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Author SHA1 Message Date
nobody
0bb719356b This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create tag
'Version_1_24_0'.

[SVN r10904]
2001-08-20 14:01:13 +00:00
911 changed files with 25929 additions and 137742 deletions

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build/Jamfile Normal file
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# (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
# distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
# in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
# warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
#
# Boost.Python build and test Jamfile
#
# Declares the following targets:
# 1. libboost_python, a static link library to be linked with all
# Boost.Python modules
#
# 2. pairs of test targets of the form <name>.test and <name>.run
# <name>.test runs the test when it is out-of-date, and the "all" target
# depends on it so that it it is built by default. <name>.run runs
# a test unconditionally, and can be used to force a test to run.. Each
# test target builds one or more Boost.Python modules and runs a Python
# script to test them. The test names are:
#
# from ../test
#
# comprehensive - a comprehensive test of Boost.Python features
#
# from ../example:
# abstract -
# getting_started1 -
# getting_started2 -
# simple_vector -
# do_it_yourself_convts -
# pickle1 -
# pickle2 -
# pickle3 -
#
# dvect1 -
# dvect2 -
# ivect1 -
# ivect2 -
# noncopyable -
#
# subproject-specific environment/command-line variables:
#
# PYTHON_TEST_ARGS - specifies arguments to be passed to test scripts on
# the command line. "-v" can be useful if you want to
# see the output of successful tests.
#
# PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS - specifies the number of test iterations to use for
# the dvect and ivect tests above.
# declare the location of this subproject relative to the root
subproject libs/python/build ;
# Do some OS-specific setup
if $(NT)
{
PYTHON_ROOT ?= c:/tools/python ;
PYTHON_INCLUDES ?= <include>$(PYTHON_ROOT)/include <gcc><*><include>/usr/include/python2.1 ;
PYTHON_LIBS ?= c:/cygnus/lib/python2.1/config/libpython2.1.dll.a ;
PYTHON_LIB_PATH = $(PYTHON_ROOT)/libs ;
# common properties required for compiling any Python module.
PYTHON_PROPERTIES ?=
<gcc><*><define>SIZEOF_LONG=4
<gcc><*><define>USE_DL_IMPORT
<runtime-link>dynamic
;
SHELL_SET ?= "set " ;
SHELL_EXPORT ?= ; # shell variables are exported by default
}
else if $(UNIX)
{
PYTHON_INCLUDES ?= <include>/usr/include/python1.5 ;
PYTHON_LIBS ?= /usr/lib/python1.5/config/libpython1.5.a ;
SHELL_SET ?= "" ;
SHELL_EXPORT ?= "export " ;
}
#######################
#
# Declare the boost python static link library
#
# standard include requirements for anything using Boost.Python
BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES = <include>$(BOOST_ROOT) $(PYTHON_INCLUDES) ;
# Base names of the source files for libboost_python
CPP_SOURCES =
classes conversions extension_class functions
init_function module_builder objects types cross_module ;
lib libboost_python : ../src/$(CPP_SOURCES).cpp
# requirements
: $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
<shared-linkable>true
$(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) ;
#######################
# boost-python name : sources : requirements : default-BUILD
#
# Declare a boost python module. Return a list of the DLL files generated.
rule boost-python
{
# declare a DLL; add the boost python library to sources
dll $(<) : <lib>libboost_python $(>)
# Requirements
: $(3) # caller-specified requirements
# standard requirements
$(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
<msvc><*><library-path>$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH)
<gcc><*><library-file>$(PYTHON_LIBS)
$(PYTHON_PROPERTIES)
: $(4) ; # pass on the default-BUILD, if any
}
#######################
# boost-python-test target : python-script sources : requirements : local-build : args
#
# declare two python module tests: $(<).test which builds when out-of-date, and
# $(<).run which builds unconditionally.
rule boost-python-test
{
# tell Jam that the python script is relative to this directory
SEARCH on $(>[1]) = $(SEARCH_SOURCE) ;
# required command-line args can be specified in argument 5
# The user can add additional arguments in PYTHON_TEST_ARGS.
local gPYTHON_TEST_ARGS = $(5) $(PYTHON_TEST_ARGS) ;
# declare the two subsidiary tests.
declare-local-target $(<:S=.test) : $(>) : $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) : $(4) : PYTHON_TEST ;
declare-local-target $(<:S=.run) : $(>) : $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) : $(4) : PYTHON_RUNTEST ;
}
# how do we invoke python?
PYTHON ?= python ;
# special rules for two new target types: PYTHON_TEST and PYTHON_RUNTEST.
# These are identical except that PYTHON_TEST runs the test when out-of-date, and
# PYTHON_RUNTEST runs the test unconditionally. These are used by boost-python-test.
SUFPYTHON_TEST = .test ;
gGENERATOR_FUNCTION(PYTHON_TEST) = python-test-target ;
rule python-test-target # test-target : sources :
{
python-test-aux $(<) : $(>) ;
Clean clean : $(<) ; # remove the test-target as part of any clean operation
type-DEPENDS test : $(<) ;
MakeLocate $(<) : $(LOCATE_TARGET) ;
}
actions python-test-target
{
$(SHELL_SET)PYTHONPATH=$(PYTHONPATH)
$(SHELL_EXPORT)PYTHONPATH
$(PYTHON) "$(>)" $(ARGS) > "$(<)"
}
SUFPYTHON_RUNTEST = .run ;
gGENERATOR_FUNCTION(PYTHON_RUNTEST) = python-runtest-target ;
rule python-runtest-target # test-target : sources :
{
python-test-aux $(<) : $(>) ;
NOTFILE $(<) ;
ALWAYS $(<) ;
}
actions python-runtest-target
{
$(SHELL_SET)PYTHONPATH=$(PYTHONPATH)
$(SHELL_EXPORT)PYTHONPATH
$(PYTHON) "$(>)" $(ARGS)
}
rule python-test-aux # target : sources
{
DEPENDS $(<) : $(>) ;
ARGS on $(<) += $(gPYTHON_TEST_ARGS) ;
# Some tests need an extra command-line arg if built with
# msvc. Checking the target grist is a cheap way to
# find out.
switch $(<)
{
case <*\\\\msvc\\\\*>* : ARGS on $(<) += --broken-auto-ptr ;
}
# compute the PYTHONPATH environment variable that will allow the test to
# find all of the modules on which it depends.
PYTHONPATH on $(<) = [ join
$(gLOCATE($(>[1]))) # location of python test file
$(gRUN_PATH($(<))) # location of module dependencies
[ join-path $(TOP) libs python test ] # location of doctest
$(PYTHONPATH) # base PYTHONPATH from environment
: $(SPLITPATH) ] ; # platform path separator
}
############# comprehensive module and test ###########
boost-python boost_python_test : ../test/comprehensive.cpp ;
boost-python-test comprehensive : [ join-path $(DOTDOT) test comprehensive.py ] <lib>boost_python_test ;
############# simple tests from ../example ############
rule boost-python-example-test
{
boost-python $(<) : ../example/$(<).cpp ;
boost-python-test $(<) : [ join-path $(DOTDOT) example test_$(<).py ] <lib>$(<) ;
}
boost-python-example-test abstract ;
boost-python-example-test getting_started1 ;
boost-python-example-test getting_started2 ;
boost-python-example-test simple_vector ;
boost-python-example-test do_it_yourself_convts ;
boost-python-example-test pickle1 ;
boost-python-example-test pickle2 ;
boost-python-example-test pickle3 ;
boost-python ivect : ../example/ivect.cpp ;
boost-python dvect : ../example/dvect.cpp ;
boost-python noncopyable_export : ../example/noncopyable_export.cpp ;
boost-python noncopyable_import : ../example/noncopyable_import.cpp ;
############## cross-module tests from ../example ##########
# A simple rule to build a test which depends on multiple modules in the PYTHONPATH
rule boost-python-multi-example-test # test-name : python-file libs
{
boost-python-test $(<) : ../example/tst_$(<).py <lib>$(>) : : : $(PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS) ;
}
PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS ?= 10 ;
boost-python-multi-example-test dvect1 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-test dvect2 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-test ivect1 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-test ivect2 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-test noncopyable : noncopyable_import noncopyable_export ;

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# Revision History:
# 17 Apr 01 include cross-module support, compile getting_started1 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve) UNTESTED!
# 06 Mar 01 Fixed typo in use of "PYTHON_LIB" (Dave Abrahams)
# 04 Mar 01 Changed library name to libboost_python.a (David Abrahams)
LIBSRC = \
classes.cpp \
conversions.cpp \
cross_module.cpp \
extension_class.cpp \
functions.cpp \
init_function.cpp \
module_builder.cpp \
objects.cpp \
types.cpp
LIBOBJ = $(LIBSRC:.cpp=.o)
OBJ = $(LIBOBJ)
ifeq "$(OS)" "Windows_NT"
PYTHON_LIB=c:/tools/python/libs/python15.lib
INC = -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include/g++-3 -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include -Ic:/boost -Ic:/tools/python/include
MODULE_EXTENSION=dll
else
INC = -I/usr/local/include/python1.5
MODULE_EXTENSION=so
endif
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getting_started1: getting_started1.o libboost_python.a
como-dyn-link -o ../example/getting_started1.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) $(PYTHON_LIB) getting_started1.o -L. -lboost_python
ln -s ../test/doctest.py ../example
python ../example/test_getting_started1.py
getting_started1.o: ../example/getting_started1.cpp
como --pic $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
clean:
rm -rf *.o *.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) *.a *.d *.pyc *.bak a.out
libboost_python.a: $(LIBOBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
ar cq libboost_python.a $(LIBOBJ)
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142
build/filemgr.py Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
# Revision history:
# 12 Apr 01 use os.path, shutil
# Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
bpl_src = "/libs/python/src"
bpl_tst = "/libs/python/test"
bpl_exa = "/libs/python/example"
files = (
bpl_src + "/classes.cpp",
bpl_src + "/conversions.cpp",
bpl_src + "/extension_class.cpp",
bpl_src + "/functions.cpp",
bpl_src + "/init_function.cpp",
bpl_src + "/module_builder.cpp",
bpl_src + "/objects.cpp",
bpl_src + "/types.cpp",
bpl_src + "/cross_module.cpp",
bpl_tst + "/comprehensive.cpp",
bpl_tst + "/comprehensive.hpp",
bpl_tst + "/comprehensive.py",
bpl_tst + "/doctest.py",
bpl_exa + "/abstract.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/getting_started1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/getting_started2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/simple_vector.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/do_it_yourself_convts.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle3.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/test_abstract.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_simple_vector.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_do_it_yourself_convts.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle3.py",
bpl_exa + "/noncopyable.h",
bpl_exa + "/noncopyable_export.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/noncopyable_import.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/dvect.h",
bpl_exa + "/dvect.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/dvect_conversions.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/dvect_defs.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/ivect.h",
bpl_exa + "/ivect.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/ivect_conversions.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/ivect_defs.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/tst_noncopyable.py",
bpl_exa + "/tst_dvect1.py",
bpl_exa + "/tst_dvect2.py",
bpl_exa + "/tst_ivect1.py",
bpl_exa + "/tst_ivect2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_cross_module.py",
bpl_exa + "/vector_wrapper.h",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp3.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp3.py",
)
defs = (
"boost_python_test",
"abstract",
"getting_started1",
"getting_started2",
"simple_vector",
"do_it_yourself_convts",
"pickle1",
"pickle2",
"pickle3",
"noncopyable_export",
"noncopyable_import",
"ivect",
"dvect",
"richcmp1",
"richcmp2",
"richcmp3",
)
if (__name__ == "__main__"):
import sys, os, shutil
path = sys.argv[1]
mode = sys.argv[2]
if (not mode in ("softlinks", "unlink", "cp", "rm", "copy", "del")):
raise RuntimeError, \
"usage: python filemgr.py path <softlinks|unlink|cp|rm|copy|del>"
if (mode in ("cp", "copy")):
for fn in files:
f = os.path.basename(fn)
print "Copying: " + f
shutil.copy(path + fn, ".")
elif (mode == "softlinks"):
for fn in files:
f = os.path.basename(fn)
if (os.path.exists(f)):
print "File exists: " + f
else:
print "Linking: " + f
os.symlink(path + fn, f)
elif (mode in ("rm", "del")):
for fn in files:
f = os.path.basename(fn)
if (os.path.exists(f)):
print "Removing: " + f
try: os.unlink(f)
except: pass
elif (mode == "unlink"):
for fn in files:
f = os.path.basename(fn)
if (os.path.exists(f)):
if (os.path.islink(f)):
print "Unlinking: " + f
try: os.unlink(f)
except: pass
else:
print "Not a softlink: " + f
if (mode in ("softlinks", "cp", "copy")):
for d in defs:
fn = d + ".def"
print "Creating: " + fn
f = open(fn, "w")
f.write("EXPORTS\n")
f.write("\tinit" + d + "\n")
f.close()
if (mode in ("unlink", "rm", "del")):
for d in defs:
fn = d + ".def"
if (os.path.exists(fn)):
print "Removing: " + fn
try: os.unlink(fn)
except: pass

