NULL shared_ptr conversions, more tests for custom to-python shared_ptr registrations

[SVN r18263]

build/.cvsignore

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Makefile
+patch_tru64_to_gcc

build/Jamfile

@@ -1,84 +1,36 @@
-#  (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
-#  distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
-#  in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
-#  warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
-#
-# Boost.Python library Jamfile
-
-
-# declare the location of this subproject relative to the root
 subproject libs/python/build ;
 
-# bring in the rules for python
-SEARCH on <module@>python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
-include <module@>python.jam ;
+SOURCES = classes.cpp conversions.cpp extension_class.cpp functions.cpp 
+    init_function.cpp module_builder.cpp 
+    objects.cpp types.cpp cross_module.cpp ;
 
-if [ check-python-config ]
+PYTHON_ROOT ?= c:/tools/python ;
+
+PYTHON_INCLUDES = $(BOOST_ROOT) $(PYTHON_ROOT)$(SLASH)include ;
+
+lib libboost_python : ../src/$(SOURCES) : <include>$(PYTHON_INCLUDES) <shared-linkable>true ;
+
+rule boost-python
 {
-    
-  local bpl-linkflags ;
+    dll $(<) : $(>) :
+        $(3) <include>$(PYTHON_INCLUDES)
+        <msvc><library-path>$(PYTHON_ROOT)/libs
+        <gcc><*><library-file>$(PYTHON_ROOT)/libs/python20.lib
+        : $(4) ;
+}
 
-  if $(UNIX) && ( $(OS) = AIX )
-  {
-      bpl-linkflags = <linkflags>"-e initlibboost_python" ;
-  }
+boost-python boost_python_test : <lib>libboost_python ../test/comprehensive.cpp ;
 
-  # Enabling intrinsics (/0i) or maximize speed (/02) seem to cause
-  # internal compiler errors with this toolset.
-  local msvc-stlport-workarounds
-    = <optimization>off "<cxxflags>-Ogty -O1 -Gs" ;
-    
-  local sources =
-    numeric.cpp
-    list.cpp
-    long.cpp
-    dict.cpp
-    tuple.cpp
-    str.cpp
+boost-python abstract : <lib>libboost_python ../example/abstract.cpp ;
+boost-python getting_started1 : <lib>libboost_python ../example/getting_started1.cpp ;
+boost-python getting_started2 : <lib>libboost_python ../example/getting_started2.cpp ;
+boost-python simple_vector : <lib>libboost_python ../example/simple_vector.cpp ;
+boost-python do_it_yourself_converters : <lib>libboost_python ../example/do_it_yourself_converters.cpp ;
+boost-python pickle1 : <lib>libboost_python ../example/pickle1.cpp ;
+boost-python pickle2 : <lib>libboost_python ../example/pickle2.cpp ; 
+boost-python pickle3 : <lib>libboost_python ../example/pickle3.cpp ;
+boost-python noncopyable_export : <lib>libboost_python ../example/noncopyable_export.cpp ; 
+boost-python noncopyable_import : <lib>libboost_python ../example/noncopyable_import.cpp ; 
+boost-python ivect : <lib>libboost_python ../example/ivect.cpp ; 
+boost-python dvect : <lib>libboost_python ../example/dvect.cpp ;
 
-    aix_init_module.cpp
-    converter/from_python.cpp
-    converter/registry.cpp
-    converter/type_id.cpp
-    object/enum.cpp
-    object/class.cpp
-    object/function.cpp
-    object/inheritance.cpp
-    object/life_support.cpp
-    object/pickle_support.cpp
-    errors.cpp
-    module.cpp
-    converter/builtin_converters.cpp
-    converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
-    object/iterator.cpp
-    object_protocol.cpp
-    object_operators.cpp
-    ;
-  
-  dll boost_python
-    : ../src/$(sources)
-    : $(BOOST_PYTHON_V2_PROPERTIES)
-      <define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
-      $(bpl-linkflags)
-        <msvc-stlport><release>$(msvc-stlport-workarounds)
-      ;
-
-  lib boost_python
-    : # sources
-      ../src/$(sources)
-        
-    : # requirements
-      $(BOOST_PYTHON_V2_PROPERTIES)
-      <define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
-      <define>BOOST_STATIC_LIB
-      $(bpl-linkflags)
-        <msvc-stlport><release>$(msvc-stlport-workarounds)
-      ;
-
-  stage bin-stage : <dll>boost_python <lib>boost_python
-    : <tag><debug>"_debug"
-      <tag><debug-python>"_pydebug"
-    :
-        debug release
-    ;
-}

build/Jamfile.v2

@@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
-import os ;
-
-# Use a very crude way to sense there python is locatted
-
-local PYTHON_PATH ;
-
-if [ GLOB /usr/local/include/python2.2 : * ]
-{
-    PYTHON_PATH = /usr/local ;
-}
-else if [ GLOB /usr/include/python2.2 : * ] 
-{
-    PYTHON_PATH = /usr ;
-}
-
-if [ os.name ] in CYGWIN NT
-{
-    lib_condition = <link>shared: ;
-    defines = USE_DL_IMPORT ;
-   
-    # Declare a target for the python interpreter library
-    lib python : : <name>python2.2.dll ;
-    PYTHON_LIB = python ;    
-} 
-else 
-{
-   lib python : : <name>python2.2 ;
-   PYTHON_LIB = python ;    
-}
-
-
-
-if $(PYTHON_PATH) {
-    
-
-project boost/python
-    : source-location ../src
-        : requirements <include>$(PYTHON_PATH)/include/python2.2  
-          $(lib_condition)<library-path>$(PYTHON_PATH)/lib/python2.2/config
-            <link>shared:<library>$(PYTHON_LIB)
-            <define>$(defines)
-        : usage-requirements # requirement that will be propageted to *users* of this library
-          <include>$(PYTHON_PATH)/include/python2.2       
-
-# We have a bug which causes us to conclude that conditionalized
-# properties in this section are not free.
-#          $(lib_condition)<library-path>$(PYTHON_PATH)/lib/python2.2/config
-#            <shared>true:<find-library>$(PYTHON_LIB)
-            
-          <library-path>$(PYTHON_PATH)/lib/python2.2/config
-            <library>$(PYTHON_LIB)
-    ;
-
-lib boost_python
-    : 
-    numeric.cpp
-
-    list.cpp
-    long.cpp
-    dict.cpp
-    tuple.cpp
-    str.cpp
-
-    aix_init_module.cpp
-    converter/from_python.cpp
-    converter/registry.cpp
-    converter/type_id.cpp
-    object/enum.cpp
-    object/class.cpp
-    object/function.cpp
-    object/inheritance.cpp
-    object/life_support.cpp
-    object/pickle_support.cpp
-    errors.cpp
-    module.cpp
-    converter/builtin_converters.cpp
-    converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
-    object/iterator.cpp
-    object_protocol.cpp
-    object_operators.cpp
-    :   <link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB 
-        <define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
-    : <link>shared
-      ;
-}

build/Makefile.gcc

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+# Usage:
+#
+#   Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
+#   Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
+#   Set the MYBOOST pathname below.
+#
+#   make softlinks     Create softlinks to source code and tests
+#   make               Compile all sources
+#   make test          Run doctest tests
+#   make clean         Remove all object files
+#   make unlink        Remove softlinks
+
+MYBOOST= /net/cci/rwgk/myboost
+
+PYEXE= /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
+PYINC= -I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
+#PYEXE= /usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
+#PYINC= -I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
+#STLPORTINC= -I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b3/stlport
+#STLPORTOPTS= \
+# -D__USE_STD_IOSTREAM \
+# -D__STL_NO_SGI_IOSTREAMS \
+# -D__STL_USE_NATIVE_STRING \
+# -D__STL_NO_NEW_C_HEADERS \
+# -D_RWSTD_COMPILE_INSTANTIATE=1
+#STLPORTINC= -I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b4/stlport
+#STLPORTOPTS= -D__NO_USE_STD_IOSTREAM -D__STL_NO_SGI_IOSTREAMS
+#STLPORTINC= -I/net/cci/xp/C++_C_headers
+
+STDOPTS= -ftemplate-depth-21
+WARNOPTS=
+
+CPP= g++
+CPPOPTS= $(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(MYBOOST) $(PYINC) \
+         $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) -g
+
+LD= g++
+LDOPTS= -shared
+
+BPL_SRC = $(MYBOOST)/libs/python/src
+BPL_TST = $(MYBOOST)/libs/python/test
+BPL_EXA = $(MYBOOST)/libs/python/example
+SOFTLINKS = \
+$(BPL_SRC)/classes.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/conversions.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/extension_class.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/functions.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/import_extension_class.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/init_function.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/module_builder.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/objects.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/types.cpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.cpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.hpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.py \
+$(BPL_TST)/doctest.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/abstract.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/dvect.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/dvect.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started1.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started2.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started3.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started4.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started5.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/passing_char.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/cmplx.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/ivect.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/ivect.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/noncopyable_export.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/noncopyable_import.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/store.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_abstract.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started1.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started2.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started3.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started4.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started5.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_passing_char.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_cmplx.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_dvect.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_ivect.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_noncopyable.py
+
+OBJ = classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
+      import_extension_class.o init_function.o module_builder.o \
+      objects.o types.o
+
+.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
+
+all: libbpl.a test.so abstract.so \
+     getting_started1.so getting_started2.so getting_started3.so \
+     getting_started4.so getting_started5.so \
+     passing_char.so cmplx.so \
+     noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
+     ivect.so dvect.so
+
+softlinks:
+	@ for pn in $(SOFTLINKS); \
+	  do \
+            bn=`basename "$$pn"`; \
+	    if [ ! -e "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "ln -s $$pn ."; \
+	      ln -s "$$pn" .; \
+            else \
+              echo "info: no softlink created (file exists): $$bn"; \
+	    fi; \
+	  done
+
+unlink:
+	@ for pn in $(SOFTLINKS); \
+	  do \
+            bn=`basename "$$pn"`; \
+	    if [ -L "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "rm $$bn"; \
+              rm "$$bn"; \
+            elif [ -e "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "info: not a softlink: $$bn"; \
+	    fi; \
+	  done
+
+libbpl.a: $(OBJ)
+	rm -f libbpl.a
+	ar r libbpl.a $(OBJ)
+
+test.so: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.o -o test.so -lm
+
+abstract.so: $(OBJ) abstract.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.o -o abstract.so
+
+getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.o -o getting_started1.so
+
+getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
+
+getting_started3.so: $(OBJ) getting_started3.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started3.o -o getting_started3.so
+
+getting_started4.so: $(OBJ) getting_started4.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started4.o -o getting_started4.so
+
+getting_started5.so: $(OBJ) getting_started5.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started5.o -o getting_started5.so
+
+passing_char.so: $(OBJ) passing_char.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) passing_char.o -o passing_char.so
+
+cmplx.so: $(OBJ) cmplx.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) cmplx.o -o cmplx.so -lm
+
+noncopyable_export.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) noncopyable_export.o -o noncopyable_export.so
+
+noncopyable_import.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) noncopyable_import.o -o noncopyable_import.so
+
+ivect.cpp: ivect.h dvect.h
+ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) ivect.o -o ivect.so
+
+dvect.cpp: ivect.h dvect.h
+dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
+
+.cpp.o:
+	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
+
+test:
+	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started4.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started5.py
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(OBJ) libbpl.a libbpl.a.input
+	rm -f comprehensive.o test.so
+	rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
+	rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
+	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
+	rm -f getting_started3.o getting_started3.so
+	rm -f getting_started4.o getting_started4.so
+	rm -f getting_started5.o getting_started5.so
+	rm -f passing_char.o passing_char.so
+	rm -f cmplx.o cmplx.so
+	rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.so
+	rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
+	rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
+	rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
+	rm -f so_locations *.pyc
+	rm -rf cxx_repository

build/Makefile.mingw32

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+# Usage:
+#
+#   Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
+#   Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
+#   Set the MYBOOST_* pathnames below.
+#
+#   The idea is that the build directory is on a Unix filesystem that
+#   is mounted on a PC using SAMBA. Use this makefile under both Unix
+#   and Windows:
+#
+#   Unix: make softlinks     Create softlinks to source code and tests
+#   Win:  make               Compile all sources
+#   Win:  make test          Run doctest tests
+#   Unix: make clean         Remove all object files
+#   Unix: make unlink        Remove softlinks
+
+# To install mingw32, follow instructions at:
+#   http://starship.python.net/crew/kernr/mingw32/Notes.html
+# In particular, install:
+#   ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/gcc-2.95.2/gcc-2.95.2-msvcrt.exe
+#   ftp://ftp.xraylith.wisc.edu/pub/khan/gnu-win32/mingw32/gcc-2.95.2/fixes/quote-fix-msvcrt.exe
+#   http://starship.python.net/crew/kernr/mingw32/Python-1.5.2-mingw32.zip
+# Unpack the first two archives in the default locations and update your PATH.
+# Unpack the third archive in \usr.
+
+# Note: comprehensive.cpp generates compiler errors and later crashes.
+#       Could this be fixed with compiler options?
+
+MYBOOST_UNIX= /net/cci/rwgk/myboost
+MYBOOST_WIN= "L:\myboost"
+
+PYEXE= "C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
+PYINC= -I"C:\usr\include\python1.5"
+PYLIB= "C:\usr\lib\libpython15.a"
+
+STDOPTS= -ftemplate-depth-21
+WARNOPTS=
+
+CPP= g++
+CPPOPTS= $(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(MYBOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
+         $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) -g
+
+LD= g++
+LDOPTS= -shared
+
+BPL_SRC = $(MYBOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/src
+BPL_TST = $(MYBOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/test
+BPL_EXA = $(MYBOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/example
+SOFTLINKS = \
+$(BPL_SRC)/classes.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/conversions.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/extension_class.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/functions.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/import_extension_class.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/init_function.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/module_builder.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/objects.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/types.cpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.cpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.hpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.py \
+$(BPL_TST)/doctest.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/abstract.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/dvect.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/dvect.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started1.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started2.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started3.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started4.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started5.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/passing_char.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/cmplx.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/ivect.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/ivect.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/noncopyable_export.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/noncopyable_import.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/store.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_abstract.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started1.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started2.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started3.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started4.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started5.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_passing_char.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_cmplx.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_dvect.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_ivect.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_noncopyable.py
+
+DEFS= \
+test \
+abstract \
+getting_started1 \
+getting_started2 \
+getting_started3 \
+getting_started4 \
+getting_started5 \
+passing_char \
+cmplx \
+noncopyable_export \
+noncopyable_import \
+ivect \
+dvect
+
+OBJ = classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
+      import_extension_class.o init_function.o module_builder.o \
+      objects.o types.o
+
+.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
+
+all: libbpl.a test.pyd abstract.pyd \
+     getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd getting_started3.pyd \
+     getting_started4.pyd getting_started5.pyd \
+     passing_char.pyd cmplx.pyd \
+     noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
+     ivect.pyd dvect.pyd
+
+softlinks: defs
+	@ for pn in $(SOFTLINKS); \
+	  do \
+            bn=`basename "$$pn"`; \
+	    if [ ! -e "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "ln -s $$pn ."; \
+	      ln -s "$$pn" .; \
+            else \
+              echo "info: no softlink created (file exists): $$bn"; \
+	    fi; \
+	  done
+
+unlink: rmdefs
+	@ for pn in $(SOFTLINKS); \
+	  do \
+            bn=`basename "$$pn"`; \
+	    if [ -L "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "rm $$bn"; \
+              rm "$$bn"; \
+            elif [ -e "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "info: not a softlink: $$bn"; \
+	    fi; \
+	  done
+
+defs:
+	@ for def in $(DEFS); \
+	  do \
+            echo "EXPORTS\n\tinit$$def" > $$def.def; \
+	  done
+
+rmdefs:
+	@ for def in $(DEFS); \
+	  do \
+            rm $$def.def; \
+	  done
+
+libbpl.a: $(OBJ)
+	del libbpl.a
+	ar r libbpl.a $(OBJ)
+
+DLLWRAPOPTS= --driver-name g++ -s \
+             --entry _DllMainCRTStartup@12 --target=i386-mingw32
+
+test.pyd: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname test.pyd \
+          --def test.def \
+          $(OBJ) comprehensive.o $(PYLIB)
+
+abstract.pyd: $(OBJ) abstract.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname abstract.pyd \
+          --def abstract.def \
+          $(OBJ) abstract.o $(PYLIB)
+
+getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname getting_started1.pyd \
+          --def getting_started1.def \
+          $(OBJ) getting_started1.o $(PYLIB)
+
+getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname getting_started2.pyd \
+          --def getting_started2.def \
+          $(OBJ) getting_started2.o $(PYLIB)
+
+getting_started3.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started3.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname getting_started3.pyd \
+          --def getting_started3.def \
+          $(OBJ) getting_started3.o $(PYLIB)
+
+getting_started4.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started4.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname getting_started4.pyd \
+          --def getting_started4.def \
+          $(OBJ) getting_started4.o $(PYLIB)
+
+getting_started5.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started5.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname getting_started5.pyd \
+          --def getting_started5.def \
+          $(OBJ) getting_started5.o $(PYLIB)
+
+passing_char.pyd: $(OBJ) passing_char.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname passing_char.pyd \
+          --def passing_char.def \
+          $(OBJ) passing_char.o $(PYLIB)
+
+cmplx.pyd: $(OBJ) cmplx.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname cmplx.pyd \
+          --def cmplx.def \
+          $(OBJ) cmplx.o $(PYLIB)
+
+noncopyable_export.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname noncopyable_export.pyd \
+          --def noncopyable_export.def \
+          $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o $(PYLIB)
+
+noncopyable_import.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname noncopyable_import.pyd \
+          --def noncopyable_import.def \
+          $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o $(PYLIB)
+
+ivect.cpp: ivect.h dvect.h
+ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname ivect.pyd \
+          --def ivect.def \
+          $(OBJ) ivect.o $(PYLIB)
+
+dvect.cpp: ivect.h dvect.h
+dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.o
+	dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
+          --dllname dvect.pyd \
+          --def dvect.def \
+          $(OBJ) dvect.o $(PYLIB)
+
+.cpp.o:
+	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
+
+test:
+	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started4.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started5.py
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(OBJ) libbpl.a libbpl.a.input
+	rm -f comprehensive.o test.pyd
+	rm -f abstract.o abstract.pyd
+	rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.pyd
+	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.pyd
+	rm -f getting_started3.o getting_started3.pyd
+	rm -f getting_started4.o getting_started4.pyd
+	rm -f getting_started5.o getting_started5.pyd
+	rm -f passing_char.o passing_char.pyd
+	rm -f cmplx.o cmplx.pyd
+	rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.pyd
+	rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.pyd
+	rm -f ivect.o ivect.pyd
+	rm -f dvect.o dvect.pyd
+	rm -f so_locations *.pyc
+	rm -rf cxx_repository

build/Makefile.tru64

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# Usage:
+#
+#   Create a new empty directory anywhere (preferably not in the boost tree).
+#   Copy this Makefile to that new directory and rename it to "Makefile"
+#   Set the MYBOOST pathname below.
+#
+#   make softlinks     Create softlinks to source code and tests
+#   make               Compile all sources
+#   make test          Run doctest tests
+#   make clean         Remove all object files
+#   make unlink        Remove softlinks
+
+MYBOOST= /net/cci/rwgk/myboost
+
+PYEXE= /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
+PYINC= -I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
+#PYEXE= /usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
+#PYINC= -I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
+#STLPORTINC= -I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b3/stlport
+#STLPORTOPTS= \
+# -D__USE_STD_IOSTREAM \
+# -D__STL_NO_SGI_IOSTREAMS \
+# -D__STL_USE_NATIVE_STRING \
+# -D__STL_NO_NEW_C_HEADERS \
+# -D_RWSTD_COMPILE_INSTANTIATE=1
+#STLPORTINC= -I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b4/stlport
+#STLPORTOPTS= -D__NO_USE_STD_IOSTREAM -D__STL_NO_SGI_IOSTREAMS
+STLPORTINC= -I/net/cci/xp/C++_C_headers
+
+STDOPTS= -std strict_ansi
+WARNOPTS= -msg_disable 186,450,1115
+# use -msg_display_number to obtain integer tags for -msg_disable
+
+CPP= cxx
+CPPOPTS= $(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(MYBOOST) $(PYINC) \
+         $(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) -g
+
+LD= cxx
+LDOPTS= -shared -expect_unresolved 'Py*' -expect_unresolved '_Py*'
+
+#HIDDEN= -hidden
+
+BPL_SRC = $(MYBOOST)/libs/python/src
+BPL_TST = $(MYBOOST)/libs/python/test
+BPL_EXA = $(MYBOOST)/libs/python/example
+SOFTLINKS = \
+$(BPL_SRC)/classes.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/conversions.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/extension_class.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/functions.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/import_extension_class.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/init_function.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/module_builder.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/objects.cpp \
+$(BPL_SRC)/types.cpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.cpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.hpp \
+$(BPL_TST)/comprehensive.py \
+$(BPL_TST)/doctest.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/abstract.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/dvect.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/dvect.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started1.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started2.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started3.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started4.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/getting_started5.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/passing_char.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/cmplx.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/ivect.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/ivect.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/noncopyable_export.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/noncopyable_import.cpp \
+$(BPL_EXA)/store.h \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_abstract.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started1.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started2.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started3.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started4.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/test_getting_started5.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_passing_char.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_cmplx.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_dvect.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_ivect.py \
+$(BPL_EXA)/tst_noncopyable.py
+
+OBJ = classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
+      import_extension_class.o init_function.o module_builder.o \
+      objects.o types.o
+
+.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
+
+all: libbpl.a test.so abstract.so \
+     getting_started1.so getting_started2.so getting_started3.so \
+     getting_started4.so getting_started5.so \
+     passing_char.so cmplx.so \
+     noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
+     ivect.so dvect.so
+
+softlinks:
+	@ for pn in $(SOFTLINKS); \
+	  do \
+            bn=`basename "$$pn"`; \
+	    if [ ! -e "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "ln -s $$pn ."; \
+	      ln -s "$$pn" .; \
+            else \
+              echo "info: no softlink created (file exists): $$bn"; \
+	    fi; \
+	  done
+
+unlink:
+	@ for pn in $(SOFTLINKS); \
+	  do \
+            bn=`basename "$$pn"`; \
+	    if [ -L "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "rm $$bn"; \
+              rm "$$bn"; \
+            elif [ -e "$$bn" ]; then \
+              echo "info: not a softlink: $$bn"; \
+	    fi; \
+	  done
+
+libbpl.a: $(OBJ)
+	rm -f libbpl.a
+	ls -1 ./cxx_repository/*.o > libbpl.a.input
+	ar r libbpl.a $(OBJ) -input libbpl.a.input
+	rm -f libbpl.a.input
+
+test.so: $(OBJ) comprehensive.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.o -o test.so -lm
+
+abstract.so: $(OBJ) abstract.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.o -o abstract.so
+
+getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.o -o getting_started1.so
+
+getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
+
+getting_started3.so: $(OBJ) getting_started3.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started3.o -o getting_started3.so
+
+getting_started4.so: $(OBJ) getting_started4.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started4.o -o getting_started4.so
+
+getting_started5.so: $(OBJ) getting_started5.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started5.o -o getting_started5.so
+
+passing_char.so: $(OBJ) passing_char.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) passing_char.o -o passing_char.so
+
+cmplx.so: $(OBJ) cmplx.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) cmplx.o -o cmplx.so -lm
+
+noncopyable_export.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) noncopyable_export.o -o noncopyable_export.so
+
+noncopyable_import.so: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) noncopyable_import.o -o noncopyable_import.so
+
+ivect.cpp: ivect.h dvect.h
+ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) ivect.o -o ivect.so
+
+dvect.cpp: ivect.h dvect.h
+dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
+	$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
+
+.cpp.o:
+	$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
+
+test:
+	$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started4.py
+	$(PYEXE) test_getting_started5.py
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(OBJ) libbpl.a libbpl.a.input
+	rm -f comprehensive.o test.so
+	rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
+	rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
+	rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
+	rm -f getting_started3.o getting_started3.so
+	rm -f getting_started4.o getting_started4.so
+	rm -f getting_started5.o getting_started5.so
+	rm -f passing_char.o passing_char.so
+	rm -f cmplx.o cmplx.so
+	rm -f noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_export.so
+	rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
+	rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
+	rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
+	rm -f so_locations *.pyc
+	rm -rf cxx_repository

build/VisualStudio/boost_python.dsp

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doc/PyConDC_2003/bpl.txt

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-+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- Building Hybrid Systems with Boost.Python
-+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
-:Author: David Abrahams
-:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
-:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
-:date: $Date$
-
-:Author: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
-
-:status: Draft
-:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams and Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2003. All rights reserved
-
-.. contents:: Table of Contents
-
-
-.. _`Boost Consulting`: http://www.boost-consulting.com
-
-==========
- Abstract
-==========
-
-Boost.Python is an open source C++ library which provides a concise
-IDL-like interface for binding C++ classes and functions to
-Python. Leveraging the full power of C++ compile-time introspection
-and of recently developed metaprogramming techniques, this is achieved
-entirely in pure C++, without introducing a new syntax.
-Boost.Python's rich set of features and high-level interface make it
-possible to engineer packages from the ground up as hybrid systems,
-giving programmers easy and coherent access to both the efficient
-compile-time polymorphism of C++ and the extremely convenient run-time
-polymorphism of Python.
-
-==============
- Introduction
-==============
-
-Python and C++ are in many ways as different as two languages could
-be: while C++ is usually compiled to machine-code, Python is
-interpreted.  Python's dynamic type system is often cited as the
-foundation of its flexibility, while in C++ static typing is the
-cornerstone of its efficiency. C++ has an intricate and difficult
-compile-time meta-language, while in Python, practically everything
-happens at runtime.
-
-Yet for many programmers, these very differences mean that Python and
-C++ complement one another perfectly.  Performance bottlenecks in
-Python programs can be rewritten in C++ for maximal speed, and
-authors of powerful C++ libraries choose Python as a middleware
-language for its flexible system integration capabilities.
-Furthermore, the surface differences mask some strong similarities:
-
-* 'C'-family control structures (if, while, for...)
-
-* Support for object-orientation, functional programming, and generic
-  programming (these are both *multi-paradigm* programming languages.)
-
-* Comprehensive operator overloading facilities, recognizing the
-  importance of syntactic variability for readability and
-  expressivity.
-
-* High-level concepts such as collections and iterators.
-
-* High-level encapsulation facilities (C++: namespaces, Python: modules)
-  to support the design of re-usable libraries.
-
-* Exception-handling for effective management of error conditions.
-
-* C++ idioms in common use, such as handle/body classes and
-  reference-counted smart pointers mirror Python reference semantics.
-
-Given Python's rich 'C' interoperability API, it should in principle
-be possible to expose C++ type and function interfaces to Python with
-an analogous interface to their C++ counterparts.  However, the
-facilities provided by Python alone for integration with C++ are
-relatively meager.  Compared to C++ and Python, 'C' has only very
-rudimentary abstraction facilities, and support for exception-handling
-is completely missing.  'C' extension module writers are required to
-manually manage Python reference counts, which is both annoyingly
-tedious and extremely error-prone. Traditional extension modules also
-tend to contain a great deal of boilerplate code repetition which
-makes them difficult to maintain, especially when wrapping an evolving
-API.
-
-These limitations have lead to the development of a variety of wrapping
-systems.  SWIG_ is probably the most popular package for the
-integration of C/C++ and Python. A more recent development is SIP_,
-which was specifically designed for interfacing Python with the Qt_
-graphical user interface library.  Both SWIG and SIP introduce their
-own specialized languages for customizing inter-language bindings.
-This has certain advantages, but having to deal with three different
-languages (Python, C/C++ and the interface language) also introduces
-practical and mental difficulties.  The CXX_ package demonstrates an
-interesting alternative.  It shows that at least some parts of
-Python's 'C' API can be wrapped and presented through a much more
-user-friendly C++ interface. However, unlike SWIG and SIP, CXX does
-not include support for wrapping C++ classes as new Python types.
-
-The features and goals of Boost.Python_ overlap significantly with
-many of these other systems.  That said, Boost.Python attempts to
-maximize convenience and flexibility without introducing a separate
-wrapping language.  Instead, it presents the user with a high-level
-C++ interface for wrapping C++ classes and functions, managing much of
-the complexity behind-the-scenes with static metaprogramming.
-Boost.Python also goes beyond the scope of earlier systems by
-providing:
-
-* Support for C++ virtual functions that can be overridden in Python.
-
-* Comprehensive lifetime management facilities for low-level C++
-  pointers and references.
-
-* Support for organizing extensions as Python packages,
-  with a central registry for inter-language type conversions.
-
-* A safe and convenient mechanism for tying into Python's powerful
-  serialization engine (pickle).
-
-* Coherence with the rules for handling C++ lvalues and rvalues that
-  can only come from a deep understanding of both the Python and C++
-  type systems.
-
-The key insight that sparked the development of Boost.Python is that
-much of the boilerplate code in traditional extension modules could be
-eliminated using C++ compile-time introspection.  Each argument of a
-wrapped C++ function must be extracted from a Python object using a
-procedure that depends on the argument type.  Similarly the function's
-return type determines how the return value will be converted from C++
-to Python.  Of course argument and return types are part of each
-function's type, and this is exactly the source from which
-Boost.Python deduces most of the information required.
-
-This approach leads to *user guided wrapping*: as much information is
-extracted directly from the source code to be wrapped as is possible
-within the framework of pure C++, and some additional information is
-supplied explicitly by the user.  Mostly the guidance is mechanical
-and little real intervention is required.  Because the interface
-specification is written in the same full-featured language as the
-code being exposed, the user has unprecedented power available when
-she does need to take control.
-
-.. _Python: http://www.python.org/
-.. _SWIG: http://www.swig.org/
-.. _SIP: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/sip/index.php
-.. _Qt: http://www.trolltech.com/
-.. _CXX: http://cxx.sourceforge.net/
-.. _Boost.Python: http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc
-
-===========================
- Boost.Python Design Goals 
-===========================
-
-The primary goal of Boost.Python is to allow users to expose C++
-classes and functions to Python using nothing more than a C++
-compiler.  In broad strokes, the user experience should be one of
-directly manipulating C++ objects from Python.
-
-However, it's also important not to translate all interfaces *too*
-literally: the idioms of each language must be respected.  For
-example, though C++ and Python both have an iterator concept, they are
-expressed very differently.  Boost.Python has to be able to bridge the
-interface gap.
-
-It must be possible to insulate Python users from crashes resulting
-from trivial misuses of C++ interfaces, such as accessing
-already-deleted objects.  By the same token the library should
-insulate C++ users from low-level Python 'C' API, replacing
-error-prone 'C' interfaces like manual reference-count management and
-raw ``PyObject`` pointers with more-robust alternatives.
-
-Support for component-based development is crucial, so that C++ types
-exposed in one extension module can be passed to functions exposed in
-another without loss of crucial information like C++ inheritance
-relationships.
-
-Finally, all wrapping must be *non-intrusive*, without modifying or
-even seeing the original C++ source code.  Existing C++ libraries have
-to be wrappable by third parties who only have access to header files
-and binaries.
-
-==========================
- Hello Boost.Python World
-==========================
-
-And now for a preview of Boost.Python, and how it improves on the raw
-facilities offered by Python. Here's a function we might want to
-expose::
-
-    char const* greet(unsigned x)
-    {
-       static char const* const msgs[] = { "hello", "Boost.Python", "world!" };
-
-       if (x > 2) 
-           throw std::range_error("greet: index out of range");
-
-       return msgs[x];
-    }
-
-To wrap this function in standard C++ using the Python 'C' API, we'd
-need something like this::
-
-    extern "C" // all Python interactions use 'C' linkage and calling convention
-    {
-        // Wrapper to handle argument/result conversion and checking
-        PyObject* greet_wrap(PyObject* args, PyObject * keywords)
-        {
-             int x;
-             if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &x))    // extract/check arguments
-             {
-                 char const* result = greet(x);      // invoke wrapped function
-                 return PyString_FromString(result); // convert result to Python
-             }
-             return 0;                               // error occurred
-        }
-
-        // Table of wrapped functions to be exposed by the module
-        static PyMethodDef methods[] = {
-            { "greet", greet_wrap, METH_VARARGS, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting" }
-            , { NULL, NULL, 0, NULL } // sentinel
-        };
-
-        // module initialization function
-        DL_EXPORT init_hello()
-        {
-            (void) Py_InitModule("hello", methods); // add the methods to the module
-        }
-    }
-
-Now here's the wrapping code we'd use to expose it with Boost.Python::
-
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    using namespace boost::python;
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        def("greet", greet, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting");
-    }
-
-and here it is in action::
-
-    >>> import hello
-    >>> for x in range(3):
-    ...     print hello.greet(x)
-    ...
-    hello
-    Boost.Python
-    world!
-
-Aside from the fact that the 'C' API version is much more verbose,
-it's worth noting a few things that it doesn't handle correctly:
-
-* The original function accepts an unsigned integer, and the Python
-  'C' API only gives us a way of extracting signed integers. The
-  Boost.Python version will raise a Python exception if we try to pass
-  a negative number to ``hello.greet``, but the other one will proceed
-  to do whatever the C++ implementation does when converting an
-  negative integer to unsigned (usually wrapping to some very large
-  number), and pass the incorrect translation on to the wrapped
-  function.
-
-* That brings us to the second problem: if the C++ ``greet()``
-  function is called with a number greater than 2, it will throw an
-  exception.  Typically, if a C++ exception propagates across the
-  boundary with code generated by a 'C' compiler, it will cause a
-  crash.  As you can see in the first version, there's no C++
-  scaffolding there to prevent this from happening.  Functions wrapped
-  by Boost.Python automatically include an exception-handling layer
-  which protects Python users by translating unhandled C++ exceptions
-  into a corresponding Python exception.
-
-* A slightly more-subtle limitation is that the argument conversion
-  used in the Python 'C' API case can only get that integer ``x`` in
-  *one way*.  PyArg_ParseTuple can't convert Python ``long`` objects
-  (arbitrary-precision integers) which happen to fit in an ``unsigned
-  int`` but not in a ``signed long``, nor will it ever handle a
-  wrapped C++ class with a user-defined implicit ``operator unsigned
-  int()`` conversion. Boost.Python's dynamic type conversion
-  registry allows users to add arbitrary conversion methods.
-
-==================
- Library Overview
-==================
-
-This section outlines some of the library's major features.  Except as
-neccessary to avoid confusion, details of library implementation are
-omitted.
-
-------------------
- Exposing Classes
-------------------
-
-C++ classes and structs are exposed with a similarly-terse interface.
-Given::
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        void set(std::string msg) { this->msg = msg; }
-        std::string greet() { return msg; }
-        std::string msg;
-    };
-
-The following code will expose it in our extension module::
-    
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        class_<World>("World")
-            .def("greet", &World::greet)
-            .def("set", &World::set)
-        ;
-    }
-
-Although this code has a certain pythonic familiarity, people
-sometimes find the syntax bit confusing because it doesn't look like
-most of the C++ code they're used to. All the same, this is just
-standard C++.  Because of their flexible syntax and operator
-overloading, C++ and Python are great for defining domain-specific
-(sub)languages
-(DSLs), and that's what we've done in Boost.Python. To break it down::
-
-    class_<World>("World")
-
-constructs an unnamed object of type ``class_<World>`` and passes
-``"World"`` to its constructor.  This creates a new-style Python class
-called ``World`` in the extension module, and associates it with the
-C++ type ``World`` in the Boost.Python type conversion registry.  We
-might have also written::
-
-    class_<World> w("World");
-
-but that would've been more verbose, since we'd have to name ``w``
-again to invoke its ``def()`` member function::
-
-        w.def("greet", &World::greet)
-
-There's nothing special about the location of the dot for member
-access in the original example: C++ allows any amount of whitespace on
-either side of a token, and placing the dot at the beginning of each
-line allows us to chain as many successive calls to member functions
-as we like with a uniform syntax.  The other key fact that allows
-chaining is that ``class_<>`` member functions all return a reference
-to ``*this``.
-
-So the example is equivalent to::
-
-    class_<World> w("World");
-    w.def("greet", &World::greet);
-    w.def("set", &World::set);
-
-It's occasionally useful to be able to break down the components of a
-Boost.Python class wrapper in this way, but the rest of this article
-will stick to the terse syntax.
-
-For completeness, here's the wrapped class in use: ::
-
-    >>> import hello
-    >>> planet = hello.World()
-    >>> planet.set('howdy')
-    >>> planet.greet()
-    'howdy'
-
-Constructors
-============
-
-Since our ``World`` class is just a plain ``struct``, it has an
-implicit no-argument (nullary) constructor.  Boost.Python exposes the
-nullary constructor by default, which is why we were able to write: ::
-
-  >>> planet = hello.World()
-
-However, well-designed classes in any language may require constructor
-arguments in order to establish their invariants.  Unlike Python,
-where ``__init__`` is just a specially-named method, In C++
-constructors cannot be handled like ordinary member functions.  In
-particular, we can't take their address: ``&World::World`` is an
-error.  The library provides a different interface for specifying
-constructors.  Given::
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        World(std::string msg); // added constructor
-        ...
-
-we can modify our wrapping code as follows::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        ...
-
-of course, a C++ class may have additional constructors, and we can
-expose those as well by passing more instances of ``init<...>`` to
-``def()``::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .def(init<double, double>())
-        ...
-
-Boost.Python allows wrapped functions, member functions, and
-constructors to be overloaded to mirror C++ overloading.
-
-Data Members and Properties
-===========================
-
-Any publicly-accessible data members in a C++ class can be easily
-exposed as either ``readonly`` or ``readwrite`` attributes::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .def_readonly("msg", &World::msg)
-        ...
-
-and can be used directly in Python: ::
-
-    >>> planet = hello.World('howdy')
-    >>> planet.msg
-    'howdy'
-
-This does *not* result in adding attributes to the ``World`` instance
-``__dict__``, which can result in substantial memory savings when
-wrapping large data structures.  In fact, no instance ``__dict__``
-will be created at all unless attributes are explicitly added from
-Python. Boost.Python owes this capability to the new Python 2.2 type
-system, in particular the descriptor interface and ``property`` type.
-
-In C++, publicly-accessible data members are considered a sign of poor
-design because they break encapsulation, and style guides usually
-dictate the use of "getter" and "setter" functions instead.  In
-Python, however, ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, and since 2.2,
-``property`` mean that attribute access is just one more
-well-encapsulated syntactic tool at the programmer's disposal.
-Boost.Python bridges this idiomatic gap by making Python ``property``
-creation directly available to users.  If ``msg`` were private, we
-could still expose it as attribute in Python as follows::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .add_property("msg", &World::greet, &World::set)
-        ...
-
-The example above mirrors the familiar usage of properties in Python
-2.2+: ::
-
-    >>> class World(object):
-    ...     __init__(self, msg):
-    ...         self.__msg = msg
-    ...     def greet(self):
-    ...         return self.__msg
-    ...     def set(self, msg):
-    ...         self.__msg = msg
-    ...     msg = property(greet, set)
-
-Operator Overloading
-====================
-
-The ability to write arithmetic operators for user-defined types has
-been a major factor in the success of both languages for numerical
-computation, and the success of packages like NumPy_ attests to the
-power of exposing operators in extension modules.  Boost.Python
-provides a concise mechanism for wrapping operator overloads. The
-example below shows a fragment from a wrapper for the Boost rational
-number library::
-
-    class_<rational<int> >("rational_int")
-      .def(init<int, int>()) // constructor, e.g. rational_int(3,4)
-      .def("numerator", &rational<int>::numerator)
-      .def("denominator", &rational<int>::denominator)
-      .def(-self)        // __neg__ (unary minus)
-      .def(self + self)  // __add__ (homogeneous)
-      .def(self * self)  // __mul__
-      .def(self + int()) // __add__ (heterogenous)
-      .def(int() + self) // __radd__
-      ...
-
-The magic is performed using a simplified application of "expression
-templates" [VELD1995]_, a technique originally developed for
-optimization of high-performance matrix algebra expressions.  The
-essence is that instead of performing the computation immediately,
-operators are overloaded to construct a type *representing* the
-computation.  In matrix algebra, dramatic optimizations are often
-available when the structure of an entire expression can be taken into
-account, rather than evaluating each operation "greedily".
-Boost.Python uses the same technique to build an appropriate Python
-method object based on expressions involving ``self``.
-
-.. _NumPy: http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/
-
-Inheritance
-===========
-
-C++ inheritance relationships can be represented to Boost.Python by adding
-an optional ``bases<...>`` argument to the ``class_<...>`` template
-parameter list as follows::
-
-     class_<Derived, bases<Base1,Base2> >("Derived")
-          ...
-
-This has two effects:  
-
-1. When the ``class_<...>`` is created, Python type objects
-   corresponding to ``Base1`` and ``Base2`` are looked up in
-   Boost.Python's registry, and are used as bases for the new Python
-   ``Derived`` type object, so methods exposed for the Python ``Base1``
-   and ``Base2`` types are automatically members of the ``Derived``
-   type.  Because the registry is global, this works correctly even if
-   ``Derived`` is exposed in a different module from either of its
-   bases.
-
-2. C++ conversions from ``Derived`` to its bases are added to the
-   Boost.Python registry.  Thus wrapped C++ methods expecting (a
-   pointer or reference to) an object of either base type can be
-   called with an object wrapping a ``Derived`` instance.  Wrapped
-   member functions of class ``T`` are treated as though they have an
-   implicit first argument of ``T&``, so these conversions are
-   neccessary to allow the base class methods to be called for derived
-   objects.
-
-Of course it's possible to derive new Python classes from wrapped C++
-class instances.  Because Boost.Python uses the new-style class
-system, that works very much as for the Python built-in types.  There
-is one significant detail in which it differs: the built-in types
-generally establish their invariants in their ``__new__`` function, so
-that derived classes do not need to call ``__init__`` on the base
-class before invoking its methods : ::
-
-    >>> class L(list):
-    ...      def __init__(self):
-    ...          pass
-    ...
-    >>> L().reverse()
-    >>> 
-
-Because C++ object construction is a one-step operation, C++ instance
-data cannot be constructed until the arguments are available, in the
-``__init__`` function: ::
-
-    >>> class D(SomeBoostPythonClass):
-    ...      def __init__(self):
-    ...          pass
-    ...
-    >>> D().some_boost_python_method()
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-      File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
-    TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
-
-This happened because Boost.Python couldn't find instance data of type
-``SomeBoostPythonClass`` within the ``D`` instance; ``D``'s ``__init__``
-function masked construction of the base class.  It could be corrected
-by either removing ``D``'s ``__init__`` function or having it call
-``SomeBoostPythonClass.__init__(...)`` explicitly.
-
-Virtual Functions
-=================
-
-Deriving new types in Python from extension classes is not very
-interesting unless they can be used polymorphically from C++.  In
-other words, Python method implementations should appear to override
-the implementation of C++ virtual functions when called *through base
-class pointers/references from C++*.  Since the only way to alter the
-behavior of a virtual function is to override it in a derived class,
-the user must build a special derived class to dispatch a polymorphic
-class' virtual functions::
-
-    //
-    // interface to wrap:
-    //
-    class Base
-    {
-     public:
-        virtual int f(std::string x) { return 42; }
-        virtual ~Base();
-    };
-
-    int calls_f(Base const& b, std::string x) { return b.f(x); }
-
-    //
-    // Wrapping Code
-    //
-
-    // Dispatcher class
-    struct BaseWrap : Base
-    {
-        // Store a pointer to the Python object
-        BaseWrap(PyObject* self_) : self(self_) {}
-        PyObject* self;
-
-        // Default implementation, for when f is not overridden
-        int f_default(std::string x) { return this->Base::f(x); }
-        // Dispatch implementation
-        int f(std::string x) { return call_method<int>(self, "f", x); }
-    };
-
-    ...
-        def("calls_f", calls_f);
-        class_<Base, BaseWrap>("Base")
-            .def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::f_default)
-            ;
-
-Now here's some Python code which demonstrates: ::
-
-    >>> class Derived(Base):
-    ...     def f(self, s):
-    ...          return len(s)
-    ...
-    >>> calls_f(Base(), 'foo')
-    42
-    >>> calls_f(Derived(), 'forty-two')
-    9
-
-Things to notice about the dispatcher class:
-
-* The key element which allows overriding in Python is the
-  ``call_method`` invocation, which uses the same global type
-  conversion registry as the C++ function wrapping does to convert its
-  arguments from C++ to Python and its return type from Python to C++.
-
-* Any constructor signatures you wish to wrap must be replicated with
-  an initial ``PyObject*`` argument
-
-* The dispatcher must store this argument so that it can be used to
-  invoke ``call_method``
-
-* The ``f_default`` member function is needed when the function being
-  exposed is not pure virtual; there's no other way ``Base::f`` can be
-  called on an object of type ``BaseWrap``, since it overrides ``f``.
-
-Deeper Reflection on the Horizon?
-=================================
-
-Admittedly, this formula is tedious to repeat, especially on a project
-with many polymorphic classes.  That it is neccessary reflects some
-limitations in C++'s compile-time introspection capabilities: there's
-no way to enumerate the members of a class and find out which are
-virtual functions.  At least one very promising project has been
-started to write a front-end which can generate these dispatchers (and
-other wrapping code) automatically from C++ headers.  
-
-Pyste builds on GCC_XML_, which generates an XML version of GCC's
-internal program representation.  Since GCC is a highly-conformant C++
-compiler, this ensures correct handling of the most-sophisticated
-template code and full access to the underlying type system.  In
-keeping with the Boost.Python philosophy, a Pyste interface
-description is neither intrusive on the code being wrapped, nor
-expressed in some unfamiliar language: instead it is a 100% pure
-Python script.  If Pyste is successful it will mark a move away from
-wrapping everything directly in C++ for many of our users.  We expect
-that soon, not only our users but the Boost.Python developers
-themselves will be "thinking hybrid" about their own code.
-
-.. _`GCC_XML`: http://www.gccxml.org/HTML/Index.html
-
----------------
- Serialization
----------------
-
-*Serialization* is the process of converting objects in memory to a
-form that can be stored on disk or sent over a network connection. The
-serialized object (most often a plain string) can be retrieved and
-converted back to the original object. A good serialization system will
-automatically convert entire object hierarchies. Python's standard
-``pickle`` module is just such a system.  It leverages the language's strong
-runtime introspection facilities for serializing practically arbitrary
-user-defined objects. With a few simple and unintrusive provisions this
-powerful machinery can be extended to also work for wrapped C++ objects.
-Here is an example::
-
-    #include <string>
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        World(std::string a_msg) : msg(a_msg) {}
-        std::string greet() const { return msg; }
-        std::string msg;
-    };
-
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    using namespace boost::python;
-
-    struct World_picklers : pickle_suite
-    {
-      static tuple
-      getinitargs(World const& w) { return make_tuple(w.greet()); }
-    };
-
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-            .def("greet", &World::greet)
-            .def_pickle(World_picklers())
-        ;
-    }
-
-Now let's create a ``World`` object and put it to rest on disk::
-
-    >>> import hello
-    >>> import pickle
-    >>> a_world = hello.World("howdy")
-    >>> pickle.dump(a_world, open("my_world", "w"))
-
-In a potentially *different script* on a potentially *different
-computer* with a potentially *different operating system*::
-
-    >>> import pickle
-    >>> resurrected_world = pickle.load(open("my_world", "r"))
-    >>> resurrected_world.greet()
-    'howdy'
-
-Of course the ``cPickle`` module can also be used for faster
-processing.
-
-Boost.Python's ``pickle_suite`` fully supports the ``pickle`` protocol
-defined in the standard Python documentation. Like a __getinitargs__
-function in Python, the pickle_suite's getinitargs() is responsible for
-creating the argument tuple that will be use to reconstruct the pickled
-object.  The other elements of the Python pickling protocol,
-__getstate__ and __setstate__ can be optionally provided via C++
-getstate and setstate functions.  C++'s static type system allows the
-library to ensure at compile-time that nonsensical combinations of
-functions (e.g. getstate without setstate) are not used.
-
-Enabling serialization of more complex C++ objects requires a little
-more work than is shown in the example above. Fortunately the
-``object`` interface (see next section) greatly helps in keeping the
-code manageable.
-
-------------------
- Object interface
-------------------
-
-Experienced 'C' language extension module authors will be familiar
-with the ubiquitous ``PyObject*``, manual reference-counting, and the
-need to remember which API calls return "new" (owned) references or
-"borrowed" (raw) references.  These constraints are not just
-cumbersome but also a major source of errors, especially in the
-presence of exceptions.
-
-Boost.Python provides a class ``object`` which automates reference
-counting and provides conversion to Python from C++ objects of
-arbitrary type.  This significantly reduces the learning effort for
-prospective extension module writers.
-
-Creating an ``object`` from any other type is extremely simple::
-
-    object s("hello, world");  // s manages a Python string
-
-``object`` has templated interactions with all other types, with
-automatic to-python conversions. It happens so naturally that it's
-easily overlooked::
-
-   object ten_Os = 10 * s[4]; // -> "oooooooooo"
-
-In the example above, ``4`` and ``10`` are converted to Python objects
-before the indexing and multiplication operations are invoked.
-
-The ``extract<T>`` class template can be used to convert Python objects
-to C++ types::
-
-    double x = extract<double>(o);
-
-If a conversion in either direction cannot be performed, an
-appropriate exception is thrown at runtime.
-
-The ``object`` type is accompanied by a set of derived types
-that mirror the Python built-in types such as ``list``, ``dict``,
-``tuple``, etc. as much as possible. This enables convenient
-manipulation of these high-level types from C++::
-
-    dict d;
-    d["some"] = "thing";
-    d["lucky_number"] = 13;
-    list l = d.keys();
-
-This almost looks and works like regular Python code, but it is pure
-C++.  Of course we can wrap C++ functions which accept or return
-``object`` instances.
-
-.. =====================
-    Development history
-   =====================
-
-   XXX Outline of development history to illustrate that the
-   library is mature. XXX
-
-   This can be postponed for the PyConDC paper
-
-=================
- Thinking hybrid
-=================
-
-Because of the practical and mental difficulties of combining
-programming languages, it is common to settle a single language at the
-outset of any development effort.  For many applications, performance
-considerations dictate the use of a compiled language for the core
-algorithms.  Unfortunately, due to the complexity of the static type
-system, the price we pay for runtime performance is often a
-significant increase in development time.  Experience shows that
-writing maintainable C++ code usually takes longer and requires *far*
-more hard-earned working experience than developing comparable Python
-code.  Even when developers are comfortable working exclusively in
-compiled languages, they often augment their systems by some type of
-ad hoc scripting layer for the benefit of their users without ever
-availing themselves of the same advantages.
-
-Boost.Python enables us to *think hybrid*.  Python can be used for
-rapidly prototyping a new application; its ease of use and the large
-pool of standard libraries give us a head start on the way to a
-working system.  If necessary, the working code can be used to
-discover rate-limiting hotspots.  To maximize performance these can
-be reimplemented in C++, together with the Boost.Python bindings
-needed to tie them back into the existing higher-level procedure.
-
-Of course, this *top-down* approach is less attractive if it is clear
-from the start that many algorithms will eventually have to be
-implemented in C++.  Fortunately Boost.Python also enables us to
-pursue a *bottom-up* approach.  We have used this approach very
-successfully in the development of a toolbox for scientific
-applications.  The toolbox started out mainly as a library of C++
-classes with Boost.Python bindings, and for a while the growth was
-mainly concentrated on the C++ parts.  However, as the toolbox is
-becoming more complete, more and more newly added functionality can be
-implemented in Python.
-
-.. image:: python_cpp_mix.png
-
-This figure shows the estimated ratio of newly added C++ and Python
-code over time as new algorithms are implemented.  We expect this
-ratio to level out near 70% Python.  Being able to solve new problems
-mostly in Python rather than a more difficult statically typed
-language is the return on our investment in Boost.Python.  The ability
-to access all of our code from Python allows a broader group of
-developers to use it in the rapid development of new applications.
-
-=============
- Conclusions
-=============
-
-Boost.Python achieves seamless interoperability between two rich and
-complimentary language environments.  Because it leverages template
-metaprogramming to introspect about types and functions, the user
-never has to learn a third syntax: the interface definitions are
-written in concise and maintainable C++.  Also, the wrapping system
-doesn't have to parse C++ headers or represent the type system: the
-compiler does that work for us.
-
-Computationally intensive tasks play to the strengths of C++ and are
-often impossible to implement efficiently in pure Python, while jobs
-like serialization that are trivial in Python can be very difficult in
-pure C++.  Given the luxury of building a hybrid software system from
-the ground up, we can approach design with new confidence and power.
-
-===========
- Citations
-===========
-
-.. [VELD1995] T. Veldhuizen, "Expression Templates," C++ Report,
-   Vol. 7 No. 5 June 1995, pp. 26-31.
-   http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html

