,92 +144,76 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result
of <tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a
valid approach if it is anticipated that the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> will always be empty. Note that the safety guard
described below will catch the cases where this assumption is violated.
<p>For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a valid
approach if it is anticipated that the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> will
always be empty. Note that the safety guard described below will catch
the cases where this assumption is violated.</p>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>This
example is similar to <a href=
"../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of <tt>__getstate__</tt>.
This requires a little more code but is unavoidable if the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<hr />
This example is similar to <a
href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the
object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This requires a little more code but is
unavoidable if the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>The pickle protocol described above has
an important pitfall that the end user of a Boost.Python extension module
might not be aware of:
<hr>
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>
<p><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty.</strong></p>
The pickle protocol described above has an important pitfall that the
end user of a Boost.Python extension module might not be aware of:
<p>
<strong>
<tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt>
is not empty.
</strong>
<p>
<p>The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:</p>
The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:
<ul>
<li>his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be pickled
in order to restore the instances correctly.</li>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be
pickled in order to restore the instances correctly.
<li>the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<li>
the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.
</ul>
<p>
To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has
an attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is
raised if this attribute is not defined:
<pre>
<p>To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has an
attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is raised if
this attribute is not defined:</p>
<pre>
RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__getstate_manages_dict__ not set)
</pre>
To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard
should intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from
<a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
</pre>To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the <tt>
__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard should
intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from <a href=
"../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
// ...
static bool getstate_manages_dict() { return true; }
};
</pre>
Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
</pre>Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
import your_bpl_module
class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
__getstate_manages_dict__ = 1
@@ -255,54 +222,41 @@ is not empty.
def __setstate__(self, state):
# your code here
</pre>
<hr />
<hr>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<ul>
<li>
In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should
only be implemented for extension classes that will eventually
be pickled.
<ul>
<li>In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should only be
implemented for extension classes that will eventually be pickled.</li>
<p>
<li>
Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.
<li>Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.</li>
<p>
<li>
If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.
<li>If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</ul>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<hr>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The <tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique
for implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via
the <tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only
the basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>The
<tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique for
implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via the
<tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only the
basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.enable_pickling()
// ...
</pre>
This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described
in the Python documentation. By &quot;injecting&quot; a
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into the definition of the wrapped
class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
</pre>This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described in the
Python documentation. By "injecting" a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into
the definition of the wrapped class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
# import the wrapped world class
from pickle4_ext import world
@@ -312,18 +266,15 @@ class we make all instances pickleable:
# now inject __getinitargs__ (Python is a dynamic language!)
world.__getinitargs__ = world_getinitargs
</pre>
</pre>See also the <a href=
"../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">
tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr />
© Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under the
Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
See also the
<a href="../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"
>tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under
the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
<p>
Updated: Feb 2004.
</div>
<p>Updated: Feb 2004.</p>
</div>
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View File

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pointee_demo)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ design decisions and links to relevant discussions.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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2
doc/v2/raw_function.html Executable file → Normal file
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@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Python:
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
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@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(singleton)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ TypeError: No to_python (by-value) converter found for C++ type: class boost::sh
24 Jun, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
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2
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@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(return_self_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
Mladenov 2003. </i></p>
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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(nested)
<p>Revised 09 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ ssize_t const ssize_t_min = INT_MIN;
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
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@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ str remove_angle_brackets(str x)
<p>Revised 3 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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