87
build/gcc.mak Normal file
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# Revision History
# 17 Apr 01 include cross-module support, compile getting_started1 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# 17 Apr 01 build shared library (patch provided by Dan Nuffer)
# 04 Mar 01 Changed library name to libboost_python.a, various cleanups,
# attempted Cygwin compatibility. Still needs testing on Linux
# (David Abrahams)
LIBSRC = \
classes.cpp \
conversions.cpp \
cross_module.cpp \
extension_class.cpp \
functions.cpp \
init_function.cpp \
module_builder.cpp \
objects.cpp \
types.cpp
LIBOBJ = $(LIBSRC:.cpp=.o)
OBJ = $(LIBOBJ)
LIBNAME = libboost_python
# libpython2.0.dll
ifeq "$(OS)" "Windows_NT"
ROOT=c:/cygnus
INC = -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include/g++-3 -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include -Ic:/boost -I$(PYTHON_INC)
MODULE_EXTENSION=dll
PYTHON_LIB=c:/cygnus/usr/local/lib/python2.0/config/libpython2.0.dll.a
SHARED_LIB = $(LIBNAME).dll
else
PYTHON_INC=$(ROOT)/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
BOOST_INC=../../..
INC = -I$(BOOST_INC) -I$(PYTHON_INC)
MODULE_EXTENSION=so
VERSION=1
SHARED_LIB = $(LIBNAME).so.$(VERSION)
endif
%.o: ../src/%.cpp
g++ -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) $(CXXFLAGS) -o $*.o -c $<
%.d: ../src/%.cpp
@echo creating $@
@set -e; g++ -M $(INC) -c $< \
| sed 's/\($*\)\.o[ :]*/\1.o $@ : /g' > $@; \
[ -s $@ ] || rm -f $@
PYTHON = python
all: test $(SHARED_LIB) getting_started1
test: comprehensive.o $(LIBNAME).a $(SHARED_LIB)
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o ../test/boost_python_test.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) comprehensive.o -L. -lboost_python $(PYTHON_LIB)
$(PYTHON) ../test/comprehensive.py
comprehensive.o: ../test/comprehensive.cpp
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) --template-depth-32 -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
getting_started1: getting_started1.o $(LIBNAME).a
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o ../example/getting_started1.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) getting_started1.o -L. -lboost_python $(PYTHON_LIB)
ln -s ../test/doctest.py ../example
$(PYTHON) ../example/test_getting_started1.py
getting_started1.o: ../example/getting_started1.cpp
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) --template-depth-32 -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
clean:
rm -rf *.o *.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) *.a *.d *.pyc *.bak a.out
$(LIBNAME).a: $(LIBOBJ)
rm -f $@
ar cqs $@ $(LIBOBJ)
$(SHARED_LIB): $(LIBOBJ)
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o $@ -Wl,--soname=$(LIBNAME).$(MODULE_EXTENSION)
DEP = $(OBJ:.o=.d)
ifneq "$(MAKECMDGOALS)" "clean"
include $(DEP)
endif

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
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View File

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
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# ADD MTL /nologo /D "_DEBUG" /mktyplib203 /win32
# ADD BASE RSC /l 0x409 /d "_DEBUG"
# ADD RSC /l 0x409 /d "_DEBUG"
BSC32=bscmake.exe
# ADD BASE BSC32 /nologo
# ADD BSC32 /nologo
LINK32=xilink6.exe
# ADD BASE LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:windows /dll /debug /machine:I386 /pdbtype:sept
# ADD LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:windows /dll /debug /machine:I386 /out:"DebugPython/getting_started2_d.dll" /pdbtype:sept /libpath:"c:\tools\python\src\pcbuild"
!ENDIF
# Begin Target
# Name "getting_started2 - Win32 Release"
# Name "getting_started2 - Win32 Debug"
# Name "getting_started2 - Win32 DebugPython"
# Begin Group "Source Files"
# PROP Default_Filter "cpp;c;cxx;rc;def;r;odl;idl;hpj;bat"
# Begin Source File
SOURCE=..\..\example\getting_started2.cpp
# End Source File
# End Group
# Begin Group "Header Files"
# PROP Default_Filter "h;hpp;hxx;hm;inl"
# End Group
# Begin Group "Resource Files"
# PROP Default_Filter "ico;cur;bmp;dlg;rc2;rct;bin;rgs;gif;jpg;jpeg;jpe"
# End Group
# End Target
# End Project

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build/irix_CC.mak Normal file
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# Usage:
#
# Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
# Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
# Adjust the pathnames below.
#
# make softlinks Create softlinks to source code and tests
# make Compile all sources
# make test Run doctest tests
# make clean Remove all object files
# make unlink Remove softlinks
#
# Revision history:
# 12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.1/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.1/include/python2.1
STLPORTINC=-I$(BOOST)/boost/compatibility/cpp_c_headers
STDOPTS=
WARNOPTS=-woff 1001,1234,1682
OPTOPTS=-g
CPP=CC -LANG:std -n32 -mips4
CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST) $(PYINC) \
$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
MAKEDEP=-M
LD=CC -LANG:std -n32 -mips4
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
comprehensive.o \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
all: libboost_python.a \
boost_python_test.so \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
$(CPP) -ar -o libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
boost_python_test.so: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.o -o boost_python_test.so -lm
abstract.so: $(OBJ) abstract.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.o -o abstract.so
getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.o -o getting_started1.so
getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
pickle2.so: $(OBJ) pickle2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.o -o pickle2.so
pickle3.so: $(OBJ) pickle3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.o -o pickle3.so
noncopyable_export.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
noncopyable_export.o -o noncopyable_export.so
noncopyable_import.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
noncopyable_import.o -o noncopyable_import.so
ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) ivect.o -o ivect.so
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
test:
$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
rm -f comprehensive.o boost_python_test.so
rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.so
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
rm -rf ii_files
softlinks:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) softlinks
unlink:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) unlink
cp:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) cp
rm:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) rm
depend:
@ cat Makefile.nodepend; \
for obj in $(DEPOBJ); \
do \
bn=`echo "$$obj" | cut -d. -f1`; \
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) $(MAKEDEP) "$$bn".cpp; \
done

177
build/linux_gcc.mak Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
# Usage:
#
# Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
# Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
# Adjust the pathnames below.
#
# make softlinks Create softlinks to source code and tests
# make Compile all sources
# make test Run doctest tests
# make clean Remove all object files
# make unlink Remove softlinks
#
# Revision history:
# 12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.1/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.1/include/python2.1
STDOPTS=-fPIC -ftemplate-depth-21
WARNOPTS=
OPTOPTS=-g
CPP=g++
CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST) $(PYINC) \
$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
MAKEDEP=-M
LD=$(CPP)
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
comprehensive.o \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
all: libboost_python.a \
boost_python_test.so \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
ar r libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
boost_python_test.so: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.o -o boost_python_test.so -lm
abstract.so: $(OBJ) abstract.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.o -o abstract.so
getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.o -o getting_started1.so
getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
pickle2.so: $(OBJ) pickle2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.o -o pickle2.so
pickle3.so: $(OBJ) pickle3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.o -o pickle3.so
noncopyable_export.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
noncopyable_export.o -o noncopyable_export.so
noncopyable_import.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
noncopyable_import.o -o noncopyable_import.so
ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) ivect.o -o ivect.so
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
test:
$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
rm -f comprehensive.o boost_python_test.so
rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.so
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
softlinks:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) softlinks
unlink:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) unlink
cp:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) cp
rm:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) rm
depend:
@ cat Makefile.nodepend; \
for obj in $(DEPOBJ); \
do \
bn=`echo "$$obj" | cut -d. -f1`; \
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) $(MAKEDEP) "$$bn".cpp; \
done

211
build/mingw32.mak Normal file
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# Usage:
#
# make copy Copy the sources and tests
# make Compile all sources
# make test Run doctest tests
# make clean Remove all object files
# make del Remove the sources and tests
#
# Revision history:
# 12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
# To install mingw32, follow instructions at:
# http://starship.python.net/crew/kernr/mingw32/Notes.html
# In particular, install:
# ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/gcc-2.95.2/gcc-2.95.2-msvcrt.exe
# ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/gcc-2.95.2/fixes/quote-fix-msvcrt.exe
# http://starship.python.net/crew/kernr/mingw32/Python-1.5.2-mingw32.zip
# Unpack the first two archives in the default locations and update your PATH.
# Unpack the third archive in \usr.
# Note: comprehensive.cpp generates compiler errors and later crashes.
# L:\boost\boost\python\detail\extension_class.hpp:643: warning:
# alignment of `vtable for class
# boost::python::detail::held_instance<bpl_test::Derived1>'
# is greater than maximum object file alignment. Using 16.
# Could this be fixed with compiler options?
# -fhuge-objects looks interesting, but requires recompiling the C++ library.
# (what exactly does that mean?)
# -fvtable-thunks eliminates the compiler warning, but
# "import boost_python_test" still causes a crash.
ROOT=L:
BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
PYINC=-I"C:\usr\include\python1.5"
PYLIB="C:\usr\lib\libpython15.a"
STDOPTS=-ftemplate-depth-21
WARNOPTS=
OPTOPTS=-g
CPP=g++
CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
LD=g++
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
all: libboost_python.a \
abstract.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
simple_vector.pyd \
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
-del libboost_python.a
ar r libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
DLLWRAPOPTS=-s --driver-name g++ -s \
--entry _DllMainCRTStartup@12 --target=i386-mingw32
boost_python_test.pyd: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname boost_python_test.pyd \
--def boost_python_test.def \
$(OBJ) comprehensive.o $(PYLIB)
abstract.pyd: $(OBJ) abstract.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname abstract.pyd \
--def abstract.def \
$(OBJ) abstract.o $(PYLIB)
getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname getting_started1.pyd \
--def getting_started1.def \
$(OBJ) getting_started1.o $(PYLIB)
getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname getting_started2.pyd \
--def getting_started2.def \
$(OBJ) getting_started2.o $(PYLIB)
simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname simple_vector.pyd \
--def simple_vector.def \
$(OBJ) simple_vector.o $(PYLIB)
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
--def do_it_yourself_convts.def \
$(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o $(PYLIB)
pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname pickle1.pyd \
--def pickle1.def \
$(OBJ) pickle1.o $(PYLIB)
pickle2.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle2.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname pickle2.pyd \
--def pickle2.def \
$(OBJ) pickle2.o $(PYLIB)
pickle3.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle3.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname pickle3.pyd \
--def pickle3.def \
$(OBJ) pickle3.o $(PYLIB)
noncopyable_export.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname noncopyable_export.pyd \
--def noncopyable_export.def \
$(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o $(PYLIB)
noncopyable_import.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname noncopyable_import.pyd \
--def noncopyable_import.def \
$(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o $(PYLIB)
ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname ivect.pyd \
--def ivect.def \
$(OBJ) ivect.o $(PYLIB)
dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname dvect.pyd \
--def dvect.def \
$(OBJ) dvect.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp1.pyd \
--def richcmp1.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp1.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp2.pyd \
--def richcmp2.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp2.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp3.pyd \
--def richcmp3.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp3.o $(PYLIB)
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
test:
# $(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
-del *.o
-del *.a
-del *.pyd
-del *.pyc
softlinks:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks
unlink:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) unlink
cp:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) cp
rm:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) rm
copy:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) copy
del:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) del