doc/PyConDC_2003/bpl_mods.txt

@@ -1,908 +0,0 @@
-.. This is a comment. Note how any initial comments are moved by
-   transforms to after the document title, subtitle, and docinfo.
-
-.. Need intro and conclusion
-.. Exposing classes
-    .. Constructors
-    .. Overloading
-    .. Properties and data members
-    .. Inheritance
-    .. Operators and Special Functions
-    .. Virtual Functions
-.. Call Policies
-
-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- Introducing Boost.Python (Extended Abstract)
-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
-
-.. bibliographic fields (which also require a transform):
-
-:Author: David Abrahams
-:Address: 45 Walnut Street
-          Somerville, MA 02143
-:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
-:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
-:date: $Date$
-:status: This is a "work in progress"
-:version: 1
-:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams 2002. All rights reserved
-
-:Dedication:
-
-    For my girlfriend, wife, and partner Luann
-
-:abstract:
-
-    This paper describes the Boost.Python library, a system for
-    C++/Python interoperability.
-
-.. meta::
-   :keywords: Boost,python,Boost.Python,C++
-   :description lang=en: C++/Python interoperability with Boost.Python
-
-.. contents:: Table of Contents
-.. section-numbering::
-
-
-.. _`Boost Consulting`: http://www.boost-consulting.com
-
-==============
- Introduction
-==============
-
-Python and C++ are in many ways as different as two languages could
-be: while C++ is usually compiled to machine-code, Python is
-interpreted.  Python's dynamic type system is often cited as the
-foundation of its flexibility, while in C++ static typing is the
-cornerstone of its efficiency. C++ has an intricate and difficult
-meta-language to support compile-time polymorphism, while Python is
-a uniform language with convenient runtime polymorphism.
-
-Yet for many programmers, these very differences mean that Python and
-C++ complement one another perfectly.  Performance bottlenecks in
-Python programs can be rewritten in C++ for maximal speed, and
-authors of powerful C++ libraries choose Python as a middleware
-language for its flexible system integration capabilities.
-Furthermore, the surface differences mask some strong similarities:
-
-* 'C'-family control structures (if, while, for...)
-
-* Support for object-orientation, functional programming, and generic
-  programming (these are both *multi-paradigm* programming languages.)
-
-* Comprehensive operator overloading facilities, recognizing the
-  importance of syntactic variability for readability and
-  expressivity.
-
-* High-level concepts such as collections and iterators.
-
-* High-level encapsulation facilities (C++: namespaces, Python: modules)
-  to support the design of re-usable libraries.
-
-* Exception-handling for effective management of error conditions.
-
-* C++ idioms in common use, such as handle/body classes and
-  reference-counted smart pointers mirror Python reference semantics.
-
-Python provides a rich 'C' API for writers of 'C' extension modules.
-Unfortunately, using this API directly for exposing C++ type and
-function interfaces to Python is much more tedious than it should be.
-This is mainly due to the limitations of the 'C' language.  Compared to
-C++ and Python, 'C' has only very rudimentary abstraction facilities.
-Support for exception-handling is completely missing. One important
-undesirable consequence is that 'C' extension module writers are
-required to manually manage Python reference counts. Another unpleasant
-consequence is a very high degree of repetition of similar code in 'C'
-extension modules. Of course highly redundant code does not only cause
-frustration for the module writer, but is also very difficult to
-maintain.
-
-The limitations of the 'C' API have lead to the development of a
-variety of wrapping systems. SWIG_ is probably the most popular package
-for the integration of C/C++ and Python. A more recent development is
-the SIP_ package, which is specifically designed for interfacing Python
-with the Qt_ graphical user interface library. Both SWIG and SIP
-introduce a new specialized language for defining the inter-language
-bindings. Of course being able to use a specialized language has
-advantages, but having to deal with three different languages (Python,
-C/C++ and the interface language) also introduces practical and mental
-difficulties. The CXX_ package demonstrates an interesting alternative.
-It shows that at least some parts of Python's 'C' API can be wrapped
-and presented through a much more user-friendly C++ interface. However,
-unlike SWIG and SIP, CXX does not include support for wrapping C++
-classes as new Python types. CXX is also no longer actively developed.
-
-In some respects Boost.Python combines ideas from SWIG and SIP with
-ideas from CXX. Like SWIG and SIP, Boost.Python is a system for
-wrapping C++ classes as new Python "built-in" types, and C/C++
-functions as Python functions. Like CXX, Boost.Python presents Python's
-'C' API through a C++ interface. Boost.Python goes beyond the scope of
-other systems with the unique support for C++ virtual functions that
-are overrideable in Python, support for organizing extensions as Python
-packages with a central registry for inter-language type conversions,
-and a convenient mechanism for tying into Python's serialization engine
-(pickle). Importantly, all this is achieved without introducing a new
-syntax. Boost.Python leverages the power of C++ meta-programming
-techniques to introspect about the C++ type system, and presents a
-simple, IDL-like C++ interface for exposing C/C++ code in extension
-modules. Boost.Python is a pure C++ library, the inter-language
-bindings are defined in pure C++, and other than a C++ compiler only
-Python itself is required to get started with Boost.Python. Last but
-not least, Boost.Python is an unrestricted open source library. There
-are no strings attached even for commercial applications.
-
-.. _SWIG: http://www.swig.org/
-.. _SIP: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/sip/index.php
-.. _Qt: http://www.trolltech.com/
-.. _CXX: http://cxx.sourceforge.net/
-
-===========================
- Boost.Python Design Goals 
-===========================
-
-The primary goal of Boost.Python is to allow users to expose C++
-classes and functions to Python using nothing more than a C++
-compiler.  In broad strokes, the user experience should be one of
-directly manipulating C++ objects from Python.
-
-However, it's also important not to translate all interfaces *too*
-literally: the idioms of each language must be respected.  For
-example, though C++ and Python both have an iterator concept, they are
-expressed very differently.  Boost.Python has to be able to bridge the
-interface gap.
-
-It must be possible to insulate Python users from crashes resulting
-from trivial misuses of C++ interfaces, such as accessing
-already-deleted objects.  By the same token the library should
-insulate C++ users from low-level Python 'C' API, replacing
-error-prone 'C' interfaces like manual reference-count management and
-raw ``PyObject`` pointers with more-robust alternatives.
-
-Support for component-based development is crucial, so that C++ types
-exposed in one extension module can be passed to functions exposed in
-another without loss of crucial information like C++ inheritance
-relationships.
-
-Finally, all wrapping must be *non-intrusive*, without modifying or
-even seeing the original C++ source code.  Existing C++ libraries have
-to be wrappable by third parties who only have access to header files
-and binaries.
-
-==========================
- Hello Boost.Python World
-==========================
-
-And now for a preview of Boost.Python, and how it improves on the raw
-facilities offered by Python. Here's a function we might want to
-expose::
-
-    char const* greet(unsigned x)
-    {
-       static char const* const msgs[] = { "hello", "Boost.Python", "world!" };
-
-       if (x > 2) 
-           throw std::range_error("greet: index out of range");
-
-       return msgs[x];
-    }
-
-To wrap this function in standard C++ using the Python 'C' API, we'd
-need something like this::
-
-    extern "C" // all Python interactions use 'C' linkage and calling convention
-    {
-        // Wrapper to handle argument/result conversion and checking
-        PyObject* greet_wrap(PyObject* args, PyObject * keywords)
-        {
-             int x;
-             if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &x))    // extract/check arguments
-             {
-                 char const* result = greet(x);      // invoke wrapped function
-                 return PyString_FromString(result); // convert result to Python
-             }
-             return 0;                               // error occurred
-        }
-
-        // Table of wrapped functions to be exposed by the module
-        static PyMethodDef methods[] = {
-            { "greet", greet_wrap, METH_VARARGS, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting" }
-            , { NULL, NULL, 0, NULL } // sentinel
-        };
-
-        // module initialization function
-        DL_EXPORT init_hello()
-        {
-            (void) Py_InitModule("hello", methods); // add the methods to the module
-        }
-    }
-
-Now here's the wrapping code we'd use to expose it with Boost.Python::
-
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    using namespace boost::python;
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        def("greet", greet, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting");
-    }
-
-and here it is in action::
-
-    >>> import hello
-    >>> for x in range(3):
-    ...     print hello.greet(x)
-    ...
-    hello
-    Boost.Python
-    world!
-
-Aside from the fact that the 'C' API version is much more verbose than
-the BPL one, it's worth noting that it doesn't handle a few things
-correctly:
-
-* The original function accepts an unsigned integer, and the Python
-  'C' API only gives us a way of extracting signed integers. The
-  Boost.Python version will raise a Python exception if we try to pass
-  a negative number to ``hello.greet``, but the other one will proceed
-  to do whatever the C++ implementation does when converting an
-  negative integer to unsigned (usually wrapping to some very large
-  number), and pass the incorrect translation on to the wrapped
-  function.
-
-* That brings us to the second problem: if the C++ ``greet()``
-  function is called with a number greater than 2, it will throw an
-  exception.  Typically, if a C++ exception propagates across the
-  boundary with code generated by a 'C' compiler, it will cause a
-  crash.  As you can see in the first version, there's no C++
-  scaffolding there to prevent this from happening.  Functions wrapped
-  by Boost.Python automatically include an exception-handling layer
-  which protects Python users by translating unhandled C++ exceptions
-  into a corresponding Python exception.
-
-* A slightly more-subtle limitation is that the argument conversion
-  used in the Python 'C' API case can only get that integer ``x`` in
-  *one way*.  PyArg_ParseTuple can't convert Python ``long`` objects
-  (arbitrary-precision integers) which happen to fit in an ``unsigned
-  int`` but not in a ``signed long``, nor will it ever handle a
-  wrapped C++ class with a user-defined implicit ``operator unsigned
-  int()`` conversion.  The BPL's dynamic type conversion registry
-  allows users to add arbitrary conversion methods.
-
-==================
- Library Overview
-==================
-
-This section outlines some of the library's major features.  Except as
-neccessary to avoid confusion, details of library implementation are
-omitted.
-
--------------------------------------------
- The fundamental type-conversion mechanism
--------------------------------------------
-
-XXX This needs to be rewritten.
-
-Every argument of every wrapped function requires some kind of
-extraction code to convert it from Python to C++.  Likewise, the
-function return value has to be converted from C++ to Python.
-Appropriate Python exceptions must be raised if the conversion fails.
-Argument and return types are part of the function's type, and much of
-this tedium can be relieved if the wrapping system can extract that
-information through  introspection.
-
-Passing a wrapped C++ derived class instance to a C++ function
-accepting a pointer or reference to a base class requires knowledge of
-the inheritance relationship and how to translate the address of a base
-class into that of a derived class.
-
-------------------
- Exposing Classes
-------------------
-
-C++ classes and structs are exposed with a similarly-terse interface.
-Given::
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        void set(std::string msg) { this->msg = msg; }
-        std::string greet() { return msg; }
-        std::string msg;
-    };
-
-The following code will expose it in our extension module::
-    
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        class_<World>("World")
-            .def("greet", &World::greet)
-            .def("set", &World::set)
-        ;
-    }
-
-Although this code has a certain pythonic familiarity, people
-sometimes find the syntax bit confusing because it doesn't look like
-most of the C++ code they're used to. All the same, this is just
-standard C++.  Because of their flexible syntax and operator
-overloading, C++ and Python are great for defining domain-specific
-(sub)languages
-(DSLs), and that's what we've done in BPL.  To break it down::
-
-    class_<World>("World")
-
-constructs an unnamed object of type ``class_<World>`` and passes
-``"World"`` to its constructor.  This creates a new-style Python class
-called ``World`` in the extension module, and associates it with the
-C++ type ``World`` in the BPL type conversion registry.  We might have
-also written::
-
-    class_<World> w("World");
-
-but that would've been more verbose, since we'd have to name ``w``
-again to invoke its ``def()`` member function::
-
-        w.def("greet", &World::greet)
-
-There's nothing special about the location of the dot for member
-access in the original example: C++ allows any amount of whitespace on
-either side of a token, and placing the dot at the beginning of each
-line allows us to chain as many successive calls to member functions
-as we like with a uniform syntax.  The other key fact that allows
-chaining is that ``class_<>`` member functions all return a reference
-to ``*this``.
-
-So the example is equivalent to::
-
-    class_<World> w("World");
-    w.def("greet", &World::greet);
-    w.def("set", &World::set);
-
-It's occasionally useful to be able to break down the components of a
-Boost.Python class wrapper in this way, but the rest of this paper
-will tend to stick to the terse syntax.
-
-For completeness, here's the wrapped class in use:
-
->>> import hello
->>> planet = hello.World()
->>> planet.set('howdy')
->>> planet.greet()
-'howdy'
-
-Constructors
-============
-
-Since our ``World`` class is just a plain ``struct``, it has an
-implicit no-argument (nullary) constructor.  Boost.Python exposes the
-nullary constructor by default, which is why we were able to write:
-
->>> planet = hello.World()
-
-However, well-designed classes in any language may require constructor
-arguments in order to establish their invariants.  Unlike Python,
-where ``__init__`` is just a specially-named method, In C++
-constructors cannot be handled like ordinary member functions.  In
-particular, we can't take their address: ``&World::World`` is an
-error.  The library provides a different interface for specifying
-constructors.  Given::
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        World(std::string msg); // added constructor
-        ...
-
-we can modify our wrapping code as follows::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        ...
-
-of course, a C++ class may have additional constructors, and we can
-expose those as well by passing more instances of ``init<...>`` to
-``def()``::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .def(init<double, double>())
-        ...
-
-Boost.Python allows wrapped functions, member functions, and
-constructors to be overloaded to mirror C++ overloading.
-
-Data Members and Properties
-===========================
-
-Any publicly-accessible data members in a C++ class can be easily
-exposed as either ``readonly`` or ``readwrite`` attributes::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .def_readonly("msg", &World::msg)
-        ...
-
-and can be used directly in Python:
-
->>> planet = hello.World('howdy')
->>> planet.msg
-'howdy'
-
-This does *not* result in adding attributes to the ``World`` instance
-``__dict__``, which can result in substantial memory savings when
-wrapping large data structures.  In fact, no instance ``__dict__``
-will be created at all unless attributes are explicitly added from
-Python.  BPL owes this capability to the new Python 2.2 type system,
-in particular the descriptor interface and ``property`` type.
-
-In C++, publicly-accessible data members are considered a sign of poor
-design because they break encapsulation, and style guides usually
-dictate the use of "getter" and "setter" functions instead.  In
-Python, however, ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, and since 2.2,
-``property`` mean that attribute access is just one more
-well-encapsulated syntactic tool at the programmer's disposal.  BPL
-bridges this idiomatic gap by making Python ``property`` creation
-directly available to users.  So if ``msg`` were private, we could
-still expose it as attribute in Python as follows::
-
-    class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-        .add_property("msg", &World::greet, &World::set)
-        ...
-
-The example above mirrors the familiar usage of properties in Python
-2.2+:
-
->>> class World(object):
-...     __init__(self, msg):
-...         self.__msg = msg
-...     def greet(self):
-...         return self.__msg
-...     def set(self, msg):
-...         self.__msg = msg
-...     msg = property(greet, set)
-
-Operators and Special Functions
-===============================
-
-The ability to write arithmetic operators for user-defined types that
-C++ and Python both allow the definition of has been a major factor in
-the popularity of both languages for scientific computing.  The
-success of packages like NumPy attests to the power of exposing
-operators in extension modules.  In this example we'll wrap a class
-representing a position in a large file::
-
-    class FilePos { /*...*/ };
-
-    // Linear offset
-    FilePos     operator+(FilePos, int);
-    FilePos     operator+(int, FilePos);
-    FilePos     operator-(FilePos, int);
-    
-    // Distance between two FilePos objects
-    int         operator-(FilePos, FilePos);
-
-    // Offset with assignment
-    FilePos&    operator+=(FilePos&, int);
-    FilePos&    operator-=(FilePos&, int);
-
-    // Comparison
-    bool        operator<(FilePos, FilePos);
-
-The wrapping code looks like this::
-
-    class_<FilePos>("FilePos")
-        .def(self + int())     // __add__
-        .def(int() + self)     // __radd__
-        .def(self - int())     // __sub__
-
-        .def(self - self)      // __sub__
-
-        .def(self += int())    // __iadd__
-        .def(self -= int())    // __isub__
-
-        .def(self < self);     // __lt__
-        ;
-
-The magic is performed using a simplified application of "expression
-templates" [VELD1995]_, a technique originally developed by for
-optimization of high-performance matrix algebra expressions.  The
-essence is that instead of performing the computation immediately,
-operators are overloaded to construct a type *representing* the
-computation.  In matrix algebra, dramatic optimizations are often
-available when the structure of an entire expression can be taken into
-account, rather than processing each operation "greedily".
-Boost.Python uses the same technique to build an appropriate Python
-callable object based on an expression involving ``self``, which is
-then added to the class.
-
-Inheritance
-===========
-
-C++ inheritance relationships can be represented to Boost.Python by adding
-an optional ``bases<...>`` argument to the ``class_<...>`` template
-parameter list as follows::
-
-     class_<Derived, bases<Base1,Base2> >("Derived")
-          ...
-
-This has two effects:  
-
-1. When the ``class_<...>`` is created, Python type objects
-   corresponding to ``Base1`` and ``Base2`` are looked up in the BPL
-   registry, and are used as bases for the new Python ``Derived`` type
-   object [#mi]_, so methods exposed for the Python ``Base1`` and
-   ``Base2`` types are automatically members of the ``Derived`` type.
-   Because the registry is global, this works correctly even if
-   ``Derived`` is exposed in a different module from either of its
-   bases.
-
-2. C++ conversions from ``Derived`` to its bases are added to the
-   Boost.Python registry.  Thus wrapped C++ methods expecting (a
-   pointer or reference to) an object of either base type can be
-   called with an object wrapping a ``Derived`` instance.  Wrapped
-   member functions of class ``T`` are treated as though they have an
-   implicit first argument of ``T&``, so these conversions are
-   neccessary to allow the base class methods to be called for derived
-   objects.
-
-Of course it's possible to derive new Python classes from wrapped C++
-class instances.  Because Boost.Python uses the new-style class
-system, that works very much as for the Python built-in types.  There
-is one significant detail in which it differs: the built-in types
-generally establish their invariants in their ``__new__`` function, so
-that derived classes do not need to call ``__init__`` on the base
-class before invoking its methods :
-
->>> class L(list):
-...      def __init__(self):
-...          pass
-...
->>> L().reverse()
->>> 
-
-Because C++ object construction is a one-step operation, C++ instance
-data cannot be constructed until the arguments are available, in the
-``__init__`` function:
-
->>> class D(SomeBPLClass):
-...      def __init__(self):
-...          pass
-...
->>> D().some_bpl_method()
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
-TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
-
-This happened because Boost.Python couldn't find instance data of type
-``SomeBPLClass`` within the ``D`` instance; ``D``'s ``__init__``
-function masked construction of the base class.  It could be corrected
-by either removing ``D``'s ``__init__`` function or having it call
-``SomeBPLClass.__init__(...)`` explicitly.
-
-Virtual Functions
-=================
-
-Deriving new types in Python from extension classes is not very
-interesting unless they can be used polymorphically from C++.  In
-other words, Python method implementations should appear to override
-the implementation of C++ virtual functions when called *through base
-class pointers/references from C++*.  Since the only way to alter the
-behavior of a virtual function is to override it in a derived class,
-the user must build a special derived class to dispatch a polymorphic
-class' virtual functions::
-
-    //
-    // interface to wrap:
-    //
-    class Base
-    {
-     public:
-        virtual int f(std::string x) { return 42; }
-        virtual ~Base();
-    };
-
-    int calls_f(Base const& b, std::string x) { return b.f(x); }
-
-    //
-    // Wrapping Code
-    //
-
-    // Dispatcher class
-    struct BaseWrap : Base
-    {
-        // Store a pointer to the Python object
-        BaseWrap(PyObject* self_) : self(self_) {}
-        PyObject* self;
-
-        // Default implementation, for when f is not overridden
-        int f_default(std::string x) { return this->Base::f(x); }
-        // Dispatch implementation
-        int f(std::string x) { return call_method<int>(self, "f", x); }
-    };
-
-    ...
-        def("calls_f", calls_f);
-        class_<Base, BaseWrap>("Base")
-            .def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::f_default)
-            ;
-
-Now here's some Python code which demonstrates:
-
->>> class Derived(Base):
-...     def f(self, s):
-...          return len(s)
-...
->>> calls_f(Base(), 'foo')
-42
->>> calls_f(Derived(), 'forty-two')
-9
-
-Things to notice about the dispatcher class:
-
-* The key element which allows overriding in Python is the
-  ``call_method`` invocation, which uses the same global type
-  conversion registry as the C++ function wrapping does to convert its
-  arguments from C++ to Python and its return type from Python to C++.
-
-* Any constructor signatures you wish to wrap must be replicated with
-  an initial ``PyObject*`` argument
-
-* The dispatcher must store this argument so that it can be used to
-  invoke ``call_method``
-
-* The ``f_default`` member function is needed when the function being
-  exposed is not pure virtual; there's no other way ``Base::f`` can be
-  called on an object of type ``BaseWrap``, since it overrides ``f``.
-
-Admittedly, this formula is tedious to repeat, especially on a project
-with many polymorphic classes; that it is neccessary reflects
-limitations in C++'s compile-time reflection capabilities.  Several
-efforts are underway to write front-ends for Boost.Python which can
-generate these dispatchers (and other wrapping code) automatically.
-If these are successful it will mark a move away from wrapping
-everything directly in pure C++ for many of our users.
-
----------------
- Serialization
----------------
-
-*Serialization* is the process of converting objects in memory to a
-form that can be stored on disk or sent over a network connection. The
-serialized object (most often a plain string) can be retrieved and
-converted back to the original object. A good serialization system will
-automatically convert entire object hierarchies. Python's standard
-``pickle`` module is such a system.  It leverages the language's strong
-runtime introspection facilities for serializing practically arbitrary
-user-defined objects. With a few simple and unintrusive provisions this
-powerful machinery can be extended to also work for wrapped C++ objects.
-Here is an example::
-
-    #include <string>
-
-    struct World
-    {
-        World(std::string a_msg) : msg(a_msg) {}
-        std::string greet() const { return msg; }
-        std::string msg;
-    };
-
-    #include <boost/python.hpp>
-    using namespace boost::python;
-
-    struct World_picklers : pickle_suite
-    {
-      static tuple
-      getinitargs(World const& w) { return make_tuple(w.greet()); }
-    };
-
-    BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
-    {
-        class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
-            .def("greet", &World::greet)
-            .def_pickle(World_picklers())
-        ;
-    }
-
-Now let's create a ``World`` object and put it to rest on disk::
-
-    >>> import hello
-    >>> import pickle
-    >>> a_world = hello.World("howdy")
-    >>> pickle.dump(a_world, open("my_world", "w"))
-
-In a potentially *different script* on a potentially *different
-computer* with a potentially *different operating system*::
-
-    >>> import pickle
-    >>> resurrected_world = pickle.load(open("my_world", "r"))
-    >>> resurrected_world.greet()
-    'howdy'
-
-Of course the ``cPickle`` module can also be used for faster
-processing.
-
-Boost.Python's ``pickle_suite`` fully supports the ``pickle`` protocol
-defined in the standard Python documentation. There is a one-to-one
-correspondence between the standard pickling methods (``__getinitargs__``,
-``__getstate__``, ``__setstate__``) and the functions defined by the
-user in the class derived from ``pickle_suite`` (``getinitargs``,
-``getstate``, ``setstate``). The ``class_::def_pickle()`` member function
-is used to establish the Python bindings for all user-defined functions
-simultaneously. Correct signatures for these functions are enforced at
-compile time. Non-sensical combinations of the three pickle functions
-are also rejected at compile time. These measures are designed to
-help the user in avoiding obvious errors.
-
-Enabling serialization of more complex C++ objects requires a little
-more work than is shown in the example above. Fortunately the
-``object`` interface (see next section) greatly helps in keeping the
-code manageable.
-
-------------------
- Object interface
-------------------
-
-Experienced extension module authors will be familiar with the 'C' view
-of Python objects, the ubiquitous ``PyObject*``. Most if not all Python
-'C' API functions involve ``PyObject*`` as arguments or return type.  A
-major complication is the raw reference counting interface presented to
-the 'C' programmer. E.g. some API functions return *new references* and
-others return *borrowed references*. It is up to the extension module
-writer to properly increment and decrement reference counts.  This
-quickly becomes cumbersome and error prone, especially if there are
-multiple execution paths.
-
-Boost.Python provides a type ``object`` which is essentially a high
-level wrapper around ``PyObject*``. ``object`` automates reference
-counting as much as possible. It also provides the facilities for
-converting arbitrary C++ types to Python objects and vice versa.
-This significantly reduces the learning effort for prospective
-extension module writers.
-
-Creating an ``object`` from any other type is extremely simple::
-
-    object o(3);
-
-``object`` has templated interactions with all other types, with
-automatic to-python conversions. It happens so naturally that it's
-easily overlooked.
-
-The ``extract<T>`` class template can be used to convert Python objects
-to C++ types::
-
-    double x = extract<double>(o);
-
-All registered user-defined conversions are automatically accessible
-through the ``object`` interface. With reference to the ``World`` class
-defined in previous examples::
-
-    object as_python_object(World("howdy"));
-    World back_as_c_plus_plus_object = extract<World>(as_python_object);
-
-If a C++ type cannot be converted to a Python object an appropriate
-exception is thrown at runtime.  Similarly, an appropriate exception is
-thrown if a C++ type cannot be extracted from a Python object.
-``extract<T>`` provides facilities for avoiding exceptions if this is
-desired.
-
-The ``object::attr()`` member function is available for accessing
-and manipulating attributes of Python objects. For example::
-
-    object planet(World());
-    planet.attr("set")("howdy");
-
-``planet.attr("set")`` returns a callable ``object``.  ``"howdy"`` is
-converted to a Python string object which is then passed as an argument
-to the ``set`` method.
-
-The ``object`` type is accompanied by a set of derived types
-that mirror the Python built-in types such as ``list``, ``dict``,
-``tuple``, etc. as much as possible. This enables convenient
-manipulation of these high-level types from C++::
-
-    dict d;
-    d["some"] = "thing";
-    d["lucky_number"] = 13;
-    list l = d.keys();
-
-This almost looks and works like regular Python code, but it is pure C++.
-
-=================
- Thinking hybrid
-=================
-
-For many applications runtime performance considerations are very
-important. This is particularly true for most scientific applications.
-Often the performance considerations dictate the use of a compiled
-language for the core algorithms. Traditionally the decision to use a
-particular programming language is an exclusive one. Because of the
-practical and mental difficulties of combining different languages many
-systems are written in just one language. This is quite unfortunate
-because the price payed for runtime performance is typically a
-significant overhead due to static typing. For example, our experience
-shows that developing maintainable C++ code is typically much more
-time-consuming and requires much more hard-earned working experience
-than developing useful Python code. A related observation is that many
-compiled packages are augmented by some type of rudimentary scripting
-layer. These ad hoc solutions clearly show that many times a compiled
-language alone does not get the job done. On the other hand it is also
-clear that a pure Python implementation is too slow for numerically
-intensive production code.
-
-Boost.Python enables us to *think hybrid* when developing new
-applications. Python can be used for rapidly prototyping a
-new application. Python's ease of use and the large pool of standard
-libraries give us a head start on the way to a first working system. If
-necessary, the working procedure can be used to discover the
-rate-limiting algorithms. To maximize performance these can be
-reimplemented in C++, together with the Boost.Python bindings needed to
-tie them back into the existing higher-level procedure.
-
-Of course, this *top-down* approach is less attractive if it is clear
-from the start that many algorithms will eventually have to be
-implemented in a compiled language. Fortunately Boost.Python also
-enables us to pursue a *bottom-up* approach. We have used this approach
-very successfully in the development of a toolbox for scientific
-applications (scitbx) that we will describe elsewhere. The toolbox
-started out mainly as a library of C++ classes with Boost.Python
-bindings, and for a while the growth was mainly concentrated on the C++
-parts. However, as the toolbox is becoming more complete, more and more
-newly added functionality can be implemented in Python. We expect this
-trend to continue, as illustrated qualitatively in this figure:
-
-.. image:: python_cpp_mix.png
-
-This figure shows the ratio of newly added C++ and Python code over
-time as new algorithms are implemented. We expect this ratio to level
-out near 70% Python. The increasing ability to solve new problems
-mostly with the easy-to-use Python language rather than a necessarily
-more arcane statically typed language is the return on the investment
-of learning how to use Boost.Python. The ability to solve some problems
-entirely using only Python will enable a larger group of people to
-participate in the rapid development of new applications.
-
-=============
- Conclusions
-=============
-
-The examples in this paper illustrate that Boost.Python enables
-seamless interoperability between C++ and Python. Importantly, this is
-achieved without introducing a third syntax: the Python/C++ interface
-definitions are written in pure C++. This avoids any problems with
-parsing the C++ code to be interfaced to Python, yet the interface
-definitions are concise and maintainable. Freed from most of the
-development-time penalties of crossing a language boundary, software
-designers can take full advantage of two rich and complimentary
-language environments. In practice it turns out that some things are
-very difficult to do with pure Python/C (e.g. an efficient array
-library with an intuitive interface in the compiled language) and
-others are very difficult to do with pure C++ (e.g. serialization).
-If one has the luxury of being able to design a software system as a
-hybrid system from the ground up there are many new ways of avoiding
-road blocks in one language or the other.
-
-.. I'm not ready to give up on all of this quite yet
-
-.. Perhaps one day we'll have a language with the simplicity and
-   expressive power of Python and the compile-time muscle of C++.  Being
-   able to take advantage of all of these facilities without paying the
-   mental and development-time penalties of crossing a language barrier
-   would bring enormous benefits.  Until then, interoperability tools
-   like Boost.Python can help lower the barrier and make the benefits of
-   both languages more accessible to both communities.
-
-===========
- Footnotes
-===========
-
-.. [#mi] For hard-core new-style class/extension module writers it is
-   worth noting that the normal requirement that all extension classes
-   with data form a layout-compatible single-inheritance chain is
-   lifted for Boost.Python extension classes.  Clearly, either
-   ``Base1`` or ``Base2`` has to occupy a different offset in the
-   ``Derived`` class instance.  This is possible because the wrapped
-   part of BPL extension class instances is never assumed to have a
-   fixed offset within the wrapper.
-
-===========
- Citations
-===========
-
-.. [VELD1995] T. Veldhuizen, "Expression Templates," C++ Report,
-   Vol. 7 No. 5 June 1995, pp. 26-31.
-   http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html