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# Microsoft Developer Studio Project File - Name="rwgk1" - Package Owner=<4>
# Microsoft Developer Studio Generated Build File, Format Version 6.00
# ** DO NOT EDIT **
# TARGTYPE "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library" 0x0102
CFG=rwgk1 - Win32 DebugPython
!MESSAGE This is not a valid makefile. To build this project using NMAKE,
!MESSAGE use the Export Makefile command and run
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE NMAKE /f "rwgk1.mak".
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE You can specify a configuration when running NMAKE
!MESSAGE by defining the macro CFG on the command line. For example:
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE NMAKE /f "rwgk1.mak" CFG="rwgk1 - Win32 DebugPython"
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE Possible choices for configuration are:
!MESSAGE
!MESSAGE "rwgk1 - Win32 Release" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE "rwgk1 - Win32 Debug" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE "rwgk1 - Win32 DebugPython" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE
# Begin Project
# PROP AllowPerConfigDependencies 0
# PROP Scc_ProjName ""
# PROP Scc_LocalPath ""
CPP=cl.exe
MTL=midl.exe
RSC=rc.exe
!IF "$(CFG)" == "rwgk1 - Win32 Release"
# PROP BASE Use_MFC 0
# PROP BASE Use_Debug_Libraries 0
# PROP BASE Output_Dir "Release"
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# PROP Output_Dir "Release"
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# Usage:
#
# Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
# Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
# Adjust the pathnames below.
#
# make softlinks Create softlinks to source code and tests
# make Compile all sources
# make test Run doctest tests
# make clean Remove all object files
# make unlink Remove softlinks
#
# Revision history:
# 12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.1/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.1/include/python2.1
#STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b3/stlport
#STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b4/stlport
#STLPORTOPTS= \
# -D__USE_STD_IOSTREAM \
# -D__STL_NO_SGI_IOSTREAMS \
# -D__STL_USE_NATIVE_STRING \
# -D__STL_NO_NEW_C_HEADERS \
# -D_RWSTD_COMPILE_INSTANTIATE=1
STLPORTINC=-I$(BOOST)/boost/compatibility/cpp_c_headers
STDOPTS=-std strict_ansi
# use -msg_display_number to obtain integer tags for -msg_disable
WARNOPTS=-msg_disable 186,450,1115
OPTOPTS=-g
CPP=cxx
CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST) $(PYINC) \
$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
MAKEDEP=-Em
LD=cxx
LDOPTS=-shared -expect_unresolved 'Py*' -expect_unresolved '_Py*'
#HIDDEN=-hidden
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
comprehensive.o \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
all: libboost_python.a \
boost_python_test.so \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
cd cxx_repository; \
ls -1 > ../libboost_python.a.input; \
ar r ../libboost_python.a -input ../libboost_python.a.input
rm -f libboost_python.a.input
ar r libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
boost_python_test.so: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.o -o boost_python_test.so -lm
abstract.so: $(OBJ) abstract.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.o -o abstract.so
getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.o -o getting_started1.so
getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
pickle2.so: $(OBJ) pickle2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.o -o pickle2.so
pickle3.so: $(OBJ) pickle3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.o -o pickle3.so
noncopyable_export.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
noncopyable_export.o -o noncopyable_export.so
noncopyable_import.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) \
noncopyable_import.o -o noncopyable_import.so
ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) ivect.o -o ivect.so
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
test:
$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
rm -f comprehensive.o boost_python_test.so
rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.so
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
rm -rf cxx_repository
softlinks:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) softlinks
unlink:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) unlink
cp:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) cp
rm:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST) rm
depend:
@ cat Makefile.nodepend; \
for obj in $(DEPOBJ); \
do \
bn=`echo "$$obj" | cut -d. -f1`; \
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) $(MAKEDEP) "$$bn".cpp; \
done

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# Usage:
#
# make copy Copy the sources and tests
# make Compile all sources
# make test Run doctest tests
# make clean Remove all object files
# make del Remove the sources and tests
#
# Revision history:
# 12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ROOT=L:
BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
PYINC=/I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
#PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
#PYINC=/I"C:\Python21\include"
#PYLIB="C:\Python21\libs\python21.lib"
STDOPTS=/nologo /MD /GR /GX /Zm200
WARNOPTS=
OPTOPTS=
CPP=cl.exe
CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) /I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
LD=link.exe
LDOPTS=/nologo /dll /incremental:no
OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
init_function.obj module_builder.obj \
objects.obj types.obj cross_module.obj
.SUFFIXES: .obj .cpp
all: boost_python.lib \
boost_python_test.pyd \
abstract.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
simple_vector.pyd \
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
boost_python.lib: $(OBJ)
$(LD) -lib /nologo /out:boost_python.lib $(OBJ)
boost_python_test.pyd: $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initboost_python_test /out:"boost_python_test.pyd"
abstract.pyd: $(OBJ) abstract.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initabstract /out:"abstract.pyd"
getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initgetting_started1 /out:"getting_started1.pyd"
getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initgetting_started2 /out:"getting_started2.pyd"
simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initsimple_vector /out:"simple_vector.pyd"
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdo_it_yourself_convts /out:"do_it_yourself_convts.pyd"
pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle1 /out:"pickle1.pyd"
pickle2.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle2 /out:"pickle2.pyd"
pickle3.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle3 /out:"pickle3.pyd"
noncopyable_export.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initnoncopyable_export /out:"noncopyable_export.pyd"
noncopyable_import.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initnoncopyable_import /out:"noncopyable_import.pyd"
ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) ivect.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initivect /out:"ivect.pyd"
dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) dvect.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdvect /out:"dvect.pyd"
richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp1 /out:"richcmp1.pyd"
richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp2 /out:"richcmp2.pyd"
richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp3 /out:"richcmp3.pyd"
.cpp.obj:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) /c $*.cpp
test:
$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py --broken-auto-ptr
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py --broken-auto-ptr
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
-del *.obj
-del *.lib
-del *.exp
-del *.idb
-del *.pyd
-del *.pyc
softlinks:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks
unlink:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) unlink
cp:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) cp
rm:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) rm
copy:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) copy
del:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) del

View File

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
#include <boost/python/object.hpp>
#include <boost/python/class.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;
struct X
{
int x;
X(int n) : x(n) { }
};
int x_function(X& x)
{ return x.x;
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(class_ext)
{
class_<X>("X", init<int>());
def("x_function", x_function);
}
#include "module_tail.cpp"

View File

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
index.html
rn.html
building.html
building/background.html
building/no_install_quickstart.html
building/installing_boost_python_on_your_.html
building/configuring_boost_build.html
building/choosing_a_boost_python_library_.html
building/include_issues.html
building/python_debugging_builds.html
building/testing_boost_python.html
building/notes_for_mingw_and_cygwin_with_.html
configuration.html
support.html
faq.html
faq/i_m_getting_the_attempt_to_retur.html
faq/is_return_internal_reference_eff.html
faq/how_can_i_wrap_functions_which_t.html
faq/fatal_error_c1204_compiler_limit.html
faq/how_do_i_debug_my_python_extensi.html
faq/why_doesn_t_my_operator_work.html
faq/does_boost_python_work_with_mac_.html
faq/how_can_i_find_the_existing_pyob.html
faq/how_can_i_wrap_a_function_which0.html
faq/compilation_takes_too_much_time_.html
faq/how_do_i_create_sub_packages_usi.html
faq/error_c2064_term_does_not_evalua.html
faq/how_can_i_automatically_convert_.html
faq/why_is_my_automatic_to_python_co.html
faq/is_boost_python_thread_aware_com.html
glossary.html

File diff suppressed because it is too large Load Diff

View File

@@ -1,716 +0,0 @@
/*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
Copyright 2013 Niall Douglas additions for colors and alignment.
Copyright 2013 Paul A. Bristow additions for more colors and alignments.
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompany-
ing file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
=============================================================================*/
/*=============================================================================
Body defaults
=============================================================================*/
body
{
margin: 1em;
font-family: sans-serif;
}
/*=============================================================================
Paragraphs
=============================================================================*/
p
{
text-align: left;
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.15;
}
/*=============================================================================
Program listings
=============================================================================*/
/* Code on paragraphs */
p tt.computeroutput
{
font-size: 9pt;
}
pre.synopsis
{
font-size: 9pt;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
font-size: 9pt;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
/* Program listings in tables don't get borders */
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
margin: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
padding: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
}
/*=============================================================================
Headings
=============================================================================*/
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
{
text-align: left;
margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-weight: bold;
}
h1 { font-size: 140%; }
h2 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 140%; }
h3 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 130%; }
h4 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 120%; }
h5 { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 110%; }
h6 { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 100%; }
/* Top page titles */
title,
h1.title,
h2.title
h3.title,
h4.title,
h5.title,
h6.title,
.refentrytitle
{
font-weight: bold;
margin-bottom: 1pc;
}
h1.title { font-size: 140% }
h2.title { font-size: 140% }
h3.title { font-size: 130% }
h4.title { font-size: 120% }
h5.title { font-size: 110% }
h6.title { font-size: 100% }
.section h1
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-size: 140%;
}
.section h2 { font-size: 140% }
.section h3 { font-size: 130% }
.section h4 { font-size: 120% }
.section h5 { font-size: 110% }
.section h6 { font-size: 100% }
/* Code on titles */
h1 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h2 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h3 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
h4 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
h5 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
h6 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
/*=============================================================================
Author
=============================================================================*/
h3.author
{
font-size: 100%
}
/*=============================================================================
Lists
=============================================================================*/
li
{
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.3;
}
/* Unordered lists */
ul
{
text-align: left;
}
/* Ordered lists */
ol
{
text-align: left;
}
/*=============================================================================
Links
=============================================================================*/
a
{
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
}
a:hover
{
text-decoration: underline;
}
/*=============================================================================
Spirit style navigation
=============================================================================*/
.spirit-nav
{
text-align: right;
}
.spirit-nav a
{
color: white;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
.spirit-nav img
{
border-width: 0px;
}
/*=============================================================================
Copyright footer
=============================================================================*/
.copyright-footer
{
text-align: right;
font-size: 70%;
}
.copyright-footer p
{
text-align: right;
font-size: 80%;
}
/*=============================================================================
Table of contents
=============================================================================*/
div.toc
{
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.1pc 1pc 0.1pc 1pc;
font-size: 80%;
line-height: 1.15;
}
.boost-toc
{
float: right;
padding: 0.5pc;
}
/* Code on toc */
.toc .computeroutput { font-size: 120% }
/* No margin on nested menus */
.toc dl dl { margin: 0; }
/*=============================================================================
Tables
=============================================================================*/
.table-title,
div.table p.title
{
margin-left: 4%;
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
.informaltable table,
.table table
{
width: 92%;
margin-left: 4%;
margin-right: 4%;
}
div.informaltable table,
div.table table
{
padding: 4px;
}
/* Table Cells */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
padding: 0.5em;
text-align: left;
font-size: 9pt;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
border: 1pt solid white;
font-size: 80%;
}
table.simplelist
{
width: auto !important;
margin: 0em !important;
padding: 0em !important;
border: none !important;
}
table.simplelist td
{
margin: 0em !important;
padding: 0em !important;
text-align: left !important;
font-size: 9pt !important;
border: none !important;
}
/*=============================================================================
Suppress margins in tables
=============================================================================*/
table th > *:first-child,
table td > *:first-child
{
margin-top: 0;
}
table th > *:last-child,
table td > *:last-child
{
margin-bottom: 0;
}
/*=============================================================================
Blurbs
=============================================================================*/
div.note,
div.tip,
div.important,
div.caution,
div.warning,
p.blurb
{
font-size: 9pt; /* A little bit smaller than the main text */
line-height: 1.2;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
p.blurb img
{
padding: 1pt;
}
/*=============================================================================
Variable Lists
=============================================================================*/
div.variablelist
{
margin: 1em 0;
}
/* Make the terms in definition lists bold */
div.variablelist dl dt,
span.term
{
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 10pt;
}
div.variablelist table tbody tr td
{
text-align: left;
vertical-align: top;
padding: 0em 2em 0em 0em;
font-size: 10pt;
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
line-height: 1;
}
div.variablelist dl dt
{
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
}
div.variablelist dl dd
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 2em;
font-size: 10pt;
}
div.variablelist table tbody tr td p,
div.variablelist dl dd p
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
line-height: 1;
}
/*=============================================================================
Misc
=============================================================================*/
/* Title of books and articles in bibliographies */
span.title
{
font-style: italic;
}
span.underline
{
text-decoration: underline;
}
span.strikethrough
{
text-decoration: line-through;
}
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
div div.legalnotice p
{
text-align: left
}
/*=============================================================================
Colors
=============================================================================*/
@media screen
{
body {
background-color: #FFFFFF;
color: #000000;
}
/* Syntax Highlighting */
.keyword { color: #0000AA; }
.identifier { color: #000000; }
.special { color: #707070; }
.preprocessor { color: #402080; }
.char { color: teal; }
.comment { color: #800000; }
.string { color: teal; }
.number { color: teal; }
.white_bkd { background-color: #FFFFFF; }
.dk_grey_bkd { background-color: #999999; }
/* Links */
a, a .keyword, a .identifier, a .special, a .preprocessor
a .char, a .comment, a .string, a .number
{
color: #005a9c;
}
a:visited, a:visited .keyword, a:visited .identifier,
a:visited .special, a:visited .preprocessor a:visited .char,
a:visited .comment, a:visited .string, a:visited .number
{
color: #9c5a9c;
}
h1 a, h2 a, h3 a, h4 a, h5 a, h6 a,
h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover, h5 a:hover, h6 a:hover,
h1 a:visited, h2 a:visited, h3 a:visited, h4 a:visited, h5 a:visited, h6 a:visited
{
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
color: #000000;
}
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
.copyright
{
color: #666666;
font-size: small;
}
div div.legalnotice p
{
color: #666666;
}
/* Program listing */
pre.synopsis
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Blurbs */
div.note,
div.tip,
div.important,
div.caution,
div.warning,
p.blurb
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Table of contents */
div.toc
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Tables */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
background-color: #F0F0F0;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
.copyright-footer
{
color: #8F8F8F;
}
/* Misc */
span.highlight
{
color: #00A000;
}
}
@media print
{
/* Links */
a
{
color: black;
}
a:visited
{
color: black;
}
.spirit-nav
{
display: none;
}
/* Program listing */
pre.synopsis
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Table of contents */
div.toc
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
.informaltable table,
.table table
{
border: 1px solid gray;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
/* Tables */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
table.simplelist tr td
{
border: none !important;
}
/* Misc */
span.highlight
{
font-weight: bold;
}
}
/*=============================================================================
Images
=============================================================================*/
span.inlinemediaobject img
{
vertical-align: middle;
}
/*==============================================================================
Super and Subscript: style so that line spacing isn't effected, see
http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/communityengine/index.cfm?event=showdetails&productId=1&postId=5341
==============================================================================*/
sup,
sub {
height: 0;
line-height: 1;
vertical-align: baseline;
position: relative;
}
/* For internet explorer: */
* html sup,
* html sub {
vertical-align: bottom;
}
sup {
bottom: 1ex;
}
sub {
top: .5ex;
}
/*==============================================================================
Indexes: pretty much the same as the TOC.
==============================================================================*/
.index
{
font-size: 80%;
padding-top: 0px;
padding-bottom: 0px;
margin-top: 0px;
margin-bottom: 0px;
margin-left: 0px;
}
.index ul
{
padding-left: 3em;
}
.index p
{
padding: 2px;
margin: 2px;
}
.index-entry-level-0
{
font-weight: bold;
}
.index em
{
font-weight: bold;
}
/*==============================================================================
Alignment and coloring use 'role' feature, available from Quickbook 1.6 up.
Added from Niall Douglas for role color and alignment.
http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/243318
*/
/* Add text alignment (see http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_text_text-align.asp) */
span.aligncenter
{
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: center;
}
span.alignright
{
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: right;
}
/* alignleft is the default. */
span.alignleft
{
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: left;
}
/* alignjustify stretches the word spacing so that each line has equal width
within a chosen fraction of page width (here arbitrarily 20%).
*Not* useful inside table items as the column width remains the total string width.
Nor very useful, except to temporarily restrict the width.
*/
span.alignjustify
{
display: inline-block; width: 20%; text-align: justify;
}
/* Text colors.
Names at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-css3-color-20020219/ 4.3. X11 color keywords.
Quickbook Usage: [role red Some red text]
*/
span.red { inline-block; color: red; }
span.green { color: green; }
span.lime { color: #00FF00; }
span.blue { color: blue; }
span.navy { color: navy; }
span.yellow { color: yellow; }
span.magenta { color: magenta; }
span.indigo { color: #4B0082; }
span.cyan { color: cyan; }
span.purple { color: purple; }
span.gold { color: gold; }
span.silver { color: silver; } /* lighter gray */
span.gray { color: #808080; } /* light gray */