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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - Building and Testing</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Building and Testing</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="Reference">
-      <dt><a href="#requirements">Requirements</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#building">Building Boost.Python</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="index">
-          <dt><a href="#configuration">Configuration</a></dt>
-
-          <dt><a href="#results">Results</a></dt>
-
-          <dt><a href="#cygwin">Notes for Cygwin GCC Users</a></dt>
-
-          <dt><a href="#testing">Testing</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#building_ext">Building your Extension Module</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl>
-          <dt><a href="#easy">The Easy Way</a></dt>
-
-          <dt><a href="#outside">Building your module outside the Boost
-          project tree</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#variants">Build Variants</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#VisualStudio">Building Using the Microsoft Visual Studio
-      IDE</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="requirements">Requirements</a></h2>
-    <b>Boost.Python</b> version 2 requires <a href=
-    "http://www.python.org/2.2">Python 2.2</a> <i>or <a href=
-    "http://www.python.org">newer</a></i>. An unsupported archive of
-    Boost.Python version 1, which works with versions of Python since 1.5.2,
-    is available <a href="../build/python_v1.zip">here</a>. 
-
-    <h2><a name="building">Building Boost.Python</a></h2>
-
-    <p>Normally, Boost.Python extension modules must be linked with the
-    <code>boost_python</code> shared library. In special circumstances you
-    may want to link to a static version of the <code>boost_python</code>
-    library, but if multiple Boost.Pythone extension modules are used
-    together, it will prevent sharing of types across extension modules, and
-    consume extra code space. To build <code>boost_python</code>, use <a
-    href="../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> in the usual way
-    from the <code>libs/python/build</code> subdirectory of your boost
-    installation (if you have already built boost from the top level this may
-    have no effect, since the work is already done).</p>
-
-    <h3><a name="configuration">Configuration</a></h3>
-    You may need to configure the following variables to point Boost.Build at
-    your Python installation: 
-
-    <table border="1" summary="build configuration variables">
-      <tr>
-        <th>Variable Name</th>
-
-        <th>Semantics</th>
-
-        <th>Default</th>
-
-        <th>Notes</th>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>PYTHON_ROOT</code></td>
-
-        <td>The root directory of your Python installation</td>
-
-        <td>Windows:&nbsp;<code>c:/tools/python</code>
-        Unix:&nbsp;<code>/usr/local</code></td>
-
-        <td>On Unix, this is the <code>--with-prefix=</code> directory used
-        to configure Python</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>PYTHON_VERSION</code></td>
-
-        <td>The The 2-part python Major.Minor version number</td>
-
-        <td><code>2.2</code></td>
-
-        <td>Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <b>not</b>
-        "<code>2.2.1</code>", even if that's the version you have.</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>PYTHON_INCLUDES</code></td>
-
-        <td>path to Python <code>#include</code> directories</td>
-
-        <td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code></td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>PYTHON_LIB_PATH</code></td>
-
-        <td>path to Python library object.</td>
-
-        <td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code></td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]VERSION</code></td>
-
-        <td>The version of python being used under Cygwin. </td>
-
-        <td>$(PYTHON_VERSION)
-
-        </td>
-
-        <td>Use only when building with <a href=
-        "http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> GCC. This and the following
-        settings are useful when building with multiple toolsets on
-        Windows, since Cygwin GCC requires a different build of
-        Python.</td> </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]ROOT</code></td>
-
-        <td>unix-style path containing the <code>include/</code>
-        directory containing
-        <code>python$(CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]VERSION)/python.h</code>. </td>
-
-        <td>$(PYTHON_ROOT)
-
-        </td>
-
-        <td>Use only when building with <a href=
-        "http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> GCC.</td> </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]LIB_PATH</code></td>
-
-        <td>path containing the user's Cygwin Python import lib
-        <code>libpython$(CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]VERSION).dll.a</code></td>
-
-        <td>Autoconfigured from <code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_ROOT</code></td>
-
-        <td>Use only when building with <a href=
-        "http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> GCC.</td> </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]DLL_PATH</code></td>
-
-        <td>path containing the user's Cygwin Python dll
-        (<code>libpython$(CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]VERSION).dll</code>)</td>
-
-        <td><code>/bin</code></td>
-
-        <td>Use only when building with <a href=
-        "http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> GCC.</td> </tr>
-
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-
-    <h3><a name="cygwin">Notes for Cygwin GCC Users</a></h3>
-
-    <p>If you are using Cygwin GCC to build extension modules, you must use a
-    Cygwin build of Python. The regular Win32 Python installation that you
-    can download from <a href="http://www.python.org">python.org</a> will not
-    work with your compiler because the dynamic linking conventions are
-    different (you can use <a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW</a> GCC if
-    you want to build extension modules which are compatible with a stock
-    Win32 Python). The Cygwin installer may be able to install an appropriate
-    version of Python, or you can follow the traditional <a href=
-    "http://www.python.org/download/download_source.html">Unix installation
-    process</a> to build Python from source.</p>
-
-    <p>The special build configuration variables listed above as "Cygwin
-    only" make it possible to use a regular Win32 build of bjam to build and
-    test Boost.Python and Boost.Python extensions using Cygwin GCC and
-    targeting a Cygwin build of Python.</p>
-
-    <h3><a name="results">Results</a></h3>
-
-    <p>The build process will create a
-    <code>libs/python/build/bin-stage</code> subdirectory of the boost root
-    (or of <code>$(ALL_LOCATE_TARGET)</code>, if you have set that variable),
-    containing the built libraries. The libraries are actually built to
-    unique directories for each toolset and variant elsewhere in the
-    filesystem, and copied to the <code>bin-stage</code> directory as a
-    convenience, so if you build with multiple toolsets at once, the product
-    of later toolsets will overwrite that of earlier toolsets in
-    <code>bin-stage</code>.</p>
-
-    <h3><a name="testing">Testing</a></h3>
-
-    <p>To build and test Boost.Python, start from the
-    <code>libs/python/test</code> directory and invoke</p>
-
-    <blockquote>
-<pre>
-bjam -sTOOLS=<i><a href=
-"../../../tools/build/index.html#Tools">toolset</a></i> test
-</pre>
-    </blockquote>
-    This will update all of the Boost.Python v1 test and example targets. The
-    tests are relatively quiet by default. To get more-verbose output, you
-    might try 
-
-    <blockquote>
-<pre>
-bjam -sTOOLS=<i><a href=
-"../../../tools/build/index.html#Tools">toolset</a></i> -sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS=-v test
-</pre>
-    </blockquote>
-    which will print each test's Python code with the expected output as it
-    passes. 
-
-    <h2><a name="building_ext">Building your Extension Module</a></h2>
-    Though there are other approaches, the best way to build an extension
-    module using Boost.Python is with Boost.Build. If you have to use another
-    build system, you should use Boost.Build at least once with the
-    "<code><b>-n</b></code>" option so you can see the command-lines it uses,
-    and replicate them. You are likely to run into compilation or linking
-    problems otherwise. 
-
-    <h3><a name="easy">The Easy Way</a></h3>
-    Until Boost.Build v2 is released, cross-project build dependencies are
-    not supported, so it works most smoothly if you add a new subproject to
-    your boost installation. The <code>libs/python/example</code>
-    subdirectory of your boost installation contains a minimal example (along
-    with many extra sources). To copy the example subproject: 
-
-    <ol>
-      <li>Create a new subdirectory in, <code>libs/python</code>, say
-      <code>libs/python/my_project</code>.</li>
-
-      <li>Copy <code><a href=
-      "../example/Jamfile">libs/python/example/Jamfile</a></code> to your new
-      directory.</li>
-
-      <li>Edit the Jamfile as appropriate for your project. You'll want to
-      change the "<code>subproject</code>" rule invocation at the top, and
-      the names of some of the source files and/or targets.</li>
-    </ol>
-    The instructions <a href="#testing">above</a> for testing Boost.Python
-    apply equally to your new extension modules in this subproject. 
-
-    <h3><a name="outside">Building your module outside the Boost project
-    tree</a></h3>
-    If you can't (or don't wish to) modify your boost installation, the
-    alternative is to create your own Boost.Build project. A similar example
-    you can use as a starting point is available in <code><a href=
-    "../example/project.zip">this archive</a></code>. You'll need to edit the
-    Jamfile and Jamrules files, depending on the relative location of your
-    Boost installation and the new project. Note that automatic testing of
-    extension modules is not available in this configuration. 
-
-    <h2><a name="variants">Build Variants</a></h2>
-    Three <a href=
-    "../../../tools/build/build_system.htm#variants">variant</a>
-    configurations of all python-related targets are supported, and can be
-    selected by setting the <code><a href=
-    "../../../tools/build/build_system.htm#user_globals">BUILD</a></code>
-    variable: 
-
-    <ul>
-      <li><code>release</code> (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)</li>
-
-      <li><code>debug</code> (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)</li>
-
-      <li><code>debug-python</code> (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
-      -DBOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>)</li>
-    </ul>
-
-    <p>The first two variants of the <code>boost_python</code> library are
-    built by default, and are compatible with the default Python
-    distribution. The <code>debug-python</code> variant corresponds to a
-    specially-built debugging version of Python. On Unix platforms, this
-    python is built by adding <code>--with-pydebug</code> when configuring
-    the Python build. On Windows, the debugging version of Python is
-    generated by the "Win32 Debug" target of the <code>PCBuild.dsw</code>
-    Visual C++ 6.0 project in the <code>PCBuild</code> subdirectory of your
-    Python distribution. Extension modules built with Python debugging
-    enabled are <b>not link-compatible</b> with a non-debug build of Python.
-    Since few people actually have a debug build of Python (it doesn't come
-    with the standard distribution), the normal <code>debug</code> variant
-    builds modules which are compatible with ordinary Python.</p>
-
-    <p>On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
-    <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>, Python defaults to <i>force</i> linking with a special
-    debugging version of the Python DLL. Since this debug DLL isn't supplied
-    with the default Python installation for Windows, Boost.Python uses
-    <tt><a href=
-    "../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a></tt>
-    to temporarily undefine <tt>_DEBUG</tt> when <tt>Python.h</tt> is
-    <tt>#include</tt>d - unless <code>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</code> is
-    defined.</p>
-
-    <p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the debugging
-    version of the library, <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to re-enable
-    python debuggin, and link with the <code>debug-python</code> variant of
-    <tt>boost_python</tt>.</p>
-
-    <p>If you do not <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>, be sure that any
-    source files in your extension module <tt>#include&nbsp;&lt;<a href=
-    "../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a>&gt;</tt>
-    instead of the usual <tt>Python.h</tt>, or you will have link
-    incompatibilities.<br>
-    </p>
-
-    <h2><a name="VisualStudio">Building Using the Microsoft Visual Studio
-    IDE</a></h2>
-
-    <p>For the those of you who feel more comfortable in the IDE world, a
-    workspace and project file have been included in the <a href=
-    "../build/VisualStudio">libs/python/build/VisualStudio</a> subdirectory.
-    It builds release and debug versions of the Boost.Python libraries and
-    places them and the same directory as Jamfile build does, though the
-    intermediate object files are placed in a different directory. The files
-    have been created using Microsoft Visual C++ version 6, but they should
-    work for later versions as well. You will need to tell the IDE where to
-    find the Python <code>Include/</code> and <code>Libs/</code> directories.
-    Under <b>Tools&gt;Options&gt;Directories</b>, add an entry for the Python
-    include dir (i.e. <code>c:/Python22/Include</code>), and one for the Lib
-    (i.e. <code>c:/Python/Libs</code>. Make sure it is <code>Libs</code> with
-    an "<code>s</code>" and not just <code>Lib</code>).</p>
-
-    <h3>Using the IDE for you own projects</h3>
-
-    <p>Building your own projects using the IDE is slightly more complicated.
-    Firstly, you need to make sure that the project you create as the right
-    kind. It should be a "Win32 Dynamic-Link Library". The default one that
-    Visual Studio 6 creates needs some modifications: turn on RTTI, and
-    change the debug and release builds to use the respective debug and
-    release Multithreaded DLL versions. You should probably turn off
-    incremental linking too -- I believe it a bit flaky. If you do this, then
-    change the "Debug Info" to "Program Database" to get rid of the Edit and
-    Continue warning.</p>
-
-    <p>You'll need to add the Boost root directory under
-    <b>Tools&gt;Options&gt;Directories</b> to get your code compiling. To
-    make it link, add the above <code>boost_python.dsp</code> file to your
-    workspace, and make your project depend upon it (under
-    <b>Project&gt;Dependencies</b>). You should be able to build now.</p>
-
-    <p>Lastly, go to the <b>Project Settings&gt;Debug</b> Page and add the
-    <code>Python.exe</code> as the executable for the project. Set a startup
-    directory, and make sure that your current project's output dll, the
-    <code>boost_python.dll</code> and the <code>python22.dll</code> are on
-    the current <code>PATH</code>. If you have a python script that tests
-    your dll, then add it in the "Program Arguments". Now, if all went well,
-    you should be able to hit the Run (F5) button, and debug your code.</p>
-
-    <blockquote>
-      <em>The Visual Studio project files are graciously contributed and
-      maintained by <a href="mailto:brett.calcott@paradise.net.nz">Brett
-      Calcott</a></em>.
-    </blockquote>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use, modify,
-    sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
-    notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
-    express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
-    any purpose.</p>
-
-    <p>Updated: 29 December, 2002 (David Abrahams)</p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/index.html

@@ -1,108 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center">Boost.Python</h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Index</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Synopsis</h2>
-    Welcome to version 2 of <b>Boost.Python</b>, a C++ library which enables
-    seamless interoperability between C++ and the <a href=
-    "http://www.python.org">Python</a> programming language. The new version
-    has been rewritten from the ground up, with a more convenient and
-    flexible interface, and many new capabilities, including support for: 
-
-    <ul>
-      <li>References and Pointers</li>
-
-      <li>Globally Registered Type Coercions</li>
-
-      <li>Automatic Cross-Module Type Conversions</li>
-
-      <li>Efficient Function Overloading</li>
-
-      <li>C++ to Python Exception Translation</li>
-
-      <li>Default Arguments</li>
-
-      <li>Keyword Arguments</li>
-
-      <li>Manipulating Python objects in C++</li>
-
-      <li>Exporting C++ Iterators as Python Iterators</li>
-
-      <li>Documentation Strings</li>
-    </ul>
-    The development of these features was funded in part by grants to <a
-    href="http://www.boost-consulting.com">Boost Consulting</a> from the <a
-    href="http://www.llnl.gov/">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories</a>
-    and by the <a href="http://cci.lbl.gov/">Computational Crystallography
-    Initiative</a> at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories. 
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="index">
-      <dt><a href="tutorial/index.html">Tutorial Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="building.html">Building and Testing</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="v2/reference.html">Reference Manual</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="v2/configuration.html">Configuration Information</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="v2/platforms.html">Known Working Platforms and
-      Compilers</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="v2/definitions.html">Definitions</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="projects.html">Projects using Boost.Python</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="support.html">Support Resources</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="v2/faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a></dt>
-      
-      <dt><a href="../pyste/index.html">Pyste (Boost.Python code generator)</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="news.html">News/Change Log</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="v2/progress_reports.html">LLNL Progress Reports</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="v2/acknowledgments.html">Acknowledgments</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     17 November, 2002 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/new-conversions.html

@@ -1,328 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
-<title>A New Type Conversion Mechanism for Boost.Python</title>
-</head>
-
-<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
-
-<p><img border="0" src="../../../c++boost.gif" width="277" height="86"
-alt="boost logo"></p>
-
-<h1>A New Type Conversion Mechanism for Boost.Python</h1>
-
-<p>By <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">David Abrahams</a>.
-
-<h2>Introduction</h2>
-
-This document describes a redesign of the mechanism for automatically
-converting objects between C++ and Python. The current implementation
-uses two functions for any type <tt>T</tt>:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-U from_python(PyObject*, type&lt;T&gt;);
-void to_python(V);
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-where U is convertible to T and T is convertible to V. These functions
-are at the heart of C++/Python interoperability in Boost.Python, so
-why would we want to change them? There are many reasons:
-
-<h3>Bugs</h3>
-<p>Firstly, the current mechanism relies on a common C++ compiler
-bug. This is not just embarrassing: as compilers get to be more
-conformant, the library stops working. The issue, in detail, is the
-use of inline friend functions in templates to generate
-conversions. It is a very powerful, and legal technique as long as
-it's used correctly:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-template &lt;class Derived&gt;
-struct add_some_functions
-{
-     friend <i>return-type</i> some_function1(..., Derived <i>cv-*-&amp;-opt</i>, ...);
-     friend <i>return-type</i> some_function2(..., Derived <i>cv-*-&amp;-opt</i>, ...);
-};
-
-template &lt;class T&gt;
-struct some_template : add_some_functions&lt;some_template&lt;T&gt; &gt;
-{
-};
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-The <tt>add_some_functions</tt> template generates free functions
-which operate on <tt>Derived</tt>, or on related types. Strictly
-speaking the related types are not just cv-qualified <tt>Derived</tt>
-values, pointers and/or references. Section 3.4.2 in the standard
-describes exactly which types you must use as parameters to these
-functions if you want the functions to be found
-(there is also a less-technical description in section 11.5.1 of
-C++PL3 <a href="#ref_1">[1]</a>). Suffice it to say that
-with the current design, the <tt>from_python</tt> and
-<tt>to_python</tt> functions are not supposed to be callable under any
-conditions!
-
-<h3>Compilation and Linking Time</h3>
-
-The conversion functions generated for each wrapped class using the
-above technique are not function templates, but regular functions. The
-upshot is that they must <i>all</i> be generated regardless of whether
-they are actually used. Generating all of those functions can slow
-down module compilation, and resolving the references can slow down
-linking.
-
-<h3>Efficiency</h3>
-
-The conversion functions are primarily used in (member) function
-wrappers to convert the arguments and return values. Being functions,
-converters have no interface which allows us to ask &quot;will the
-conversion succeed?&quot; without calling the function. Since the
-return value of the function must be the object to be passed as an
-argument, Boost.Python currently uses C++ exception-handling to detect
-an unsuccessful conversion. It's not a particularly good use of
-exception-handling, since the failure is not handled very far from
-where it occurred. More importantly, it means that C++ exceptions are
-thrown during overload resolution as we seek an overload that matches
-the arguments passed. Depending on the implementation, this approach
-can result in significant slowdowns.
-
-<p>It is also unclear that the current library generates a minimal
-amount of code for any type conversion. Many of the conversion
-functions are nontrivial, and partly because of compiler limitations,
-they are declared <tt>inline</tt>. Also, we could have done a better
-job separating the type-specific conversion code from the code which
-is type-independent.
-
-<h3>Cross-module Support</h3>
-
-The current strategy requires every module to contain the definition
-of conversions it uses. In general, a new module can never supply
-conversion code which is used by another module. Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve
-designed a clever system which imports conversions directly from one
-library into another using some explicit declarations, but it has some
-disadvantages also:
-
-<ol>
-<li>The system Ullrich Koethe designed for implicit conversion between
-wrapped classes related through inheritance does not currently work if
-the classes are defined in separate modules.
-
-<li>The writer of the importing module is required to know the name of
-the module supplying the imported conversions.
-
-<li>There can be only one way to extract any given C++ type from a
-Python object in a given module.
-</ol>
-
-The first item might be addressed by moving Boost.Python into a shared
-library, but the other two cannot. Ralf turned the limitation in item
-two into a feature: the required module is loaded implicitly when a
-conversion it defines is invoked. We will probably want to provide
-that functionality anyway, but it's not clear that we should require
-the declaration of all such conversions. The final item is a more
-serious limitation. If, for example, new numeric types are defined in
-separate modules, and these types can all be converted to
-<tt>double</tt>s, we have to choose just one conversion method.
-
-<h3>Ease-of-use</h3>
-
-One persistent source of confusion for users of Boost.Python has been
-the fact that conversions for a class are not be visible at
-compile-time until the declaration of that class has been seen. When
-the user tries to expose a (member) function operating on or returning
-an instance of the class in question, compilation fails...even though
-the user goes on to expose the class in the same translation unit!
-
-<p>
-The new system lifts all compile-time checks for the existence of
-particular type conversions and replaces them with runtime checks, in
-true Pythonic style. While this might seem cavalier, the compile-time
-checks are actually not much use in the current system if many classes
-are wrapped in separate modules, since the checks are based only on
-the user's declaration that the conversions exist.
-
-<h2>The New Design</h2>
-
-<h3>Motivation</h3>
-
-The new design was heavily influenced by a desire to generate as
-little code as possible in extension modules. Some of Boost.Python's
-clients are enormous projects where link time is proportional to the
-amount of object code, and there are many Python extension modules. As
-such, we try to keep type-specific conversion code out of modules
-other than the one the converters are defined in, and rely as much as
-possible on centralized control through a shared library.
-
-<h3>The Basics</h3>
-
-The library contains a <tt>registry</tt> which maps runtime type
-identifiers (actually an extension of <tt>std::type_info</tt> which
-preserves references and constness) to entries containing type
-converters. An <tt>entry</tt> can contain only one converter from C++ to Python
-(<tt>wrapper</tt>), but many converters from Python to C++
-(<tt>unwrapper</tt>s). <font color="#ff0000">What should happen if
-multiple modules try to register wrappers for the same type?</font>. Wrappers
-and unwrappers are known as <tt>body</tt> objects, and are accessed
-by the user and the library (in its function-wrapping code) through
-corresponding <tt>handle</tt> (<tt>wrap&lt;T&gt;</tt> and
-<tt>unwrap&lt;T&gt;</tt>) objects. The <tt>handle</tt> objects are
-extremely lightweight, and delegate <i>all</i> of their operations to
-the corresponding <tt>body</tt>.
-
-<p>
-When a <tt>handle</tt> object is constructed, it accesses the
-registry to find a corresponding <tt>body</tt> that can convert the
-handle's constructor argument. Actually the registry record for any
-type
-<tt>T</tt>used in a module is looked up only once and stored in a
-static <tt>registration&lt;T&gt;</tt> object for efficiency. For
-example, if the handle is an <tt>unwrap&lt;Foo&amp;&gt;</tt> object,
-the <tt>entry</tt> for <tt>Foo&amp;</tt> is looked up in the
-<tt>registry</tt>, and each <tt>unwrapper</tt> it contains is queried
-to determine if it can convert the
-<tt>PyObject*</tt> with which the <tt>unwrap</tt> was constructed. If
-a body object which can perform the conversion is found, a pointer to
-it is stored in the handle. A body object may at any point store
-additional data in the handle to speed up the conversion process.
-
-<p>
-Now that the handle has been constructed, the user can ask it whether
-the conversion can be performed. All handles can be tested as though
-they were convertible to <tt>bool</tt>; a <tt>true</tt> value
-indicates success. If the user forges ahead and tries to do the
-conversion without checking when no conversion is possible, an
-exception will be thrown as usual. The conversion itself is performed
-by the body object. 
-
-<h3>Handling complex conversions</h3>
-
-<p>Some conversions may require a dynamic allocation. For example,
-when a Python tuple is converted to a <tt>std::vector&lt;double&gt;
-const&amp;</tt>, we need some storage into which to construct the
-vector so that a reference to it can be formed. Furthermore, multiple
-conversions of the same type may need to be &quot;active&quot;
-simultaneously, so we can't keep a single copy of the storage
-anywhere. We could keep the storage in the <tt>body</tt> object, and
-have the body clone itself in case the storage is used, but in that
-case the storage in the body which lives in the registry is never
-used. If the storage was actually an object of the target type (the
-safest way in C++), we'd have to find a way to construct one for the
-body in the registry, since it may not have a default constructor.
-
-<p>
-The most obvious way out of this quagmire is to allocate the object using a
-<i>new-expression</i>, and store a pointer to it in the handle. Since
-the <tt>body</tt> object knows everything about the data it needs to
-allocate (if any), it is also given responsibility for destroying that
-data. When the <tt>handle</tt> is destroyed it asks the <tt>body</tt>
-object to tear down any data it may have stored there. In many ways,
-you can think of the <tt>body</tt> as a &quot;dynamically-determined
-vtable&quot; for the handle.
-
-<h3>Eliminating Redundancy</h3>
-
-If you look at the current Boost.Python code, you'll see that there
-are an enormous number of conversion functions generated for each
-wrapped class. For a given class <tt>T</tt>, functions are generated
-to extract the following types <tt>from_python</tt>:
-
-<blockquote><pre>
-T*
-T const*
-T const* const&amp;
-T* const&amp;
-T&amp;
-T const&amp;
-T
-std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;&amp;
-std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;
-std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt; const&amp;
-boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;&amp;
-boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;
-boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt; const&amp;
-</pre></blockquote>
-
-Most of these are implemented in terms of just a few conversions, and
-<t>if you're lucky</t>, they will be inlined and cause no extra
-overhead. In the new system, however, a significant amount of data
-will be associated with each type that needs to be converted. We
-certainly don't want to register a separate unwrapper object for all
-of the above types.
-
-<p>Fortunately, much of the redundancy can be eliminated. For example,
-if we generate an unwrapper for <tt>T&</tt>, we don't need an
-unwrapper for <tt>T const&</tt> or <tt>T</tt>. Accordingly, the user's
-request to wrap/unwrap a given type is translated at compile-time into
-a request which helps to eliminate redundancy. The rules used to
-<tt>unwrap</tt> a type are:
-
-<ol>
-<li> Treat built-in types specially: when unwrapping a value or
-   constant reference to one of these, use a value for the target
-   type. It will bind to a const reference if neccessary, and more
-   importantly, avoids having to dynamically allocate room for
-   an lvalue of types which can be cheaply copied.
-<li>
- Reduce everything else to a reference to an un-cv-qualified type
-   where possible. Since cv-qualification is lost on Python
-   anyway, there's no point in trying to convert to a
-   <tt>const&amp;</tt>. <font color="#ff0000">What about conversions
-   to values like the tuple-&gt;vector example above? It seems to me
-   that we don't want to make a <tt>vector&lt;double&gt;&amp;</tt>
-   (non-const) converter available for that case. We may need to
-   rethink this slightly.</font>
-</ol>
-
-<p>To handle the problem described above in item 2, we modify the
-procedure slightly. To unwrap any non-scalar <tt>T</tt>, we seek an
-unwrapper for <tt>add_reference&lt;T&gt;::type</tt>. Unwrappers for
-<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> always return <tt>T&amp;</tt>, and are
-registered under both <tt>T&nbsp;&amp;</tt> and
-<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt>.
-
-<p>For compilers not supporting partial specialization, unwrappers for
-<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> must return <tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt>
-(since constness can't be stripped), but a separate unwrapper object
-need to be registered for <tt>T&nbsp;&amp;</tt> and
-<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> anyway, for the same reasons.
-
-<font color="#ff0000">We may want to make it possible to compile as
-though partial specialization were unavailable even on compilers where
-it is available, in case modules could be compiled by different
-compilers with compatible ABIs (e.g. Intel C++ and MSVC6).</font>
-
-<h3>Efficient Argument Conversion</h3>
-
-Since type conversions are primarily used in function wrappers, an
-optimization is provided for the case where a group of conversions are
-used together. Each <tt>handle</tt> class has a corresponding
-&quot;<tt>_more</tt>&quot; class which does the same job, but has a
-trivial destructor. Instead of asking each &quot;<tt>_more</tt>&quot;
-handle to destroy its own body, it is linked into an endogenous list
-managed by the first (ordinary) handle. The <tt>wrap</tt> and
-<tt>unwrap</tt> destructors are responsible for traversing that list
-and asking each <tt>body</tt> class to tear down its
-<tt>handle</tt>. This mechanism is also used to determine if all of
-the argument/return-value conversions can succeed with a single
-function call in the function wrapping code. <font color="#ff0000">We
-might need to handle return values in a separate step for Python
-callbacks, since the availablility of a conversion won't be known
-until the result object is retrieved.</font>
-
-<br>
-<hr>
-<h2>References</h2>
-
-<p><a name="ref_1">[1]</a>B. Stroustrup, The C++ Programming Language
-Special Edition Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-70073-5.
-
-<hr>
-<p>Revised <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="31283" --></p>
-<p>© Copyright David Abrahams, 2001</p>
-
-</body>
-
-</html>

doc/new-conversions.txt

@@ -1,111 +0,0 @@
-This hierarchy contains converter handle classes.
-
-
-                +-------------+
-                | noncopyable |
-                +-------------+
-                      ^
-                      |            A common base class used so that
-             +--------+--------+   conversions can be linked into a
-             | conversion_base |   chain for efficient argument
-             +-----------------+   conversion
-                      ^
-                      |
-            +---------+-----------+
-            |                     |
-+-----------+----+         +------+-------+  only used for
-| unwrap_more<T> |         | wrap_more<T> |  chaining, and don't manage any
-+----------------+         +--------------+  resources.
-         ^                         ^
-         |                         |
-   +-----+-----+           +-------+-+  These converters are what users
-   | unwrap<T> |           | wrap<T> |  actually touch, but they do so
-   +-----------+           +---------+  through a type generator which
-                                        minimizes the number of converters
-                                        that must be generated, so they
-
-
-Each unwrap<T>, unwrap_more<T>, wrap<T>, wrap_more<T> converter holds
-a reference to an appropriate converter object
-
-This hierarchy contains converter body classes
-
-                                          Exposes use/release which
-                                          are needed in case the converter
-                           +-----------+  in the registry needs to be
-                           | converter |  cloned. That occurs when a
-                           +-----------+  unwrap target type is not
-                                 ^        contained within the Python object.
-                                 |
-              +------------------+-----+
-              |                        |
-     +--------+-------+ Exposes        |
-     | unwrapper_base | convertible()  |
-     +----------------+                |
-              ^                        |
-              |                        |
-     +--------+----+             +-----+-----+
-     | unwrapper<T>|             | wrapper<T>|
-     +-------------+             +-----------+
- Exposes T convert(PyObject*)    Exposes PyObject* convert(T)
-
-
-unwrap:
-
-    constructed with a PyObject*, whose reference count is
-    incremented.
-
-    find the registry entry for the target type
-
-    look in the collection of converters for one which claims to be
-    able to convert the PyObject to the target type.
-
-    stick a pointer to the unwrapper in the unwrap object
-
-    when unwrap is queried for convertibility, it checks to see
-    if it has a pointer to an unwrapper.
-
-    on conversion, the unwrapper is asked to allocate an
-    implementation if the unwrap object isn't already holding
-    one. The unwrap object "takes ownership" of the unwrapper's
-    implementation. No memory allocation will actually take place
-    unless this is a value conversion.
-
-    on destruction, the unwrapper is asked to free any implementation
-    held by the unwrap object. No memory deallocation actually
-    takes place unless this is a value conversion
-
-    on destruction, the reference count on the held PyObject is
-    decremented.
-
-    We need to make sure that by default, you can't instantiate
-    callback<> for reference and pointer return types: although the
-    unwrappers may exist, they may convert by-value, which would cause
-    the referent to be destroyed upon return.
-
-wrap:
-
-    find the registry entry for the source type
-
-    see if there is a converter. If found, stick a pointer to it in
-    the wrap object.
-
-    when queried for convertibility, it checks to see if it has a
-    pointer to a converter.
-
-    on conversion, a reference to the target PyObject is held by the
-    converter. Generally, the PyObject will have been created by the
-    converter, but in certain cases it may be a pre-existing object,
-    whose reference count will have been incremented.
-
-    when a wrap<T> x is used to return from a C++ function,
-    x.release() is returned so that x no longer holds a reference to
-    the PyObject when destroyed.
-
-    Otherwise, on destruction, any PyObject still held has its
-    reference-count decremented.
-
-
-When a converter is created by the user, the appropriate element must
-be added to the registry; when it is destroyed, it must be removed
-from the registry.

doc/news.html

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - News/Change Log</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">News/Change Log</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt>24 February 2003</dt>
-
-      <dd>Finished improved support
-      for <code>boost::shared_ptr</code>.  Now any wrapped object of
-      C++ class <code>X</code> can be converted automatically
-      to <code>shared_ptr&lt;X&gt;</code>, regardless of how it was
-      wrapped.  The <code>shared_ptr</code> will manage the lifetime
-      of the Python object which supplied the <code>X</code>, rather
-      than just the <code>X</code> object itself, and when such
-      a <code>shared_ptr</code> is converted back to Python, the
-      original Python object will be returned.</dd>
-      
-      <dt>19 January 2003</dt>
-
-      <dd>Integrated <code>staticmethod</code> support from <a href=
-      "mailto:nickm-at-sitius.com">Nikolay Mladenov</a>. Thanks,
-      Nikolay!</dd>
-
-      <dt>29 December 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Added Visual Studio project file and instructions from Brett
-      Calcott. Thanks, Brett!</dd>
-
-      <dt>20 December 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Added automatic downcasting for pointers, references, and smart
-      pointers to polymorphic class types upon conversion to python</dd>
-
-      <dt>18 December 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Optimized from_python conversions for wrapped classes by putting
-      the conversion logic in the shared library instead of registering
-      separate converters for each class in each extension module</dd>
-
-      <dt>19 November 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Removed the need for users to cast base class member function
-      pointers when used as arguments to <a href=
-      "v2/class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">add_property</a></dd>
-
-      <dt>13 December 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Allow exporting of <a href=
-      "v2/enum.html#enum_-spec"><code>enum_</code></a> values into enclosing
-      <a href="v2/scope.html#scope-spec"><code>scope</code></a>.<br>
-       Fixed unsigned integer conversions to deal correctly with numbers that
-      are out-of-range of <code>signed long</code>.</dd>
-
-      <dt>14 November 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Auto-detection of class data members wrapped with <a href=
-      "v2/data_members.html#make_getter-spec"><code>make_getter</code></a></dd>
-
-      <dt>13 November 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Full Support for <code>std::auto_ptr&lt;&gt;</code> added.</dd>
-
-      <dt>October 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Ongoing updates and improvements to tutorial documentation</dd>
-
-      <dt>10 October 2002</dt>
-
-      <dd>Boost.Python V2 is released!</dd>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     20 December, 2002 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/pickle.html