View File

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Building and Testing</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1">
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</div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div>
<div><h1 class="title">
<a name="building"></a>Chapter&#160;2.&#160;Building and Testing</h1></div>
<div><div class="authorgroup"><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Abrahams</span>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld</p></div>
</div></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.requirements"></a><a class="link" href="building.html#building.requirements" title="Requirements">Requirements</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python requires <a href="http://www.python.org/2.2" target="_top">Python 2.2</a>
<a href="#ftn.building.requirements.f0" class="footnote" name="building.requirements.f0"><sup class="footnote">[1]</sup></a> <span class="bold"><strong>or</strong></span> <a href="http://www.python.org" target="_top">newer</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="footnotes">
<br><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0">
<div id="ftn.building.requirements.f0" class="footnote"><p><a href="#building.requirements.f0" class="para"><sup class="para">[1] </sup></a>
Note that although we tested earlier versions of Boost.Python with Python
2.2, and we don't <span class="bold"><strong>think</strong></span> we've done anything
to break compatibility, this release of Boost.Python may not have been
tested with versions of Python earlier than 2.4, so we're not 100% sure
that python 2.2 and 2.3 are supported.
</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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</body>
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View File

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Background</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Boost.Python">
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<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr><td valign="top"><img alt="" width="" height="" src="../images/bpl.png"></td></tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.background"></a><a class="link" href="background.html" title="Background">Background</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html" target="_top">extending</a>,
in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter executable and
imports Python &#8220;extension modules&#8221; written in C++. Think of taking
a library written in C++ and giving it a Python interface so Python programmers
can use it. From Python, these modules look just like regular Python
modules.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html" target="_top">embedding</a>,
in which the end-user launches a program written in C++ that in turn
invokes the Python interpreter as a library subroutine. Think of adding
scriptability to an existing application.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location of the
C++ <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
function: in the Python interpreter executable, or in some other program,
respectively. Note that even when embedding Python in another program, <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html" target="_top">extension
modules are often the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to
Python code</a>, so the use of extension modules is really at the heart
of both models.
</p>
<p>
Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as dynamically-loaded libraries
with a single entry point, which means you can change them without rebuilding
either the other extension modules or the executable containing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">main</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<title>Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</title>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_"></a><a class="link" href="choosing_a_boost_python_library_.html" title="Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary">Choosing a
Boost.Python Library Binary</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="choosing_a_boost_python_library_.html#building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_dynamic_binary">The
Dynamic Binary</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="choosing_a_boost_python_library_.html#building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_static_binary">The
Static Binary</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
If&#8212;instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right libraries
automatically&#8212;you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python library, you'll
need to think about which one to link with. The Boost.Python binary comes
in both static and dynamic flavors. Take care to choose the right flavor
for your application. <a href="#ftn.building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.f0" class="footnote" name="building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.f0"><sup class="footnote">[3]</sup></a>
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_dynamic_binary"></a><a class="link" href="choosing_a_boost_python_library_.html#building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_dynamic_binary" title="The Dynamic Binary">The
Dynamic Binary</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
A single copy of the library code is used by all extension modules
built with a given toolset. <a href="#ftn.building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_dynamic_binary.f0" class="footnote" name="building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_dynamic_binary.f0"><sup class="footnote">[4]</sup></a>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
The library contains a type conversion registry. Because one registry
is shared among all extension modules, instances of a class exposed
to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension module can be passed
to functions exposed in another such module.
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_static_binary"></a><a class="link" href="choosing_a_boost_python_library_.html#building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_static_binary" title="The Static Binary">The
Static Binary</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in any of
the following cases:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
You are <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/extending/extending.html" target="_top">extending</a>
python and the types exposed in your dynamically-loaded extension module
don't need to be used by any other Boost.Python extension modules,
and you don't care if the core library code is duplicated among them.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
You are <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/extending/embedding.html" target="_top">embedding</a>
python in your application and either:
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; ">
<li class="listitem">
You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can &#8220;see&#8221;
the Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension modules
into your application and you don't care if any dynamically-loaded
Boost.Python extension modules are able to use the types exposed
by your statically-linked extension modules (and vice-versa).
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="footnotes">
<br><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0">
<div id="ftn.building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.f0" class="footnote"><p><a href="#building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.f0" class="para"><sup class="para">[3] </sup></a>
Information about how to identify the static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python
on <a href="http://boost.org/more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming" target="_top">Windows</a>
/ <a href="http://boost.org/more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming" target="_top">Unix
variants</a>
</p></div>
<div id="ftn.building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_dynamic_binary.f0" class="footnote"><p><a href="#building.choosing_a_boost_python_library_.the_dynamic_binary.f0" class="para"><sup class="para">[4] </sup></a>
Because of the way most *nix platforms share symbols among dynamically-loaded
objects, I'm not certain that extension modules built with different
compiler toolsets will always use different copies of the Boost.Python
library when loaded into the same Python instance. Not using different
libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries would
be interoperable. Otherwise, it could spell disaster, since an extension
module and the Boost.Python library would have different ideas of
such things as class layout. I would appreciate someone doing the
experiment to find out what happens.
</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.configuring_boost_build"></a><a class="link" href="configuring_boost_build.html" title="Configuring Boost.Build">Configuring Boost.Build</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="configuring_boost_build.html#building.configuring_boost_build.python_configuration_parameters">Python
Configuration Parameters</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="configuring_boost_build.html#building.configuring_boost_build.examples">Examples</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
As described in the <a href="http://www.boost.org/build/doc/html/bbv2/overview/configuration.html" target="_top">Boost.Build
Reference Manual</a>, a file called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">user</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code> in
your home directory is used to specify the tools and libraries available
to the build system. You may need to create or edit <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">user</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code> to
tell Boost.Build how to invoke Python, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span></code>
its headers, and link with its libraries.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">configure</span></code>
script, it may have generated a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">user</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code>
for you. <a href="#ftn.building.configuring_boost_build.f0" class="footnote" name="building.configuring_boost_build.f0"><sup class="footnote">[2]</sup></a> If your <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">configure</span></code>/<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">make</span></code> sequence was successful and Boost.Python
binaries were built, your <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">user</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code>
file is probably already correct.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
If you have one fairly &#8220;standard&#8221; python installation for your platform,
you might not need to do anything special to describe it. If you haven't
configured python in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">user</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code> (and
you don't specify <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">--</span><span class="identifier">without</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">python</span></code>
on the Boost.Build command line), Boost.Build will automatically execute
the equivalent of
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">import</span> <span class="identifier">toolset</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places. However,
that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file (e.g. when referred
to by another project as in the quickstart method). If instead you are linking
against separately-compiled Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">user</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code> file
with at least the minimal incantation above.
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="building.configuring_boost_build.python_configuration_parameters"></a><a class="link" href="configuring_boost_build.html#building.configuring_boost_build.python_configuration_parameters" title="Python Configuration Parameters">Python
Configuration Parameters</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is installed
in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of the following optional
parameters to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">version</span></dt>
<dd><p>
the version of Python to use. Should be in Major.Minor format, for
example, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">2.3</span></code>. Do not
include the subminor version (i.e. <span class="bold"><strong>not</strong></span>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="number">2.5</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="number">1</span></code>). If you have multiple Python versions
installed, the version will usually be the only configuration argument
required.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">cmd-or-prefix</span></dt>
<dd><p>
preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter. Alternatively,
the installation prefix for Python libraries and header files. Only
use the alternative formulation if there is no appropriate Python
executable available.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span class="bold"><strong>includes</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>
the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span></code> paths
for Python headers. Normally the correct path(s) will be automatically
deduced from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">version</span></code>
and/or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cmd</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="keyword">or</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">prefix</span></code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span class="bold"><strong>libraries</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>
the path to Python library binaries. On MacOS/Darwin, you can also
pass the path of the Python framework. Normally the correct path(s)
will be automatically deduced from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">version</span></code>
and/or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cmd</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="keyword">or</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">prefix</span></code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span class="bold"><strong>condition</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>
if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build properties that are
matched against the build configuration when Boost.Build selects
a Python configuration to use. See examples below for details.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span class="bold"><strong>extension-suffix</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>
A string to append to the name of extension modules before the true
filename extension. You almost certainly don't need to use this.
Usually this suffix is only used when targeting a Windows debug build
of Python, and will be set automatically for you based on the value
of the <a class="link" href="python_debugging_builds.html" title="Python Debugging Builds">&lt;python-debugging&gt;</a>
feature. However, at least one Linux distribution (Ubuntu Feisty
Fawn) has a specially configured <a href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds" target="_top">&lt;python-dbg&gt;</a>
package that claims to use such a suffix.
</p></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="building.configuring_boost_build.examples"></a><a class="link" href="configuring_boost_build.html#building.configuring_boost_build.examples" title="Examples">Examples</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Note that in the examples below, case and <span class="bold"><strong>especially
whitespace</strong></span> are significant.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">user</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code> might contain
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">2.5</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">Make</span> <span class="identifier">both</span> <span class="identifier">versions</span> <span class="identifier">of</span> <span class="identifier">Python</span> <span class="identifier">available</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">2.4</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">To</span> <span class="identifier">build</span> <span class="identifier">with</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="number">2.4</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">add</span> <span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">2.4</span>
<span class="preprocessor"># to</span> <span class="identifier">your</span> <span class="identifier">command</span> <span class="identifier">line</span><span class="special">.</span>
</pre>
<p>
The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default. To build
against python 2.4, add <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">2.4</span></code>
to the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code> command
line.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might supply
the path to the interpreter in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">cmd</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="keyword">or</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">prefix</span></code>
parameter:
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">usr</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">local</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">2.6</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">beta</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">bin</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular toolset,
you might supply that toolset in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">condition</span></code>
parameter:
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">use</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">toolsets</span>
<span class="preprocessor"># Use</span> <span class="identifier">with</span> <span class="identifier">Intel</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">toolset</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">version</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">:\\</span><span class="identifier">Devel</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">Python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">2.5</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">IntelBuild</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">PCBuild</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">cmd</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="keyword">or</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">prefix</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">includes</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">libraries</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">toolset</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="identifier">intel</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">condition</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the normal
and the <a class="link" href="python_debugging_builds.html" title="Python Debugging Builds">"python
debugging"</a> builds from source on Windows, you might see:
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">2.5</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">:\\</span><span class="identifier">src</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">Python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">2.5</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">PCBuild</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">2.5</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">:\\</span><span class="identifier">src</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">Python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">2.5</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">PCBuild</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">python_d</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">includes</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">libs</span>
<span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">debugging</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="identifier">on</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows can
build/test both Windows and Cygwin_ python extensions. Just pass <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">target</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="identifier">cygwin</span></code>
in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">condition</span></code> parameter
for the cygwin python installation:
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor"># windows</span> <span class="identifier">installation</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="preprocessor"># cygwin</span> <span class="identifier">installation</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">:\\</span><span class="identifier">cygwin</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">bin</span><span class="special">\\</span><span class="identifier">python2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="number">5</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">target</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="identifier">cygwin</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
with the cygwin version of python: <a name="flavor"></a>_
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="identifier">target</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">cygwin</span> <span class="identifier">toolset</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">gcc</span>
</pre>
<p>
This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows python
with a <a href="http://cygwin.com" target="_top">Cygwin</a> bjam) but it
seems as though the support in Boost.Build's toolsets for building
that way is broken at the time of this writing.
</p>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Note that because of <a href="http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection" target="_top">the
way Boost.Build currently selects target alternatives</a>, you
might have be very explicit in your build requests. For example, given:
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">2.5</span> <span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">regular</span> <span class="identifier">windows</span> <span class="identifier">build</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="identifier">python</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="number">2.4</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">target</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">&gt;</span><span class="identifier">cygwin</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
building with
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="identifier">target</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">cygwin</span>
</pre>
<p>
will yield an error. Instead, you'll need to write
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="identifier">target</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">os</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">cygwin</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">2.4</span>
</pre>
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="footnotes">
<br><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0">
<div id="ftn.building.configuring_boost_build.f0" class="footnote"><p><a href="#building.configuring_boost_build.f0" class="para"><sup class="para">[2] </sup></a>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">configure</span></code> overwrites
the existing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">user</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code> in your home directory (if any)
after making a backup of the old version.
</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.include_issues"></a><a class="link" href="include_issues.html" title="#include Issues"><code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span></code>
Issues</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
1. If you should ever have occasion to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span>
<span class="string">"python.h"</span></code> directly in a
translation unit of a program using Boost.Python, use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span>
<span class="string">"boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp"</span></code>
instead. It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python, one
of which is mentioned in the next section.
</p>
<p>
2. Be sure not to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span></code>
any system headers before <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrap_python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>. This
restriction is actually imposed by Python, or more properly, by Python's
interaction with your operating system. See <a href="http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html" target="_top">http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html</a>
for details.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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</tr></table>
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<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="no_install_quickstart.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../building.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="configuring_boost_build.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.installing_boost_python_on_your_"></a><a class="link" href="installing_boost_python_on_your_.html" title="Installing Boost.Python on your System">Installing
Boost.Python on your System</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">header</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">only</span></code>) library, its user relies on the services
of a Boost.Python library binary.
</p>
<p>
If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library binaries on
your system, the Boost <a href="http://www.boost.org/more/getting_started/" target="_top">Getting
Started Guide</a> will walk you through the steps of creating one. If
building binaries from source, you might want to supply the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">--</span><span class="identifier">with</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">python</span></code>
argument to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code> (or the
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">--</span><span class="identifier">with</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">libraries</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">python</span></code>
argument to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">configure</span></code>), so
only the Boost.Python binary will be built, rather than all the Boost binaries.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.1">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Boost.Python">
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</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.no_install_quickstart"></a><a class="link" href="no_install_quickstart.html" title="No-Install Quickstart">No-Install Quickstart</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.basic_procedure">Basic
Procedure</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.in_case_of_trouble">In
Case of Trouble</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.in_case_everything_seemed_to_wor">In
Case Everything Seemed to Work</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project">Modifying
the Example Project</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
There is no need to &#8220;install Boost&#8221; in order to get started using Boost.Python.
These instructions use <a href="http://www.boost.org/build" target="_top">Boost.Build</a>
projects, which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for Boost.Python to build,
but doing things this way will save you from worrying about build intricacies
like which library binaries to use for a specific compiler configuration
and figuring out the right compiler options to use yourself.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
Of course it's possible to use other build systems to build Boost.Python
and its extensions, but they are not officially supported by Boost. Moreover
<span class="bold"><strong>99% of all &#8220;I can't build Boost.Python&#8221; problems
come from trying to use another build system</strong></span> without first following
these instructions.
</p>
<p>
If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you follow these
instructions, and then invoke <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code>
with the
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">a</span>
<span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">o</span></code><span class="emphasis"><em>filename</em></span>
</p>
<p>
options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so you can see
what your alternate build system needs to do.
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="building.no_install_quickstart.basic_procedure"></a><a class="link" href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.basic_procedure" title="Basic Procedure">Basic
Procedure</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 of the Boost <a href="http://www.boost.org/more/getting_started/" target="_top">Getting
Started Guide</a>.
</p>
<p>
2. Get the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code> build driver.
See section 5 of the Boost <a href="http://www.boost.org/more/getting_started/" target="_top">Getting
Started Guide</a>.
</p>
<p>
3. cd into the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">quickstart</span><span class="special">/</span></code> directory of your Boost.Python installation,
which contains a small example project.
</p>
<p>
4. Invoke <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code>. Replace
the &#8220;<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stage</span></code>&#8220; argument
from the example invocation from section 5 of the Boost <a href="http://www.boost.org/more/getting_started/" target="_top">Getting
Started Guide</a> with &#8220;<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">test</span></code>,&#8220;
to build all the test targets. Also add the argument &#8220;<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">--</span><span class="identifier">verbose</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">test</span></code>&#8221; to see the output generated by
the tests when they are run. On Windows, your <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code>
invocation might look something like:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">:\\...\\</span><span class="identifier">quickstart</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="identifier">toolset</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">msvc</span> <span class="special">--</span><span class="identifier">verbose</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">test</span> <span class="identifier">test</span>
</pre>
<p>
and on Unix variants, perhaps,
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.../</span><span class="identifier">quickstart</span><span class="error">$</span> <span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="identifier">toolset</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">gcc</span> <span class="special">--</span><span class="identifier">verbose</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">test</span> <span class="identifier">test</span>
</pre>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use unix-style
forward slashes in pathnames instead of the backslashes with which Windows
users may be more familiar. The forward slashes should work everywhere
except in <a href="http://www.boost.org/more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt" target="_top">Command
Prompt</a> windows, where you should use backslashes.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an extension
module called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extending</span></code>
and tested it by running a Python script called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">test_extending</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">py</span></code>.
You will also have built and run a simple application called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">embedding</span></code> that embeds python.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="building.no_install_quickstart.in_case_of_trouble"></a><a class="link" href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.in_case_of_trouble" title="In Case of Trouble">In
Case of Trouble</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages, it's probably
because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your Python installation.
You might want to pass the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">--</span><span class="identifier">debug</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">configuration</span></code> option to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code> the first few times you invoke it,
to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating all the parts of your
Python installation. If it isn't, consider <a class="link" href="configuring_boost_build.html" title="Configuring Boost.Build">Configuring
Boost.Build</a> as detailed below.
</p>
<p>
If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following mailing
lists may be able to help:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
The <a href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost" target="_top">Boost.Build
mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build
</li>
<li class="listitem">
The <a href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig" target="_top">Boost.Python
mailing list</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
</li>
</ul></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="building.no_install_quickstart.in_case_everything_seemed_to_wor"></a><a class="link" href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.in_case_everything_seemed_to_wor" title="In Case Everything Seemed to Work">In
Case Everything Seemed to Work</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
Rejoice! If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be a good
idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on learning the
library by going through the <a href="../tutorial/index.html" target="_top">Tutorial</a>
and perhaps some of the <a href="../reference/index.html" target="_top">Reference Manual</a>,
trying out what you've learned about the API by modifying the quickstart
project.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project"></a><a class="link" href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project" title="Modifying the Example Project">Modifying
the Example Project</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.relocate_the_project">Relocate
the Project</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.add_new_or_change_names_of_exist">Add
New or Change Names of Existing Source Files</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.change_the_name_of_your_extensio">Change
the Name of your Extension Module</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one source file
called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extending</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span></code>, inside your Boost.Python distribution,
and import it forever as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extending</span></code>,
then you can stop here. However, it's likely that you will want to make
a few changes. There are a few things you can do without having to learn
<a href="http://www.boost.org/build" target="_top">Boost.Build</a> in depth.
</p>
<p>
The project you just built is specified in two files in the current directory:
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">build</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code>, which tells <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code>
where it can find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Jamroot</span></code>, which describes
the targets you just built. These files are heavily commented, so they
should be easy to modify. Take care, however, to preserve whitespace. Punctuation
such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">;</span></code> will not be recognized
as intended by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code> if
it is not surrounded by whitespace.
</p>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
<a name="building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.relocate_the_project"></a><a class="link" href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.relocate_the_project" title="Relocate the Project">Relocate
the Project</a>
</h5></div></div></div>
<p>
You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can change
it without modifying your Boost distribution. To do that, simply
</p>
<p>
a. copy the entire <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">quickstart</span><span class="special">/</span></code> directory into a new directory.
</p>
<p>
b. In the new copies of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">build</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Jamroot</span></code>, locate the
relative path near the top of the file that is clearly marked by a comment,
and edit that path so that it refers to the same directory your Boost
distribution as it referred to when the file was in its original location
in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">quickstart</span><span class="special">/</span></code>
directory.
</p>
<p>
For example, if you moved the project from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">home</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">dave</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">boost_1_34_0</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">libs</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">example</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">quickstart</span></code> to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">home</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">dave</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">my</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">project</span></code>, you could change the first
path in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">build</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">jam</span></code> from
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">../../../../</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">build</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">src</span>
</pre>
<p>
to
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">home</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">dave</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">boost_1_34_0</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">tools</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">build</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">src</span>
</pre>
<p>
and change the first path in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Jamroot</span></code>
from
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">../../../..</span>
</pre>
<p>
to
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">home</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">dave</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">boost_1_34_0</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
<a name="building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.add_new_or_change_names_of_exist"></a><a class="link" href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.add_new_or_change_names_of_exist" title="Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files">Add
New or Change Names of Existing Source Files</a>
</h5></div></div></div>
<p>
The names of additional source files involved in building your extension
module or embedding application can be listed in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Jamroot</span></code>
right alongside <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extending</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span></code>
or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">embedding</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span></code> respectively. Just be sure to leave
whitespace around each filename:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="error">&#8230;</span> <span class="identifier">file1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="identifier">file2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="identifier">file3</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="error">&#8230;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can tell
Boost.Build about it by editing the name in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Jamroot</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title">
<a name="building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.change_the_name_of_your_extensio"></a><a class="link" href="no_install_quickstart.html#building.no_install_quickstart.modifying_the_example_project.change_the_name_of_your_extensio" title="Change the Name of your Extension Module">Change
the Name of your Extension Module</a>
</h5></div></div></div>
<p>
The name of the extension module is determined by two things:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
the name in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Jamroot</span></code>
immediately following <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">extension</span></code>,
and
</li>
<li class="listitem">
the name passed to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span></code>
in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extending</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span></code>.
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
To change the name of the extension module from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">extending</span></code>
to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">hello</span></code>, you'd edit
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Jamroot</span></code>, changing
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">extension</span> <span class="identifier">extending</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">extending</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
to
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">extension</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">extending</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">extending</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
to
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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<a name="building.notes_for_mingw_and_cygwin_with_"></a><a class="link" href="notes_for_mingw_and_cygwin_with_.html" title="Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users">Notes for
MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW prior to
3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to create a MinGW-compatible
version of the Python library; the one shipped with Python will only work
with a Microsoft-compatible linker. Follow the instructions in the &#8220;Non-Microsoft&#8221;
section of the &#8220;Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks&#8221; chapter in <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/install/index.html" target="_top">Installing Python Modules</a>
to create <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">libpythonXX</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">a</span></code>, where <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">XX</span></code>
corresponds to the major and minor version numbers of your Python installation.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<title>Python Debugging Builds</title>
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<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Boost.Python">
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<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="include_issues.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../building.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="testing_boost_python.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.python_debugging_builds"></a><a class="link" href="python_debugging_builds.html" title="Python Debugging Builds">Python Debugging Builds</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Python can be built in a special &#8220;python debugging&#8221; configuration that
adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful for developers
of extension modules. The data structures used by the debugging configuration
contain additional members, so <span class="bold"><strong>a Python executable
built with python debugging enabled cannot be used with an extension module