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+<html>
+<head>
+ <title>BPL Pickle Support</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+<img src="../../../c++boost.gif"
+     alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"
+     align="center"
+     width="277" height="86"> 
+
+</body>
+<hr>
+<h1>BPL Pickle Support</h1>
+
+Pickle is a Python module for object serialization, also known
+as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
+
+<p>
+It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
+a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions
+that read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
+alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
+Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
+converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that
+can be written to a file.
+
+<p>
+The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module by emulating the
+interface implemented by Jim Fulton's ExtensionClass module that is
+included in the ZOPE distribution
+(<a href="http://www.zope.org/">http://www.zope.org/</a>).
+This interface is similar to that for regular Python classes as
+described in detail in the Python Library Reference for pickle:
+
+<blockquote>
+    <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html"
+            >http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html</a>
+</blockquote>
+
+<hr>
+<h1>The BPL Pickle Interface</h1>
+
+At the user level, the BPL pickle interface involves three special
+methods:
+
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<strong>__getinitargs__</strong>
+<dd>
+  When an instance of a BPL extension class is pickled, the pickler
+  tests if the instance has a __getinitargs__ method. This method must
+  return a Python tuple. When the instance is restored by the
+  unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
+  the class constructor.
+
+  <p>
+  If __getinitargs__ is not defined, the class constructor will be
+  called without arguments.
+
+<p>
+<dt>
+<strong>__getstate__</strong>
+
+<dd>
+  When an instance of a BPL extension class is pickled, the pickler
+  tests if the instance has a __getstate__ method. This method should
+  return a Python object representing the state of the instance.
+
+  <p>
+  If __getstate__ is not defined, the instance's __dict__ is pickled
+  (if it is not empty).
+
+<p>
+<dt>
+<strong>__setstate__</strong>
+
+<dd>
+  When an instance of a BPL extension class is restored by the
+  unpickler, it is first constructed using the result of
+  __getinitargs__ as arguments (see above). Subsequently the unpickler
+  tests if the new instance has a __setstate__ method. If so, this
+  method is called with the result of __getstate__ (a Python object) as
+  the argument.
+
+  <p>
+  If __setstate__ is not defined, the result of __getstate__ must be
+  a Python dictionary. The items of this dictionary are added to
+  the instance's __dict__.
+</dl>
+
+If both __getstate__ and __setstate__ are defined, the Python object
+returned by __getstate__ need not be a dictionary. The __getstate__ and
+__setstate__ methods can do what they want.
+
+<hr>
+<h1>Pitfalls and Safety Guards</h1>
+
+In BPL extension modules with many extension classes, providing
+complete pickle support for all classes would be a significant
+overhead. In general complete pickle support should only be implemented
+for extension classes that will eventually be pickled. However, the
+author of a BPL extension module might not anticipate correctly which
+classes need support for pickle. Unfortunately, the pickle protocol
+described above has two important pitfalls that the end user of a BPL
+extension module might not be aware of:
+
+<dl>
+<dt>
+<strong>Pitfall 1:</strong>
+Both __getinitargs__ and __getstate__ are not defined.
+
+<dd>
+  In this situation the unpickler calls the class constructor without
+  arguments and then adds the __dict__ that was pickled by default to
+  that of the new instance.
+
+  <p>
+  However, most C++ classes wrapped with the BPL will have member data
+  that are not restored correctly by this procedure. To alert the user
+  to this problem, a safety guard is provided. If both __getinitargs__
+  and __getstate__ are not defined, the BPL tests if the class has an
+  attribute __dict_defines_state__. An exception is raised if this
+  attribute is not defined:
+
+<pre>
+    RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__dict_defines_state__ not set)
+</pre>
+
+  In the rare cases where this is not the desired behavior, the safety
+  guard can deliberately be disabled. The corresponding C++ code for
+  this is, e.g.:
+
+<pre>
+    class_builder<your_class> py_your_class(your_module, "your_class");
+    py_your_class.dict_defines_state();
+</pre>
+
+  It is also possible to override the safety guard at the Python level.
+  E.g.:
+
+<pre>
+    import your_bpl_module
+    class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
+      __dict_defines_state__ = 1
+</pre>
+
+<p>
+<dt>
+<strong>Pitfall 2:</strong>
+__getstate__ is defined and the instance's __dict__ is not empty.
+
+<dd>
+  The author of a BPL extension class might provide a __getstate__
+  method without considering the possibilities that:
+
+  <p>
+  <ul>
+  <li>
+    his class is used as a base class. Most likely the __dict__ of
+    instances of the derived class needs to be pickled in order to
+    restore the instances correctly.
+
+  <p>
+  <li>
+    the user adds items to the instance's __dict__ directly. Again,
+    the __dict__ of the instance then needs to be pickled.
+  </ul>
+  <p>
+
+  To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
+  provided. If __getstate__ is defined and the instance's __dict__ is
+  not empty, the BPL tests if the class has an attribute
+  __getstate_manages_dict__. An exception is raised if this attribute
+  is not defined:
+
+<pre>
+    RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__getstate_manages_dict__ not set)
+</pre>
+
+  To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the
+  __getstate__ and __setstate__ methods manage the instances's __dict__
+  correctly. Note that this can be done both at the C++ and the Python
+  level. Finally, the safety guard should intentionally be overridden.
+  E.g. in C++:
+
+<pre>
+    class_builder<your_class> py_your_class(your_module, "your_class");
+    py_your_class.getstate_manages_dict();
+</pre>
+
+  In Python:
+
+<pre>
+    import your_bpl_module
+    class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
+      __getstate_manages_dict__ = 1
+      def __getstate__(self):
+        # your code here
+      def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # your code here
+</pre>
+</dl>
+
+<hr>
+<h1>Practical Advice</h1>
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+  Avoid using __getstate__ if the instance can also be reconstructed
+  by way of __getinitargs__. This automatically avoids Pitfall 2.
+
+<p>
+<li>
+  If __getstate__ is required, include the instance's __dict__ in the
+  Python object that is returned.
+</ul>
+
+<hr>
+<address>
+Author: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve, March 2001
+</address>
+</html>

doc/polymorphism.txt

@@ -1,217 +0,0 @@
-How Runtime Polymorphism is expressed in Boost.Python:
------------------------------------------------------
-
-   struct A { virtual std::string f(); virtual ~A(); };
-
-   std::string call_f(A& x) { return x.f(); }
-
-   struct B { virtual std::string f() { return "B"; } };
-
-   struct Bcb : B
-   { 
-      Bcb(PyObject* self) : m_self(self) {}
-
-      virtual std::string f() { return call_method<std::string>(m_sef, "f"); }
-      static std::string f_default(B& b) { return b.B::f(); }
-
-      PyObject* m_self;
-   };
-
-   struct C : B
-   {
-      virtual std::string f() { return "C"; }
-   };
-
-   >>> class D(B):
-   ...     def f():
-   ...         return 'D'
-   ...
-   >>> class E(B): pass
-   ...
-
-
-When we write, "invokes B::f non-virtually", we mean:
-
-  void g(B& x) { x.B::f(); }
-
-This will call B::f() regardless of the dynamic type of x. Any other
-way of invoking B::f, including through a function pointer, is a
-"virtual invocation", and will call the most-derived override of f().
-
-Case studies
-
-   C++\Python class
-       \___A_____B_____C_____D____E___
-       |
-   A   |   1
-       |
-   B   |   2     3
-       |
-   Bcb |         4           5    6
-       |
-   C   |         7     8
-       |
-
-
-1. Simple case
-
-2. Python A holds a B*. Probably won't happen once we have forced
-   downcasting. 
-
-   Requires:
-         x.f() -> 'B'
-         call_f(x) -> 'B'
-
-   Implies: A.f invokes A::f() (virtually or otherwise)
-
-3. Python B holds a B*. 
-
-   Requires:
-        x.f() -> 'B'
-        call_f(x) -> 'B'
-   
-   Implies: B.f invokes B::f (virtually or otherwise)
-
-
-4. B constructed from Python
-
-   Requires:
-
-        x.f() -> 'B'
-        call_f(x) -> 'B'
-
-   Implies: B.f invokes B::f non-virtually. Bcb::f invokes B::f
-            non-virtually.
-
-   Question: Does it help if we arrange for Python B construction to
-   build a true B object? Then this case doesn't arise.
-
-
-5. D is a Python class derived from B
-
-   Requires:
-
-        x.f() -> 'D'
-        call_f(x) -> 'D'
-
-   Implies: Bcb::f must invoke call_method to look up the Python
-            method override, otherwise call_f wouldn't work.
-
-6. E is like D, but doesn't override f
-
-   Requires:
-
-        x.f() -> 'B'
-        call_f(x) -> 'B'
-
-   Implies: B.f invokes B::f non-virtually. If it were virtual, x.f()
-            would cause infinite recursion, because we've already
-            determined that Bcb::f must invoke call_method to look up
-            the Python method override.
-
-7. Python B object holds a C*
-
-   Requires:
-        
-        x.f() -> 'C'
-        call_f(x) -> 'C'
-
-   Implies: B.f invokes B::f virtually. 
-
-8. C object constructed from Python
-
-   Requires:
-
-        x.f() -> 'C'
-        call_f(x) -> 'C'
-
-   Implies: nothing new.
-
-------
-
-Total implications:
-
-2: A.f invokes A::f() (virtually or otherwise)
-3: B.f invokes B::f (virtually or otherwise)
-4: B.f invokes B::f non-virtually. Bcb::f invokes B::f non-virtually
-6: B.f invokes B::f non-virtually. 
-7: B.f invokes B::f virtually. 
-
-5: Bcb::f invokes call_method to look up the Python method
-
-Though (4) is avoidable, clearly 6 and 7 are not, and they
-conflict. The implication is that B.f must choose its behavior
-according to the type of the contained C++ object. If it is Bcb, a
-non-virtual call to B::f must occur. Otherwise, a virtual call to B::f
-must occur. This is essentially the same scheme we had with
-Boost.Python v1.
-
-Note: in early versions of Boost.Python v1, we solved this problem by
-introducing a new Python class in the hierarchy, so that D and E
-actually derive from a B', and B'.f invokes B::f non-virtually, while
-B.f invokes B::f virtually. However, people complained about the
-artificial class in the hierarchy, which was revealed when they tried
-to do normal kinds of Python introspection.
-
--------
-
-Assumption: we will have a function which builds a virtual function
-dispatch callable Python object.
-
-     make_virtual_function(pvmf, default_impl, call_policies, dispatch_type)
-
-Pseudocode:
-
-     Get first argument from Python arg tuple
-     if it contains dispatch_type
-        call default_impl
-     else
-        call through pvmf
-
-
-Open questions:
-
-   1. What about Python multiple inheritance? Do we have the right
-      check in the if clause above?
-      
-      A: Not quite. The correct test looks like:
-
-      Deduce target type of pvmf, i.e. T in R(T::*)(A1...AN).
-      Find holder in first argument which holds T
-      if it holds dispatch_type...
-
-   2. Can we make this more efficient?
-     
-     The current "returning" mechanism will look up a holder for T
-     again. I don't know if we know how to avoid that.
-
-
-  OK, the solution involves reworking the call mechanism. This is
-  neccesary anyway in order to enable wrapping of function objects.
-
-  It can result in a reduction in the overall amount of source code,
-  because returning<> won't need to be specialized for every
-  combination of function and member function... though it will still
-  need a void specialization. We will still need a way to dispatch to
-  member functions through a regular function interface. mem_fn is
-  almost the right tool, but it only goes up to 8
-  arguments. Forwarding is tricky if you don't want to incur copies.
-  I think the trick is to use arg_from_python<T>::result_type for each
-  argument to the forwarder.
-
-  Another option would be to use separate function, function object,
-  and member function dispatchers. Once you know you have a member
-  function, you don't need cv-qualified overloads to call it.
-
-  Hmm, while we're at this, maybe we should solve the write-back
-  converter problem. Can we do it? Maybe not. Ralf doesn't want to
-  write special write-back functions here, does he? He wants the
-  converter to do the work automatically. We could add
-  cleanup/destructor registration. That would relieve the client from
-  having accessible destructors for types which are being converted by
-  rvalue. I'm not sure that this will really save any code,
-  however. It rather depends on the linker, doesn't it? I wonder if
-  this can be done in a backwards-compatible fashion by generating the
-  delete function when it's not supplied?
-
-  

doc/projects.html

@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - Projects using Boost.Python</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Projects using Boost.Python</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p>This is a partial list of projects using Boost.Python. If you are
-    using Boost.Python as your Python/C++ binding solution, we'd be proud to
-    list your project on this page. Just <a href=
-    "mailto:c++-sig@python.org">post</a> a short description of your project
-    and how Boost.Python helps you get the job done, and we'll add it to this
-    page .</p>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h3>Enterprise Software</h3>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><b><a href="http://openwbem.sourceforge.net">OpenWBEM</a></b></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        The OpenWBEM project is an effort to develop an open-source
-        implementation of Web Based Enterprise Management suitable for
-        commercial and non-commercial application 
-
-        <p><a href="mailto:dnuffer@sco.com">Dan Nuffer</a> writes:</p>
-
-        <blockquote>
-          I'm using Boost.Python to wrap the client API of OpenWBEM.This will
-          make it easier to do rapid prototyping, testing, and scripting when
-          developing management solutions that use WBEM.
-        </blockquote>
-      </dd>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h3>Financial Analysis</h3>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><b>TSLib</b> - <a href="http://www.fortressinv.com">Fortress
-      Investment Group LLC</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        Fortress Investment Group has contracted <a href=
-        "http://www.boost-consulting.com">Boost Consulting</a> to develop
-        core internal financial analysis tools in C++ and to prepare Python
-        bindings for them using Boost.Python. 
-
-        <p>Tom Barket of Fortress writes:</p>
-
-        <blockquote>
-          We have a large C++ analytical library specialized for research in
-          finance and economics, built for speed and mission critical
-          stability. Yet Python offers us the flexibility to test out new
-          ideas quickly and increase the productivity of our time versus
-          working in C++. There are several key features which make Python
-          stand out. Its elegance, stability, and breadth of resources on the
-          web are all valuable, but the most important is its extensibility,
-          due to its open source transparency. Boost.Python makes Python
-          extensibility extremely simple and straightforward, yet preserves a
-          great deal of power and control.
-        </blockquote>
-      </dd>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h3>Graphics</h3>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><b><a href=
-      "http://www.openscenegraph.org">OpenSceneGraph</a></b></dt>
-
-      <dd><a href="mailto:gideon@computer.org">Gideon May</a> has created a
-      set of bindings for OpenSceneGraph, a cross-platform C++/OpenGL library
-      for the real-time visualization. You can read the release announcement
-      at <a href="http://www.hypereyes.com">www.hypereyes.com</a>. <a href=
-      "mailto:gideon@computer.org">Contact Gideon</a> for more
-      information.<br>
-       &nbsp;</dd>
-
-      <dt><a href=
-      "http://pythonmagick.procoders.net/"><b>PythonMagick</b></a></dt>
-
-      <dd>PythonMagick binds the <a href=
-      "http://www.imagemagick.org">ImageMagick</a> image manipulation library
-      to Python.<br>
-       &nbsp;</dd>
-
-      <dt><b>HippoDraw</b> - <a href="http://www.slac.stanford.edu">Stanford
-      Linear Accelerator Center</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        HippoDraw is a data analysis environment consisting of a canvas upon
-        which graphs such as histograms, scattter plots, etc, are prsented.
-        It has a highly interactive GUI interface, but some things you need
-        to do with scripts. HippoDraw can be run as Python extension module
-        so that all the manipulation can be done from either Python or the
-        GUI. 
-
-        <p><a href="mailto:Paul_Kunz@SLAC.Stanford.EDU">Paul F. Kunz</a>
-        writes:</p>
-
-        <blockquote>
-          Don't have a web page for the project, but the organization's is <a
-          href=
-          "http://www.slac.stanford.edu">http://www.slac.stanford.edu</a>
-          (the first web server site in America, I installed it).
-        </blockquote>
-        Which was just too cool a piece of trivia to omit.<br>
-         &nbsp;
-      </dd>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h3>Scientific Computing</h3>
-
-    <dl class="page index">
-      <dt><a href="http://camfr.sourceforge.net"><b>CAMFR</b></a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        CAMFR is a photonics and electromagnetics modelling tool. Python is
-        used for computational steering. 
-
-        <p><a href="mailto:Peter.Bienstman@rug.ac.be">Peter Bienstman</a>
-        writes:</p>
-
-        <blockquote>
-          Thanks for providing such a great tool!
-        </blockquote>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="http://cctbx.sourceforge.net"><b>cctbx - Computational
-      Crystallography Toolbox</b></a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        Computational Crystallography is concerned with the derivation of
-        atomic models of crystal structures, given experimental X-ray
-        diffraction data. The cctbx is an open-source library of fundamental
-        algorithms for crystallographic computations. The core algorithms are
-        implemented in C++ and accessed through higher-level Python
-        interfaces. 
-
-        <p>The cctbx grew together with Boost.Python and is designed from the
-        ground up as a hybrid Python/C++ system. With one minor exception,
-        run-time polymorphism is completely handled by Python. C++
-        compile-time polymorphism is used to implement performance critical
-        algorithms. The Python and C++ layers are seamlessly integrated using
-        Boost.Python.</p>
-
-        <p>The SourceForge cctbx project is organized in modules to
-        facilitate use in non-crystallographic applications. The scitbx
-        module implements a general purpose array family for scientific
-        applications and pure C++ ports of FFTPACK and the LBFGS conjugate
-        gradient minimizer.</p>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="http://www.llnl.gov/CASC/emsolve"><b>EMSolve</b></a></dt>
-
-      <dd>EMSolve is a provably stable, charge conserving, and energy
-      conserving solver for Maxwell's equations.<br>
-       &nbsp;</dd>
-
-      <dt><b><a href="http://cern.ch/gaudi">Gaudi</a></b> and <b><a href=
-      "http://cern.ch/Gaudi/RootPython/">RootPython</a></b></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        Gaudi is a framework for particle physics collision data processing
-        applications developed in the context of the LHCb and ATLAS
-        experiments at CERN. 
-
-        <p><a href="mailto:Pere.Mato@cern.ch">Pere Mato Vila</a> writes:</p>
-
-        <blockquote>
-          We are using Boost.Python to provide scripting/interactive
-          capability to our framework. We have a module called "GaudiPython"
-          implemented using Boost.Python that allows the interaction with any
-          framework service or algorithm from python. RootPython also uses
-          Boost.Python to provide a generic "gateway" between the <a href=
-          "http://root.cern.ch">ROOT</a> framework and python 
-
-          <p>Boost.Python is great. We managed very quickly to interface our
-          framework to python, which is great language. We are trying to
-          facilitate to our physicists (end-users) a rapid analysis
-          application development environment based on python. For that,
-          Boost.Python plays and essential role.</p>
-        </blockquote>
-      </dd>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     16 November, 2002 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/support.html

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - Support Resources</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Support Resources</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Synopsis</h2>
-
-    <p>This is a list of available resources for support with Boost.Python
-    problems and feature requests.</p>
-    <hr>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><b><a href="http://www.boost-consulting.com">Boost
-      Consulting</a></b> - Commercial support, development, training, and
-      distribution for all the Boost libraries, from the people who brought
-      you Boost.Python.<br>
-       &nbsp;</dt>
-
-      <dt><b><a href="http://www.python.org/sigs/c++-sig/">The Python
-      C++-sig</a></b> mailing list is a forum for discussing Python/C++
-      interoperability, and Boost.Python in particular.<br>
-       &nbsp;</dt>
-
-      <dt>The <b>Boost.Python <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/moinmoin/boost_2epython">Wiki
-      Pages</a></b> established by Mike Rovner as part of the <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/cgi-bin/moinmoin">PythonInfo Wiki</a> serves as
-      a forum to gather peoples' experience and as a cookbook.<br>
-      &nbsp;</dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     17 November, 2002 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/tutorial/doc/auto_overloading.html

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Auto-Overloading</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="default_arguments.html">
-<link rel="next" href="object_interface.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Auto-Overloading</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="default_arguments.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="object_interface.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-It was mentioned in passing in the previous section that
-<tt>BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt> and <tt>BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
-can also be used for overloaded functions and member functions with a
-common sequence of initial arguments. Here is an example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-     <span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>()
-     {
-        /*...*/
-     }
-
-     </span><span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>bool </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>)
-     {
-        /*...*/
-     }
-
-     </span><span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>bool </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>)
-     {
-        /*...*/
-     }
-
-     </span><span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>bool </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>char </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>)
-     {
-        /*...*/
-     }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Like in the previous section, we can generate thin wrappers for these
-overloaded functions in one-shot:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>foo_overloads</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>0</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Then...</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>foo_overloads</span><span class=special>());
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
-(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.</p>
-<a name="manual_wrapping"></a><h2>Manual Wrapping</h2><p>
-It is important to emphasize however that <b>the overloaded functions must
-have a common sequence of initial arguments</b>. Otherwise, our scheme above
-will not work. If this is not the case, we have to wrap our functions
-<a href="overloading.html">
-manually</a>.</p>
-<p>
-Actually, we can mix and match manual wrapping of overloaded functions and
-automatic wrapping through <tt>BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt> and
-its sister, <tt>BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>. Following up on our example
-presented in the section <a href="overloading.html">
-on overloading</a>, since the
-first 4 overload functins have a common sequence of initial arguments, we
-can use <tt>BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt> to automatically wrap the
-first three of the <tt>def</tt>s and manually wrap just the last. Here's
-how we'll do this:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>xf_overloads</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>4</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Create a member function pointers as above for both X::f overloads:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>bool    </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::*</span><span class=identifier>fx1</span><span class=special>)(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>char</span><span class=special>)    = &amp;</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>;
-    </span><span class=keyword>int     </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::*</span><span class=identifier>fx2</span><span class=special>)(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>)        = &amp;</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Then...</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>fx1</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>xf_overloads</span><span class=special>());
-    .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>fx2</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="default_arguments.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="object_interface.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/basic_interface.html

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Basic Interface</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="object_interface.html">
-<link rel="next" href="derived_object_types.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Basic Interface</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="object_interface.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="derived_object_types.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Class <tt>object</tt> wraps <tt>PyObject*</tt>. All the intricacies of dealing with
-<tt>PyObject</tt>s such as managing reference counting are handled by the
-<tt>object</tt> class. C++ object interoperability is seamless. Boost.Python C++
-<tt>object</tt>s can in fact be explicitly constructed from any C++ object.</p>
-<p>
-To illustrate, this Python code snippet:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>def </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>):
-         </span><span class=keyword>if </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>y </span><span class=special>== </span><span class=literal>'foo'</span><span class=special>):
-             </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>[</span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>:</span><span class=number>7</span><span class=special>] = </span><span class=literal>'bar'
-         </span><span class=keyword>else</span><span class=special>:
-             </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>items </span><span class=special>+= </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>)
-         </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>x
-
-    </span><span class=identifier>def </span><span class=identifier>getfunc</span><span class=special>():
-       </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Can be rewritten in C++ using Boost.Python facilities this way:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>) {
-         </span><span class=keyword>if </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>y </span><span class=special>== </span><span class=string>&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-             </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>slice</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>,</span><span class=number>7</span><span class=special>) = </span><span class=string>&quot;bar&quot;</span><span class=special>;
-         </span><span class=keyword>else
-             </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>attr</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;items&quot;</span><span class=special>) += </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>);
-         </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>;
-    }
-    </span><span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>getfunc</span><span class=special>() {
-        </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>object</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>);
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Apart from cosmetic differences due to the fact that we are writing the
-code in C++, the look and feel should be immediately apparent to the Python
-coder.</p>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="object_interface.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="derived_object_types.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/building_hello_world.html

@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Building Hello World</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="quickstart.html">
-<link rel="next" href="exposing_classes.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Building Hello World</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="quickstart.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="exposing_classes.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<a name="from_start_to_finish"></a><h2>From Start To Finish</h2><p>
-Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
-try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we shall outline the steps
-necessary to achieve that. We shall use the build tool that comes bundled
-with every boost distribution: <b>bjam</b>.</p>
-<table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="note_box">
-<img src="theme/lens.gif"></img> <b>Building without bjam</b><br><br>
-
-Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
-What's written here should not be taken as &quot;the one and only way&quot;.
-There are of course other build tools apart from <tt>bjam</tt>.
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-We shall skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the
-hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to
-building Boost.Python, check out: <a href="../../building.html">
-building.html</a>.
-After this brief <i>bjam</i> tutorial, we should have built two DLLs:</p>
-<ul><li>boost_python.dll</li><li>hello.pyd</li></ul><p>
-if you are on Windows, and</p>
-<ul><li>libboost_python.so</li><li>hello.so</li></ul><p>
-if you are on Unix.</p>
-<p>
-The tutorial example can be found in the directory:
-<tt>libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>. There, you can find:</p>
-<ul><li>hello.cpp</li><li>Jamfile</li></ul><p>
-The <tt>hello.cpp</tt> file is our C++ hello world example. The <tt>Jamfile</tt> is a
-minimalist <i>bjam</i> script that builds the DLLs for us.</p>
-<p>
-Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost
-directory or somewhere in your path such that <tt>bjam</tt> can be executed in
-the command line. Pre-built Boost.Jam executables are available for most
-platforms. For example, a pre-built Microsoft Windows bjam executable can
-be downloaded <a href="http://boost.sourceforge.net/jam-executables/bin.ntx86/bjam.zip">
-here</a>.
-The complete list of bjam pre-built
-executables can be found <a href="../../../../../tools/build/index.html#Jam">
-here</a>.</p>
-<a name="lets_jam_"></a><h2>Lets Jam!</h2><p>
-<img src="theme/jam.png"></img></p>
-<p>
-Here is our minimalist Jamfile:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    subproject libs/python/example/tutorial ;
-
-    SEARCH on python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
-    include python.jam ;
-
-    extension hello                     # Declare a Python extension called hello
-    :   hello.cpp                       # source
-        &lt;dll&gt;../../build/boost_python   # dependencies
-        ;
-</pre></code><p>
-First, we need to specify our location in the boost project hierarchy.
-It so happens that the tutorial example is located in <tt>/libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>.
-Thus:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    subproject libs/python/example/tutorial ;
-</pre></code><p>
-Then we will include the definitions needed by Python modules:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    SEARCH on python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
-    include python.jam ;
-</pre></code><p>
-Finally we declare our <tt>hello</tt> extension:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    extension hello                     # Declare a Python extension called hello
-    :   hello.cpp                       # source
-        &lt;dll&gt;../../build/boost_python   # dependencies
-        ;
-</pre></code><a name="running_bjam"></a><h2>Running bjam</h2><p>
-<i>bjam</i> is run using your operating system's command line interpreter.</p>
-<blockquote><p>Start it up.</p></blockquote><p>
-Make sure that the environment is set so that we can invoke the C++
-compiler. With MSVC, that would mean running the <tt>Vcvars32.bat</tt> batch
-file. For instance:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>C</span><span class=special>:\</span><span class=identifier>Program </span><span class=identifier>Files</span><span class=special>\</span><span class=identifier>Microsoft </span><span class=identifier>Visual </span><span class=identifier>Studio</span><span class=special>\</span><span class=identifier>VC98</span><span class=special>\</span><span class=identifier>bin</span><span class=special>\</span><span class=identifier>Vcvars32</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>bat
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Some environment variables will have to be setup for proper building of our
-Python modules. Example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>set </span><span class=identifier>PYTHON_ROOT</span><span class=special>=</span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>:/</span><span class=identifier>dev</span><span class=special>/</span><span class=identifier>tools</span><span class=special>/</span><span class=identifier>python
-    </span><span class=identifier>set </span><span class=identifier>PYTHON_VERSION</span><span class=special>=</span><span class=number>2.2
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-The above assumes that the Python installation is in <tt>c:/dev/tools/python</tt>
-and that we are using Python version 2.2. You'll have to tweak this path
-appropriately. <img src="theme/note.gif"></img> Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <b>not</b>  &quot;2.2.1&quot;,
-even if that's the version you have.</p>
-<p>
-Now we are ready... Be sure to <tt>cd</tt> to <tt>libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>
-where the tutorial <tt>&quot;hello.cpp&quot;</tt> and the <tt>&quot;Jamfile&quot;</tt> is situated.</p>
-<p>
-Finally:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>bjam </span><span class=special>-</span><span class=identifier>sTOOLS</span><span class=special>=</span><span class=identifier>msvc
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-We are again assuming that we are using Microsoft Visual C++ version 6. If
-not, then you will have to specify the appropriate tool. See
-<a href="../../../../../tools/build/index.html">
-Building Boost Libraries</a> for
-further details.</p>
-<p>
-It should be building now:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    cd C:\dev\boost\libs\python\example\tutorial
-    bjam -sTOOLS=msvc
-    ...patience...
-    ...found 1703 targets...
-    ...updating 40 targets...
-</pre></code><p>
-And so on... Finally:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    vc-C++ ..\..\..\..\libs\python\example\tutorial\bin\hello.pyd\msvc\debug\
-    runtime-link-dynamic\hello.obj
-    hello.cpp
-    vc-Link ..\..\..\..\libs\python\example\tutorial\bin\hello.pyd\msvc\debug\
-    runtime-link-dynamic\hello.pyd ..\..\..\..\libs\python\example\tutorial\bin\
-    hello.pyd\msvc\debug\runtime-link-dynamic\hello.lib
-       Creating library ..\..\..\..\libs\python\example\tutorial\bin\hello.pyd\
-       msvc\debug\runtime-link-dynamic\hello.lib and object ..\..\..\..\libs\python\
-       example\tutorial\bin\hello.pyd\msvc\debug\runtime-link-dynamic\hello.exp
-    ...updated 40 targets...
-</pre></code><p>
-If all is well, you should now have:</p>
-<ul><li>boost_python.dll</li><li>hello.pyd</li></ul><p>
-if you are on Windows, and</p>
-<ul><li>libboost_python.so</li><li>hello.so</li></ul><p>
-if you are on Unix.</p>
-<p>
-<tt>boost_python.dll</tt> can be found somewhere in <tt>libs\python\build\bin</tt>
-while <tt>hello.pyd</tt> can be found somewhere in
-<tt>libs\python\example\tutorial\bin</tt>. After a successful build, you can just
-link in these DLLs with the Python interpreter. In Windows for example, you
-can simply put these libraries inside the directory where the Python
-executable is.</p>
-<p>
-You may now fire up Python and run our hello module:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>import </span><span class=identifier>hello
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>print </span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>()
-    </span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>world
-</span></pre></code>
-<blockquote><p><b>There you go... Have fun!</b></p></blockquote><table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="quickstart.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="exposing_classes.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/call_policies.html

@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Call Policies</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="functions.html">
-<link rel="next" href="overloading.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Call Policies</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="functions.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="overloading.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-In C++, we often deal with arguments and return types such as pointers
-and references. Such primitive types are rather, ummmm, low level and
-they really don't tell us much. At the very least, we don't know the
-owner of the pointer or the referenced object. No wonder languages
-such as Java and Python never deal with such low level entities. In
-C++, it's usually considered a good practice to use smart pointers
-which exactly describe ownership semantics. Still, even good C++
-interfaces use raw references and pointers sometimes, so Boost.Python
-must deal with them. To do this, it may need your help. Consider the
-following C++ function:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Y</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Z</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-How should the library wrap this function? A naive approach builds a
-Python X object around result reference. This strategy might or might
-not work out. Here's an example where it didn't</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>) </span>##<span class=identifier>x </span><span class=identifier>refers </span><span class=identifier>to </span><span class=identifier>some </span><span class=identifier>C</span><span class=special>++ </span><span class=identifier>X
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>del </span><span class=identifier>y
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>some_method</span><span class=special>() </span>##<span class=identifier>CRASH</span><span class=special>!
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-What's the problem?</p>
-<p>
-Well, what if f() was implemented as shown below:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Y</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Z</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>z </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>;
-        </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>;
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-The problem is that the lifetime of result X&amp; is tied to the lifetime
-of y, because the f() returns a reference to a member of the y
-object. This idiom is is not uncommon and perfectly acceptable in the
-context of C++. However, Python users should not be able to crash the
-system just by using our C++ interface. In this case deleting y will
-invalidate the reference to X. We have a dangling reference.</p>
-<p>
-Here's what's happening:</p>
-<ol><li><tt>f</tt> is called passing in a reference to <tt>y</tt> and a pointer to <tt>z</tt></li><li>A reference to <tt>y.x</tt> is returned</li><li><tt>y</tt> is deleted. <tt>x</tt> is a dangling reference</li><li><tt>x.some_method()</tt> is called</li><li><b>BOOM!</b></li></ol><p>
-We could copy result into a new object:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>).</span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=number>42</span><span class=special>) </span>##<span class=identifier>Result </span><span class=identifier>disappears
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>()       </span>##<span class=identifier>No </span><span class=identifier>crash</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>but </span><span class=identifier>still </span><span class=identifier>bad
-    </span><span class=number>3.14
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-This is not really our intent of our C++ interface. We've broken our
-promise that the Python interface should reflect the C++ interface as
-closely as possible.</p>
-<p>
-Our problems do not end there. Suppose Y is implemented as follows:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>Y
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=identifier>X </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>; </span><span class=identifier>Z</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>;
-        </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>z_value</span><span class=special>() { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>-&gt;</span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>(); }
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Notice that the data member <tt>z</tt> is held by class Y using a raw
-pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>) </span>##<span class=identifier>y </span><span class=identifier>refers </span><span class=identifier>to </span><span class=identifier>z
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>del </span><span class=identifier>z       </span>##<span class=identifier>Kill </span><span class=identifier>the </span><span class=identifier>z </span><span class=identifier>object
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>z_value</span><span class=special>() </span>##<span class=identifier>CRASH</span><span class=special>!
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-For reference, here's the implementation of <tt>f</tt> again:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Y</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Z</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>z </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>z</span><span class=special>;
-        </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>;
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Here's what's happening:</p>
-<ol><li><tt>f</tt> is called passing in a reference to <tt>y</tt> and a pointer to <tt>z</tt></li><li>A pointer to <tt>z</tt> is held by <tt>y</tt></li><li>A reference to <tt>y.x</tt> is returned</li><li><tt>z</tt> is deleted. <tt>y.z</tt> is a dangling pointer</li><li><tt>y.z_value()</tt> is called</li><li><tt>z-&gt;value()</tt> is called</li><li><b>BOOM!</b></li></ol><a name="call_policies"></a><h2>Call Policies</h2><p>
-Call Policies may be used in situations such as the example detailed above.
-In our example, <tt>return_internal_reference</tt> and <tt>with_custodian_and_ward</tt>
-are our friends:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>,
-        </span><span class=identifier>return_internal_reference</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>,
-            </span><span class=identifier>with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>2</span><span class=special>&gt; &gt;());
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-What are the <tt>1</tt> and <tt>2</tt> parameters, you ask?</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>return_internal_reference</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=number>1
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <tt>Y&amp; y</tt>, is the
-owner of the returned reference: <tt>X&amp;</tt>. The &quot;<tt>1</tt>&quot; simply specifies the
-first argument. In short: &quot;return an internal reference <tt>X&amp;</tt> owned by the
-1st argument <tt>Y&amp; y</tt>&quot;.</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>2</span><span class=special>&gt;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Informs Boost.Python that the lifetime of the argument indicated by ward
-(i.e. the 2nd argument: <tt>Z* z</tt>) is dependent on the lifetime of the
-argument indicated by custodian (i.e. the 1st argument: <tt>Y&amp; y</tt>).</p>
-<p>
-It is also important to note that we have defined two policies above. Two
-or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>policy1</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>args</span><span class=special>...,
-        </span><span class=identifier>policy2</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>args</span><span class=special>...,
-            </span><span class=identifier>policy3</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>args</span><span class=special>...&gt; &gt; &gt;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Here is the list of predefined call policies. A complete reference detailing
-these can be found <a href="../../v2/reference.html#models_of_call_policies">
-here</a>.</p>
-<ul><li><b>with_custodian_and_ward</b><br> Ties lifetimes of the arguments</li><li><b>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</b><br> Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results</li><li><b>return_internal_reference</b><br> Ties lifetime of one argument to that of result</li><li><b>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</b><br></li><li><b>reference_existing_object</b><br>naïve (dangerous) approach</li><li><b>copy_const_reference</b><br>Boost.Python v1 approach</li><li><b>copy_non_const_reference</b><br></li><li><b>manage_new_object</b><br> Adopt a pointer and hold the instance</li></ul><table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="note_box">
-<img src="theme/smiley.gif"></img> <b>Remember the Zen, Luke:</b><br><br>
-&quot;Explicit is better than implicit&quot;<br>
-&quot;In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess&quot;<br>    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="functions.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="overloading.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/class_data_members.html

@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Class Data Members</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="constructors.html">
-<link rel="next" href="class_properties.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Class Data Members</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="constructors.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="class_properties.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Data members may also be exposed to Python so that they can be
-accessed as attributes of the corresponding Python class. Each data
-member that we wish to be exposed may be regarded as <b>read-only</b> or
-<b>read-write</b>.  Consider this class <tt>Var</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>Var
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=identifier>Var</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>) : </span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>), </span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>() {}
-        </span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=keyword>const </span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>;
-        </span><span class=keyword>float </span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>;
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Our C++ <tt>Var</tt> class and its data members can be exposed to Python:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Var</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Var&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>init</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string</span><span class=special>&gt;())
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def_readonly</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;name&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Var</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def_readwrite</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;value&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Var</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Then, in Python, assuming we have placed our Var class inside the namespace
-hello as we did before:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>Var</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=literal>'pi'</span><span class=special>)
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>value </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>3.14
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>print </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=literal>'is around'</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>value
-    </span><span class=identifier>pi </span><span class=identifier>is </span><span class=identifier>around </span><span class=number>3.14
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Note that <tt>name</tt> is exposed as <b>read-only</b> while <tt>value</tt> is exposed
-as <b>read-write</b>.</p>
-<code><pre>
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; x.name = 'e' # can't change name
-    Traceback (most recent call last):
-      File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in ?
-    AttributeError: can't set attribute
-</pre></code><table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="constructors.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="class_properties.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/class_operators_special_functions.html

@@ -1,109 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Class Operators/Special Functions</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="virtual_functions_with_default_implementations.html">
-<link rel="next" href="functions.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Class Operators/Special Functions</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="virtual_functions_with_default_implementations.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="functions.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<a name="python_operators"></a><h2>Python Operators</h2><p>
-C is well known for the abundance of operators. C++ extends this to the
-extremes by allowing operator overloading. Boost.Python takes advantage of
-this and makes it easy to wrap C++ operator-powered classes.</p>
-<p>
-Consider a file position class <tt>FilePos</tt> and a set of operators that take
-on FilePos instances:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>class </span><span class=identifier>FilePos </span><span class=special>{ /*...*/ };
-
-    </span><span class=identifier>FilePos     </span><span class=keyword>operator</span><span class=special>+(</span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>FilePos     </span><span class=keyword>operator</span><span class=special>+(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=keyword>int         </span><span class=keyword>operator</span><span class=special>-(</span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>FilePos     </span><span class=keyword>operator</span><span class=special>-(</span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>&amp;    </span><span class=keyword>operator</span><span class=special>+=(</span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>&amp;, </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>&amp;    </span><span class=keyword>operator</span><span class=special>-=(</span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>&amp;, </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=keyword>bool        </span><span class=keyword>operator</span><span class=special>&lt;(</span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-The class and the various operators can be mapped to Python rather easily
-and intuitively:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>FilePos</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;FilePos&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self </span><span class=special>+ </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>())          // </span><span class=identifier>__add__
-        </span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>() + </span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>)          // </span><span class=identifier>__radd__
-        </span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self </span><span class=special>- </span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>)           // </span><span class=identifier>__sub__
-        </span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self </span><span class=special>- </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>())          // </span><span class=identifier>__sub__
-        </span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self </span><span class=special>+= </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>())         // </span><span class=identifier>__iadd__
-        </span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self </span><span class=special>-= </span><span class=identifier>other</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>&gt;())
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self </span><span class=special>&lt; </span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>);          // </span><span class=identifier>__lt__
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-The code snippet above is very clear and needs almost no explanation at
-all. It is virtually the same as the operators' signatures. Just take
-note that <tt>self</tt> refers to FilePos object. Also, not every class <tt>T</tt> that
-you might need to interact with in an operator expression is (cheaply)
-default-constructible. You can use <tt>other&lt;T&gt;()</tt> in place of an actual
-<tt>T</tt> instance when writing &quot;self expressions&quot;.</p>
-<a name="special_methods"></a><h2>Special Methods</h2><p>
-Python has a few more <i>Special Methods</i>. Boost.Python supports all of the
-standard special method names supported by real Python class instances. A
-similar set of intuitive interfaces can also be used to wrap C++ functions
-that correspond to these Python <i>special functions</i>. Example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>class </span><span class=identifier>Rational
-    </span><span class=special>{ </span><span class=keyword>operator </span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>() </span><span class=keyword>const</span><span class=special>; };
-
-    </span><span class=identifier>Rational </span><span class=identifier>pow</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Rational</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Rational</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>Rational </span><span class=identifier>abs</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Rational</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>ostream</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=keyword>operator</span><span class=special>&lt;&lt;(</span><span class=identifier>ostream</span><span class=special>&amp;,</span><span class=identifier>Rational</span><span class=special>);
-
-    </span><span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Rational</span><span class=special>&gt;()
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>float_</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>))                  // </span><span class=identifier>__float__
-        </span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>pow</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>other</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Rational</span><span class=special>&gt;))    // </span><span class=identifier>__pow__
-        </span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>abs</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>))                     // </span><span class=identifier>__abs__
-        </span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>str</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>))                     // </span><span class=identifier>__str__
-        </span><span class=special>;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Need we say more?</p>
-<table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="note_box">
-<img src="theme/lens.gif"></img> What is the business of <tt>operator&lt;&lt;</tt> <tt>.def(str(self))</tt>?
-Well, the method <tt>str</tt> requires the <tt>operator&lt;&lt;</tt> to do its work (i.e.
-<tt>operator&lt;&lt;</tt> is used by the method defined by def(str(self)).    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="virtual_functions_with_default_implementations.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="functions.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/class_properties.html

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Class Properties</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="class_data_members.html">
-<link rel="next" href="inheritance.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Class Properties</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="class_data_members.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="inheritance.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-In C++, classes with public data members are usually frowned
-upon. Well designed classes that take advantage of encapsulation hide
-the class' data members. The only way to access the class' data is
-through access (getter/setter) functions. Access functions expose class
-properties. Here's an example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>Num
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=identifier>Num</span><span class=special>();
-        </span><span class=keyword>float </span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>() </span><span class=keyword>const</span><span class=special>;
-        </span><span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>float </span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>);
-        ...
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-However, in Python attribute access is fine; it doesn't neccessarily break
-encapsulation to let users handle attributes directly, because the
-attributes can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our
-<tt>Num</tt> class using Boost.Python:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Num</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Num&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>add_property</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;rovalue&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Num</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>add_property</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;value&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Num</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Num</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-And at last, in Python:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>Num</span><span class=special>()
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>value </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>3.14
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>rovalue
-    </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=number>3.14</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>3.14</span><span class=special>)
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>rovalue </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>2.17 </span>##<span class=identifier>error</span><span class=special>!
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Take note that the class property <tt>rovalue</tt> is exposed as <b>read-only</b>
-since the <tt>rovalue</tt> setter member function is not passed in:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>add_property</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;rovalue&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Num</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="class_data_members.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="inheritance.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/class_virtual_functions.html

@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Class Virtual Functions</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="inheritance.html">
-<link rel="next" href="deriving_a_python_class.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Class Virtual Functions</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="inheritance.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="deriving_a_python_class.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-In this section, we shall learn how to make functions behave
-polymorphically through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us
-add a virtual function to our <tt>Base</tt> class:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>Base
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=keyword>virtual </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>() = </span><span class=number>0</span><span class=special>;
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Since <tt>f</tt> is a pure virtual function, <tt>Base</tt> is now an abstract
-class. Given an instance of our class, the free function <tt>call_f</tt>
-calls some implementation of this virtual function in a concrete
-derived class:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>call_f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>) { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(); }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-To allow this function to be implemented in a Python derived class, we
-need to create a class wrapper:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>BaseWrap </span><span class=special>: </span><span class=identifier>Base
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=identifier>BaseWrap</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>PyObject</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>self_</span><span class=special>)
-            : </span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self_</span><span class=special>) {}
-        </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>() { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>call_method</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>); }
-        </span><span class=identifier>PyObject</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>;
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="note_box">
-<img src="theme/lens.gif"></img> <b>member function and methods</b><br><br> Python, like
-many object oriented languages uses the term <b>methods</b>.  Methods
-correspond roughly to C++'s <b>member functions</b>    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Our class wrapper <tt>BaseWrap</tt> is derived from <tt>Base</tt>. Its overridden
-virtual member function <tt>f</tt> in effect calls the corresponding method
-of the Python object <tt>self</tt>, which is a pointer back to the Python
-<tt>Base</tt> object holding our <tt>BaseWrap</tt> instance.</p>
-<table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="note_box">
-<img src="theme/note.gif"></img> <b>Why do we need BaseWrap?</b><br><br>
-
-<i>You may ask</i>, &quot;Why do we need the <tt>BaseWrap</tt> derived class? This could
-have been designed so that everything gets done right inside of
-Base.&quot;<br><br>
-
-One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an
-existing C++ design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the
-interface for a 3rd party library without changing it. To unintrusively
-hook into the virtual functions so that a Python override may be called, we
-must use a derived class.<br><br>
-
-Note however that you don't need to do this to get methods overridden
-in Python to behave virtually when called <i>from</i> <b>Python</b>. The only
-time you need to do the <tt>BaseWrap</tt> dance is when you have a virtual
-function that's going to be overridden in Python and called
-polymorphically <i>from</i> <b>C++</b>.    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Wrapping <tt>Base</tt> and the free function <tt>call_f</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>BaseWrap</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>boost</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>noncopyable</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Base&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>no_init</span><span class=special>)
-        ;
-    </span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;call_f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>call_f</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Notice that we parameterized the <tt>class_</tt> template with <tt>BaseWrap</tt> as the
-second parameter. What is <tt>noncopyable</tt>? Without it, the library will try
-to create code for converting Base return values of wrapped functions to
-Python. To do that, it needs Base's copy constructor... which isn't
-available, since Base is an abstract class.</p>
-<p>
-In Python, let us try to instantiate our <tt>Base</tt> class:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>base </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>()
-    </span><span class=identifier>RuntimeError</span><span class=special>: </span><span class=identifier>This </span><span class=keyword>class </span><span class=identifier>cannot </span><span class=identifier>be </span><span class=identifier>instantiated </span><span class=identifier>from </span><span class=identifier>Python
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Why is it an error? <tt>Base</tt> is an abstract class. As such it is advisable
-to define the Python wrapper with <tt>no_init</tt> as we have done above. Doing
-so will disallow abstract base classes such as <tt>Base</tt> to be instantiated.</p>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="inheritance.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="deriving_a_python_class.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/constructors.html

@@ -1,102 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Constructors</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="exposing_classes.html">
-<link rel="next" href="class_data_members.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Constructors</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="exposing_classes.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="class_data_members.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Our previous example didn't have any explicit constructors.
-Since <tt>World</tt> is declared as a plain struct, it has an implicit default
-constructor. Boost.Python exposes the default constructor by default,
-which is why we were able to write</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>planet </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>()
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-We may wish to wrap a class with a non-default constructor. Let us
-build on our previous example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>World
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>): </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>) {} // </span><span class=identifier>added </span><span class=identifier>constructor
-        </span><span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>) { </span><span class=keyword>this</span><span class=special>-&gt;</span><span class=identifier>msg </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>; }
-        </span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>() { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>; }
-        </span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>;
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-This time <tt>World</tt> has no default constructor; our previous
-wrapping code would fail to compile when the library tried to expose
-it. We have to tell <tt>class_&lt;World&gt;</tt> about the constructor we want to
-expose instead.</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=preprocessor>#include </span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>boost</span><span class=special>/</span><span class=identifier>python</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>hpp</span><span class=special>&gt;
-    </span><span class=keyword>using </span><span class=keyword>namespace </span><span class=identifier>boost</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>python</span><span class=special>;
-
-    </span><span class=identifier>BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        </span><span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;World&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>init</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string</span><span class=special>&gt;())
-            .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;greet&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>)
-            .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;set&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>)
-        ;
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-<tt>init&lt;std::string&gt;()</tt> exposes the constructor taking in a
-<tt>std::string</tt> (in Python, constructors are spelled
-&quot;<tt>&quot;__init__&quot;</tt>&quot;).</p>
-<p>
-We can expose additional constructors by passing more <tt>init&lt;...&gt;</tt>s to
-the <tt>def()</tt> member function. Say for example we have another World
-constructor taking in two doubles:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;World&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>init</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string</span><span class=special>&gt;())
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>init</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>&gt;())
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;greet&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;set&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>)
-    ;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-On the other hand, if we do not wish to expose any constructors at
-all, we may use <tt>no_init</tt> instead:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Abstract</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Abstract&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>no_init</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-This actually adds an <tt>__init__</tt> method which always raises a
-Python RuntimeError exception.</p>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="exposing_classes.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="class_data_members.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/default_arguments.html

@@ -1,158 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Default Arguments</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="overloading.html">
-<link rel="next" href="auto_overloading.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Default Arguments</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="overloading.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="auto_overloading.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Boost.Python wraps (member) function pointers. Unfortunately, C++ function
-pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <tt>f</tt> with default
-arguments:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>3.14</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>char </span><span class=keyword>const</span><span class=special>* = </span><span class=string>&quot;hello&quot;</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-But the type of a pointer to the function <tt>f</tt> has no information
-about its default arguments:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>(*</span><span class=identifier>g</span><span class=special>)(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>,</span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>,</span><span class=keyword>char </span><span class=keyword>const</span><span class=special>*) = </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>;    // </span><span class=identifier>defaults </span><span class=identifier>lost</span><span class=special>!
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-When we pass this function pointer to the <tt>def</tt> function, there is no way
-to retrieve the default arguments:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>);                            // </span><span class=identifier>defaults </span><span class=identifier>lost</span><span class=special>!
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Because of this, when wrapping C++ code, we had to resort to manual
-wrapping as outlined in the <a href="overloading.html">
-previous section</a>, or
-writing thin wrappers:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=comment>// write &quot;thin wrappers&quot;
-    </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f1</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>) { </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>); }
-    </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f2</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double </span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>) { </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>,</span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>); }
-
-    /*...*/
-
-        // </span><span class=identifier>in </span><span class=identifier>module </span><span class=identifier>init
-        </span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>);  // </span><span class=identifier>all </span><span class=identifier>arguments
-        </span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>f2</span><span class=special>); // </span><span class=identifier>two </span><span class=identifier>arguments
-        </span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>f1</span><span class=special>); // </span><span class=identifier>one </span><span class=identifier>argument
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-When you want to wrap functions (or member functions) that either:</p>
-<ul><li>have default arguments, or</li><li>are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments</li></ul><a name="boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h2>BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</h2><p>
-Boost.Python now has a way to make it easier. For instance, given a function:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>char </span><span class=identifier>b </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>unsigned </span><span class=identifier>c </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>2</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double </span><span class=identifier>d </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        /*...*/
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-The macro invocation:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>foo_overloads</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>4</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-will automatically create the thin wrappers for us. This macro will create
-a class <tt>foo_overloads</tt> that can be passed on to <tt>def(...)</tt>. The third
-and fourth macro argument are the minimum arguments and maximum arguments,
-respectively. In our <tt>foo</tt> function the minimum number of arguments is 1
-and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <tt>def(...)</tt> function will
-automatically add all the foo variants for us:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;foo&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>foo</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>foo_overloads</span><span class=special>());
-</span></pre></code>
-<a name="boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h2>BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</h2><p>
-Objects here, objects there, objects here there everywhere. More frequently
-than anything else, we need to expose member functions of our classes to
-Python. Then again, we have the same inconveniences as before when default
-arguments or overloads with a common sequence of initial arguments come
-into play. Another macro is provided to make this a breeze.</p>
-<p>
-Like <tt>BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>,
-<tt>BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt> may be used to automatically create
-the thin wrappers for wrapping member functions. Let's have an example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>george
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=keyword>void
-        </span><span class=identifier>wack_em</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>b </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>0</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>char </span><span class=identifier>c </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=literal>'x'</span><span class=special>)
-        {
-            /*...*/
-        }
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-The macro invocation:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>george_overloads</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>wack_em</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <tt>wack_em</tt> member function
-accepting a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 3 arguments (i.e. the third and
-fourth macro argument). The thin wrappers are all enclosed in a class named
-<tt>george_overloads</tt> that can then be used as an argument to <tt>def(...)</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;wack_em&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>george</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>wack_em</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>george_overloads</span><span class=special>());
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-See the <a href="../../v2/overloads.html#BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS-spec">
-overloads reference</a>
-for details.</p>
-<a name="init_and_optional"></a><h2>init and optional</h2><p>
-A similar facility is provided for class constructors, again, with
-default arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <tt>init&lt;...&gt;</tt>? For example,
-given a class X with a constructor:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>X
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>char </span><span class=identifier>b </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=literal>'D'</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>c </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=string>&quot;constructor&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double </span><span class=identifier>d </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=number>0.0</span><span class=special>);
-        /*...*/
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-You can easily add this constructor to Boost.Python in one shot:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>init</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>optional</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>char</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>&gt; &gt;())
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Notice the use of <tt>init&lt;...&gt;</tt> and <tt>optional&lt;...&gt;</tt> to signify the default
-(optional arguments).</p>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="overloading.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="auto_overloading.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/derived_object_types.html

@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Derived Object types</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="basic_interface.html">
-<link rel="next" href="extracting_c___objects.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Derived Object types</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="basic_interface.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="extracting_c___objects.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <tt>object</tt> types corresponding to
-that of Python's:</p>
-<ul><li>list</li><li>dict</li><li>tuple</li><li>str</li><li>long_</li><li>enum</li></ul><p>
-These derived <tt>object</tt> types act like real Python types. For instance:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>str</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>) ==&gt; </span><span class=string>&quot;1&quot;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <tt>object</tt> has corresponding
-Python type's methods. For instance, <tt>dict</tt> has a <tt>keys()</tt> method:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>d</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>keys</span><span class=special>()
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-<tt>make_tuple</tt> is provided for declaring <i>tuple literals</i>. Example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>make_tuple</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=number>123</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=literal>'D'</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=string>&quot;Hello, World&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>0.0</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-In C++, when Boost.Python <tt>object</tt>s are used as arguments to functions,
-subtype matching is required. For example, when a function <tt>f</tt>, as
-declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept instances of Python's
-<tt>str</tt> type and subtypes.</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>str </span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        </span><span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>n2 </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>attr</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;upper&quot;</span><span class=special>)();   // </span><span class=identifier>NAME </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>upper</span><span class=special>()
-        </span><span class=identifier>str </span><span class=identifier>NAME </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>upper</span><span class=special>();            // </span><span class=identifier>better
-        </span><span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>msg </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=string>&quot;%s is bigger than %s&quot; </span><span class=special>% </span><span class=identifier>make_tuple</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>NAME</span><span class=special>,</span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>);
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-In finer detail:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>str </span><span class=identifier>NAME </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>upper</span><span class=special>();
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Illustrates that we provide versions of the str type's methods as C++
-member functions.</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>msg </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=string>&quot;%s is bigger than %s&quot; </span><span class=special>% </span><span class=identifier>make_tuple</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>NAME</span><span class=special>,</span><span class=identifier>name</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <tt>&quot;format&quot; % x,y,z</tt>
-in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to do that in std C++.</p>
-<p>
-<img src="theme/alert.gif"></img> <b>Beware</b> the common pitfall of forgetting that the constructors
-of most of Python's mutable types make copies, just as in Python.</p>
-<p>
-Python:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>d </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>dict</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>__dict__</span><span class=special>)     </span>##<span class=identifier>copies </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>__dict__
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>d</span><span class=special>[</span><span class=literal>'whatever'</span><span class=special>]            </span>##<span class=identifier>modifies </span><span class=identifier>the </span><span class=identifier>copy
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-C++:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>dict </span><span class=identifier>d</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>attr</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;__dict__&quot;</span><span class=special>));  </span>##<span class=identifier>copies </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>__dict__
-    </span><span class=identifier>d</span><span class=special>[</span><span class=literal>'whatever'</span><span class=special>] = </span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>;           </span>##<span class=identifier>modifies </span><span class=identifier>the </span><span class=identifier>copy
-</span></pre></code>
-<a name="class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h2>class_&lt;T&gt; as objects</h2><p>
-Due to the dynamic nature of Boost.Python objects, any <tt>class_&lt;T&gt;</tt> may
-also be one of these types! The following code snippet wraps the class
-(type) object.</p>
-<p>
-We can use this to create wrapped instances. Example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>vec345 </span><span class=special>= (
-        </span><span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Vec2</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Vec2&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>init</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>&gt;())
-            .</span><span class=identifier>def_readonly</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;length&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Point</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>length</span><span class=special>)
-            .</span><span class=identifier>def_readonly</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;angle&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Point</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>angle</span><span class=special>)
-        )(</span><span class=number>3.0</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=number>4.0</span><span class=special>);
-
-    </span><span class=identifier>assert</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>vec345</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>attr</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;length&quot;</span><span class=special>) == </span><span class=number>5.0</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="basic_interface.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="extracting_c___objects.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/deriving_a_python_class.html

@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Deriving a Python Class</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="class_virtual_functions.html">
-<link rel="next" href="virtual_functions_with_default_implementations.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Deriving a Python Class</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="class_virtual_functions.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="virtual_functions_with_default_implementations.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Continuing, we can derive from our base class Base in Python and override
-the virtual function in Python. Before we can do that, we have to set up
-our <tt>class_</tt> wrapper as:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>BaseWrap</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>boost</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>noncopyable</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Base&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        ;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Otherwise, we have to suppress the Base class' <tt>no_init</tt> by adding an
-<tt>__init__()</tt> method to all our derived classes. <tt>no_init</tt> actually adds
-an <tt>__init__</tt> method that raises a Python RuntimeError exception.</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=keyword>class </span><span class=identifier>Derived</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>):
-    ...     </span><span class=identifier>def </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>):
-    ...         </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=number>42
-    </span><span class=special>...
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Cool eh? A Python class deriving from a C++ class!</p>
-<p>
-Let's now make an instance of our Python class <tt>Derived</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>derived </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>Derived</span><span class=special>()
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Calling <tt>derived.f()</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>derived</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>()
-    </span><span class=number>42
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Will yield the expected result. Finally, calling calling the free function
-<tt>call_f</tt> with <tt>derived</tt> as argument:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>call_f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>derived</span><span class=special>)
-    </span><span class=number>42
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Will also yield the expected result.</p>
-<p>
-Here's what's happening:</p>
-<ol><li><tt>call_f(derived)</tt> is called in Python</li><li>This corresponds to <tt>def(&quot;call_f&quot;, call_f);</tt>. Boost.Python dispatches this call.</li><li><tt>int call_f(Base&amp; b) { return b.f(); }</tt> accepts the call.</li><li>The overridden virtual function <tt>f</tt> of <tt>BaseWrap</tt> is called.</li><li><tt>call_method&lt;int&gt;(self, &quot;f&quot;);</tt> dispatches the call back to Python.</li><li><tt>def f(self): return 42</tt> is finally called.</li></ol><table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="class_virtual_functions.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="virtual_functions_with_default_implementations.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/embedding.html

@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Embedding</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="enums.html">
-<link rel="next" href="using_the_interpreter.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Embedding</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="enums.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="using_the_interpreter.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-By now you should know how to use Boost.Python to call your C++ code from
-Python. However, sometimes you may need to do the reverse: call Python code
-from the C++-side. This requires you to <i>embed</i> the Python interpreter
-into your C++ program.</p>
-<p>
-Currently, Boost.Python does not directly support everything you'll need
-when embedding. Therefore you'll need to use the
-<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/api.html">
-Python/C API</a> to fill in
-the gaps. However, Boost.Python already makes embedding a lot easier and,
-in a future version, it may become unnecessary to touch the Python/C API at
-all. So stay tuned... <img src="theme/smiley.gif"></img></p>
-<a name="building_embedded_programs"></a><h2>Building embedded programs</h2><p>
-To be able to use embedding in your programs, they have to be linked to
-both Boost.Python's and Python's static link library.</p>
-<p>
-Boost.Python's static link library comes in two variants. Both are located
-in Boost's <tt>/libs/python/build/bin-stage</tt> subdirectory. On Windows, the
-variants are called <tt>boost_python.lib</tt> (for release builds) and
-<tt>boost_python_debug.lib</tt> (for debugging). If you can't find the
-libraries, you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See <a
-href="../../building.html">Building and Testing</a> on how to do
-this.</p>
-<p>
-Python's static link library can be found in the <tt>/libs</tt> subdirectory of
-your Python directory. On Windows it is called pythonXY.lib where X.Y is
-your major Python version number.</p>
-<p>
-Additionally, Python's <tt>/include</tt> subdirectory has to be added to your
-include path.</p>
-<p>
-In a Jamfile, all the above boils down to:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    projectroot c:\projects\embedded_program ; # location of the program
-
-    # bring in the rules for python
-    SEARCH on python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
-    include python.jam ;
-
-    exe embedded_program # name of the executable
-      : #sources
-         embedded_program.cpp
-      : # requirements
-         &lt;find-library&gt;boost_python &lt;library-path&gt;c:\boost\libs\python
-      $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES)
-        &lt;library-path&gt;$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH)
-        &lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
-</pre></code><a name="getting_started"></a><h2>Getting started</h2><p>
-Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding
-the Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4
-steps:</p>
-<ol><li>#include <tt>&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</tt><br><br></li><li>Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652">
-Py_Initialize</a>() to start the interpreter and create the <tt>__main__</tt> module.<br><br></li><li>Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.<br><br></li><li>Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656">
-Py_Finalize</a>() to stop the interpreter and release its resources.</li></ol><p>
-(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)</p>
-<blockquote><p><i><b>Now that we can embed the interpreter in our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</b></i></p></blockquote><table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="enums.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="using_the_interpreter.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Dirk Gerrits<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/enums.html

@@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Enums</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="extracting_c___objects.html">
-<link rel="next" href="embedding.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Enums</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="extracting_c___objects.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="embedding.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Boost.Python has a nifty facility to capture and wrap C++ enums. While
-Python has no <tt>enum</tt> type, we'll often want to expose our C++ enums to
-Python as an <tt>int</tt>. Boost.Python's enum facility makes this easy while
-taking care of the proper conversions from Python's dynamic typing to C++'s
-strong static typing (in C++, ints cannot be implicitly converted to
-enums). To illustrate, given a C++ enum:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>enum </span><span class=identifier>choice </span><span class=special>{ </span><span class=identifier>red</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>blue </span><span class=special>};
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-the construct:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>enum_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>choice</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;choice&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;red&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>red</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;blue&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>blue</span><span class=special>)
-        ;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-can be used to expose to Python. The new enum type is created in the
-current <tt>scope()</tt>, which is usually the current module. The snippet above
-creates a Python class derived from Python's <tt>int</tt> type which is
-associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.</p>
-<table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="note_box">
-<img src="theme/lens.gif"></img> <b>what is a scope?</b><br><br> The scope is a class that has an
-associated global Python object which controls the Python namespace in
-which new extension classes and wrapped functions will be defined as
-attributes. Details can be found <a href="../../v2/scope.html">
-here</a>.    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-You can access those values in Python as</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>my_module</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>choice</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>red
-    </span><span class=identifier>my_module</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>choice</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>red
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-where my_module is the module where the enum is declared. You can also
-create a new scope around a class:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>scope </span><span class=identifier>in_X </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;X&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-                    .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>( ... )
-                    .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>( ... )
-                ;
-
-    // </span><span class=identifier>Expose </span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>nested </span><span class=identifier>as </span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>nested
-    </span><span class=identifier>enum_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>nested</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;nested&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;red&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>red</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>value</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;blue&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>blue</span><span class=special>)
-        ;
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="extracting_c___objects.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="embedding.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/exception_translation.html

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Exception Translation</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="iterators.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Exception Translation</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="iterators.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><img src="theme/r_arr_disabled.gif" border="0"></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-All C++ exceptions must be caught at the boundary with Python code. This
-boundary is the point where C++ meets Python. Boost.Python provides a
-default exception handler that translates selected standard exceptions,
-then gives up:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>raise </span><span class=identifier>RuntimeError</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=literal>'unidentifiable C++ Exception'
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Users may provide custom translation. Here's an example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>PodBayDoorException</span><span class=special>;
-    </span><span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>translator</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>PodBayDoorException </span><span class=keyword>const</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>) {
-        </span><span class=identifier>PyErr_SetString</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>PyExc_UserWarning</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=string>&quot;I'm sorry Dave...&quot;</span><span class=special>);
-    }
-    </span><span class=identifier>BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>kubrick</span><span class=special>) {
-         </span><span class=identifier>register_exception_translator</span><span class=special>&lt;
-              </span><span class=identifier>PodBayDoorException</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>translator</span><span class=special>);
-         ...
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="iterators.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><img src="theme/r_arr_disabled.gif" border="0"></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/exposing_classes.html

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Exposing Classes</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="building_hello_world.html">
-<link rel="next" href="constructors.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Exposing Classes</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="building_hello_world.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="constructors.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Now let's expose a C++ class to Python.</p>
-<p>
-Consider a C++ class/struct that we want to expose to Python:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>World
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>) { </span><span class=keyword>this</span><span class=special>-&gt;</span><span class=identifier>msg </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>; }
-        </span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>() { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>; }
-        </span><span class=identifier>std</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>string </span><span class=identifier>msg</span><span class=special>;
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-We can expose this to Python by writing a corresponding Boost.Python
-C++ Wrapper:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=preprocessor>#include </span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>boost</span><span class=special>/</span><span class=identifier>python</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>hpp</span><span class=special>&gt;
-    </span><span class=keyword>using </span><span class=keyword>namespace </span><span class=identifier>boost</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>python</span><span class=special>;
-
-    </span><span class=identifier>BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        </span><span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;World&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-            .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;greet&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>)
-            .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;set&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>)
-        ;
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Here, we wrote a C++ class wrapper that exposes the member functions
-<tt>greet</tt> and <tt>set</tt>. Now, after building our module as a shared library, we
-may use our class <tt>World</tt> in Python. Here's a sample Python session:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>import </span><span class=identifier>hello
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>planet </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>World</span><span class=special>()
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>planet</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>set</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=literal>'howdy'</span><span class=special>)
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>planet</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>()
-    </span><span class=literal>'howdy'
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="building_hello_world.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="constructors.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/extracting_c___objects.html

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Extracting C++ objects</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="derived_object_types.html">
-<link rel="next" href="enums.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Extracting C++ objects</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="derived_object_types.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="enums.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-At some point, we will need to get C++ values out of object instances. This
-can be achieved with the <tt>extract&lt;T&gt;</tt> function. Consider the following:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>double </span><span class=identifier>x </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>o</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>attr</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;length&quot;</span><span class=special>); // </span><span class=identifier>compile </span><span class=identifier>error
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python
-<tt>object</tt> can't be implicitly converted to <tt>double</tt>s. Instead, what
-we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>double </span><span class=identifier>l </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>extract</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>o</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>attr</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;length&quot;</span><span class=special>));
-    </span><span class=identifier>Vec2</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>v </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>extract</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Vec2</span><span class=special>&amp;&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>o</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>assert</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>l </span><span class=special>== </span><span class=identifier>v</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>length</span><span class=special>());
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-The first line attempts to extract the &quot;length&quot; attribute of the
-Boost.Python <tt>object</tt> <tt>o</tt>. The second line attempts to <i>extract</i> the
-<tt>Vec2</tt> object from held by the Boost.Python <tt>object</tt> <tt>o</tt>.</p>
-<p>
-Take note that we said &quot;attempt to&quot; above. What if the Boost.Python
-<tt>object</tt> <tt>o</tt> does not really hold a <tt>Vec2</tt> type? This is certainly
-a possibility considering the dynamic nature of Python <tt>object</tt>s. To
-be on the safe side, if the C++ type can't be extracted, an
-appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception, we need to
-test for extractibility:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>extract</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Vec2</span><span class=special>&amp;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>o</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=keyword>if </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>check</span><span class=special>()) {
-        </span><span class=identifier>Vec2</span><span class=special>&amp; </span><span class=identifier>v </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>(); ...
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-<img src="theme/bulb.gif"></img> The astute reader might have noticed that the <tt>extract&lt;T&gt;</tt>
-facility in fact solves the mutable copying problem:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>dict </span><span class=identifier>d </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>extract</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>dict</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>attr</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;__dict__&quot;</span><span class=special>));
-    </span><span class=identifier>d</span><span class=special>[</span><span class=literal>'whatever'</span><span class=special>] = </span><span class=number>3</span><span class=special>;          </span>##<span class=identifier>modifies </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>__dict__ </span><span class=special>!
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="derived_object_types.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="enums.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/functions.html

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Functions</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="class_operators_special_functions.html">
-<link rel="next" href="call_policies.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Functions</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="class_operators_special_functions.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="call_policies.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-In this chapter, we'll look at Boost.Python powered functions in closer
-detail. We shall see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to
-Python safe from potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and
-references. We shall also see facilities that will make it even easier for
-us to expose C++ functions that take advantage of C++ features such as
-overloading and default arguments.</p>
-<blockquote><p><i>Read on...</i></p></blockquote><p>
-But before you do, you might want to fire up Python 2.2 or later and type
-<tt>&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</tt>.</p>
-<code><pre>
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; import this
-    The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
-    Beautiful is better than ugly.
-    Explicit is better than implicit.
-    Simple is better than complex.
-    Complex is better than complicated.
-    Flat is better than nested.
-    Sparse is better than dense.
-    Readability counts.
-    Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
-    Although practicality beats purity.
-    Errors should never pass silently.
-    Unless explicitly silenced.
-    In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
-    There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it
-    Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
-    Now is better than never.
-    Although never is often better than *right* now.
-    If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
-    If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
-    Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
-</pre></code><table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="class_operators_special_functions.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="call_policies.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/inheritance.html

@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Inheritance</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="class_properties.html">
-<link rel="next" href="class_virtual_functions.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Inheritance</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="class_properties.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="class_virtual_functions.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-In the previous examples, we dealt with classes that are not polymorphic.
-This is not often the case. Much of the time, we will be wrapping
-polymorphic classes and class hierarchies related by inheritance. We will
-often have to write Boost.Python wrappers for classes that are derived from
-abstract base classes.</p>
-<p>
-Consider this trivial inheritance structure:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>Base </span><span class=special>{ </span><span class=keyword>virtual </span><span class=special>~</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>(); };
-    </span><span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>Derived </span><span class=special>: </span><span class=identifier>Base </span><span class=special>{};
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-And a set of C++ functions operating on <tt>Base</tt> and <tt>Derived</tt> object
-instances:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>*);
-    </span><span class=keyword>void </span><span class=identifier>d</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Derived</span><span class=special>*);
-    </span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>factory</span><span class=special>() { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=keyword>new </span><span class=identifier>Derived</span><span class=special>; }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-We've seen how we can wrap the base class <tt>Base</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Base&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        /*...*/
-        ;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between
-<tt>Derived</tt> and its base class <tt>Base</tt>.  Thus:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Derived</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>bases</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>&gt; &gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Derived&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        /*...*/
-        ;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Doing so, we get some things for free:</p>
-<ol><li>Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped C++ member functions)</li><li><b>If</b> Base is polymorphic, <tt>Derived</tt> objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to <tt>Base</tt> can be passed where a pointer or reference to <tt>Derived</tt> is expected.</li></ol><p>
-Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions <tt>b</tt> and <tt>d</tt> and <tt>factory</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;b&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;d&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>d</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;factory&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>factory</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Note that free function <tt>factory</tt> is being used to generate new
-instances of class <tt>Derived</tt>. In such cases, we use
-<tt>return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</tt> to instruct Python to adopt
-the pointer to <tt>Base</tt> and hold the instance in a new Python <tt>Base</tt>
-object until the the Python object is destroyed. We shall see more of
-Boost.Python <a href="call_policies.html">
-call policies</a> later.</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=comment>// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
-    </span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;factory&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>factory</span><span class=special>,
-        </span><span class=identifier>return_value_policy</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>manage_new_object</span><span class=special>&gt;());
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="class_properties.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="class_virtual_functions.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/iterators.html

@@ -1,101 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Iterators</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="using_the_interpreter.html">
-<link rel="next" href="exception_translation.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Iterators</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="using_the_interpreter.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="exception_translation.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-In C++, and STL in particular, we see iterators everywhere. Python also has
-iterators, but these are two very different beasts.</p>
-<p>
-<b>C++ iterators:</b></p>
-<ul><li>C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input, output)</li><li>There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access</li><li>A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.</li></ul><p>
-<b>Python Iterators:</b></p>
-<ul><li>1 category (forward)</li><li>1 operation category (next())</li><li>Raises StopIteration exception at end</li></ul><p>
-The typical Python iteration protocol: <tt><b>for y in x...</b></tt> is as follows:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>iter </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>__iter__</span><span class=special>()         </span>##<span class=identifier>get </span><span class=identifier>iterator
-    </span><span class=keyword>try</span><span class=special>:
-        </span><span class=keyword>while </span><span class=number>1</span><span class=special>:
-        </span><span class=identifier>y </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>iter</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>next</span><span class=special>()         </span>##<span class=identifier>get </span><span class=identifier>each </span><span class=identifier>item
-        </span><span class=special>...                     </span>##<span class=identifier>process </span><span class=identifier>y
-    </span><span class=identifier>except </span><span class=identifier>StopIteration</span><span class=special>: </span><span class=identifier>pass  </span>##<span class=identifier>iterator </span><span class=identifier>exhausted
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Boost.Python provides some mechanisms to make C++ iterators play along
-nicely as Python iterators. What we need to do is to produce
-appropriate __iter__ function from C++ iterators that is compatible
-with the Python iteration protocol. For example:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>get_iterator </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>iterator</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>vector</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>&gt; &gt;();
-    </span><span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>iter </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>get_iterator</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>v</span><span class=special>);
-    </span><span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>first </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>iter</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>next</span><span class=special>();
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Or for use in class_&lt;&gt;:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;__iter__&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>iterator</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>vector</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>&gt; &gt;())
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-<b>range</b></p>
-<p>
-We can create a Python savvy iterator using the range function:</p>
-<ul><li>range(start, finish)</li><li>range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)</li></ul><p>
-Here, start/finish may be one of:</p>
-<ul><li>member data pointers</li><li>member function pointers</li><li>adaptable function object (use Target parameter)</li></ul><p>
-<b>iterator</b></p>
-<ul><li>iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()</li></ul><p>
-Given a container <tt>T</tt>, iterator is a shortcut that simply calls <tt>range</tt>
-with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.</p>
-<p>
-Let's put this into action... Here's an example from some hypothetical
-bogon Particle accelerator code:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>f </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>Field</span><span class=special>()
-    </span><span class=keyword>for </span><span class=identifier>x </span><span class=identifier>in </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>pions</span><span class=special>:
-        </span><span class=identifier>smash</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>x</span><span class=special>)
-    </span><span class=keyword>for </span><span class=identifier>y </span><span class=identifier>in </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>bogons</span><span class=special>:
-        </span><span class=identifier>count</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>y</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Now, our C++ Wrapper:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>F</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Field&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>property</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;pions&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>range</span><span class=special>(&amp;</span><span class=identifier>F</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>p_begin</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>F</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>p_end</span><span class=special>))
-        .</span><span class=identifier>property</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;bogons&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>range</span><span class=special>(&amp;</span><span class=identifier>F</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>b_begin</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>F</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>b_end</span><span class=special>));
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="using_the_interpreter.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="exception_translation.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/object_interface.html

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Object Interface</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="auto_overloading.html">
-<link rel="next" href="basic_interface.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Object Interface</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="auto_overloading.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="basic_interface.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python
-variables may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc.,
-among other things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these
-Pythonic variables are just instances of class <tt>object</tt>. We shall see in
-this chapter how to deal with Python objects.</p>
-<p>
-As mentioned, one of the goals of Boost.Python is to provide a
-bidirectional mapping between C++ and Python while maintaining the Python
-feel. Boost.Python C++ <tt>object</tt>s are as close as possible to Python. This
-should minimize the learning curve significantly.</p>
-<p>
-<img src="theme/python.png"></img></p>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="auto_overloading.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="basic_interface.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/overloading.html

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Overloading</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="call_policies.html">
-<link rel="next" href="default_arguments.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Overloading</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="call_policies.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="default_arguments.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-The following illustrates a scheme for manually wrapping an overloaded
-member functions. Of course, the same technique can be applied to wrapping
-overloaded non-member functions.</p>
-<p>
-We have here our C++ class:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>X
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=keyword>bool </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>)
-        {
-            </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=keyword>true</span><span class=special>;
-        }
-
-        </span><span class=keyword>bool </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>)
-        {
-            </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=keyword>true</span><span class=special>;
-        }
-
-        </span><span class=keyword>bool </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>char </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>)
-        {
-            </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=keyword>true</span><span class=special>;
-        }
-
-        </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>a</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>b</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>)
-        {
-            </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>a </span><span class=special>+ </span><span class=identifier>b </span><span class=special>+ </span><span class=identifier>c</span><span class=special>;
-        };
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We shall start by introducing some
-member function pointer variables:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>bool    </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::*</span><span class=identifier>fx1</span><span class=special>)(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>)              = &amp;</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>;
-    </span><span class=keyword>bool    </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::*</span><span class=identifier>fx2</span><span class=special>)(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>)      = &amp;</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>;
-    </span><span class=keyword>bool    </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::*</span><span class=identifier>fx3</span><span class=special>)(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>double</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>char</span><span class=special>)= &amp;</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>;
-    </span><span class=keyword>int     </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::*</span><span class=identifier>fx4</span><span class=special>)(</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>)    = &amp;</span><span class=identifier>X</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>;
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-With these in hand, we can proceed to define and wrap this for Python:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>fx1</span><span class=special>)
-    .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>fx2</span><span class=special>)
-    .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>fx3</span><span class=special>)
-    .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>fx4</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="call_policies.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="default_arguments.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/quickstart.html

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>QuickStart</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="next" href="building_hello_world.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>QuickStart</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><img src="theme/l_arr_disabled.gif" border="0"></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="building_hello_world.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-The Boost Python Library is a framework for interfacing Python and
-C++. It allows you to quickly and seamlessly expose C++ classes
-functions and objects to Python, and vice-versa, using no special
-tools -- just your C++ compiler. It is designed to wrap C++ interfaces
-non-intrusively, so that you should not have to change the C++ code at
-all in order to wrap it, making Boost.Python ideal for exposing
-3rd-party libraries to Python. The library's use of advanced
-metaprogramming techniques simplifies its syntax for users, so that
-wrapping code takes on the look of a kind of declarative interface
-definition language (IDL).</p>
-<a name="hello_world"></a><h2>Hello World</h2><p>
-Following C/C++ tradition, let's start with the &quot;hello, world&quot;. A C++
-Function:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>char </span><span class=keyword>const</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>()
-    {
-       </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=string>&quot;hello, world&quot;</span><span class=special>;
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=preprocessor>#include </span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>boost</span><span class=special>/</span><span class=identifier>python</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>hpp</span><span class=special>&gt;
-    </span><span class=keyword>using </span><span class=keyword>namespace </span><span class=identifier>boost</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>python</span><span class=special>;
-
-    </span><span class=identifier>BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        </span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;greet&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>);
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-That's it. We're done. We can now build this as a shared library. The
-resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>import </span><span class=identifier>hello
-    </span><span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>print </span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>greet</span><span class=special>()
-    </span><span class=identifier>hello</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>world
-</span></pre></code>
-<blockquote><p><i><b>Next stop... Building your Hello World module from start to finish...</b></i></p></blockquote><table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><img src="theme/l_arr_disabled.gif" border="0"></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="building_hello_world.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/theme/style.css

@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
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doc/tutorial/doc/using_the_interpreter.html