or library compiled without it, and vice-versa.</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Since pre-built &#8220;python debugging&#8221; versions of the Python executable
and libraries are not supplied with most distributions of Python, <a href="#ftn.building.python_debugging_builds.f0" class="footnote" name="building.python_debugging_builds.f0"><sup class="footnote">[5]</sup></a> and we didn't want to force our users to build them, Boost.Build
does not automatically enable python debugging in its <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">debug</span></code>
build variant (which is the default). Instead there is a special build property
called <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">debugging</span></code> that, when used as a build property,
will define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right libraries
to link with.
</p>
<p>
On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data structures
will only be used if the symbol <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Py_DEBUG</span></code>
is defined. On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
the preprocessor symbol <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_DEBUG</span></code>,
Python defaults to force linking with a special debugging version of the
Python DLL. Since that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not
present, Boost.Python temporarily undefines <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">_DEBUG</span></code>
when <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span></code> is #included from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">detail</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">wrap_python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> -
unless <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</span></code>
is defined. The upshot is that if you want &#8220;python debugging&#8221;and you
aren't using Boost.Build, you should make sure <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</span></code>
is defined, or python debugging will be suppressed.
</p>
<div class="footnotes">
<br><hr style="width:100; text-align:left;margin-left: 0">
<div id="ftn.building.python_debugging_builds.f0" class="footnote"><p><a href="#building.python_debugging_builds.f0" class="para"><sup class="para">[5] </sup></a>
On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging python and associated libraries
are built by adding --with-pydebug when configuring the Python build. On
Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by the "Win32
Debug" target of the Visual Studio project in the PCBuild subdirectory
of a full Python source code distribution.
</p></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="building.testing_boost_python"></a><a class="link" href="testing_boost_python.html" title="Testing Boost.Python">Testing Boost.Python</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bjam</span></code>
in the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">test</span></code> subdirectory
of your Boost.Python distribution.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<br>Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div><h1 class="title">
<a name="configuration"></a>Chapter&#160;3.&#160;Configuration</h1></div>
<div><div class="authorgroup"><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Abrahams</span>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld</p></div>
</div></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="configuration.configuration"></a><a class="link" href="configuration.html#configuration.configuration" title="Configuration">Configuration</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl class="toc">
<dt><span class="section"><a href="configuration.html#configuration.configuration.introduction">Introduction</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="configuration.html#configuration.configuration.application_defined_macros">Application
Defined Macros</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="configuration.html#configuration.configuration.library_defined_defined_macros">Library
Defined Defined Macros</a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="configuration.configuration.introduction"></a><a class="link" href="configuration.html#configuration.configuration.introduction" title="Introduction">Introduction</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Python</strong></span> uses several configuration
macros in <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">config</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>, as well as configuration macros meant
to be supplied by the application. These macros are documented here.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="configuration.configuration.application_defined_macros"></a><a class="link" href="configuration.html#configuration.configuration.application_defined_macros" title="Application Defined Macros">Application
Defined Macros</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
These are the macros that may be defined by an application using Boost.Python.
Note that if you extend a strict interpretation of the C++ standard to
cover dynamic libraries, using different values of these macros when compiling
different libraries (including extension modules and the Boost.Python library
itself) is a violation of the <a class="link" href="glossary.html#odr">ODR</a>. However,
we know of no C++ implementations on which this particular violation is
detectable or causes any problems.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Macro
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Default
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Meaning
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
15
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The maximum arity of any function, member function, or constructor
to be wrapped, invocation of a Boost.Python function wich is
specified as taking arguments x1, x2,...Xn. This includes, in
particular, callback mechanisms such as object::operator()(...)
or call_method&lt;R&gt;(... ).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
10
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
The maximum number of template arguments to the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;...&gt;</span></code>
class template, which is used to specify the bases of a wrapped
C++ class..
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_MODULE
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>not defined</em></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If defined, prevents your module initialization function from
being treated as an exported symbol on platforms which support
that distinction in-code
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>not defined</em></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If defined, allows functions using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__cdecl</span></code>
calling convention to be wrapped.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>not defined</em></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If defined, allows functions using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__stdcall</span></code>
calling convention to be wrapped.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>not defined</em></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If defined, allows functions using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__fastcall</span></code>
calling convention to be wrapped.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">
<a name="configuration.configuration.library_defined_defined_macros"></a><a class="link" href="configuration.html#configuration.configuration.library_defined_defined_macros" title="Library Defined Defined Macros">Library
Defined Defined Macros</a>
</h4></div></div></div>
<p>
These macros are defined by <span class="bold"><strong>Boost.Python</strong></span>
and are implementation details of interest only to implementors and those
porting to new platforms.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th>
<p>
Macro
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Default
</p>
</th>
<th>
<p>
Meaning
</p>
</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>not defined</em></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If defined, this indicates that the type_info comparison across
shared library boundaries does not work on this platform. In
other words, if shared-lib-1 passes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">typeid</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">)</span></code> to a function in shared-lib-2
which compares it to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">typeid</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">)</span></code>, that comparison may return
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">false</span></code>. If this macro
is #defined, Boost.Python uses and compares <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">typeid</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">()</span></code> instead of using and comparing
the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">type_info</span></code> objects directly.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>not defined</em></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If defined for a module no pythonic signatures are generated
for the docstrings of the module functions, and no python type
is associated with any of the converters registered by the module.
This also reduces the binary size of the module by about 14%
(gcc compiled). If defined for the boost_python runtime library,
the default for the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">docstring_options</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">enable_py_signatures</span><span class="special">()</span></code> is set to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">false</span></code>.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>defined</em></span> if <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</span></code>
is <span class="emphasis"><em>undefined</em></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
This macro is defined to enable a smooth transition from older
Boost.Python versions which do not support pythonic signatures.
For example usage see here.
</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<p>
BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>not defined</em></span>
</p>
</td>
<td>
<p>
If defined the python type of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__init__</span></code>
method "self" parameters is properly generated, otherwise
object is used. It is undefined by default because it increases
the binary size of the module by about 14% (gcc compiled).
</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="faq"></a>Chapter&#160;5.&#160;Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="faq.how_can_i_wrap_a_function_which_"></a><a class="link" href="faq.html#faq.how_can_i_wrap_a_function_which_" title="How can I wrap a function which takes a function pointer as an argument?">How can I wrap
a function which takes a function pointer as an argument?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
If what you're trying to do is something like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">function</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">funcptr</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">funcptr</span> <span class="identifier">fp</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">fp</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello,world!"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">test</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
And then:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">def</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">print</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
The short answer is: "you can't". This is not a Boost.Python limitation
so much as a limitation of C++. The problem is that a Python function is
actually data, and the only way of associating data with a C++ function pointer
is to store it in a static variable of the function. The problem with that
is that you can only associate one piece of data with every C++ function,
and we have no way of compiling a new C++ function on-the-fly for every Python
function you decide to pass to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">foo</span></code>.
In other words, this could work if the C++ function is always going to invoke
the <span class="emphasis"><em>same</em></span> Python function, but you probably don't want
that.
</p>
<p>
If you have the luxury of changing the C++ code you're wrapping, pass it
an <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">object</span></code> instead and call
that; the overloaded function call operator will invoke the Python function
you pass it behind the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">object</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="faq.compilation_takes_too_much_time_"></a><a class="link" href="compilation_takes_too_much_time_.html" title="Compilation takes too much time and eats too much memory! What can I do to make it faster?">Compilation takes
too much time and eats too much memory! What can I do to make it faster?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Please refer to the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Reducing</span> <span class="identifier">Compiling</span> <span class="identifier">Time</span></code>
section in the <a href="../tutorial/index.html" target="_top">Tutorial</a>.
</p>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="faq.does_boost_python_work_with_mac_"></a><a class="link" href="does_boost_python_work_with_mac_.html" title="Does Boost.Python work with Mac OS X?">Does Boost.Python
work with Mac OS X?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
It is known to work under 10.2.8 and 10.3 using Apple's gcc 3.3 compiler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">gcc</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">GCC</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="number">3.3</span> <span class="number">20030304</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Apple</span> <span class="identifier">Computer</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Inc</span><span class="special">.</span> <span class="identifier">build</span> <span class="number">1493</span><span class="special">)</span></pre>
<p>
Under 10.2.8 get the August 2003 gcc update (free at <a href="http://connect.apple.com" target="_top">http://connect.apple.com</a>).
Under 10.3 get the Xcode Tools v1.0 (also free).
</p>
<p>
Python 2.3 is required. The Python that ships with 10.3 is fine. Under 10.2.8
use these commands to install Python as a framework:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">./</span><span class="identifier">configure</span> <span class="special">--</span><span class="identifier">enable</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">framework</span>
<span class="identifier">make</span>
<span class="identifier">make</span> <span class="identifier">frameworkinstall</span></pre>
<p>
The last command requires root privileges because the target directory is
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">Library</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">Frameworks</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">Python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">framework</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">Versions</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="number">2.3</span></code>. However,
the installation does not interfere with the Python version that ships with
10.2.8.
</p>
<p>
It is also crucial to increase the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stacksize</span></code>
before starting compilations, e.g.:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">limit</span> <span class="identifier">stacksize</span> <span class="number">8192</span><span class="identifier">k</span></pre>
<p>
If the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stacksize</span></code> is too small
the build might crash with internal compiler errors.
</p>
<p>
Sometimes Apple's compiler exhibits a bug by printing an error like the following
while compiling a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">your_type</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
template instantiation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.../</span><span class="identifier">inheritance</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">44</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">error</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">cannot</span>
<span class="keyword">dynamic_cast</span> <span class="error">`</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="char">' (of type `struct cctbx::boost_python::&lt;unnamed&gt;::add_pair*
'</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="error">`</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span><span class="error">'</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">source</span> <span class="identifier">type</span> <span class="identifier">is</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> <span class="identifier">polymorphic</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
We do not know a general workaround, but if the definition of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">your_type</span></code> can be modified the following
was found to work in all cases encountered so far:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">your_type</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// before defining any member data</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#if</span> <span class="identifier">defined</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">__MACH__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">amp</span><span class="special">;&amp;</span><span class="identifier">amp</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">defined</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">__APPLE_CC__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">amp</span><span class="special">;&amp;</span><span class="identifier">amp</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">__APPLE_CC__</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">1493</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">dummy_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#endif</span>
<span class="comment">// now your member data, e.g.</span>
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">j</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// etc.</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
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<title>error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments</title>
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<a name="faq.error_c2064_term_does_not_evalua"></a><a class="link" href="error_c2064_term_does_not_evalua.html" title="error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments">error C2064: term
does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Niall Douglas provides these notes:</em></span>
</p>
<p>
If you see Microsoft Visual C++ 7.1 (MS Visual Studio .NET 2003) issue an
error message like the following it is most likely due to a bug in the compiler:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">\</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">\</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">\</span><span class="identifier">detail</span><span class="special">\</span><span class="identifier">invoke</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">76</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">error</span> <span class="identifier">C2064</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">term</span> <span class="identifier">does</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> <span class="identifier">evaluate</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="identifier">function</span> <span class="identifier">taking</span> <span class="number">2</span> <span class="identifier">arguments</span><span class="error">"</span>
</pre>
<p>
This message is triggered by code like the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FXThread</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">setAutoDelete</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">doso</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">throw</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">Export_FXThread</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">FXThread</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FXThread"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"setAutoDelete"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">amp</span><span class="special">;</span><span class="identifier">FXThread</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">setAutoDelete</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The bug is related to the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">throw</span><span class="special">()</span></code> modifier. As a workaround cast off the
modifier. E.g.:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"setAutoDelete"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">FXThread</span><span class="special">::*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">FXThread</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">setAutoDelete</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
(The bug has been reported to Microsoft.)
</p>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Q:</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>I get this error message when
compiling a large source file. What can I do?</em></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>A:</strong></span> You have two choices:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
Upgrade your compiler (preferred)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Break your source file up into multiple translation units.
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">...</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">more_of_my_module</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">more_of_my_module</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">more_of_my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">more_of_my_module</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"baz"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">baz</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
If you find that a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;...&gt;</span></code> declaration can't fit in