@@ -1,236 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Using the interpreter</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="embedding.html">
-<link rel="next" href="iterators.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Using the interpreter</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="embedding.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="iterators.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted.
-Naturally, the <tt>PyObject</tt>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
-There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully
-automatic in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it
-<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html">
-by hand</a>. This is
-messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
-Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../v2/handle.html">
-handle</a> class
-template to automate the process.</p>
-<a name="reference_counting_handles"></a><h2>Reference-counting handles</h2><p>
-There are two ways in which a function in the Python/C API can return a
-<tt>PyObject*</tt>: as a <i>borrowed reference</i> or as a <i>new reference</i>. Which of
-these a function uses, is listed in that function's documentation. The two
-require slightely different approaches to reference-counting but both can
-be 'handled' by Boost.Python.</p>
-<p>
-For a function returning a <i>borrowed reference</i> we'll have to tell the
-<tt>handle</tt> that the <tt>PyObject*</tt> is borrowed with the aptly named
-<a href="../../v2/handle.html#borrowed-spec">
-borrowed</a> function. Two functions
-returning borrowed references are <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125">
-PyImport_AddModule</a> and <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/moduleObjects.html#l2h-594">
-PyModule_GetDict</a>.
-The former returns a reference to an already imported module, the latter
-retrieves a module's namespace dictionary. Let's use them to retrieve the
-namespace of the <tt>__main__</tt> module:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>main_module</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>borrowed</span><span class=special>( </span><span class=identifier>PyImport_AddModule</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class=special>) ));
-    </span><span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>borrowed</span><span class=special>( </span><span class=identifier>PyModule_GetDict</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>main_module</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>()) ));
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Because the Python/C API doesn't know anything about <tt>handle</tt>s, we used
-the <a href="../../v2/handle.html#handle-spec-observers">
-get</a> member function to
-retrieve the <tt>PyObject*</tt> from which the <tt>handle</tt> was constructed.</p>
-<p>
-For a function returning a <i>new reference</i> we can just create a <tt>handle</tt>
-out of the raw <tt>PyObject*</tt> without wrapping it in a call to borrowed. One
-such function that returns a new reference is <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55">
-PyRun_String</a> which we'll
-discuss in the next section.</p>
-<table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="note_box">
-<img src="theme/lens.gif"></img> <b>Handle is a class <i>template</i>, so why haven't we been using any template parameters?</b><br>
-<br>
-<tt>handle</tt> has a single template parameter specifying the type of the managed object. This type is <tt>PyObject</tt> 99% of the time, so the parameter was defaulted to <tt>PyObject</tt> for convenience. Therefore we can use the shorthand <tt>handle&lt;&gt;</tt> instead of the longer, but equivalent, <tt>handle&lt;PyObject&gt;</tt>.
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<a name="running_python_code"></a><h2>Running Python code</h2><p>
-To run Python code from C++ there is a family of functions in the API
-starting with the PyRun prefix. You can find the full list of these
-functions <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html">
-here</a>. They
-all work similarly so we will look at only one of them, namely:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>PyObject</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>PyRun_String</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=keyword>char </span><span class=special>*</span><span class=identifier>str</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>start</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>PyObject </span><span class=special>*</span><span class=identifier>globals</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>PyObject </span><span class=special>*</span><span class=identifier>locals</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55">
-PyRun_String</a> takes the code to execute as a null-terminated (C-style)
-string in its <tt>str</tt> parameter. The function returns a new reference to a
-Python object. Which object is returned depends on the <tt>start</tt> paramater.</p>
-<p>
-The <tt>start</tt> parameter is the start symbol from the Python grammar to use
-for interpreting the code. The possible values are:</p>
-<table width="90%" border="0" align="center">  <tr>
-  <td class="table_title" colspan="6">
-Start symbols  </td>
-  </tr>
-<tr><tr><td class="table_cells"><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58">
-Py_eval_input</a></td><td class="table_cells">for interpreting isolated expressions</td></tr><td class="table_cells"><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59">
-Py_file_input</a></td><td class="table_cells">for interpreting sequences of statements</td></tr><td class="table_cells"><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-60">
-Py_single_input</a></td><td class="table_cells">for interpreting a single statement</td></tr></table>
-<p>
-When using <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58">
-Py_eval_input</a>, the input string must contain a single expression
-and its result is returned. When using <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59">
-Py_file_input</a>, the string can
-contain an abitrary number of statements and None is returned.
-<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-60">
-Py_single_input</a> works in the same way as <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59">
-Py_file_input</a> but only accepts a
-single statement.</p>
-<p>
-Lastly, the <tt>globals</tt> and <tt>locals</tt> parameters are Python dictionaries
-containing the globals and locals of the context in which to run the code.
-For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace dictionary of the
-<tt>__main__</tt> module for both parameters.</p>
-<p>
-We have already seen how to get the <tt>__main__</tt> module's namespace so let's
-run some Python code in it:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>main_module</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>borrowed</span><span class=special>( </span><span class=identifier>PyImport_AddModule</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class=special>) ));
-    </span><span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>borrowed</span><span class=special>( </span><span class=identifier>PyModule_GetDict</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>main_module</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>()) ));
-    </span><span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt;( </span><span class=identifier>PyRun_String</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n&quot;
-                           </span><span class=string>&quot;hello.write('Hello world!')\n&quot;
-                           </span><span class=string>&quot;hello.close()&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Py_file_input</span><span class=special>,
-                           </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>()) );
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-This should create a file called 'hello.txt' in the current directory
-containing a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.</p>
-<p>
-<img src="theme/note.gif"></img> <b>Note</b> that we wrap the return value of <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55">
-PyRun_String</a> in a
-(nameless) <tt>handle</tt> even though we are not interested in it. If we didn't
-do this, the the returned object would be kept alive unnecessarily. Unless
-you want to be a Dr. Frankenstein, always wrap <tt>PyObject*</tt>s in <tt>handle</tt>s.</p>
-<a name="beyond_handles"></a><h2>Beyond handles</h2><p>
-It's nice that <tt>handle</tt> manages the reference counting details for us, but
-other than that it doesn't do much. Often we'd like to have a more useful
-class to manipulate Python objects. But we have already seen such a class
-in the <a href="object_interface.html">
-previous section</a>: the aptly named <tt>object</tt>
-class and it's derivatives. What we haven't seen, is that they can be
-constructed from a <tt>handle</tt>. The following examples should illustrate this
-fact:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>main_module</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>borrowed</span><span class=special>( </span><span class=identifier>PyImport_AddModule</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;__main__&quot;</span><span class=special>) ));
-    </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace </span><span class=identifier>dict</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>borrowed</span><span class=special>( </span><span class=identifier>PyModule_GetDict</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>main_module</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>get</span><span class=special>()) )));
-    </span><span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt;( </span><span class=identifier>PyRun_String</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;result = 5 ** 2&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Py_file_input</span><span class=special>,
-                           </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>ptr</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>ptr</span><span class=special>()) );
-    </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>five_squared </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>extract</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>&gt;( </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>[</span><span class=string>&quot;result&quot;</span><span class=special>] );
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Here we create a dictionary object for the <tt>__main__</tt> module's namespace.
-Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read this variable from
-the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result is to let
-<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55">
-PyRun_String</a> return the result directly with <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58">
-Py_eval_input</a>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>result</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt;( </span><span class=identifier>PyRun_String</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;5 ** 2&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Py_eval_input</span><span class=special>,
-                                         </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>ptr</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>ptr</span><span class=special>()) ));
-    </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>five_squared </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>extract</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>result</span><span class=special>);
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-<img src="theme/note.gif"></img> <b>Note</b> that <tt>object</tt>'s member function to return the wrapped
-<tt>PyObject*</tt> is called <tt>ptr</tt> instead of <tt>get</tt>. This makes sense if you
-take into account the different functions that <tt>object</tt> and <tt>handle</tt>
-perform.</p>
-<a name="exception_handling"></a><h2>Exception handling</h2><p>
-If an exception occurs in the execution of some Python code, the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55">
-PyRun_String</a> function returns a null pointer. Constructing a <tt>handle</tt> out of this null pointer throws <a href="../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec">
-error_already_set</a>, so basically, the Python exception is automatically translated into a C++ exception when using <tt>handle</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>try
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=identifier>object </span><span class=identifier>result</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt;( </span><span class=identifier>PyRun_String</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;5/0&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Py_eval_input</span><span class=special>,
-                                             </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>ptr</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>ptr</span><span class=special>()) ));
-        // </span><span class=identifier>execution </span><span class=identifier>will </span><span class=identifier>never </span><span class=identifier>get </span><span class=identifier>here</span><span class=special>:
-        </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>five_divided_by_zero </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>extract</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>result</span><span class=special>);
-    }
-    </span><span class=keyword>catch</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>error_already_set</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        // </span><span class=identifier>handle </span><span class=identifier>the </span><span class=identifier>exception </span><span class=identifier>in </span><span class=identifier>some </span><span class=identifier>way
-    </span><span class=special>}
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-The <tt>error_already_set</tt> exception class doesn't carry any information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred, you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html">
-exception handling functions</a> of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70">
-PyErr_Print()</a> to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html">
-standard exceptions</a>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>catch</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>error_already_set</span><span class=special>)
-    {
-        </span><span class=keyword>if </span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class=special>))
-        {
-            // </span><span class=identifier>handle </span><span class=identifier>ZeroDivisionError </span><span class=identifier>specially
-        </span><span class=special>}
-        </span><span class=keyword>else
-        </span><span class=special>{
-            // </span><span class=identifier>print </span><span class=identifier>all </span><span class=identifier>other </span><span class=identifier>errors </span><span class=identifier>to </span><span class=identifier>stderr
-            </span><span class=identifier>PyErr_Print</span><span class=special>();
-        }
-    }
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-(To retrieve even more information from the exception you can use some of the other exception handling functions listed <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html">
-here</a>.)</p>
-<p>
-If you'd rather not have <tt>handle</tt> throw a C++ exception when it is constructed, you can use the <a href="../../v2/handle.html#allow_null-spec">
-allow_null</a> function in the same way you'd use borrowed:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>handle</span><span class=special>&lt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>result</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>allow_null</span><span class=special>( </span><span class=identifier>PyRun_String</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;5/0&quot;</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>Py_eval_input</span><span class=special>,
-                                             </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>ptr</span><span class=special>(), </span><span class=identifier>main_namespace</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>ptr</span><span class=special>()) ));
-    </span><span class=keyword>if </span><span class=special>(!</span><span class=identifier>result</span><span class=special>)
-        // </span><span class=identifier>Python </span><span class=identifier>exception </span><span class=identifier>occurred
-    </span><span class=keyword>else
-        </span><span class=comment>// everything went okay, it's safe to use the result
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="embedding.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="iterators.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Dirk Gerrits<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/doc/virtual_functions_with_default_implementations.html

@@ -1,122 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Virtual Functions with Default Implementations</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="prev" href="deriving_a_python_class.html">
-<link rel="next" href="class_operators_special_functions.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Virtual Functions with Default Implementations</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="deriving_a_python_class.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="class_operators_special_functions.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<p>
-Recall that in the <a href="class_virtual_functions.html">
-previous section</a>, we
-wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then implemented in
-C++ or Python classes derived from it. Our base class:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>Base
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=keyword>virtual </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>() = </span><span class=number>0</span><span class=special>;
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-had a pure virtual function <tt>f</tt>. If, however, its member function <tt>f</tt> was
-not declared as pure virtual:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>Base
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=keyword>virtual </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>() { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=number>0</span><span class=special>; }
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-and instead had a default implementation that returns <tt>0</tt>, as shown above,
-we need to add a forwarding function that calls the <tt>Base</tt> default virtual
-function <tt>f</tt> implementation:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=keyword>struct </span><span class=identifier>BaseWrap </span><span class=special>: </span><span class=identifier>Base
-    </span><span class=special>{
-        </span><span class=identifier>BaseWrap</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>PyObject</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>self_</span><span class=special>)
-            : </span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self_</span><span class=special>) {}
-        </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>() { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>call_method</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=keyword>int</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>); }
-        </span><span class=keyword>int </span><span class=identifier>default_f</span><span class=special>() { </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(); } // &lt;&lt;=== ***</span><span class=identifier>ADDED</span><span class=special>***
-        </span><span class=identifier>PyObject</span><span class=special>* </span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>;
-    };
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Then, Boost.Python needs to keep track of 1) the dispatch function <tt>f</tt> and
-2) the forwarding function to its default implementation <tt>default_f</tt>.
-There's a special <tt>def</tt> function for this purpose. Here's how it is
-applied to our example above:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=identifier>class_</span><span class=special>&lt;</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>, </span><span class=identifier>BaseWrap</span><span class=special>&gt;(</span><span class=string>&quot;Base&quot;</span><span class=special>)
-        .</span><span class=identifier>def</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=string>&quot;f&quot;</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>, &amp;</span><span class=identifier>BaseWrap</span><span class=special>::</span><span class=identifier>default_f</span><span class=special>)
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Note that we are allowing <tt>Base</tt> objects to be instantiated this time,
-unlike before where we specifically defined the <tt>class_&lt;Base&gt;</tt> with
-<tt>no_init</tt>.</p>
-<p>
-In Python, the results would be as expected:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>base </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>()
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=keyword>class </span><span class=identifier>Derived</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>Base</span><span class=special>):
-    ...     </span><span class=identifier>def </span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>self</span><span class=special>):
-    ...         </span><span class=keyword>return </span><span class=number>42
-    </span><span class=special>...
-    &gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>derived </span><span class=special>= </span><span class=identifier>Derived</span><span class=special>()
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Calling <tt>base.f()</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>base</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>()
-    </span><span class=number>0
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Calling <tt>derived.f()</tt>:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>derived</span><span class=special>.</span><span class=identifier>f</span><span class=special>()
-    </span><span class=number>42
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Calling <tt>call_f</tt>, passing in a <tt>base</tt> object:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>call_f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>base</span><span class=special>)
-    </span><span class=number>0
-</span></pre></code>
-<p>
-Calling <tt>call_f</tt>, passing in a <tt>derived</tt> object:</p>
-<code><pre>
-    <span class=special>&gt;&gt;&gt; </span><span class=identifier>call_f</span><span class=special>(</span><span class=identifier>derived</span><span class=special>)
-    </span><span class=number>42
-</span></pre></code>
-<table border="0">
-  <tr>
-    <td width="30"><a href="../index.html"><img src="theme/u_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="30"><a href="deriving_a_python_class.html"><img src="theme/l_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-    <td width="20"><a href="class_operators_special_functions.html"><img src="theme/r_arr.gif" border="0"></a></td>
-   </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/tutorial/index.html

@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<!-- Generated by the Spirit (http://spirit.sf.net) QuickDoc -->
-<title>Boost Python Tutorial</title>
-<link rel="stylesheet" href="doc/theme/style.css" type="text/css">
-<link rel="next" href="quickstart.html">
-</head>
-<body>
-<table width="100%" height="48" border="0" cellspacing="2">
-  <tr>
-    <td><img src="doc/theme/c%2B%2Bboost.gif">
-    </td>
-    <td width="85%">
-      <font size="6" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><b>Boost Python Tutorial</b></font>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<table width="80%" border="0" align="center">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_title">Table of contents</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L0">
-        <a href="doc/quickstart.html">QuickStart</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L0">
-        <a href="doc/building_hello_world.html">Building Hello World</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L0">
-        <a href="doc/exposing_classes.html">Exposing Classes</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/constructors.html">Constructors</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/class_data_members.html">Class Data Members</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/class_properties.html">Class Properties</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/inheritance.html">Inheritance</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/class_virtual_functions.html">Class Virtual Functions</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/deriving_a_python_class.html">Deriving a Python Class</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/virtual_functions_with_default_implementations.html">Virtual Functions with Default Implementations</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/class_operators_special_functions.html">Class Operators/Special Functions</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L0">
-        <a href="doc/functions.html">Functions</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/call_policies.html">Call Policies</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/overloading.html">Overloading</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/default_arguments.html">Default Arguments</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/auto_overloading.html">Auto-Overloading</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L0">
-        <a href="doc/object_interface.html">Object Interface</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/basic_interface.html">Basic Interface</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/derived_object_types.html">Derived Object types</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/extracting_c___objects.html">Extracting C++ objects</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/enums.html">Enums</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L0">
-        <a href="doc/embedding.html">Embedding</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L1">
-        <a href="doc/using_the_interpreter.html">Using the interpreter</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L0">
-        <a href="doc/iterators.html">Iterators</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="toc_cells_L0">
-        <a href="doc/exception_translation.html">Exception Translation</a>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<br>
-<hr size="1"><p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 David Abrahams<br>Copyright &copy; 2002-2003 Joel de Guzman<br><br>
-<font size="2">Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document
- is granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document
- is provided &quot;as is&quot; without express or implied warranty, and with
- no claim as to its suitability for any purpose. </font> </p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/Apr2002.html

@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-<title>Boost.Python - April 2002 Progress Report</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">April 2002 Progress Report</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<h2>Contents</h2>
-<dl class="index">
-  <dt><a href="#accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></dt>
-  <dl class="index">
-    <dt><a href="#arity">Arbitrary Arity Support</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#callbacks">New Callback Interface</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#policies">Call Policies for Construtors</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#bugs">Real Users, Real Bugs</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#insights">New Insights</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#v1">Boost.Python V1 Maintenance</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-
-  <dt><a href="#missing">What's Missing</a></dt>
-
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></h2>
-
-April was a short month as far as Boost.Python was concerned, since
-the spring ISO C++ Committee Meeting (and associated vacation)
-occupied me for the 2nd half of the month. However, a suprising amount
-of work got done...
-
-<h3><a name="arity">Arbitrary Arity Support</a></h3>
-
-I began using the <a
-href="../../../preprocessor/doc/index.htm">Boost.Preprocessor</a>
-metaprogramming library to generate support for functions and member
-functions of arbitrary arity, which was, to say the least, quite an
-adventure. The feedback cycle resulting from my foray into
-Boost.Preprocessor resulted in several improvements to the library,
-most notably in its documentation. 
-
-<p>
-
-Boost.Python now supports calls of up to 17 arguments on most
-compilers. Because most EDG-based compilers have dismal preprocessor
-performance, I had to &quot;manually&quot; expand the metaprograms for
-arities from zero to fifteen arguments, and EDG-based compilers with
-<code>__EDG_VERSION__&nbsp;&lt;=&nbsp;245</code> only support 15
-arguments by default. If some crazy program finds a need for more than
-the default arity support, users can increase the base support by
-setting the <code>BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY</code> preprocessor symbol.
-
-<h3><a name="callbacks">New Callback Interface</a></h3>
-
-I mentioned in <a href="Mar2002.html">last month's report</a> that I
-wasn't pleased with the interface for the interface for calling into
-Python, so now it has been redesigned. The new interface is outlined
-in <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-April/000953.html">this
-message</a> (though the GCC 2.95.3 bugs have been fixed).
-
-<h3><a name="policies">Call Policies for Constructors</a></h3>
-
-On April 2nd, I <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-April/000916.html">announced</a>
-support for the use of call policies with constructors.
-
-<h3><a name="bugs">Real Users, Real Bugs</a></h3>
-
-At least two people outside of Kull began actually using Boost.Python
-v2 in earnest this month. Peter Bienstman and Pearu Pearson both
-provided valuable real-world bug reports that helped me to improve the
-library's robustness.
-
-<h3><a name="insights">New Insights</a></h3>
-
-<a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001010.html"
->Answering some of Pearu's questions</a> about explicitly converting
-objects between Python and C++ actually led me to a new understanding
-of the role of the current conversion facilities. In Boost.Python v1,
-all conversions between Python and C++ were handled by a single family
-of functions, called <code>to_python()</code> and
-<code>from_python()</code>. Since the primary role of Boost.Python is
-to wrap C++ functions in Python, I used these names for the first kind
-of converters I needed: those that extract C++ objects to be used as
-function arguments and which C++ function return values to
-Python. The better-considered approach in Boost.Python v2 uses a
-completely different mechanism for conversions used when calling
-Python from C++, as in wrapped virtual function implementations. I
-usually think of this as a &quot;callback&quot;, as in &quot;calling
-back into Python&quot;, and I named the converters used in callbacks
-accordingly: <code>to_python_callback</code> and
-<code>from_python_callback</code>. However, as it turns out, the
-behavior of the &quot;callback&quot; converters is the appropriate one
-for users who want to explicitly extract a C++ value from a Python
-object, or create a Python object from a C++ value. The upshot is that
-it probably makes sense to change the name of the existing <code>to_python</code> and
-<code>from_python</code> so those names are available for the
-user-friendly explicit converters.
-
-<p>
-<a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001013.html">Another
-of Pearu's questions</a> pushes momentum further in the direction of a
-more-sophisticated overloading mechanism than the current
-simple-minded &quot;first match&quot; approach, as I suggested <a
-href="Mar2002.html#implicit_conversions">last month</a>.
-
-<h3><a name="v1">Boost.Python V1 Maintenance</a></h3>
-
-As much as I'm looking forward to retiring Boost.Python v1, a
-significant amount of effort has been being spent dealing with support
-problems; the saying that code rots when left alone is true, and
-Boost.Python is no exception. Eventually it became obvious to me that
-we were going to have to invest some effort in keeping V1 healthy
-while working on V2. Ralf and I have expanded support for various
-compilers and stabilized the V1 codebase considerably. We discarded
-the obsolete Visual Studio projects which were causing so much
-confusion. Still to do before the next Boost release:
-<ol>
-<li>Update the build/test documentation with detailed instructions for
-configuring various toolsets.
-<li>Provide some links to Boost.Python v2 to let people know what's
-coming.
-</ol>
-
-
-<h2><a name="missing">What's Missing</a></h2>
-
-Last month I announced that I would implement the following which are
-not yet complete:
-<ol>
-<li>Document all implemented features
-<li>Implement conversions for <code>char</code> types. This is
-implemented but not tested, so we have to assume it doesn't work.
-</ol>
-
-These are my first priority for this month (especially the
-documentation).
-
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
-  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/CallPolicies.html

@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - CallPolicies Concept</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">CallPolicies Concept</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#composition">CallPolicies Composition</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#CallPolicies-concept">CallPolicies Concept</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p>Models of the CallPolicies concept are used to specialize the behavior
-    of Python callable objects generated by Boost.Python to wrapped C++
-    objects like function and member function pointers, providing three
-    behaviors:</p>
-
-    <ol>
-      <li><code>precall</code> - Python argument tuple management before the
-      wrapped object is invoked</li>
-
-      <li><code>result_converter</code> - C++ return value handling</li>
-
-      <li><code>postcall</code> - Python argument tuple and result management
-      after the wrapped object is invoked</li>
-    </ol>
-
-    <h2><a name="composition"></a>CallPolicies Composition</h2>
-    In order to allow the use of multiple models of CallPolicies in the same
-    callable object, Boost.Python's CallPolicies class templates provide a
-    chaining interface which allows them to be recursively composed. This
-    interface takes the form of an optional template parameter,
-    <code>Base</code> which defaults to <a href=
-    "default_call_policies.html#default_call_policies-spec"><code>default_call_policies</code></a>.
-    By convention, the <code>precall</code> function of the <code>Base</code>
-    is invoked <i>after</i> the <code>precall</code> function supplied by the
-    outer template, and the <code>postcall</code> function of the
-    <code>Base</code> is invoked <i>before</i> the <code>postcall</code>
-    function of the outer template. If a <code>result_converter</code> is
-    supplied by the outer template, it <i>replaces</i> any
-    <code>result_converter</code> supplied by the <code>Base</code>. For an
-    example, see <a href=
-    "return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec"><code>return_internal_reference</code></a>.
-    
-
-    <h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="CallPolicies-concept"></a>CallPolicies Concept</h3>
-
-    <p>In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes an object whose type
-    <code><b>P</b></code> is a model of CallPolicies, <code><b>a</b></code>
-    denotes a <code>PyObject*</code> pointing to a Python argument tuple
-    object, and <code><b>r</b></code> denotes a <code>PyObject*</code>
-    referring to a "preliminary" result object.</p>
-
-    <table summary="CallPolicies expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
-      <tr>
-        <td><b>Expression</b></td>
-
-        <td><b>Type</b></td>
-
-        <td><b>Result/Semantics</b></td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top"><code>x.precall(a)</code></td>
-
-        <td>convertible to <code>bool</code></td>
-
-        <td>returns <code>false</code> and <code><a href=
-        "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
-        upon failure, <code>true</code> otherwise.</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top"><code>P::result_converter</code></td>
-
-        <td>A model of <a href=
-        "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a>.</td>
-
-        <td>An MPL unary <a href=
-        "../../../mpl/doc/paper/html/usage.html#metafunctions.classes">Metafunction
-        Class</a> used produce the "preliminary" result object.</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top"><code>x.postcall(a, r)</code></td>
-
-        <td>convertible to <code>PyObject*</code></td>
-
-        <td>0 <code>0</code> and <code><a href=
-        "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>()&nbsp;!=&nbsp;0</code>
-        upon failure. Must "conserve references" even in the event of an
-        exception. In other words, if <code>r</code> is not returned, its
-        reference count must be decremented; if another existing object is
-        returned, its reference count must be incremented.</td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    Models of CallPolicies are required to be <a href=
-    "../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html">CopyConstructible</a>. 
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-
-    <p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software is
-    granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This
-    software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty, and
-    with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.</p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/Dereferenceable.html

@@ -1,81 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
-<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">Dereferenceable Concept</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<dl class="page-index"> 
-  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
-  <dl class="page-index"> 
-    <dt><a href="#Dereferenceable-concept">Dereferenceable Concept</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>Instances of a dereferenceable type can be used like a pointer to access an lvalue.
-
-<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
-<h3><a name="Dereferenceable-concept"></a>Dereferenceable Concept</h3>
-
-<p>In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes an object whose
-type is a model of Dereferenceable.
-
-<table summary="Dereferenceable expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
-    <td><b>Requirements</b></td>
-  </tr>
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>*x</code></td>
-    <td>An lvalue
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-If <code><b>x</b></code> is not a pointer type, it also must satsify the following expression:
-
-<table summary="Dereferenceable expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
-    <td><b>Operational Semantics</b></td>
-  </tr>
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>x.get()</code></td>
-    <td><code>&amp;*x</code>, or a null pointer
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr>
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  29 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
-
-<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
- and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
- in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
- warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/Extractor.html

@@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
-<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">Extractor Concept</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<dl class="page-index"> 
-  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
-  <dl class="page-index"> 
-    <dt><a href="#Extractor-concept">Extractor Concept</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-  <dt><a href="#notes">Notes</a></dt>
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>An Extractor is a class which Boost.Python can use to extract C++
-objects from Python objects, and is typically used by facilities that
-define <code>from_python</code> conversions for
-&quot;traditional&quot; Python extension types. 
-
-<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
-<h3><a name="Extractor-concept"></a>Extractor Concept</h3>
-
-<p>In the table below, <code><b>X</b></code> denotes a model of
-Extractor and <code><b>a</b></code> denotes an instance of a Python
-object type.
-
-<table summary="Extractor expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
-    <td><b>Type</b></td>
-    <td><b>Semantics</b></td>
-  </tr>
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>X::execute(a)</code></td>
-    <td>non-void
-    <td>Returns the C++ object being extracted. The
-    <code>execute</code> function must not be overloaded.
-  </tr>
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>&amp;a.ob_type</code>
-    <td><code><a
-        href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-type-methods.html">PyTypeObject</a>**</code>
-    <td>Points to the <code>ob_type</code> field of an object which is
-    layout-compatible with <code>PyObject</code>
-  </tr>
-
-  </tr>
-
-</table>
-
-<h2><a name="notes"></a>Notes</h2>
-
-Informally, an Extractor's <code>execute</code> member must be a
-non-overloaded static function whose single argument is a Python
-object type. Acceptable Python object types include those publicly (and
-unambiguously) derived from <code>PyObject</code>, and POD types which
-are layout-compatible with PyObject.
-
-<hr>
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
-
-<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
- and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
- in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
- warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/HolderGenerator.html

@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
-<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">HolderGenerator Concept</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<dl class="page-index"> 
-  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
-  <dl class="page-index"> 
-    <dt><a href="#HolderGenerator-concept">HolderGenerator Concept</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>A HolderGenerator is a unary metafunction class which returns types
-suitable for holding instances of its argument in a wrapped C++ class
-instance.
-
-<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
-<h3><a name="HolderGenerator-concept"></a>HolderGenerator Concept</h3>
-
-<p>In the table below, <code><b>G</b></code> denotes an type which
-models HolderGenerator, and <code><b>X</b></code> denotes a class
-type.
-
-<table summary="Holder expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
-    <td><b>Requirements</b></td>
-  </tr>
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>G::apply&lt;X&gt;::type</code></td>
-    <td>A concrete subclass of <a
-    href="instance_holder.html#instance_holder-spec">instance_holder</a>
-    which can hold objects of type <code>X</code>.
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<hr>
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
-
-<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
- and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
- in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
- warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/Jun2002.html

@@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-<title>Boost.Python - June 2002 Progress Report</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">June 2002 Progress Report</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<h2>Contents</h2>
-<dl class="index">
-  <dt><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#handle"><code>handle&lt;T&gt;</code></a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#object"><code>object</code></a></dt>
-  <dl class="index">
-    <dt><a href="#operators"><code>object</code> operators</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#conversions"><code>object</code> conversions</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-  <dt><a href="#list"><code>list</code></a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#numerics"><code>Numerics</code></a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#community">Community</a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#next">What's Next</a></dt>
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
-
-July was mostly focused on allowing expressive manipulation of
-individual Python objects, or what Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve calls
-&quot;Writing Python in C++&quot;. The work began with this <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001311.html">posting</a>,
-which outlines the issues and intention.
-
-<h2><a name="handle"><code>handle&lt;T&gt;</code></a></h2>
-
-The most basic element needed was a replacement for the
-<code>reference&lt;&gt;</code> class template and the
-<code>ref</code> typedef from Boost.Python v1, a simple smart
-pointer to a Python object. The old v1 typedef
-&quot;<code>ref</code>&quot; (for
-<code>reference&lt;PyObject&gt;</code>) had to be retired because I
-thought it would be too confusing given the importance of <code><a
-href="../../../bind/ref.html">boost::ref</a>()</code> to this
-library. I began a <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001311.html">discussion</a>of
-possible names, and it was eventually <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001337.html">decided</a>
-to rename <code>reference</code> to <code>handle</code> and supply a
-default argument so that <code>ref</code> could be spelled
-<code>handle&lt;&gt;</code> without an additional typedef. There
-were also some interface changes to make it safer and more-efficient
-to interface with the raw
-<code>PyObject*</code>s forced on us by Python's 'C' API. A
-discussion of those protocols can be found <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001401.html">here</a>.
-
-<h2><a name="handle"><code>object</code></a></h2>
-
-It is intended that users will seldom need or want to work with
-<code>handle&lt;&gt;</code>; its major distinguishing features are
-that it gives direct access to the underlying object representation
-through <code>operator*</code> and <code>operator-&gt;</code>, and
-that can be <code>NULL</code>, both sources of danger. Instead the
-library provides a class called <code>object</code>, which
-encapsulates a valid Python object and provides a similar interface to
-Python's.
-
-<h3><a name="operators"><code>object</code> operators</a></h3>
-
-The first challenge was to provide support for object manipulations
-using a Python-like syntax, mostly in the form of operator overloads:
-
-<table border="1">
-<tr><th>Python <th>C++
-
-<tr>
-  <td><code>y = x.foo</code>  <td><code>y = x.attr(&quot;foo&quot;); 
-<tr>
-  <td><code>x.foo = 1</code>  <td><code>x.attr(&quot;foo&quot;) = 1; 
-
-<tr>
-  <td><code>y = x[z]</code>  <td><code>y = x[z];
-<tr>
-  <td><code>x[z] = 1</code>  <td><code>x[z] = 1; 
-
-<tr>
-  <td><code>y = x[3:-1]</code>  <td><code>y = x.slice(3,-1); 
-
-<tr>
-  <td><code>y = x[3:]</code>  <td><code>y = x.slice(3,_); 
-
-<tr>
-  <td><code>y = x[:-2]</code>  <td><code>y = x.slice(_,-2); 
-
-<tr>
-  <td><code>z = x(1, y)</code>  <td><code>z = x(1, y);
-<tr>
-  <td><code>z = x.f(1, y)</code>  <td><code>z = x.attr(&quot;f&quot;)(1, y);
-
-<tr>
-  <td><code>not x</code>  <td><code>!x
-
-<tr>
-  <td><code>x and y</code>  <td><code>x and y
-</table>
-
-I'm still a unsatisfied with the interface for attribute access. There
-original proposal  used a syntax like this one:
-<pre>
-y = x._(&quot;foo&quot;); 
-x._(&quot;foo&quot;) = 1; 
-</pre>
-
-which was only marginally better than what we've got. Niki Spahiev
-then <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001447.html">pointed
-out</a> a potential conflict with the macro which GNU Gettext <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/manual/gettext/html_mono/gettext.html#SEC6">suggests</a>
-people define. This unfortunate state of affairs forced us into using
-<code>attr</code> instead. I'd still like to find a better interface,
-but the lack of overloadable C++ operators which aren't already used
-in Python is an obstacle. The comma operator is still a possibility,
-but it has the wrong precedence:
-<pre>
-y = x,&quot;foo&quot;    // error
-x,&quot;foo&quot; = 1;   // error
-
-y = (x,&quot;foo&quot;); // ok
-(x,&quot;foo&quot;) = 1; // ok
-</pre>
-
-Well, I guess we could consider adding that to the interface without
-removing <code>attr()</code>, to see how it plays out...
-
-<h3><a name="operators"><code>object</code> conversions</a></h3>
-
-The <code>object</code> class also provided an opportunity to replace
-Boost.Python v1's <code>to_python()</code> as a user-level
-interface. Instead, <code>object</code> has a templated constructor
-which can be used to convert any C++ object to Python using the same
-underlying mechanisms used for the arguments to <code><a
-href="call.html">call</a>&lt;&gt;</code>.
-
-<p>Incidentally, the implementation of operator and conversion support
-for object uncovered an inordinate number of compiler bugs in our
-targeted platforms. It was a lot more &quot;interesting&quot; than it
-should have been.
-
-<h2><a name="list"><code>list</code></a></h2>
-
-With <code>object</code> implemented, it was time to begin replacing
-the ad-hoc implementations of <code>list</code>, <code>string</code>,
-and <code>dictionary</code> supplied by Boost.Python v1 with something
-more robust. I started with <code>list</code> as an example. Because
-<code>object</code> already provides all of the requisite operators,
-publicly deriving <code>list</code> from object seemed like a good
-choice. The remaining issues were what do do about the one-argument
-list constructor (which in Python attempts to convert its argument to
-a list), and how to deal converting with <code>list</code> arguments
-to wrapped functions. Some of the issues are laid out in <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001551.html">this
-thread</a>. Ultimately, it was decided that <code>list(x)</code>
-should do the same thing in C++ as in Python (conversion), while
-<code>list</code> arguments should only match Python
-<code>list</code>s (and <code>list</code> subclasses). The
-implementation worked well, and provided a <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001586.html">roadmap</a>
-for the protocol to be used for implementation of the other built-in
-types.
-
-<h2><a name="numerics">Numerics</a></h2>
-
-Support for C++ <code>long long</code> and <code>unsigned long
-long</code>
-(and <code>__int64</code> on MSVC) to/from python conversions was
-added this month. We also improved handling of numeric overflows when
-converting, e.g., a Python int to a type with a more limited range of
-representation.
-
-<h2><a name="community">Community</a></h2>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve and Nick Sauter have implemented
-<a href="http://cci.lbl.gov/boost/">multiplatform nightly
-build-and-test</a> runs for Boost.Python V2 at LBL.
-
-<li>Dave Hawkes has made significant progress on generating the
-Python <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-June/001503.html">built-in
-function and API wrappers</a>
-
-<li>Achim Domma has agreed to take up the job of implementing the
-<code>str</code>, <code>dict</code>, and <code>tuple</code> classes.
-</ul>
-
-Deep thanks to all the Boost.Python contributors! This project
-wouldn't be possible without your participation.
-
-  <h2><a name="next">What's Next</a></h2>
-
-As I write this we are already well into the month of July, so I
-suggest you consult the <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-July/">Mailing
-List Archive</a> if you want to know what's been happening. Otherwise
-you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
-
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
-  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/Mar2002.html

@@ -1,234 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-<title>Boost.Python - March 2002 Progress Report</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">March 2002 Progress Report</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<h2>Contents</h2>
-<dl class="index">
-  <dt><a href="#accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></dt>
-  <dl class="index">
-    <dt><a href="#calling_python">Calling Python from C++</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#virtual_functions">Virtual Functions</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#abstract_classes">Abstract Classes</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#implicit_conversions">C++ Implicit Conversions</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#data_members">C++ Data Members</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-
-  <dt><a href="#future">The Near future</a></dt>
-
-  <dt><a href="#notes">Notes</a></dt>
-
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="accomplishments">Accomplishments</a></h2>
-
-March was mostly devoted to the reimplementation of features from
-Boost.Python v1, and some new features. Re-examination of the features
-from Boost.Python v1 allowed me to make significant improvements.
-
-<h3><a name="calling_python">Calling Python from C++</a></h3>
-
-The ability to call Python from C++ is crucial for virtual function
-support. Implementing this feature well for V2 proved to be more
-interesting than I expected. You can review most of the relevant
-design decisions
-<a href="callbacks.txt">here</a>.
-
-<p>
-One point which <i>isn't</i> emphasized in that document is that there
-are subtle differences in the way <code>from_python</code> conversions
-work when used for C++ function arguments and Python function return
-values. In particular, while <code>T const&amp;</code> arguments may
-invoke rvalue converters, a reference-to-const return value requires
-an lvalue converter, since a temporary conversion result would leave
-the returned reference dangling.
-
-<p>I'm not particularly pleased with the current callback interface,
-since it usually results in constructs like:
-<pre>
-<u>return returning</u>&lt;X&amp;&gt;::call(f, obj);
-</pre>
-However, I think the following may be possible and I plan to investigate:
-<pre>
-return apply&lt;X&amp;&gt;(f, obj);
-</pre>
-I'm open to suggestion for better names (and syntaxes)!
-
-<h3><a name="virtual_functions">Virtual Functions</a></h3>
-
-Once Python callbacks were implemented, it was just a short step to
-implementing virtual functions. Python extension class exposing a C++
-class whose virtual functions are overridable in Python must actually
-hold a C++ instance of a class <i>derived</i> from the one exposed to
-Python. Needing some way for users to specify that class, I added an
-optional template argument to <code>value_holder_generator</code> and
-<code>pointer_holder_generator&lt;&gt;</code> to specify the class
-actually held. This move began to put pressure on the
-<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface, since the need for the user to
-produce complicated instantations of
-<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> was increased:
-
-<pre>
-class&lt;Foo, bases&lt;&gt;, value_holder_generator&lt;Foo_callback&gt; &gt;(&quot;Foo&quot;)
-.def(&quot;hello&quot;, &amp;Foo::hello)
-...
-</pre>
-
-<h3><a name="abstract_classes">Abstract Classes</a></h3>
-
-Normally when a C++ class is exposed to Python, the library registers
-a conversion function which allows users to wrap functions returning
-values of that type. Naturally, these return values are temporaries,
-so the conversion function must make a copy in some
-dynamically-allocated storage (a &quot;holder&quot;) which is managed
-by the corresponding Python object.
-
-<p>Unfortunately, in the case of abstract classes (and other types
-without a publicly-accessible copy constructor), instantiating this
-conversion function causes a compilation error.  In order to support
-non-copyable classes, there had to be some way to prevent the library
-from trying to instantiate the conversion function. The only practical
-approach I could think of was to add an additional template parameter
-to the <code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface. When the number of
-template parameters with useful defaults begins to grow, it is often
-hard to choose an order which allows users to take advantage of the
-defaults.
-
-<p>
-
-This was the straw that broke the
-<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> interface's back and caused the redesign
-whose outcome is detailed <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-March/000892.html">here</a>.
-The approach allows the user to supply the optional parameters in an
-arbitrary order. It was inspired by the use of <a
-href="../../../utility/iterator_adaptors.htm#named_tempalte_parameters">named
-template parameters</a> in the <a
-href="../../../utility/iterator_adaptors.htm">Boost Iterator Adaptor
-Library</a>, though in this case it is possible to deduce the meaning
-of the template parameters entirely from their type properties,
-resulting in a simpler interface. Although the move from a
-policy-based design to what resembles a configuration DSL usually
-implies a loss of flexibility, in this case I think any costs are far
-outweighed by the advantages.
-
-<p>Note: working around the limitations of the various compilers I'm
-supporting was non-trivial, and resulted in a few messy implementation
-details. It might be a good idea to switch to a more-straightforward
-approach once Metrowerks CodeWarrior Pro8 is released.
-
-<h3><a name="implicit_conversions">C++ Implicit Conversions</a></h3>
-
-Support for C++ implicit conversion involves creating
-<code>from_python</code> converters for a type <code>U</code> which in
-turn use <code>from_python</code> converters registered for a type
-<code>T</code> where there exists a implicit conversion from
-<code>T</code> to <code>U</code>. The current implementation is
-subject to two inefficiencies:
-<ol>
-
-<li>Because an rvalue <code>from_python</code> converter produces two
-pieces of data (a function and a <code>void*</code>) from its
-<code>convertible()</code> function, we end up calling the function
-for <code>T</code> twice: once when the converter is looked up in the
-registry, and again when the conversion is actually performed. 
-
-<li>A vector is used to mark the "visited" converters, preventing
-infinite recursion as <code>T</code> to
-<code>U</code> and <code>U</code> to <code>T</code> converters
-continually search through one-another.
-
-</ol>
-
-I consider the former to be a minor issue. The second may or may not
-prove to be computationally significant, but I believe that
-architecturally, it points toward a need for more sophisticated
-overload resolution. It may be that we want CLOS-style multimethod
-dispatching along with C++ style rules that prevent more than one
-implicit conversion per argument.
-
-<h3><a name="data_members">C++ Data Members</a></h3>
-
-To supply the ability to directly access data members, I was able to
-hijack the new Python <a
-href="http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property">property</a>
-type. I had hoped that I would also be able to re-use the work of <a
-href="make_function.html">make_function</a> to create callable python
-objects from C++ functions which access a data member of a given
-class. C++ facilities for specifying data member pointer non-type
-template arguments require the user to explicitly specify the type of
-the data member and this under-utilized feature is also not
-well-implemented on all compilers, so passing the member pointer as a
-runtime value is the only practical approach. The upshot is that any
-such entity would actually have to be a function <i>object</i>, and I
-haven't implemented automatic wrapping of C++ callable function
-objects yet, so there is less re-use in the implementation than I'd
-like. I hope to implement callable object wrapping and refactor this
-code one day. I also hope to implement static data member support,
-for which Python's property will not be an appropriate descriptor.
-
-<h3><a name="miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</a></h3>
-<ul>
-<li>Moved <code>args&lt;&gt;</code> and <code>bases&lt;&gt;</code> from unnamed namespace to <code>boost::python</code> in their own header files.
-<li>Convert <code>NULL</code> pointers returned from wrapped C++ functions to <code>None</code>.
-<li>Improved some compile-time error checks.
-<li>Eliminated <code>boost/python/detail/eval.hpp</code> in favor of
-more-general <code>boost/mpl/apply.hpp</code>.
-<li>General code cleanup and refactoring.
-<li>Works with Microsoft Visual C++ 7.0
-<li>Warning suppression for many compilers
-<li>Elegant interface design for exporting <code>enum</code> types.
-</ul>
-<hr>
-
-<h2><a name="future">The Near Future</a></h2>
-
-Before April 15th I plan to 
-<ol>
-<li>Document all implemented features
-<li>Implement a <code>CallPolicy</code> interface for constructors of wrapped
-classes
-<li>Implement conversions for <code>char</code> types.
-<li>Implement automated code generation for all headers containing
-families of overloaded functions to handle arbitrary arity.
-</ol>
-
-I also hope to implement a mechanism for generating conversions
-between arbitrary Python sequences and C++ containers, if time permits
-(and others haven't already done it)!
-
-<h2><a name="notes">Notes</a></h2>
-
-The older version of KCC used by Kull is generating lots of warnings
-about a construct I use to instantiate static members of various class
-templates. I'm thinking of moving to an idiom which uses a function
-template to suppress it, but worry about bloating the size of debug
-builds. Since KCC users may be moving to GCC, I'm not sure that it's
-worth doing anything about it.
-
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
-  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/May2002.html