a single source file without triggering the error, you can always pass
a reference to the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">class_</span></code>
object to a function in another source file, and call some of its member
functions (e.g. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(...)</span></code>) in the auxilliary source file:
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">more_of_my_class</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">more_of_my_class</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">class</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">lt</span><span class="special">;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">gt</span><span class="special">;&amp;</span><span class="identifier">amp</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"baz"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">baz</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"xx"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get_xx</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">my_class</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set_xx</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
</li>
</ol></div>
</div>
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<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="faq.how_can_i_automatically_convert_"></a><a class="link" href="how_can_i_automatically_convert_.html" title="How can I automatically convert my custom string type to and from a Python string?">How can I automatically
convert my custom string type to and from a Python string?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:</em></span>
</p>
<p>
Below is a small, self-contained demo extension module that shows how to
do this. Here is the corresponding trivial test:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">import</span> <span class="identifier">custom_string</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">"Hello world."</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span> <span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"california"</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">10</span>
</pre>
<p>
If you look at the code you will find:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; ">
<li class="listitem">
A custom <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">to_python</span></code> converter
(easy): <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">custom_string_to_python_str</span></code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A custom lvalue converter (needs more code): <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">custom_string_from_python_str</span></code>
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The custom converters are registered in the global Boost.Python registry
near the top of the module initialization function. Once flow control has
passed through the registration code the automatic conversions from and to
Python strings will work in any module imported in the same process.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">to_python_converter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">sandbox</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">custom_string</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">value_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">value_</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">private</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">value_</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">custom_string_to_python_str</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">convert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">custom_string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">incref</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">custom_string_from_python_str</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">custom_string_from_python_str</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">registry</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">push_back</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">convertible</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">type_id</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">&gt;());</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">convertible</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">obj_ptr</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">PyString_Check</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">obj_ptr</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">obj_ptr</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">construct</span><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">obj_ptr</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">rvalue_from_python_stage1_data</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">PyString_AsString</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">obj_ptr</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">throw_error_already_set</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">storage</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">converter</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">rvalue_from_python_storage</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">&gt;*)</span>
<span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">)-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">storage</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">bytes</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">storage</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">data</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">convertible</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">storage</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">custom_string</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"Hello world."</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">custom_string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">s</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">init_module</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">to_python_converter</span><span class="special">&lt;</span>
<span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">custom_string_to_python_str</span><span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<span class="identifier">custom_string_from_python_str</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"size"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}}</span> <span class="comment">// namespace sandbox::&lt;anonymous&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">custom_string</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">sandbox</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">init_module</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="faq.how_can_i_find_the_existing_pyob"></a><a class="link" href="how_can_i_find_the_existing_pyob.html" title="How can I find the existing PyObject that holds a C++ object?">How can I find
the existing PyObject that holds a C++ object?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
"I am wrapping a function that always returns a pointer to an already-held
C++ object."
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
One way to do that is to hijack the mechanisms used for wrapping a class
with virtual functions. If you make a wrapper class with an initial PyObject*
constructor argument and store that PyObject* as "self", you can
get back to it by casting down to that wrapper type in a thin wrapper function.
For example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// known to return Xs that are managed by Python objects</span>
<span class="comment">// wrapping code</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X_wrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X_wrap</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f_wrap</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X_wrap</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">xw</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">dynamic_cast</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X_wrap</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xw</span> <span class="special">!=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xw</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f_wrap</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">X_wrap</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Of course, if X has no virtual functions you'll have to use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">static_cast</span></code> instead of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">dynamic_cast</span></code>
with no runtime check that it's valid. This approach also only works if the
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code> object was constructed
from Python, because <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X</span></code>s constructed
from C++ are of course never <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">X_wrap</span></code>
objects.
</p>
<p>
Another approach to this requires you to change your C++ code a bit; if that's
an option for you it might be a better way to go. work we've been meaning
to get to anyway. When a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">shared_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code>
is converted from Python, the shared_ptr actually manages a reference to
the containing Python object. When a shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; is converted back
to Python, the library checks to see if it's one of those "Python object
managers" and if so just returns the original Python object. So you
could just write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p</span><span class="special">)</span></code> to get
the Python object back. To exploit this you'd have to be able to change the
C++ code you're wrapping so that it deals with shared_ptr instead of raw
pointers.
</p>
<p>
There are other approaches too. The functions that receive the Python object
that you eventually want to return could be wrapped with a thin wrapper that
records the correspondence between the object address and its containing
Python object, and you could have your f_wrap function look in that mapping
to get the Python object out.
</p>
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a function which needs to take ownership of a raw pointer?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Q:</strong></span> Part of an API that I'm wrapping goes
something like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">A</span> <span class="special">{};</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">B</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">add</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">where</span> <span class="identifier">B</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">add</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="identifier">takes</span> <span class="identifier">ownership</span> <span class="identifier">of</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">pointer</span> <span class="identifier">passed</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">it</span><span class="special">.</span>
</pre>
<p>
However:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">mod</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">mod</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">B</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="identifier">a</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">a</span>
<span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">b</span>
<span class="preprocessor"># python</span> <span class="identifier">interpreter</span> <span class="identifier">crashes</span>
<span class="preprocessor"># later</span> <span class="identifier">due</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">memory</span> <span class="identifier">corruption</span><span class="special">.</span>
</pre>
<p>
Even binding the lifetime of a to b via <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span></code>
doesn't prevent the python object a from ultimately trying to delete the
object it's pointing to. Is there a way to accomplish a 'transfer-of-ownership'
of a wrapped C++ object?
</p>
<p>
--Bruce Lowery
</p>
<p>
Yes: Make sure the C++ object is held by auto_ptr:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">auto_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"A"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then make a thin wrapper function which takes an auto_ptr parameter:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b_insert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">B</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">auto_ptr</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">A</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">insert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">release</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Wrap that as B.add. Note that pointers returned via <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">manage_new_object</span></code>
will also be held by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">auto_ptr</span></code>,
so this transfer-of-ownership will also work correctly.
</p>
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Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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<a name="faq.how_can_i_wrap_functions_which_t"></a><a class="link" href="how_can_i_wrap_functions_which_t.html" title="How can I wrap functions which take C++ containers as arguments?">How can I wrap
functions which take C++ containers as arguments?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Using the regular <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"std_vector_double"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
This can be moved to a template so that several types (<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">double</span></code>, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">int</span></code>,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">long</span></code>, etc.) can be wrapped
with the same code. This technique is used in the file <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">scitbx</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">include</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">scitbx</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">array_family</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">boost_python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">flex_wrapper</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span></code> in the "scitbx" package.
The file could easily be modified for wrapping <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> instantiations. This type of
C++/Python binding is most suitable for containers that may contain a
large number of elements (&gt;10000).
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<p>
Using custom rvalue converters. Boost.Python "rvalue converters"
match function signatures such as:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// pass by const-reference</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// pass by value</span>
</pre>
Some custom rvalue converters are implemented in the file <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">scitbx</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">include</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">scitbx</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">boost_python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">container_conversions</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span></code> This code can be used to convert
from C++ container types such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code> to Python tuples and vice versa.
A few simple examples can be found in the file <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">scitbx</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">array_family</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">boost_python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">regression_test_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span></code>
Automatic C++ container &lt;-&gt; Python tuple conversions are most suitable
for containers of moderate size. These converters generate significantly
less object code compared to alternative 1 above.
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
A disadvantage of using alternative 2 is that operators such as arithmetic
+,-,*,/,% are not available. It would be useful to have custom rvalue converters
that convert to a "math_array" type instead of tuples. This is
currently not implemented but is possible within the framework of Boost.Python
V2 as it will be released in the next couple of weeks. [ed.: this was posted
on 2002/03/10]
</p>
<p>
It would also be useful to also have "custom lvalue converters"
such as <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>
&lt;-&gt; Python list. These converters would support the modification of
the Python list from C++. For example:
</p>
<p>
C++:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">size_t</span> <span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">lt</span><span class="special">;</span><span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">size</span><span class="special">();</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">++)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">array</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">i</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">*=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">[</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">]</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">l</span>
<span class="special">[</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">6</span><span class="special">]</span>
</pre>
<p>
Custom lvalue converters require changes to the Boost.Python core library
and are currently not available.
</p>
<p>
P.S.:
</p>
<p>
The "scitbx" files referenced above are available via anonymous
CVS:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">cvs</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="identifier">pserver</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="identifier">anonymous</span><span class="error">@</span><span class="identifier">cvs</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cctbx</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">sourceforge</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">net</span><span class="special">:/</span><span class="identifier">cvsroot</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cctbx</span> <span class="identifier">login</span>
<span class="identifier">cvs</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="identifier">pserver</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="identifier">anonymous</span><span class="error">@</span><span class="identifier">cvs</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cctbx</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">sourceforge</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">net</span><span class="special">:/</span><span class="identifier">cvsroot</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cctbx</span> <span class="identifier">co</span> <span class="identifier">scitbx</span>
</pre>
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<a name="faq.how_do_i_create_sub_packages_usi"></a><a class="link" href="how_do_i_create_sub_packages_usi.html" title="How do I create sub-packages using Boost.Python?">How do I create
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Please refer to the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Creating</span> <span class="identifier">Packages</span></code> section in the <a href="../tutorial/index.html" target="_top">Tutorial</a>.
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<a name="faq.how_do_i_debug_my_python_extensi"></a><a class="link" href="how_do_i_debug_my_python_extensi.html" title="How do I debug my Python extensions?">How do I debug
my Python extensions?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Greg Burley gives the following answer for Unix GCC users:
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
Once you have created a boost python extension for your c++ library or
class, you may need to debug the code. Afterall this is one of the reasons
for wrapping the library in python. An expected side-effect or benefit
of using BPL is that debugging should be isolated to the c++ library that
is under test, given that python code is minimal and boost::python either
works or it doesn't. (ie. While errors can occur when the wrapping method
is invalid, most errors are caught by the compiler ;-).
</p>
<p>
The basic steps required to initiate a gdb session to debug a c++ library
via python are shown here. Note, however that you should start the gdb
session in the directory that contains your BPL my_ext.so module.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">target</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span> <span class="identifier">python</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">run</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">from</span> <span class="identifier">my_ext</span> <span class="identifier">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">]</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">break</span> <span class="identifier">MyClass</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">MyBuggyFunction</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">cont</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">pyobj</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">MyClass</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">pyobj</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">MyBuggyFunction</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">Breakpoint</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">MyClass</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">MyBuggyFunction</span> <span class="special">...</span>
<span class="identifier">Current</span> <span class="identifier">language</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">auto</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">currently</span> <span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">++</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">do</span> <span class="identifier">debugging</span> <span class="identifier">stuff</span>
</pre>
</blockquote></div>
<p>
Greg's approach works even better using Emacs' "gdb" command, since
it will show you each line of source as you step through it.
</p>
<p>
On <span class="bold"><strong>Windows</strong></span>, my favorite debugging solution
is the debugger that comes with Microsoft Visual C++ 7. This debugger seems
to work with code generated by all versions of Microsoft and Metrowerks toolsets;
it's rock solid and "just works" without requiring any special
tricks from the user.
</p>
<p>
Raoul Gough has provided the following for gdb on Windows:
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
gdb support for Windows DLLs has improved lately, so it is now possible
to debug Python extensions using a few tricks. Firstly, you will need an
up-to-date gdb with support for minimal symbol extraction from a DLL. Any
gdb from version 6 onwards, or Cygwin gdb-20030214-1 and onwards should
do. A suitable release will have a section in the gdb.info file under Configuration
- Native - Cygwin Native - Non-debug DLL symbols. Refer to that info section
for more details of the procedures outlined here.
</p>
<p>
Secondly, it seems necessary to set a breakpoint in the Python interpreter,
rather than using ^C to break execution. A good place to set this breakpoint
is PyOS_Readline, which will stop execution immediately before reading
each interactive Python command. You have to let Python start once under
the debugger, so that it loads its own DLL, before you can set the breakpoint:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="error">$</span> <span class="identifier">gdb</span> <span class="identifier">python</span>
<span class="identifier">GNU</span> <span class="identifier">gdb</span> <span class="number">2003</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">09</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">02</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">cvs</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">cygwin</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">special</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">[...]</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">run</span>
<span class="identifier">Starting</span> <span class="identifier">program</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cygdrive</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">Python22</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">exe</span>
<span class="identifier">Python</span> <span class="number">2.2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">(#</span><span class="number">37</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Oct</span> <span class="number">14</span> <span class="number">2002</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">17</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">02</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">34</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">MSC</span> <span class="number">32</span> <span class="identifier">bit</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Intel</span><span class="special">)]</span> <span class="identifier">on</span> <span class="identifier">win32</span>
<span class="identifier">Type</span> <span class="string">"help"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"copyright"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"credits"</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="string">"license"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">more</span> <span class="identifier">information</span><span class="special">.</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="special">^</span><span class="identifier">Z</span>
<span class="identifier">Program</span> <span class="identifier">exited</span> <span class="identifier">normally</span><span class="special">.</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="keyword">break</span> <span class="special">*&amp;</span><span class="identifier">PyOS_Readline</span>
<span class="identifier">Breakpoint</span> <span class="number">1</span> <span class="identifier">at</span> <span class="number">0x1e04eff0</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">run</span>
<span class="identifier">Starting</span> <span class="identifier">program</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cygdrive</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">Python22</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">exe</span>
<span class="identifier">Python</span> <span class="number">2.2</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="number">2</span> <span class="special">(#</span><span class="number">37</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Oct</span> <span class="number">14</span> <span class="number">2002</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">17</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">02</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">34</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">[</span><span class="identifier">MSC</span> <span class="number">32</span> <span class="identifier">bit</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Intel</span><span class="special">)]</span> <span class="identifier">on</span> <span class="identifier">win32</span>
<span class="identifier">Type</span> <span class="string">"help"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"copyright"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"credits"</span> <span class="keyword">or</span> <span class="string">"license"</span> <span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">more</span> <span class="identifier">information</span><span class="special">.</span>
<span class="identifier">Breakpoint</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0x1e04eff0</span> <span class="identifier">in</span> <span class="identifier">python22</span><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">PyOS_Readline</span> <span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">from</span> <span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cygdrive</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">WINNT</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">system32</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python22</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">dll</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="identifier">cont</span>
<span class="identifier">Continuing</span><span class="special">.</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">from</span> <span class="identifier">my_ext</span> <span class="identifier">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<span class="identifier">Breakpoint</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0x1e04eff0</span> <span class="identifier">in</span> <span class="identifier">python22</span><span class="special">!</span><span class="identifier">PyOS_Readline</span> <span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">from</span> <span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">cygdrive</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">c</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">WINNT</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">system32</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python22</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">dll</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">#</span> <span class="identifier">my_ext</span> <span class="identifier">now</span> <span class="identifier">loaded</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">with</span> <span class="identifier">any</span> <span class="identifier">debugging</span> <span class="identifier">symbols</span> <span class="identifier">it</span> <span class="identifier">contains</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</blockquote></div>
<h3>
<a name="faq.how_do_i_debug_my_python_extensi.h0"></a>
<span class="phrase"><a name="faq.how_do_i_debug_my_python_extensi.debugging_extensions_through_boo"></a></span><a class="link" href="how_do_i_debug_my_python_extensi.html#faq.how_do_i_debug_my_python_extensi.debugging_extensions_through_boo">Debugging
extensions through Boost.Build</a>
</h3>
<p>
If you are launching your extension module tests with <a href="http://www.boost.org/build" target="_top">Boost.Build</a>
using the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">runtest</span></code> rule, you can ask it to launch
your debugger for you by adding "--debugger=<span class="emphasis"><em>debugger</em></span>"
to your bjam command-line:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">sTOOLS</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">vc7</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="number">1</span> <span class="string">"--debugger=devenv /debugexe"</span> <span class="identifier">test</span>
<span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">sTOOLS</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">gcc</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">sPYTHON_LAUNCH</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">gdb</span> <span class="identifier">test</span>
</pre>
<p>
It can also be extremely useful to add the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">+</span><span class="number">2</span></code>
option when you run your test, because Boost.Build will then show you the
exact commands it uses to invoke it. This will invariably involve setting
up PYTHONPATH and other important environment variables such as LD_LIBRARY_PATH
which may be needed by your debugger in order to get things to work right.
</p>
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Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
</p>
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<a name="faq.i_m_getting_the_attempt_to_retur"></a><a class="link" href="i_m_getting_the_attempt_to_retur.html" title="I'm getting the &quot;attempt to return dangling reference&quot; error. What am I doing wrong?">I'm getting the
"attempt to return dangling reference" error. What am I doing wrong?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
That exception is protecting you from causing a nasty crash. It usually happens
in response to some code like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">period</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">get_floating_frequency</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">call_method</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">period</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span>
<span class="identifier">m_self</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="string">"get_floating_frequency"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
And you get:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">ReferenceError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Attempt</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">dangling</span> <span class="identifier">reference</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">of</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">period</span>
</pre>
<p>
In this case, the Python method invoked by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">call_method</span></code>
constructs a new Python object. You're trying to return a reference to a
C++ object (an instance of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">period</span></code>) contained within and owned by that
Python object. Because the called method handed back a brand new object,
the only reference to it is held for the duration of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_floating_frequency</span><span class="special">()</span></code> above. When the function returns, the Python
object will be destroyed, destroying the instance of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">class</span>
<span class="identifier">period</span></code>, and leaving the returned
reference dangling. That's already undefined behavior, and if you try to
do anything with that reference you're likely to cause a crash. Boost.Python
detects this situation at runtime and helpfully throws an exception instead
of letting you do that.
</p>
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<a name="faq.is_boost_python_thread_aware_com"></a><a class="link" href="is_boost_python_thread_aware_com.html" title="Is Boost.Python thread-aware/compatible with multiple interpreters?">Is Boost.Python
thread-aware/compatible with multiple interpreters?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Niall Douglas provides these notes:</em></span>
</p>
<p>
The quick answer to this is: no.
</p>
<p>
The longer answer is that it can be patched to be so, but it's complex. You
will need to add custom lock/unlock wrapping of every time your code enters
Boost.Python (particularly every virtual function override) plus heavily
modify <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">detail</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">invoke</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> with custom unlock/lock wrapping of
every time Boost.Python enters your code. You must furthermore take care
to <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> unlock/lock when Boost.Python is invoking iterator
changes via <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">invoke</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
There is a patched <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">invoke</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span></code> posted
on the C++-SIG mailing list archives and you can find a real implementation
of all the machinery necessary to fully implement this in the TnFOX project
at <a href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/tnfox/" target="_top">this</a> SourceForge
project location.
</p>
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<a name="faq.is_return_internal_reference_eff"></a><a class="link" href="is_return_internal_reference_eff.html" title="Is return_internal_reference efficient?">Is <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span></code> efficient?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Q:</strong></span> /I have an object composed of 12 doubles.
A <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span></code>
to this object is returned by a member function of another class. From the
viewpoint of using the returned object in Python I do not care if I get a
copy or a reference to the returned object. In Boost.Python I have the choice
of using <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">copy_const_reference</span></code>
or <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span></code>.
Are there considerations that would lead me to prefer one over the other,
such as size of generated code or memory overhead?/
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>A:</strong></span> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">copy_const_reference</span></code>
will make an instance with storage for one of your objects, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">base_size</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="number">12</span> <span class="special">*</span> <span class="keyword">sizeof</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">)</span></code>.
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span></code>
will make an instance with storage for a pointer to one of your objects,
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">size</span> <span class="special">=</span>
<span class="identifier">base_size</span> <span class="special">+</span>
<span class="keyword">sizeof</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">*)</span></code>. However,
it will also create a weak reference object which goes in the source object's
weakreflist and a special callback object to manage the lifetime of the internally-referenced
object. My guess? <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">copy_const_reference</span></code>
is your friend here, resulting in less overall memory use and less fragmentation,
also probably fewer total cycles.
</p>
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<a name="faq.why_doesn_t_my_operator_work"></a><a class="link" href="why_doesn_t_my_operator_work.html" title="Why doesn't my *= operator work?">Why doesn't my <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*=</span></code> operator work?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Q:</strong></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>I have exported my class to
python, with many overloaded operators. it works fine for me except the
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*=</span></code> operator. It always tells
me "can't multiply sequence with non int type". If I use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p1</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__imul__</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">p2</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
instead of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">p1</span> <span class="special">*=</span>
<span class="identifier">p2</span></code>, it successfully executes my
code. What's wrong with me?</em></span>
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>A:</strong></span> There's nothing wrong with you. This
is a bug in Python 2.2. You can see the same effect in Pure Python (you can
learn a lot about what's happening in Boost.Python by playing with new-style
classes in Pure Python).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">def</span> <span class="identifier">__imul__</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="identifier">print</span> <span class="char">'imul'</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">*=</span> <span class="number">1</span>
</pre>
<p>
To cure this problem, all you need to do is upgrade your Python to version
2.2.1 or later.
</p>
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<a name="faq.why_is_my_automatic_to_python_co"></a><a class="link" href="why_is_my_automatic_to_python_co.html" title="Why is my automatic to-python conversion not being found?">Why is my automatic
to-python conversion not being found?</a>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Niall Douglas provides these notes:</em></span>
</p>
<p>
If you define custom converters similar to the ones shown above the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
member functions provided by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">class_</span></code>
for direct access to your member data will not work as expected. This is
because <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">,&amp;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">)</span></code> is equivalent to:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">make_getter</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">()))</span>
</pre>
<p>
Similarly, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">,&amp;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">)</span></code>
is equivalent to:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">make_getter</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">()),</span>
<span class="identifier">make_setter</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
<p>
In order to define return value policies compatible with the custom conversions
replace <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">()</span></code>
by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
E.g.:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">make_getter</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">return_value_policy</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">return_by_value</span><span class="special">&gt;()),</span>
<span class="identifier">make_setter</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">bar</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">return_value_policy</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">return_by_value</span><span class="special">&gt;()))</span>
</pre>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">
<a name="glossary"></a>Chapter&#160;6.&#160;Glossary</h1></div></div></div>
<div class="variablelist">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<dl class="variablelist">
<dt><span class="term">arity <a name="arity"></a></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The number of argumnts accepted by a function or member function. Unless
otherwise specified, the hidden <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">this</span></code>
argument to member functions is not counted when specifying arity.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">ntbs <a name="ntbs"></a></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Null-Terminated Byte String, or 'C'-string. C++ string literals are
<span class="bold"><strong>ntbs</strong></span>es. An <span class="bold"><strong>ntbs</strong></span>
must never be null.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">raise <a name="raise"></a></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Exceptions in Python are "raised", not "thrown",
as they are in C++. When this documentation says that some Python exception
is "raised" in the context of C++ code, it means that the corresponding
Python exception is set via the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">Python/'C'
API</a>, and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">throw_error_already_set</span><span class="special">()</span></code> is called.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">POD <a name="pod"></a></span></dt>
<dd><p>
A technical term from the C++ standard. Short for "Plain Ol'Data":
A POD-struct is an aggregate class that has no non-static data members
of type pointer to member, non-POD-struct, non-POD-union (or array of
such types) or reference, and has no user-defined copy assign- ment operator
and no user-defined destructor. Similarly, a POD-union is an aggregate
union that has no non-static data members of type pointer to member,
non-POD-struct, non-POD-union (or array of such types) or reference,
and has no user-defined copy assignment operator and no user-defined
destructor. A POD class is a class that is either a POD-struct or a POD-union.
An aggregate is an array or a class (clause 9) with no user-declared
constructors (12.1), no private or protected non-static data members
(clause 11), no base classes (clause 10), and no virtual functions (10.3).
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">ODR <a name="odr"></a></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The "One Definition Rule", which says that any entity in a
C++ program must have the same definition in all translation units (object
files) which make up a program.
</p></dd>
</dl>
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<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2015 David
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file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)
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