@@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-<title>Boost.Python - May 2002 Progress Report</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">May 2002 Progress Report</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<h2>Contents</h2>
-<dl class="index">
-  <dt><a href="#intro">Introduction</a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#features">New Features</a></dt>
-  <dl>
-    <dt><a href="#aix_shared">Shared Library Support for AIX</a><dd>
-    <dt><a href="#class_enhancements">Class Enhancements</a><dd>
-    <dl>
-      <dt><a href="#operators">Operators</a><dd>
-      <dt><a href="#iterators">Iterators</a><dd>
-      <dt><a href="#properties">Properties</a><dd>
-      <dt><a href="#setattr">setattr</a><dd>
-      <dt><a href="#module">__module__ Attribute</a><dd>
-    </dl>
-    <dt><a href="#back_reference">back_reference</a><dd>
- </dl>
-
-  <dt><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a></dt>
-   <dt><a href="#misc">Miscellaneous</a></dt>
-  <dl class="index">
-    <dt><a href="#converters">Converters</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#shared">Shared Libraries</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-
-  <dt><a href="#next">What's Next</a></dt>
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="intro">Introduction</a></h2>
-
-Aside from library development, work on Boost.Python in May was
-focused on reducing the support burden. In recent weeks, responding to
-requests for support, espcially surrounding building the library, had
-begun to impede progress on development. There was a major push to
-release a stable 1.28.0 of Boost, including documentation of <a
-href="../../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> and specific
-<a href="../building.html">instructions</a> for building Boost.Python
-v1. The documentation for Boost.Python v2 was also updated as
-described <a href="#documentation">here</a>.
-
-<h2><a name="features">New Features</a></h2>
-
-  <h3><a name="aix_shared">Shared Library Support for AIX</a></h3>
-
-  The Kull group required the ability to build and test Boost.Python
-  extensions on AIX, a platform with &quot;creatively designed&quot;
-  shared library semantics. Making this work was a multi-pronged
-  effort, involving changes to Boost.Build and some great research by
-  Martin Casado which uncovered the key mechanism required to allow
-  shared libraries to use functions from the Python executable. The
-  current solution used in Boost.Build relies on a <a
-  href="../../../../tools/build/gen_aix_import_file.py">Python
-  Script</a> as part of the build process. This is not a problem for
-  Boost.Python, as Python will be available. However, the commands
-  issued by the script are so simple that a 100%-pure-Boost.Jam
-  solution is surely possible. Linking on AIX is sufficiently
-  interesting to have skewed the Boost.Python development schedule a
-  bit.
-
-  <h3><a name="class_enhancements">Class Enhancements</a></h3>
-
-      <h4><a name="operators">Operators</a></h4>
-
-Support for exposing C++ operators and functions as the corresponding
-Python special methods was added. Thinking that the Boost.Python
-<a href="../special.html#numeric">v1 interface</a> was a little too
-esoteric (especially the use of
-<code>left_operand&lt;...&gt;/right_operand&lt;...&gt;</code> for
-asymmetric operands), I introduced a simple form of <a
-href="http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html">expression
-templates</a> which allow users to simply write the expressions that
-should be wrapped, as in this <a href="operators.html#examples">example</a>.
-
-      <h4><a name="iterators">Iterators</a></h4>
-
-Python iterator support as required by the Kull project resulted in a
-highly flexible interface allowing:
-
-<dl>
-
-<dt>Direct exposure of a class' <code>begin()</code> and
-<code>end()</code> functions:
-
-<pre>
-    ...
-    .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;, iterator&lt;list_int&gt;())
-</pre>
-<dd>
-
-<dt>Creation of iterators from member functions...
-<pre>
-    ...
-    .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;
-         , range(&amp;my_class::x_begin, &amp;my_class::x_end))
-    )
-</pre>
-<dd>
-
-<dt>...and member data:
-<pre>
-    ...
-    .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;
-         , range(&amp;std::pair&lt;char*,char*&gt;::first, &amp;std::pair&lt;char*,char*&gt;::second))
-    )
-</pre>
-<dd>
-
-<dt>The ability to specify <a
-href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>, e.g. to prevent copying of
-heavyweight values:
-
-<pre>
-    ...
-    .def(&quot;__iter__&quot;, 
-         , range&lt;return_value_policy&lt;copy_non_const_reference&gt; &gt;(
-               &amp;my_sequence&lt;heavy&gt;::begin
-             , &amp;my_sequence&lt;heavy&gt;::end))
-</pre>
-<dd>
-
-</dl>
-
-      <h4><a name="properties">Properties</a></h4>
-
-The Kull iteration interfaces also required the ability to iterate
-over a sequence specified by an instance's attribute:
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f = field()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; for e in f.elements:
-...     print e,
-</pre>
-
-This forced the exposure of the <a
-      href="http://www.python.org/2.2/descrintro.html#property"><code>property</code></a>
-      interface used internally to implement the data member exposure
-      facility described in <a
-      href="Mar2002#data_members">March</a>. Properties are an
-      incredibly useful idiom, so it's good to be able to provide them
-      at little new development cost.
-
-      <h4><a name="setattr">setattr</a></h4>
-
-<code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> acquired a <code>setattr</code> member
-function which allows users to easily add new Python objects as class
-attributes.
-
-      <h4><a name="module">__module__ Attribute</a></h4>
-
-Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve has been working on pickling support for v2. To
-make it work correctly, he had to make sure that a class'
-<code>__module__</code> attribute was set correctly.
-
-<h3><a name="back_reference"><code>back_reference</code></a></h3>
-
-The new <code>back_reference&lt;T&gt;</code> template can be used as a
-function parameter when the user needs access to both a <code>T</code>
-argument and to the Python object which manages it. The function will
-only match in the overload resolution process if it would match the
-same function signature with <code>T</code> substituted for
-<code>back_reference&lt;T&gt;</code>. This feature is not yet
-documented.
-
-<h2><a name="documentation">Documentation</a></h2>
-
-In a major effort to prepare Boost.Python v2 to replace v1, many pages
-of new reference documentation were added:
-
-<blockquote>
-
-<dl>
-        <dt><a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="Dereferenceable.html">Dereferenceable.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="Extractor.html">Extractor.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="HolderGenerator.html">HolderGenerator.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="ResultConverter.html">ResultConverter.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="call_method.html">call_method.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="callbacks.html">callbacks.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="data_members.html">data_members.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="has_back_reference.html">has_back_reference.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="implicit.html">implicit.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="instance_holder.html">instance_holder.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="operators.html">operators.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="ptr.html">ptr.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="type_id.html">type_id.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="with_custodian_and_ward.html">with_custodian_and_ward.html</a><dd>
-</dl>
-
-</blockquote>
-Major updates were made to the following pages:
-
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl>
-        <dt><a href="call.html">call.html</a><dd> <dt><a href="updated">updated</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="class.html">class.html</a><dd>
-        <dt><a href="reference.html">reference.html</a><dd>
-</dl>
-</blockquote>
-
-         As usual, careful documentation forces one to consider the
-         interface again, and there were many interface changes
-         associated with this effort, including the elevation of the
-         following components from implementation detail to
-         first-class library citizen:
-
-<blockquote>
-<dl>
-        <dt>type_id.hpp<dd>
-        <dt>pointee.hpp<dd>
-        <dt>lvalue_from_pytype.hpp<dd></dl>
-</dl>
-</blockquote>
-
-<h2><a name="misc">Miscellaneous</a></h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="converters">Converters</a></h3>
-
-It appears that the world of C++ &lt;==&gt; Python conversion rules is
-an endlessly-rich area of exploration. Completing the conversions for
-<code>char</code> and <code>char const*</code> types, as described at
-the end of <a href="Apr2002.html#missing">April's report</a>,
-uncovered some interesting new shades to the problem. It turns out to
-be worth distinguishing mutable and immutable lvalue conversions,
-because despite the fact that Python doesn't understand
-<code>const</code>, it does understand immutability (c.f. Python
-strings, which expose an immutable <code>char</code> pointer). It is
-also worth recognizing types which represent lvalue <i>sequences</i>,
-to prevent Python <code>&quot;foobar&quot;</code> from being silently
-truncated to C++ <code>'f'</code>. More details on this insight can be
-found in the mailing list <a
-href="http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2002-May/001023.html">
-archive</a>. I don't plan to do anything about this immediately, but I
-do think it's the right direction to go in the long run.
-
-    <h3><a name="checkins">Checkins Mailing List</a></h3>
-
-In order to better coordinate changes made by multiple developers, I
-enabled <a
-href="http://sourceforge.net/docman/display_doc.php?docid=772&group_id=1">syncmail</a>
-for the Boost.Python CVS trees, and established an associated <a
-href="http://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/boost-python-cvs">mailing
-list</a>. Subscribe to this list to receive notices of each new
-checkin.
-
-    <h3><a name="shared">Shared Libraries</a></h3>
-
-Beyond the vagaries of dynamic linking on AIX, I have been
-participating in a more-general discussion of dynamic linking for
-C++. Needless to say, C++ dynamic linking is of critical importance to
-Boost.Python: all extension modules are normally built as shared
-libraries, and Boost.Python extension modules share a common library
-as well. 
-
-In fact, there are at least two separate conversations. One
-in the C++ standard extensions mailing list concerns what can be
-standardized for C++ and shared libraries; the other, mostly on the <a
-href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/">gcc</a> mailing list, concerns the
-behavior of GCC on Posix/ELF platforms. 
-
-Some of the GCC threads are here:
-
-<blockquote>
-<a
-href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02002.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02002.html</a><br>
-<a
-href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02945.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg02945.html</a><br>
-<a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg01758.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-05/msg01758.html</a>
-</blockquote>
-
-  <h2><a name="next">What's Next</a></h2>
-
-Development is focused on what's needed to be able to retire
-Boost.Python v1. At the moment, that means deciding the user-friendly
-interfaces for to_/from_python conversion, and formally exposing the
-Python object smart pointers and object wrapper classes. Quite a few
-questions have also been showing up recently about how to embed Python
-with Boost.Python, and how to link with it statically; the solutions
-to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
-
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
-  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/ObjectWrapper.html

@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - ObjectWrapper Concept</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">ObjectWrapper and TypeWrapper Concepts</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#ObjectWrapper-concept">ObjectWrapper Concept</a></dt>
-
-          <dt><a href="#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper Concept</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#caveat">Caveat</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p>This page defines two concepts used to describe classes which manage a
-    Python objects, and which are intended to support usage with a
-    Python-like syntax.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="ObjectWrapper-concept"></a>ObjectWrapper Concept</h3>
-    Models of the ObjectWrapper concept have <a href=
-    "object.html#object-spec">object</a> as a publicly-accessible base class,
-    and are used to supply special construction behavior and/or additional
-    convenient functionality through (often templated) member functions.
-    Except when the return type <code>R</code> is itself an <a href=
-    "#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper</a>, a member function invocation of
-    the form 
-<pre>
-x.<i>some_function</i>(<i>a<small>1</small>, a<small>2</small>,...a<small>n</small></i>)
-</pre>
-    always has semantics equivalent to: 
-<pre>
-<a href=
-"extract.html#extract-spec">extract</a>&lt;R&gt;(x.attr("<i>some_function</i>")(<a
- href=
-"object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>1</small></i>), <a
-href=
-"object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>2</small></i>),...<a
-href="object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>n</small></i>)))()
-</pre>
-    When the <code>R</code> is an <a href=
-    "#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper</a>, the result type may be
-    constructed by taking direct posession of: 
-<pre>
-x.attr("<i>some_function</i>")(<a href=
-"object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>1</small></i>), <a
- href=
-"object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>2</small></i>),...<a
- href=
-"object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>n</small></i>)).ptr()
-</pre>
-    [see <a href="#caveat">caveat</a> below] 
-
-    <h3><a name="TypeWrapper-concept"></a>TypeWrapper Concept</h3>
-    TypeWrapper is a refinement of ObjectWrapper which is associated with a
-    particular Python type <code>X</code>. For a given TypeWrapper
-    <code>T</code>, a valid constructor expression 
-<pre>
-T(<i>a<small>1</small>, a<small>2</small>,...a<small>n</small></i>)
-</pre>
-    builds a new <code>T</code> object managing the result of invoking
-    <code>X</code> with arguments corresponding to 
-<pre>
-<a href=
-"object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>1</small></i>), <a
- href=
-"object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>2</small></i>),...<a
- href=
-"object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(<i>a<small>n</small></i>)
-</pre>
-
-When used as arguments to wrapped C++ functions, or as the template
-parameter to <code><a
-href="extract.html#extract-spec">extract</a>&lt;&gt;</code>, only
-instances of the associated Python type will be considered a match.
-
-    <h3><a name="caveat">Caveat</a></h3>
-    The upshot of the special member function invocation rules when the
-    return type is a TypeWrapper is that it is possible for the returned
-    object to manage a Python object of an inappropriate type. This is not
-    usually a serious problem; the worst-case result is that errors will be
-    detected at runtime a little later than they might otherwise be. For an
-    example of how this can occur, note that the <code><a href=
-    "dict.html#dict-spec">dict</a></code> member function <code>items</code>
-    returns an object of type <code><a href=
-    "list.html#list-spec">list</a></code>. Now suppose the user defines this
-    <code>dict</code> subclass in Python: 
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class mydict(dict):
-...     def items(self):
-...         return tuple(dict.items(self)) # return a tuple
-</pre>
-    Since an instance of <code>mydict</code> is also an instance of
-    <code>dict</code>, when used as an argument to a wrapped C++ function,
-    <code><a href="dict.html#dict-spec">boost::python::dict</a></code> can
-    accept objects of Python type <code>mydict</code>. Invoking
-    <code>items()</code> on this object can result in an instance of <code><a
-    href="list.html#list-spec">boost::python::list</a></code> which actually
-    holds a Python tuple. Subsequent attempts to use list methods (e.g.
-    <code>append</code>, or any other mutating operation) on this object will
-    raise the same exception that would occur if you tried to do it from
-    Python. 
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-
-    <p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software is
-    granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This
-    software is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty, and
-    with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.</p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/ResultConverter.html

@@ -1,110 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
-<title>Boost.Python - ResultConverter Concept</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-      <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">ResultConverter Concept</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<dl class="page-index"> 
-  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
-  <dl class="page-index"> 
-    <dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
-    <dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-<p>A ResultConverter for a type <code>T</code> is a type whose
-instances can be used to convert C++ return values of type
-<code>T</code> <code>to_python</code>. A ResultConverterGenerator is
-an MPL unary metafunction class which, given the return type of a C++
-function, returns a ResultConverter for that type. ResultConverters in
-Boost.Python generally inspect library's registry of converters to
-find a suitable converter, but converters which don't use the registry
-are also possible.
-
-<h2><a name="concept-requirements"></a>Concept Requirements</h2>
-<h3><a name="ResultConverter-concept"></a>ResultConverter Concept</h3>
-
-<p>In the table below, <code><b>C</b></code> denotes a ResultConverter
-type for a type <b><code>R</code></b> , <code><b>c</b></code> denotes
-an object of type <code><b>C</b></code> , and <code><b>r</b></code>
-denotes an object of type <code><b>R</b></code>.
-
-<table summary="ResultConverter expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
-    <td><b>Type</b></td>
-    <td><b>Semantics</b></td>
-  </tr>
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>C c;</code></td>
-    <td>
-    <td>Constructs a <code>C</code> object.
-  </tr>
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>c.convertible()</code></td>
-    <td>convertible to <code>bool</code></td>
-    <td><code>false</code> iff no conversion from any <code>R</code> value
-    to a Python object is possible.</td>
-  </tr>
-
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>c(r)</code></td>
-    <td>convertible to <code>PyObject*</code></td>
-    <td>A pointer to a Python object corresponding to <code>r</code>,
-    or <code>0</code> iff <code>r</code> could not be converted
-    <code>to_python</code>, in which case <a
-    href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>
-    should return non-zero.</td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<h3><a name="ResultConverterGenerator-concept"></a>ResultConverterGenerator Concept</h3>
-<p>In the table below, <code><b>G</b></code> denotes a
-ResultConverterGenerator type and <code><b>R</b></code> denotes a possible
-C++ function return type.
-
-<table summary="ResultConverterGenerator expressions" border="1" cellpadding="5">
-  <tr> 
-    <td><b>Expression</b></td>
-    <td><b>Requirements</b></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top"><code>G::apply&lt;R&gt;::type</code></td>
-    <td>A ResultConverter type for <code>R</code>.</td>
-</table>
-
-<hr>
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  09 May, 2002    <!--Luann's birthday! -->
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
-
-<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell
- and distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
- in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
- warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/acknowledgments.html

@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - Acknowledgments</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Acknowledgments</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p><a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
-    the architect, designer, and implementor of <b>Boost.Python</b>.</p>
-
-    <p><a href="mailto:brett.calcott@paradise.net.nz">Brett Calcott</a>
-    contributed and maintains the Visual Studio project files and
-    documentation.</p>
-
-    <p><a href="mailto:Gottfried.Ganssauge-at-haufe.de">Gottfried
-    Ganßauge</a> supplied support for opaque pointer conversions,
-    complete with documentation and a regression test (and I didn't
-    even have to ask him for those)!
-
-    <p>Joel de Guzman implemented the <a href="overloads.html">default
-    argument support</a> and wrote the excellent <a href=
-    "../tutorial/index.html">tutorial documentation</a>.</p>
-
-    <p><a href="../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
-    Grosse-Kunstleve</a> implemented the <a href="pickle.html">pickle
-    support</a>, and has enthusiastically supported the library since its
-    birth, contributing to design decisions and providing invaluable
-    real-world insight into user requirements. Ralf has written some <a href=
-    "faq.html#question2">extensions</a> for converting C++ containers that I
-    hope will be incorporated into the library soon. He also implemented the
-    cross-module support in the first version of Boost.Python. More
-    importantly, Ralf makes sure nobody forgets the near-perfect synergy of
-    C++ and Python for solving the problems of large-scale software
-    construction.</p>
-
-    <p><a href="../../../../people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
-    wrote an incredible C++ <a href="http://www.mywikinet.com/mpl">Template
-    Metaprogramming Library</a> which allows Boost.Python to perform much of
-    its compile-time magic. In addition, Aleksey very generously contributed
-    his time and deep knowledge of the quirks of various buggy compilers to
-    help us get around problems at crucial moments.</p>
-
-    <p><a href="../../../../people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
-    building on the work <a href="../../../../people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
-    Karvonen</a>, wrote a similarly amazing <a href=
-    "../../../preprocessor/doc/index.html">Preprocessor Metaprogramming
-    Library</a>, and generously contributed the time and expertise to get it
-    working in the Boost.Python library, rewriting much of Boost.Python to
-    use the new preproccessor metaprogramming constructs and helping us to
-    work around buggy and slow C++ preprocessors.</p>
-
-    <p><a href="nicodemus-at-globalite.com.br">Bruno da Silva de
-    Oliveira</a> contributed the ingenious <a
-    href="../../pyste/index.html">Pyste</a> (&quot;Pie-Steh&quot;)
-    code generator.
-
-    <p><a href="mailto:nickm@sitius.com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> contributed
-    <code>staticmethod</code> support.</p>
-
-    <p>Martin Casado solved some sticky problems which allow us to build the
-    Boost.Python shared library for AIX's crazy dynamic linking model.</p>
-
-    <p><a href="mailto:achim@procoders.net">Achim Domma</a> contributed some
-    of the <a href="reference.html#object_wrappers">Object Wrappers</a> and
-    HTML templates for this documentation. Dave Hawkes contributed
-    inspiration for the use of the <code><a href=
-    "scope.html#scope-spec">scope</a></code> class to simplify module
-    definition syntax. Pearu Pearson wrote some of the test cases that are in
-    the current test suite.</p>
-
-    <p>The development of this version of Boost.Python was funded in part by
-    the <a href="http://www.llnl.gov/">Lawrence Livermore National
-    Laboratories</a> and by the <a href="http://cci.lbl.gov/">Computational
-    Crystallography Initiative</a> at Lawrence Berkeley National
-    Laboratories.</p>
-
-    <p><a href="http://kogs-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/~koethe/">Ullrich
-    Koethe</a> had independently developed a similar system. When he
-    discovered Boost.Python v1, he generously contributed countless hours of
-    coding and much insight into improving it. He is responsible for an early
-    version of the support for function overloading and wrote the support for
-    reflecting C++ inheritance relationships. He has helped to improve
-    error-reporting from both Python and C++ (we hope to do as well in v2
-    again soon), and has designed the original support for exposing numeric
-    operators, including a way to avoid explicit coercion by means of
-    overloading.</p>
-
-    <p>The members of the boost mailing list and the Python community
-    supplied invaluable early feedback. In particular, Ron Clarke, Mark
-    Evans, Anton Gluck, Chuck Ingold, Prabhu Ramachandran, and Barry Scott
-    took the brave step of trying to use Boost.Python while it was still in
-    early stages of development.</p>
-
-    <p>The first version of Boost.Python would not have been possible without
-    the support of Dragon Systems, which supported its development and
-    release as a Boost library.</p>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     26 November, 2002 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/args.html

@@ -1,103 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/args.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/args.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#keyword-expression"><i>keyword-expressions</i></a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><code><a href=
-          "#args-spec">args</a>(</code>...<code>)</code></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p>Supplies a family of overloaded functions for specifying argument
-    keywords for wrapped C++ functions.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="keyword-expression"></a><i>keyword-expressions</i></h2>
-
-    <p>A <b>keyword-expression</b> results in an object which holds a
-    sequence of <a href="definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>es, and whose type
-    encodes the number of keywords specified.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="args-spec"></a><code>args(</code>...<code>)</code></h3>
-<pre>
-<i>unspecified1</i> args(char const*);
-<i>unspecified2</i> args(char const*, char const*);
-   .
-   .
-   .
-<i>unspecifiedN</i> args(char const*, char const*, ... char const*);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> Every argument must be a <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> an object representing a <a href=
-      "#keyword-expression"><i>keyword-expression</i></a> encapsulating the
-      arguments passed.</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
-using namespace boost::python;
-
-int f(int x, int y, int z);
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(xxx)
-{
-   def("f", f, args("x", "y", "z"));
-}
-</pre>
-
-    <p>Revised 05 November, 2001</p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/bibliography.html

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-<title>Boost.Python - Bibliography</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">Bibliography</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-{{bibliographical information}}
-<hr>
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
-  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/call.html

@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
-<html>
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-<title>Boost.Python - &lt;call.hpp&gt;</title>
-</head>
-<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-  <tr> 
-    <td valign="top" width="300"> 
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-    </td>
-    <td valign="top"> 
-      <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-      <h2 align="center">Header &lt;call.hpp&gt;</h2>
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<hr>
-<h2>Contents</h2>
-<dl class="page-index"> 
-  <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-  <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
-  <dl class="page-index">
-    <dt><a href="#call-spec">call</a></dt>
-  </dl>
-
-  <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
-
-</dl>
-<hr>
-<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-<p>
-  <code>&lt;boost/python/call.hpp&gt;</code> defines the <a
-  href="#call-spec"><code>call</code></a> family of overloaded function
-  templates, used to invoke Python callable objects from C++.
-
-<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
-<pre>
-<a name="call-spec">template &lt;class R, class A1, class A2, ... class A<i>n</i>&gt;</a>
-R call(PyObject* callable, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;, ... A<i>n</i> const&amp;)
-</pre>
-<dl class="function-semantics"> 
-  <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>R</code> is a pointer type, reference
-  type, or a complete type with an accessible copy constructor</dt>
-
-  <dt><b>Effects:</b> Invokes <code>callable(a1,&nbsp;a2,&nbsp;...a<i>n</i>)</code> in
-  Python, where <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>n</i></code> are the arguments to
-  <code>call()</code>, converted to Python objects.
-  <dt><b>Returns:</b> The result of the Python call, converted to the C++ type <code>R</code>.</dt>
-
-</dt>
-  <dt><b>Rationale:</b> For a complete semantic description and
-  rationale, see <a href="callbacks.html">this page</a>.
-</dt>
-</dl>
-
-<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
-
-The following C++ function applies a Python callable object to its two
-arguments and returns the result. If a Python exception is raised or
-the result can't be converted to a <code>double</code>, an exception
-is thrown.
-
-<pre>
-double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
-{
-   return boost::python::call&lt;double&gt;(func, x, y);
-}
-</pre>
-
-<p>Revised 
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-</p>
-<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 
-  2002. All Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-</body>
-</html>

doc/v2/call_method.html

@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;call_method.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;call_method.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#call_method-spec">call_method</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/call_method.hpp&gt;</code> defines the <a href=
-    "#call_method-spec"><code>call_method</code></a> family of overloaded
-    function templates, used to invoke callable attributes of Python objects
-    from C++.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
-<pre>
-<a name=
-"call_method-spec">template &lt;class R, class A1, class A2, ... class A<i>n</i>&gt;</a>
-R call_method(PyObject* self, char const* method, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;, ... A<i>n</i> const&amp;)
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>R</code> is a pointer type, reference type,
-      or a complete type with an accessible copy constructor</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Invokes
-      <code>self.<i>method</i>(a1,&nbsp;a2,&nbsp;...a<i>n</i>)</code> in
-      Python, where <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>n</i></code> are the
-      arguments to <code>call_method()</code>, converted to Python objects.
-      For a complete semantic description, see <a href="callbacks.html">this
-      page</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> The result of the Python call, converted to the C++
-      type <code>R</code>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> <code>call_method</code> is critical to
-      implementing C++ virtual functions which are overridable in Python, as
-      shown by the example below.</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
-    The following C++ illustrates the use of <code>call_method</code> in
-    wrapping a class with a virtual function that can be overridden in
-    Python: 
-
-    <h3>C++ Module Definition</h3>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/utility.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;cstring&gt;
-
-// class to be wrapped
-class Base
-{
- public:
-   virtual char const* class_name() const { return "Base"; }
-   virtual ~Base();
-};
-
-bool is_base(Base* b)
-{
-   return !std::strcmp(b-&gt;class_name(), "Base");
-}
-
-// Wrapper code begins here
-using namespace boost::python;
-
-// Callback class
-class Base_callback : public Base
-{
- public:
-   Base_callback(PyObject* self) : m_self(self) {}
-
-   char const* class_name() const { return <b>call_method</b>&lt;char const*&gt;(m_self, "class_name"); }
-   char const* Base_name() const { return Base::class_name(); }
- private:
-   PyObject* const m_self;
-};
-
-using namespace boost::python;
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
-{
-    def("is_base", is_base);
-
-    class_&lt;Base,Base_callback, noncopyable&gt;("Base")
-        .def("class_name", &amp;Base_callback::Base_name)
-        ;
-
-}
-</pre>
-
-    <h3>Python Code</h3>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class Derived(Base):
-...    def __init__(self):
-...       Base.__init__(self)
-...    def class_name(self):
-...       return self.__class__.__name__
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; is_base(Base()) # calls the class_name() method from C++
-1
-&gt;&gt;&gt; is_base(Derived())
-0
-</pre>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/callbacks.html

@@ -1,252 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - Calling Python Functions and Methods</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Calling Python Functions and Methods</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#argument_handling">Argument Handling</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#result_handling">Result Handling</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#result_handling">Rationale</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction">Introduction</a></h2>
-    The simplest way to call a Python function from C++, given an <code><a
-    href="object.html#object-spec">object</a></code> instance <code>f</code>
-    holding the function, is simply to invoke its function call operator. 
-<pre>
-f("tea", 4, 2) // In Python: f('tea', 4, 2)
-</pre>
-    And of course, a method of an <code><a href=
-    "object.html#object-spec">object</a></code> instance <code>x</code> can
-    be invoked by using the function-call operator of the corresponding
-    attribute: 
-<pre>
-x.attr("tea")(4, 2); // In Python: x.tea(4, 2)
-</pre>
-
-    <p>If you don't have an <code>object</code> instance, Boost.Python
-    provides two families of function templates, <code><a href=
-    "call.html#call-spec">call</a></code> and <code><a href=
-    "call_method.html#call_method-spec">call_method</a></code>, for invoking
-    Python functions and methods respectively on <code>PyObject*</code>s. The
-    interface for calling a Python function object (or any Python callable
-    object) looks like:</p>
-<pre>
-call&lt;ResultType&gt;(callable_object, a1, a2... a<i>N</i>);
-</pre>
-    Calling a method of a Python object is similarly easy: 
-<pre>
-call_method&lt;ResultType&gt;(self_object, "<i>method-name</i>", a1, a2... a<i>N</i>);
-</pre>
-    This comparitively low-level interface is the one you'll use when
-    implementing C++ virtual functions that can be overridden in Python. 
-
-    <h2><a name="argument_handling">Argument Handling</a></h2>
-
-    <p>Arguments are converted to Python according to their type. By default,
-    the arguments <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>N</i></code> are copied into
-    new Python objects, but this behavior can be overridden by the use of
-    <code><a href="ptr.html#ptr-spec">ptr()</a></code> and <a href=
-    "../../../bind/ref.html#reference_wrapper">ref()</a>:</p>
-<pre>
-class X : boost::noncopyable
-{
-   ...
-};
-
-void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
-{
-   // Invoke callable, passing a Python object which holds a reference to x
-   boost::python::call&lt;void&gt;(callable, boost::ref(x));
-}
-</pre>
-    In the table below, <code><b>x</b></code> denotes the actual argument
-    object and <code><b>cv</b></code> denotes an optional
-    <i>cv-qualification</i>: "<code>const</code>", "<code>volatile</code>",
-    or "<code>const volatile</code>". 
-
-    <table border="1" summary="class_ template parameters">
-      <tr>
-        <th>Argument Type</th>
-
-        <th>Behavior</th>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>T cv&amp;</code><br>
-         <code>T cv</code></td>
-
-        <td>The Python argument is created by the same means used for the
-        return value of a wrapped C++ function returning <code>T</code>. When
-        <code>T</code> is a class type, that normally means <code>*x</code>
-        is copy-constructed into the new Python object.</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>T*</code></td>
-
-        <td>If <code>x&nbsp;==&nbsp;0</code>, the Python argument will be
-        <code><a href=
-        "http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a></code>.
-        Otherwise, the Python argument is created by the same means used for
-        the return value of a wrapped C++ function returning <code>T</code>.
-        When <code>T</code> is a class type, that normally means
-        <code>*x</code> is copy-constructed into the new Python object.</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code><a href=
-        "../../../bind/ref.html#reference_wrapper">boost::reference_wrapper</a>&lt;T&gt;</code></td>
-
-        <td>The Python argument contains a pointer to, rather than a copy of,
-        <code>x.get()</code>. Note: failure to ensure that no Python code
-        holds a reference to the resulting object beyond the lifetime of
-        <code>*x.get()</code> <b>may result in a crash!</b></td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code><a href=
-        "ptr.html#pointer_wrapper-spec">pointer_wrapper</a>&lt;T&gt;</code></td>
-
-        <td>If <code>x.get()&nbsp;==&nbsp;0</code>, the Python argument will
-        be <code><a href=
-        "http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a></code>.
-        Otherwise, the Python argument contains a pointer to, rather than a
-        copy of, <code>*x.get()</code>. Note: failure to ensure that no
-        Python code holds a reference to the resulting object beyond the
-        lifetime of <code>*x.get()</code> <b>may result in a crash!</b></td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-
-    <h2><a name="result_handling">Result Handling</a></h2>
-    In general, <code>call&lt;ResultType&gt;()</code> and
-    <code>call_method&lt;ResultType&gt;()</code> return
-    <code>ResultType</code> by exploiting all lvalue and rvalue
-    <code>from_python</code> converters registered for ResultType and
-    returning a copy of the result. However, when <code>ResultType</code> is
-    a pointer or reference type, Boost.Python searches only for lvalue
-    converters. To prevent dangling pointers and references, an exception
-    will be thrown if the Python result object has only a single reference
-    count. 
-
-    <h2><a name="rationale">Rationale</a></h2>
-    In general, to get Python arguments corresponding to
-    <code>a1</code>...<code>a<i>N</i></code>, a new Python object must be
-    created for each one; should the C++ object be copied into that Python
-    object, or should the Python object simply hold a reference/pointer to
-    the C++ object? In general, the latter approach is unsafe, since the
-    called function may store a reference to the Python object somewhere. If
-    the Python object is used after the C++ object is destroyed, we'll crash
-    Python. 
-
-    <p>In keeping with the philosophy that users on the Python side shouldn't
-    have to worry about crashing the interpreter, the default behavior is to
-    copy the C++ object, and to allow a non-copying behavior only if the user
-    writes <code><a href="../../../bind/ref.html">boost::ref</a>(a1)</code>
-    instead of a1 directly. At least this way, the user doesn't get dangerous
-    behavior "by accident". It's also worth noting that the non-copying
-    ("by-reference") behavior is in general only available for class types,
-    and will fail at runtime with a Python exception if used otherwise[<a
-    href="#1">1</a>].</p>
-
-    <p>However, pointer types present a problem: one approach is to refuse to
-    compile if any aN has pointer type: after all, a user can always pass
-    <code>*aN</code> to pass "by-value" or <code>ref(*aN)</code> to indicate
-    a pass-by-reference behavior. However, this creates a problem for the
-    expected null pointer to <code>None</code> conversion: it's illegal to
-    dereference a null pointer value.</p>
-
-    <p>The compromise I've settled on is this:</p>
-
-    <ol>
-      <li>The default behavior is pass-by-value. If you pass a non-null
-      pointer, the pointee is copied into a new Python object; otherwise the
-      corresponding Python argument will be None.</li>
-
-      <li>if you want by-reference behavior, use <code>ptr(aN)</code> if
-      <code>aN</code> is a pointer and <code>ref(aN)</code> otherwise. If a
-      null pointer is passed to <code>ptr(aN)</code>, the corresponding
-      Python argument will be <code>None</code>.</li>
-    </ol>
-
-    <p>As for results, we have a similar problem: if <code>ResultType</code>
-    is allowed to be a pointer or reference type, the lifetime of the object
-    it refers to is probably being managed by a Python object. When that
-    Python object is destroyed, our pointer dangles. The problem is
-    particularly bad when the <code>ResultType</code> is char const* - the
-    corresponding Python String object is typically uniquely-referenced,
-    meaning that the pointer dangles as soon as <code>call&lt;char
-    const*&gt;(...)</code> returns.</p>
-
-    <p>The old Boost.Python v1 deals with this issue by refusing to compile
-    any uses of <code>call&lt;char const*&gt;()</code>, but this goes both
-    too far and not far enough. It goes too far because there are cases where
-    the owning Python string object survives beyond the call (just for
-    instance, when it's the name of a Python class), and it goes not far
-    enough because we might just as well have the same problem with a
-    returned pointer or reference of any other type.</p>
-
-    <p>In Boost.Python v2 this is dealt with by:</p>
-
-    <ol>
-      <li>lifting the compile-time restriction on const char* callback
-      returns</li>
-
-      <li>detecting the case when the reference count on the result Python
-      object is 1 and throwing an exception inside of
-      <code>call&lt;U&gt;(...)</code> when <code>U</code> is a pointer or
-      reference type.</li>
-    </ol>
-    This should be acceptably safe because users have to explicitly specify a
-    pointer/reference for <code>U</code> in <code>call&lt;U&gt;</code>, and
-    they will be protected against dangles at runtime, at least long enough
-    to get out of the <code>call&lt;U&gt;(...)</code> invocation. 
-    <hr>
-    <a name="1">[1]</a> It would be possible to make it fail at compile-time
-    for non-class types such as int and char, but I'm not sure it's a good
-    idea to impose this restriction yet. 
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/callbacks.txt

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-Here's the plan:
-
-I aim to provide an interface similar to that of Boost.Python v1's
-callback<>::call(...) for dealing with callbacks. The interface will
-look like:
-
-    returning<ResultType>::call("method_name", self_object, a1, a2...);
-
-or
-
-    returning<ResultType>::call(callable_object, a1, a2...);
-
-ARGUMENT HANDLING
-
-There is an issue concerning how to make Python objects from the
-arguments a1...aN. A new Python object must be created; should the C++
-object be copied into that Python object, or should the Python object
-simply hold a reference/pointer to the C++ object? In general, the
-latter approach is unsafe, since the called function may store a
-reference to the Python object somewhere. If the Python object is used
-after the C++ object is destroyed, we'll crash Python.
-
-I plan to make the copying behavior the default, and to allow a
-non-copying behavior if the user writes boost::ref(a1) instead of a1
-directly. At least this way, the user doesn't get dangerous behavior "by
-accident". It's also worth noting that the non-copying ("by-reference")
-behavior is in general only available for class types, and will fail at
-runtime with a Python exception if used otherwise**
-
-However, pointer types present a problem: My first thought is to refuse
-to compile if any aN has pointer type: after all, a user can always pass
-*aN to pass "by-value" or ref(*aN) to indicate a pass-by-reference
-behavior. However, this creates a problem for the expected NULL pointer
-=> None conversion: it's illegal to dereference a null pointer value.
-
-We could use another construct, say "ptr(aN)", to deal with null
-pointers, but then what does it mean? We know what it does when aN is
-NULL, but it might either have by-value or by-reference behavior when aN
-is non-null.
-
-The compromise I've settled on is this: 
-
-1. The default behavior is pass-by-value. If you pass a non-null
-   pointer, the pointee is copied into a new Python object; otherwise
-   the corresponding Python argument will be None.
-
-2. if you want by-reference behavior, use ptr(aN) if aN is a pointer
-   and ref(aN) otherwise. If a null pointer is passed to ptr(aN), the
-   corresponding Python argument will be None.
-
-RESULT HANDLING
-
-As for results, we have a similar problem: if ResultType is allowed to
-be a pointer or reference type, the lifetime of the object it refers to
-is probably being managed by a Python object. When that Python object is
-destroyed, our pointer dangles. The problem is particularly bad when the
-ResultType is char const* - the corresponding Python String object is
-typically uniquely-referenced, meaning that the pointer dangles as soon
-as returning<char const*>::call() returns.
-
-Boost.Python v1 deals with this issue by refusing to compile any uses of
-callback<char const*>::call(), but IMO this goes both too far and not
-far enough. It goes too far because there are cases where the owning
-String object survives beyond the call (just for instance when it's the
-name of a Python class), and it goes not far enough because we might
-just as well have the same problem with any returned pointer or
-reference.
-
-I propose to address this in Boost.Python v2 by
-
-    1. lifting the compile-time restriction on const
-    char* callback returns
-
-    2. detecting the case when the reference count on the
-    result Python object is 1 and throwing an exception
-    inside of returning<U>::call() when U is a pointer or
-    reference type.
-
-I think this is acceptably safe because users have to explicitly specify
-a pointer/reference for U in returning<U>, and they will be protected
-against dangles at runtime, at least long enough to get out of the
-returning<U>::call() invocation.
-
--Dave
-
-**It would be possible to make it fail at compile-time for non-class
-types such as int and char, but I'm not sure it's a good idea to impose
-this restriction yet.

doc/v2/class.html

@@ -1,726 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;,
-    &lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Headers &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;,
-          &lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#class_-spec">Class template
-          <code>class_</code></a></dt>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#class_-spec-synopsis">Class <code>class_</code>
-              synopsis</a></dt>
-
-              <dt><a href="#class_-spec-ctors">Class <code>class_</code>
-              constructors</a></dt>
-
-              <dt><a href="#class_-spec-modifiers">Class <code>class_</code>
-              modifier functions</a></dt>
-            </dl>
-          </dd>
-
-          <dt><a href="#bases-spec">Class template
-          <code>bases</code></a></dt>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#bases-spec-synopsis">Class template
-              <code>bases</code> synopsis</a></dt>
-            </dl>
-          </dd>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;</code> defines the interface
-    through which users expose their C++ classes to Python. It declares the
-    <code>class_</code> class template, which is parameterized on the class
-    type being exposed. It also exposes the <code>init</code>,
-    <code>optional</code> and <code>bases</code> utility class templates,
-    which are used in conjunction with <code>class_</code>.</p>
-
-    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/class_fwd.hpp&gt;</code> contains a forward
-    declaration of the <code>class_</code> class template.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="class_-spec"></a>Class template
-    <code>class_&lt;T,&nbsp;<font color="#007F00">Bases,&nbsp;HeldType,
-    NonCopyable</font>&gt;</code></h3>
-
-    <p>Creates a Python class associated with the C++ type passed as its
-    first parameter. Although it has four template parameters, only the first
-    one is required. The three optional arguments can actually be supplied
-    <font color="#007F00"><b>in any order</b></font>; Boost.Python determines
-    the role of the argument from its type.<br>
-    <br>
-    </p>
-
-    <table border="1" summary="class_ template parameters">
-      <tr>
-        <th>Template Parameter</th>
-
-        <th>Requirements</th>
-
-        <th>Semantics</th>
-
-        <th>Default</th>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code>T</code></td>
-
-        <td>A class type.</td>
-
-        <td>The class being wrapped</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code><font color="#007F00">Bases</font></code></td>
-
-        <td>A specialization of <a href=
-        "#bases-spec"><code>bases&lt;</code>...<code>&gt;</code></a> which
-        specifies previously-exposed C++ base classes of <code>T</code><a
-        href="#footnote_1">[1]</a>.</td>
-
-        <td>Registers <code>from_python</code> conversions from wrapped
-        <code>T</code> instances to each of its exposed direct and indirect
-        bases. For each polymorphic base <code>B</code>, registers
-        conversions from indirectly-held wrapped <code>B</code> instances to
-        <code>T</code>.</td>
-
-        <td><code><a href="#bases">bases&lt;&gt;</a></code></td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code><font color="#007F00">HeldType</font></code></td>
-
-        <td>Must be <code>T</code>, a class derived from <code>T</code>, or a
-        <a href="Dereferenceable.html">Dereferenceable</a> type for which
-        <code><a href=
-        "pointee.html#pointee-spec">pointee</a>&lt;HeldType&gt;::type</code>
-        is <code>T</code> or a class derived from <code>T</code>.</td>
-
-        <td>Specifies the type which is actually embedded in a Python object
-        wrapping a <code>T</code> instance. More details <a href=
-        "#HeldType">below</a>.</td>
-
-        <td><code>T</code></td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td><code><font color="#007F00">NonCopyable</font></code></td>
-
-        <td>If supplied, must be <a href=
-        "../../../utility/utility.htm#Class%20noncopyable">boost::noncopyable</a>.</td>
-
-        <td>Suppresses automatic registration of <code>to_python</code>
-        conversions which copy <code>T</code> instances. Required when
-        <code>T</code> has no publicly-accessible copy constructor.</td>
-
-        <td>An unspecified type other than
-        <code>boost::noncopyable</code>.</td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-
-    <h4><a name="#HeldType">HeldType Semantics</a></h4>
-
-    <ol>
-      <li>If <code>HeldType</code> is derived from T, its exposed
-      constructor(s) must accept an initial <code>PyObject*</code> argument
-      which refers back to the Python object that contains the
-      <code>HeldType</code> instance, as shown in <a href=
-      "call_method.html#example">this example</a>. This argument is not
-      included in the <em><a href=
-      "init.html#init-expressions">init-expression</a></em> passed to <a
-      href="#class-spec-modifiers"><code>def(init_expr)</code></a>, below,
-      nor is it passed explicitly by users when Python instances of
-      <code>T</code> are created. This idiom allows C++ virtual functions
-      which will be overridden in Python to access the Python object so the
-      Python method can be invoked. Boost.Python automatically registers
-      additional converters which allow wrapped instances of <code>T</code>
-      to be passed to wrapped C++ functions expecting <code>HeldType</code>
-      arguments.</li>
-
-      <li>Because Boost.Python will always allow wrapped instances of
-      <code>T</code> to be passed in place of <code>HeldType</code>
-      arguments, specifying a smart pointer for <code>HeldType</code> allows
-      users to pass Python <code>T</code> instances where a smart
-      pointer-to-<code>T</code> is expected. Smart pointers such as
-      <code>std::auto_ptr&lt;&gt;</code> or <code><a href=
-      "../../../smart_ptr/shared_ptr.htm">boost::shared_ptr&lt;&gt;</a></code>
-      which contain a nested type <code>element_type</code> designating the
-      referent type are automatically supported; additional smart pointer
-      types can be supported by specializing <a href=
-      "pointee.html#pointee-spec">pointee&lt;HeldType&gt;</a>.</li>
-
-      <li>As in case 1 above, when <code>HeldType</code> is a smart pointer
-      to a class derived from <code>T</code>, the initial
-      <code>PyObject*</code> argument must be supplied by all of
-      <code>HeldType</code>'s exposed constructors.</li>
-
-      <li>Except in cases 1 and 3, users may optionally specify that T itself
-      gets initialized with a similar initial <code>PyObject*</code> argument
-      by specializing <a href=
-      "has_back_reference.html#has_back_reference-spec">has_back_reference&lt;T&gt;</a>.</li>
-    </ol>
-
-    <h4><a name="class_-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>class_</code>
-    synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-  template &lt;class T
-   <font color="#007F00">     , class Bases = bases&lt;&gt;
-            , class HeldType = T
-            , class NonCopyable = <i>unspecified</i>
-           &gt;
-</font>  class class_ : public <a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a>
-  {
-    // Constructors with default __init__
-    class_(char const* name);
-    class_(char const* name, char const* docstring);
-
-    // Constructors, specifying non-default __init__
-    template &lt;class Init&gt;
-    class_(char const* name, Init);
-    template &lt;class Init&gt;
-    class_(char const* name, char const* docstring, Init);
-
-    // Exposing additional __init__ functions
-    template &lt;class Init&gt;
-    class_&amp; def(Init);
-
-    // defining methods
-    template &lt;class F&gt;
-    class_&amp; def(char const* name, F f);
-    template &lt;class Fn, class A1&gt;
-    class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp;);
-    template &lt;class Fn, class A1, class A2&gt;
-    class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;);
-    template &lt;class Fn, class A1, class A2, class A3&gt;
-    class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;, A3 const&amp;);
-
-    // declaring method as static
-    class_&amp; staticmethod(char const* name);
-    
-    // exposing operators
-    template &lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt;
-    class_&amp; def(<a href=
-"operators.html#operator_-spec">detail::operator_</a>&lt;unspecified&gt;);
-
-    // Raw attribute modification
-    template &lt;class U&gt;
-    class_&amp; setattr(char const* name, U const&amp;);
-
-    // exposing data members
-    template &lt;class D&gt;
-    class_&amp; def_readonly(char const* name, D T::*pm);
-
-    template &lt;class D&gt;
-    class_&amp; def_readwrite(char const* name, D T::*pm);
-
-    // property creation
-    template &lt;class Get&gt;
-    void add_property(char const* name, Get const&amp; fget);
-    template &lt;class Get, class Set&gt;
-    void add_property(char const* name, Get const&amp; fget, Set const&amp; fset);
-
-    // pickle support
-    template &lt;typename PickleSuite&gt;
-    self&amp; def_pickle(PickleSuite const&amp;);
-  };
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h4><a name="class_-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>class_</code>
-    constructors</h4>
-<pre>
-class_(char const* name);
-class_(char const* name, char const* docstring);
-template &lt;class Init&gt;
-class_(char const* name, Init init_spec);
-template &lt;class Init&gt;
-class_(char const* name, char const* docstring, Init init_spec);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>. If <code>docstring</code> is supplied, it must be an
-      <a href="definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>. If <code>init_spec</code> is
-      supplied, it must be either the special enumeration constant
-      <code>no_init</code> or an <a href=
-      "init.html#init-expression">init-expression</a> compatible with
-      <code>T</code>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>class_</code> object holding a
-      Boost.Python extension class named <code>name</code>. The
-      <code>name</code>d attribute of the <a href=
-      "scope.html#introduction">current scope</a> is bound to the new
-      extension class.</dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <ul>
-          <li>If supplied, the value of <code>docstring</code> is bound to
-          the <code>__doc__</code> attribute of the extension class.</li>
-
-          <li>If <code>init_spec</code> is <code>no_init</code>, a special
-          <code>__init__</code> function is generated which always raises a
-          Python exception. Otherwise, <code>this-&gt;def(init_spec)</code>
-          is called.</li>
-
-          <li>If <code>init_spec</code> is not supplied,
-          <code>this-&gt;def(init&lt;&gt;())</code> is called.</li>
-        </ul>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b>Allowing the user to specify constructor arguments
-      in the <code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> constructor helps her to avoid the
-      common run-time errors which result from invoking wrapped member
-      functions without having exposed an <code>__init__</code> function
-      which creates the requisite <code>T</code> instance. Types which are
-      not default-constructible will cause a compile-time error unless
-      <code>Init</code> is supplied. The user must always supply
-      <code>name</code> as there is currently no portable method to derive
-      the text of the class name from its type.</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h4><a name="class_-spec-modifiers"></a>Class template
-    <code>class_</code> modifier functions</h4>
-<pre>
-template &lt;class Init&gt;
-class_&amp; def(Init init_expr);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>init_expr</code> is the result of an <a
-      href="init.html#init-expression">init-expression</a> compatible with
-      <code>T</code>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> For each <a href="init.html#init-expressions">valid
-      prefix</a> <em>P</em> of <code>Init</code>, adds an
-      <code>__init__(</code>...<code>)</code> function overload to the
-      extension class accepting <em>P</em> as arguments. Each overload
-      generated constructs an object of <code>HeldType</code> according to
-      the semantics described <a href="#HeldType">above</a>, using a copy of
-      <code>init_expr</code>'s <a href="CallPolicies.html">call policies</a>.
-      If the longest <a href="init.html#init-expressions">valid prefix</a> of
-      <code>Init</code> contains <em>N</em> types and <code>init_expr</code>
-      holds <em>M</em> keywords, an initial sequence of the keywords are used
-      for all but the first <em>N</em>&nbsp;-&nbsp;<em>M</em> arguments of
-      each overload.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class'
-      constructor to Python.</dt>
-    </dl>
-    <br>
-     
-<pre>
-template &lt;class F&gt;
-class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn);
-template &lt;class Fn, class A1&gt;
-class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp; a1);
-template &lt;class Fn, class A1, class A2&gt;
-class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp; a1, A2 const&amp; a2);
-template &lt;class Fn, class A1, class A2, class A3&gt;
-class_&amp; def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp; a1, A2 const&amp; a2, A3 const&amp; a3);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <ul>
-          <li>
-            If <code>a1</code> is the result of an <a href=
-            "overloads.html#overload-dispatch-expression"><em>overload-dispatch-expression</em></a>,
-            only the second form is allowed and fn must be a pointer to
-            function or pointer to member function whose <a href=
-            "definitions.html#arity">arity</a> is the same as A1's <a href=
-            "overloads.html#overload-dispatch-expression"><em>maximum
-            arity</em></a>. 
-
-            <dl>
-              <dt><b>Effects:</b> For each prefix <em>P</em> of
-              <code>Fn</code>'s sequence of argument types, beginning with
-              the one whose length is <code>A1</code>'s <a href=
-              "overloads.html#overload-dispatch-expression"><em>minimum
-              arity</em></a>, adds a
-              <code><em>name</em>(</code>...<code>)</code> method overload to
-              the extension class. Each overload generated invokes
-              <code>a1</code>'s call-expression with <em>P</em>, using a copy
-              of <code>a1</code>'s <a href="CallPolicies.html">call
-              policies</a>. If the longest valid prefix of <code>A1</code>
-              contains <em>N</em> types and <code>a1</code> holds <em>M</em>
-              keywords, an initial sequence of the keywords are used for all
-              but the first <em>N</em>&nbsp;-&nbsp;<em>M</em> arguments of
-              each overload.<br>
-              </dt>
-            </dl>
-          </li>
-
-          <li>
-            Otherwise, a single method overload is built around fn, which
-            must not be null: 
-
-            <ul>
-              <li>If fn is a function pointer, its first argument must be of
-              the form <code>U</code>, <code>U&nbsp;<em>cv</em>&amp;</code>,
-              <code>U&nbsp;<em>cv</em>*</code>, or
-              <code>U&nbsp;<em>cv</em>*&nbsp;const&amp;</code>, where
-              <code>T*</code> is convertible to <code>U*</code>, and
-              <code>a1</code>-<code>a3</code>, if supplied, may be selected
-              in any order from the table below.</li>
-
-              <li>Otherwise, if fn is a member function pointer, its target
-              must be <code>T</code> or one of its public base classes, and
-              <code>a1</code>-<code>a3</code>, if supplied, may be selected
-              in any order from the table below.</li>
-
-              <li>Otherwise, <code>Fn</code> must be [derived from] <code><a
-              href="object.html#object-spec">object</a></code>, and
-              <code>a1-a2</code>, if supplied, may be selcted in any order
-              from the first two rows of the table below. To be useful,
-              <code>fn</code> should be <a href=
-              "http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/built-in-funcs.html#l2h-6">
-              callable</a>.</li>
-            </ul>
-
-            <table border="1" summary="def() optional arguments">
-              <tr>
-                <th>Memnonic Name</th>
-
-                <th>Requirements/Type properties</th>
-
-                <th>Effects</th>
-              </tr>
-
-              <tr>
-                <td>docstring</td>
-
-                <td>Any <a href="definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</td>
-
-                <td>Value will be bound to the <code>__doc__</code> attribute
-                of the resulting method overload.</td>
-              </tr>
-
-              <tr>
-                <td>policies</td>
-
-                <td>A model of <a href=
-                "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a></td>
-
-                <td>A copy will be used as the call policies of the resulting
-                method overload.</td>
-              </tr>
-
-              <tr>
-                <td>keywords</td>
-
-                <td>The result of a <a href=
-                "args.html#keyword-expression"><em>keyword-expression</em></a>
-                specifying no more arguments than the <a href=
-                "definitions.html#arity">arity</a> of <code>fn</code>.</td>
-
-                <td>A copy will be used as the call policies of the resulting
-                method overload.</td>
-              </tr>
-            </table>
-          </li>
-        </ul>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-    </dl>
-<pre>
-class_&amp; staticmethod(char const* name);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>, and corresponds to a method whose overloads have all
-      been defined.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Replaces the existing named attribute <i>x</i> with
-      the result of invoking <code>staticmethod(</code><i>x</i><code>)</code>
-      in Python. Specifies that the corresponding method is static and
-      therefore no object instance will be passed to it. This is equivalent
-      to the Python statement:</dt>
-
-      <dd>
-<pre>
-setattr(self, name, staticmethod(getattr(self, name)))
-</pre>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b>Note:</b> Attempting to invoke <code>def(name,...)</code> after
-      invoking <code>staticmethod(name)</code> will <a href=
-      "definitions.html#raise">raise</a> a RuntimeError.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <br>
-     
-<pre>
-template &lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt;
-class_&amp; def(<a href=
-"operators.html#operator_-spec">detail::operator_</a>&lt;unspecified&gt;);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds a Python <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/ref/specialnames.html">special method</a> as
-      described <a href="operators.html">here</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-    </dl>
-<pre>
-template &lt;class U&gt;
-class_&amp; setattr(char const* name, U const&amp; u);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Converts u to Python and adds it to the attribute
-      dictionary of the extension class:</dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <blockquote>
-          <code><a href=
-          "http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/object.html#l2h-166">PyObject_SetAttrString</a>(this-&gt;ptr(),&nbsp;name,&nbsp;<a
-           href="object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(u).ptr());</code>
-        </blockquote>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <br>
-     
-<pre>
-template &lt;class Get&gt;
-void add_property(char const* name, Get const&amp; fget);
-template &lt;class Get, class Set&gt;
-void add_property(char const* name, Get const&amp; fget, Set const&amp; fset);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a new Python <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/2.2.2/descrintro.html#property"><code>property</code></a>
-      class instance, passing <code><a href=
-      "object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(fget)</code> (and <code><a
-      href="object.html#object-spec-ctors">object</a>(fset)</code> in the
-      second form) to its constructor, then adds that property to the Python
-      class object under construction with the given attribute
-      <code>name</code>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose functions that can
-      be invoked from Python with attribute access syntax.</dt>
-    </dl>
-    <br>
-<pre>
-template &lt;class D&gt;
-class_&amp; def_readonly(char const* name, D T::*pm);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-<pre>
-this-&gt;add_property(name, <a href=
-"data_members.html#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>(pm));
-</pre>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class' data
-      member such that it can be inspected from Python with a natural
-      syntax.</dt>
-    </dl>
-<pre>
-template &lt;class D&gt;
-class_&amp; def_readwrite(char const* name, D T::*pm);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-<pre>
-this-&gt;add_property(name, <a href=
-"data_members.html#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>(pm), <a href=
-"data_members.html#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>(pm));
-</pre>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Allows users to easily expose a class' data
-      member such that it can be inspected and set from Python with a natural
-      syntax.</dt>
-    </dl>
-<pre>
-template &lt;typename PickleSuite&gt;
-class_&amp; def_pickle(PickleSuite const&amp;);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> PickleSuite must be publically derived from <a
-      href="pickle.html"><code>pickle_suite</code></a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Defines a legal combination of the special
-      attributes and methods: <code>__getinitargs__</code>,
-      <code>__getstate__</code>, <code>__setstate__</code>,
-      <code>__getstate_manages_dict__</code>,
-      <code>__safe_for_unpickling__</code>, <code>__reduce__</code></dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Provides an <a href="pickle.html">easy to use
-      high-level interface</a> for establishing complete pickle support for
-      the wrapped class. The user is protected by compile-time consistency
-      checks.</dt>
-    </dl>
-    <br>
-     
-
-    <h3><a name="bases-spec"></a>Class template
-    <code>bases&lt;T1,&nbsp;T2,</code>...<code>TN&gt;</code></h3>
-
-    <p>An <a href="../../../mpl/doc/ref/Sequences.html">MPL sequence</a>
-    which can be used in <code>class_&lt;</code>...<code>&gt;</code>
-    instantiations indicate a list of base classes.</p>
-
-    <h4><a name="bases-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>bases</code>
-    synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-  template &lt;T1 = <i>unspecified</i>,...T<i>n</i> = <i>unspecified</i>&gt;
-  struct bases
-  {};
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
-
-    <p>Given a C++ class declaration:</p>
-<pre>
-class Foo : public Bar, public Baz
-{
- public:
-   Foo(int x, char const* y);
-   Foo(double);
-
-   std::string const&amp; name() { return m_name; }
-   void name(char const*);
-
-   double value; // public data
- private:
-   ...
-};
-</pre>
-    A corresponding Boost.Python extension class can be created with: 
-<pre>
-using namespace boost::python;
-
-class_&lt;Foo,bases&lt;Bar,Baz&gt; &gt;("Foo",
-          "This is Foo's docstring."
-          "It describes our Foo extension class",
-
-          init&lt;int,char const*&gt;(args("x","y"), "__init__ docstring")
-          )
-   .def(init&lt;double&gt;())
-   .def("get_name", &amp;Foo::get_name, return_internal_reference&lt;&gt;())
-   .def("set_name", &amp;Foo::set_name)
-   .def_readwrite("value", &amp;Foo::value)
-   ;
-</pre>
-    <hr>
-    <a name="footnote_1">[1]</a> By "previously-exposed" we mean that the for
-    each <code>B</code> in <code>bases</code>, an instance of
-    <code>class_&lt;B<font color="#007F00">, ...</font>&gt;</code> must have
-    already been constructed. 
-<pre>
-class_&lt;Base&gt;("Base");
-class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt; &gt;("Derived");
-</pre>
-    Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     13 November, 2002 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-     
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/configuration.html

@@ -1,153 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - Configuration</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Configuration</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#app-defined">Application Defined Macros</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#lib-defined-impl">Library Defined Implementation
-      Macros</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p><b>Boost.Python</b> uses several configuration macros in <a href=
-    "http://www.boost.org/libs/config/config.htm">&lt;boost/config.hpp&gt;</a>,
-    as well as configuration macros meant to be supplied by the application.
-    These macros are documented here.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="app-defined"></a>Application Defined Macros</h2>
-
-    <p>These are the macros that may be defined by an application using
-    <b>Boost.Python</b>. Note that if you extend a strict interpretation of
-    the C++ standard to cover dynamic libraries, using different values of
-    these macros when compiling different libraries (including extension
-    modules and the <b>Boost.Python</b> library itself) is a violation of the
-    <a href="definitions.html#ODR">ODR</a>. However, we know of no C++
-    implementations on which this particular violation is detectable or
-    causes any problems.</p>
-
-    <table summary="application defined macros" width="100%" cellpadding=
-    "10">
-      <tr>
-        <th align="left"><b>Macro</b></th>
-
-        <th><b>Default</b></th>
-
-        <th align="left"><b>Meaning</b></th>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY</code></td>
-
-        <td valign="top" align="center">15</td>
-
-        <td valign="top">The maximum <a href=
-        "definitions.html#arity">arity</a> of any function, member function,
-        or constructor to be wrapped, invocation of a <b>Boost.Python</b>
-        function wich is specified as taking arguments
-        <code>x1,&nbsp;x2,</code>...<code>X</code><i>n</i>. This includes, in
-        particular, callback mechanisms such as <code><a href=
-        "object.html#object-spec">object</a>::operator()(</code>...<code>)</code>
-        or <code><a href=
-        "call_method.html#call_method-spec">call_method</a>&lt;R&gt;(</code>...
-        <code>)</code>.</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES</code></td>
-
-        <td valign="top" align="center">10</td>
-
-        <td valign="top">The maximum number of template arguments to the
-        <code><a href=
-        "class.html#bases-spec">bases</a>&lt;</code>...<code>&gt;</code>
-        class template, which is used to specify the bases of a wrapped C++
-        class..</td>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_MODULE</code></td>
-
-        <td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
-
-        <td valign="top">If defined, prevents your module initialization
-        function from being treated as an exported symbol on platforms which
-        support that distinction in-code</td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-
-    <h2><a name="lib-defined-impl"></a>Library Defined Implementation
-    Macros</h2>
-
-    <p>These macros are defined by <b>Boost.Python</b> and are implementation
-    details of interest only to implementors and those porting to new
-    platforms.</p>
-
-    <table summary="library defined implementation macros" width="100%"
-    cellpadding="10">
-      <tr>
-        <th align="left"><b>Macro</b></th>
-
-        <th><b>Default</b></th>
-
-        <th align="left"><b>Meaning</b></th>
-      </tr>
-
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME</code></td>
-
-        <td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
-
-        <td valign="top">If defined, this indicates that the type_info
-        comparison across shared library boundaries does not work on this
-        platform. In other words, if shared-lib-1 passes
-        <code>typeid(T)</code> to a function in shared-lib-2 which compares
-        it to <code>typeid(T)</code>, that comparison may return
-        <code>false</code>. If this macro is #defined, Boost.Python uses and
-        compares <code>typeid(T).name()</code> instead of using and comparing
-        the <code>std::type_info</code> objects directly.</td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     7 January, 2003 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/copy_const_reference.html

@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python -
-    &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header
-          &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec">Class
-          <code>copy_const_reference</code></a></dt>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec-synopsis">Class
-              <code>copy_const_reference</code> synopsis</a></dt>
-
-              <dt><a href="#copy_const_reference-spec-metafunctions">Class
-              <code>copy_const_reference</code> metafunctions</a></dt>
-            </dl>
-          </dd>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="copy_const_reference-spec"></a>Class
-    <code>copy_const_reference</code></h3>
-
-    <p><code>copy_const_reference</code> is a model of <a href=
-    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a>
-    which can be used to wrap C++ functions returning a reference-to-const
-    type such that the referenced value is copied into a new Python
-    object.</p>
-
-    <h4><a name="copy_const_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
-    <code>copy_const_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-    struct copy_const_reference
-    {
-        template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
-    };
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h4><a name="copy_const_reference-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
-    <code>copy_const_reference</code> metafunctions</h4>
-<pre>
-template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U const&amp;</code> for
-      some <code>U</code>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
-      "to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T&gt;
-      type;</code></dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
-
-    <h3>C++ Module Definition</h3>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/copy_const_reference.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
-
-// classes to wrap
-struct Bar { int x; }
-
-struct Foo {
-   Foo(int x) : { b.x = x; }
-   Bar const&amp; get_bar() const { return b; }
- private:
-   Bar b;
-};
-
-// Wrapper code
-using namespace boost::python;
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
-{
-    class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar");
-
-     class_&lt;Foo&gt;("Foo", init&lt;int&gt;())
-        .def("get_bar", &amp;Foo::get_bar
-            , return_value_policy&lt;copy_const_reference&gt;())
-       ;
-}
-</pre>
-
-    <h3>Python Code</h3>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3)         # create a Foo object
-&gt;&gt;&gt; b = f.get_bar()    # make a copy of the internal Bar object
-</pre>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/copy_non_const_reference.html

@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python -
-    &lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header
-          &lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#copy_non_const_reference-spec">Class
-          <code>copy_non_const_reference</code></a></dt>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#copy_non_const_reference-spec-synopsis">Class
-              <code>copy_non_const_reference</code> synopsis</a></dt>
-
-              <dt><a href=
-              "#copy_non_const_reference-spec-metafunctions">Class
-              <code>copy_non_const_reference</code> metafunctions</a></dt>
-            </dl>
-          </dd>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec"></a>Class
-    <code>copy_non_const_reference</code></h3>
-
-    <p><code>copy_non_const_reference</code> is a model of <a href=
-    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a>
-    which can be used to wrap C++ functions returning a
-    reference-to-non-const type such that the referenced value is copied into
-    a new Python object.</p>
-
-    <h4><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
-    <code>copy_non_const_reference</code> synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-    struct copy_non_const_reference
-    {
-        template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
-    };
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h4><a name="copy_non_const_reference-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
-    <code>copy_non_const_reference</code> metafunctions</h4>
-<pre>
-template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is <code>U&amp;</code> for some
-      non-const <code>U</code>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
-      "to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T&gt;
-      type;</code></dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
-
-    <p>C++ code:</p>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/copy_non_const_reference.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/return_value_policy.hpp&gt;
-
-// classes to wrap
-struct Bar { int x; }
-
-struct Foo {
-   Foo(int x) : { b.x = x; }
-   Bar&amp; get_bar() { return b; }
- private:
-   Bar b;
-};
-
-// Wrapper code
-using namespace boost::python;
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
-{
-    class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar");
-
-     class_&lt;Foo&gt;("Foo", init&lt;int&gt;())
-        .def("get_bar", &amp;Foo::get_bar
-            , return_value_policy&lt;copy_non_const_reference&gt;())
-       ;
-}
-</pre>
-    Python Code: 
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
-&gt;&gt;&gt; f = Foo(3)         # create a Foo object
-&gt;&gt;&gt; b = f.get_bar()    # make a copy of the internal Bar object
-</pre>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/data_members.html

@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header
-          &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a></dt>
-
-          <dt><a href="#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p><code><a href="#make_getter-spec">make_getter</a>()</code> and
-    <code><a href="#make_setter-spec">make_setter</a>()</code> are the
-    functions used internally by <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
-    "class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def_readonly</a></code> and
-    <code>class_&lt;&gt;::<a href=
-    "class.html#class_-spec-modifiers">def_readwrite</a></code> to produce
-    Python callable objects which wrap C++ data members.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
-<pre>
-<a name="make_getter-spec">template &lt;class C, class D&gt;</a>
-<a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_getter(D C::*pm);
-
-template &lt;class C, class D, class Policies&gt;
-<a href=
-"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_getter(D C::*pm, Policies const&amp; policies);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Policies</code> is a model of <a href=
-      "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which accepts a
-      single argument that can be converted <code>from_python</code> to
-      <code>C*</code>, and returns the corresponding member <code>D</code>
-      member of the <code>C</code> object, converted <code>to_python</code>.
-      If <code>policies</code> is supplied, it will be applied to the
-      function as described <a href="CallPolicies.html">here</a>. Otherwise,
-      the library attempts to determine whether <code>D</code> is a
-      user-defined class type, and if so uses <code><a href=
-      "return_internal_reference.html#return_internal_reference-spec">return_internal_reference</a>&lt;&gt;</code></dt>
-
-      <dt>for <code>Policies</code>. Note that this test may inappropriately
-      choose <code>return_internal_reference&lt;&gt;</code> in some cases
-      when <code>D</code> is a smart pointer type. This is a known
-      defect.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> An instance of <a href=
-      "object.html#object-spec">object</a> which holds the new Python
-      callable object.</dt>
-    </dl>
-<pre>
-<a name="make_setter-spec">template &lt;class C, class D&gt;</a>
-<a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_setter(D C::*pm);
-
-template &lt;class C, class D, class Policies&gt;
-<a href=
-"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_setter(D C::*pm, Policies const&amp; policies);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function*-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>Policies</code> is a model of <a href=
-      "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when called
-      from Python, expects two arguments which can be converted
-      <code>from_python</code> to <code>C*</code> and
-      <code>D&nbsp;const&amp;</code>, respectively, and sets the
-      corresponding <code>D</code> member of the <code>C</code> object. If
-      <code>policies</code> is supplied, it will be applied to the function
-      as described <a href="CallPolicies.html">here</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> An instance of <a href=
-      "object.html#object-spec">object</a> which holds the new Python
-      callable object.</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
-
-    <p>The code below uses make_getter and make_setter to expose a data
-    member as functions:</p>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/data_members.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
-
-struct X
-{
-    X(int x) : y(x) {}
-    int y;
-};
-
-using namespace boost::python;
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
-{
-    class_&lt;X&gt;("X", init&lt;int&gt;())
-       .def("get", make_getter(&amp;X::y))
-       .def("set", make_setter(&amp;X::y))
-       ;
-}
-</pre>
-    It can be used this way in Python: 
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from data_members_example import *
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x = X(1)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.get()
-1
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.set(2)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x.get()
-2
-</pre>
-
-    <p>
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     13 November, 2002 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/def.html

@@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Cygwin (vers 1st April 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#def-spec">def</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p><code><a href="#def-spec">def</a>()</code> is the function which can
-    be used to expose C++ functions and callable objects as Python functions
-    in the current <code><a href="scope.html">scope</a></code>.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
-    <a name="def-spec"></a>def 
-<pre>
-template &lt;class F&gt;
-void def(char const* name, F f);
-
-template &lt;class Fn, class A1&gt;
-void def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp;);
-
-template &lt;class Fn, class A1, class A2&gt;
-void def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;);
-
-template &lt;class Fn, class A1, class A2, class A3&gt;
-void def(char const* name, Fn fn, A1 const&amp;, A2 const&amp;, A3 const&amp;);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>.</dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <ul>
-          <li>If <code>Fn</code> is [derived from] <code><a href=
-          "object.html#object-spec">object</a></code>, it will be added to
-          the current scope as a single overload. To be useful,
-          <code>fn</code> should be <a href=
-          "http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/built-in-funcs.html#l2h-6">callable</a>.</li>
-
-          <li>
-            If <code>a1</code> is the result of an <a href=
-            "overloads.html#overload-dispatch-expression"><em>overload-dispatch-expression</em></a>,
-            only the second form is allowed and fn must be a pointer to
-            function or pointer to member function whose <a href=
-            "definitions.html#arity">arity</a> is the same as A1's <a href=
-            "overloads.html#overload-dispatch-expression"><em>maximum
-            arity</em></a>. 
-
-            <dl>
-              <dt><b>Effects:</b> For each prefix <em>P</em> of
-              <code>Fn</code>'s sequence of argument types, beginning with
-              the one whose length is <code>A1</code>'s <a href=
-              "overloads.html#overload-dispatch-expression"><em>minimum
-              arity</em></a>, adds a
-              <code><em>name</em>(</code>...<code>)</code> function overload
-              to the <a href="scope.html">current scope</a>. Each overload
-              generated invokes <code>a1</code>'s call-expression with
-              <em>P</em>, using a copy of <code>a1</code>'s <a href=
-              "CallPolicies.html">call policies</a>. If the longest valid
-              prefix of <code>A1</code> contains <em>N</em> types and
-              <code>a1</code> holds <em>M</em> keywords, an initial sequence
-              of the keywords are used for all but the first
-              <em>N</em>&nbsp;-&nbsp;<em>M</em> arguments of each
-              overload.<br>
-              </dt>
-            </dl>
-          </li>
-
-          <li>Otherwise, fn must be a non-null function or member function
-          pointer, and a single function overload built around fn is added to
-          the <a href="scope.html">current scope</a>. If any of
-          <code>a1</code>-<code>a3</code> are supplied, they may be selected
-          in any order from the table below.</li>
-        </ul>
-
-        <table border="1" summary="def() optional arguments">
-          <tr>
-            <th>Memnonic Name</th>
-
-            <th>Requirements/Type properties</th>
-
-            <th>Effects</th>
-          </tr>
-
-          <tr>
-            <td>docstring</td>
-
-            <td>Any <a href="definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</td>
-
-            <td>Value will be bound to the <code>__doc__</code> attribute of
-            the resulting method overload.</td>
-          </tr>
-
-          <tr>
-            <td>policies</td>
-
-            <td>A model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a></td>
-
-            <td>A copy will be used as the call policies of the resulting
-            method overload.</td>
-          </tr>
-
-          <tr>
-            <td>keywords</td>
-
-            <td>The result of a <a href=
-            "args.html#keyword-expression"><em>keyword-expression</em></a>
-            specifying no more arguments than the <a href=
-            "definitions.html#arity">arity</a> of <code>fn</code>.</td>
-
-            <td>A copy will be used as the call policies of the resulting
-            method overload.</td>
-          </tr>
-        </table>
-      </dd>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/args.hpp&gt;
-
-using namespace boost::python;
-
-char const* foo(int x, int y) { return "foo"; }
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(def_test)
-{
-    def("foo", foo, args("x", "y"), "foo's docstring");
-}
-</pre>
-
-    <p>
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     7 March, 2003
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/default_call_policies.html

@@ -1,170 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-    <meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python -
-    &lt;boost/python/default_call_policies.hpp&gt;</title>
-
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
-          "C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header
-          &lt;boost/python/default_call_policies.hpp&gt;</h2>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec">Class
-          <code>default_call_policies</code></a>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
-              <code>default_call_policies</code> synopsis</a>
-
-              <dt><a href="#default_call_policies-spec-statics">Class
-              <code>default_call_policies</code> static functions</a>
-            </dl>
-
-          <dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec">Class
-          <code>default_result_converter</code></a>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec-synopsis">Class
-              <code>default_result_converter</code> synopsis</a>
-
-              <dt><a href="#default_result_converter-spec-metafunctions">Class
-              <code>default_result_converter</code> metafunctions</a>
-            </dl>
-        </dl>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="default_call_policies-spec"></a>Class
-    <code>default_call_policies</code></h3>
-
-    <p><code>default_call_policies</code> is a model of <a href=
-    "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> with no <code>precall</code> or
-    <code>postcall</code> behavior and a <code>result_converter</code> which
-    handles by-value returns. Wrapped C++ functions and member functions use
-    <code>default_call_policies</code> unless otherwise specified. You may find
-    it convenient to derive new models of <a href=
-    "CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a> from
-    <code>default_call_policies</code>.
-
-    <h4><a name="default_call_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
-    <code>default_call_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-    struct default_call_policies
-    {
-        static bool precall(PyObject*);
-        static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
-        typedef <a href=
-"#default_result_converter-spec">default_result_converter</a> result_converter;
-    };
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h4><a name="default_call_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
-    <code>default_call_policies</code> static functions</h4>
-<pre>
-bool precall(PyObject*);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>true</code>
-
-      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
-    </dl>
-<pre>
-PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>result</code>
-
-      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing
-    </dl>
-
-    <h3><a name="default_result_converter-spec"></a>Class
-    <code>default_result_converter</code></h3>
-
-    <p><code>default_result_converter</code> is a model of <a href=
-    "ResultConverter.html#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator</a> which can be
-    used to wrap C++ functions returning non-pointer types, <code>char
-    const*</code>, and <code>PyObject*</code>, by-value.
-
-    <h4><a name="default_result_converter-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
-    <code>default_result_converter</code> synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-    struct default_result_converter
-    {
-        template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply;
-    };
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h4><a name="default_result_converter-spec-metafunctions"></a>Class
-    <code>default_result_converter</code> metafunctions</h4>
-<pre>
-template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="metafunction-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is not a reference type. If
-      <code>T</code> is a pointer type, <code>T</code> is <code>const
-      char*</code> or <code>PyObject*</code>.
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>typedef <a href=
-      "to_python_value.html#to_python_value-spec">to_python_value</a>&lt;T
-      const&amp;&gt; type;</code>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
-
-    <p>This example comes from the Boost.Python implementation itself. Because
-    the <a href=
-    "return_value_policy.html#return_value_policy-spec">return_value_policy</a>
-    class template does not implement <code>precall</code> or
-    <code>postcall</code> behavior, its default base class is
-    <code>default_call_policies</code>:
-<pre>
-template &lt;class Handler, class Base = default_call_policies&gt;
-struct return_value_policy : Base
-{
-   typedef Handler result_converter;
-};
-</pre>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
-    Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights Reserved.</i>
-

doc/v2/definitions.html

@@ -1,100 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - Definitions</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Definitions</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <dl class="definitions">
-      <dt><b><a name="arity">arity</a>:</b> The number of arguments accepted
-      by a function or member function. Unless otherwise specified, the
-      hidden "<code>this</code>" argument to member functions is not counted
-      when specifying arity</dt>
-
-      <dd><br>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b><a name="ntbs">ntbs</a>:</b> Null-Terminated Byte String, or
-      `C'-string. C++ string literals are <strong>ntbs</strong>es. An
-      <strong>ntbs</strong> must never be null.</dt>
-
-      <dd><br>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b><a name="raise">raise</a>:</b> Exceptions in Python are
-      "raised", not "thrown", as they are in C++. When this documentation
-      says that some Python exception is "raised" in the context of C++ code,
-      it means that the corresponding Python exception is set via the <a
-      href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html">Python/'C'
-      API</a>, and <code><a href=
-      "errors.html#throw_error_already_set-spec">throw_error_already_set</a>()</code>
-      is called.</dt>
-
-      <dd><br>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b><a name="POD">POD</a>:</b> A technical term from the C++
-      standard. Short for "Plain Ol'Data": A POD-struct is an aggregate class
-      that has no non-static data members of type pointer to member,
-      non-POD-struct, non-POD-union (or array of such types) or reference,
-      and has no user-defined copy assign- ment operator and no user-defined
-      destructor. Similarly, a POD-union is an aggregate union that has no
-      non-static data members of type pointer to member, non-POD-struct,
-      non-POD-union (or array of such types) or reference, and has no
-      user-defined copy assignment operator and no user-defined destructor. A
-      POD class is a class that is either a POD-struct or a POD-union. An
-      aggregate is an array or a class (clause 9) with no user-declared
-      constructors (12.1), no private or protected non-static data members
-      (clause 11), no base classes (clause 10), and no virtual functions
-      (10.3).</dt>
-
-      <dd><br>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><b><a name="ODR">ODR</a>:</b> The &quot;One Definition
-      Rule&quot;, which says that any entity in a C++ program must have the same definition in all translation units (object files) which make up a program.
-      </dt>
-
-      <dd><br>
-      </dd>
-
-
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/dict.html

@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/dict.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/dict.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#dict-spec">Class <code>dict</code></a></dt>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#dict-spec-synopsis">Class <code>dict</code>
-              synopsis</a></dt>
-            </dl>
-          </dd>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p>Exposes a <a href=
-    "ObjectWrapper.html#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper</a> for the Python
-    <a href=
-    "http://www.python.org/dev/doc/devel/lib/typesmapping.html">dict</a>
-    type.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="dict-spec"></a>Class <code>dict</code></h3>
-
-    <p>Exposes the <a href=
-    "http://www.python.org/dev/doc/devel/lib/typesmapping.html">mapping
-    protocol</a> of Python's built-in <code>dict</code> type. The semantics
-    of the constructors and member functions defined below can be fully
-    understood by reading the <a href=
-    "ObjectWrapper.html#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper</a> concept
-    definition. Since <code>dict</code> is publicly derived from <code><a
-    href="object.html#object-spec">object</a></code>, the public object
-    interface applies to <code>dict</code> instances as well.</p>
-
-    <h4><a name="dict-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>dict</code>
-    synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-   class dict : public object
-   {
-      dict();
-
-      template&lt; class T &gt;
-      dict(T const &amp; data);
-
-      // modifiers
-      void clear();
-      dict copy();
-
-      template &lt;class T1, class T2&gt;
-      tuple popitem();
-
-      template &lt;class T&gt;
-      object setdefault(T const &amp;k);
-
-      template &lt;class T1, class T2&gt;
-      object setdefault(T1 const &amp; k, T2 const &amp; d);
-
-      void update(object_cref E);
- 
-      template&lt; class T &gt;
-      void update(T const &amp; E);
-
-      // observers
-      list values() const;
-    
-      object get(object_cref k) const;
-
-      template&lt;class T&gt;
-      object get(T const &amp; k) const;
-
-      object get(object_cref k, object_cref d) const;
-      object get(T1 const &amp; k, T2 const &amp; d) const;
-
-      bool has_key(object_cref k) const;
-
-      template&lt; class T &gt;
-      bool has_key(T const &amp; k) const;
-
-      list items() const;
-      object iteritems() const;
-      object iterkeys() const;
-      object itervalues() const;
-      list keys() const;
-  };
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
-<pre>
-using namespace boost::python;
-dict swap_object_dict(object target, dict d)
-{
-    dict result = extract&lt;dict&gt;(target.attr("__dict__"));
-    target.attr("__dict__") = d;
-    return result;
-}
-</pre>
-
-    <p>Revised 30 September, 2002</p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/enum.html

@@ -1,232 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/enum.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/enum.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#enum_-spec">Class template
-          <code>enum_</code></a></dt>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#enum_-spec-synopsis">Class template <code>enum_</code>
-              synopsis</a></dt>
-
-              <dt><a href="#enum_-spec-ctors">Class template <code>enum_</code>
-              constructors</a></dt>
-
-              <dt><a href="#enum_-spec-modifiers">Class template <code>enum_</code>
-              modifier functions</a></dt>
-            </dl>
-          </dd>
-
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/enum.hpp&gt;</code> defines the
-    interface through which users expose their C++ enumeration types
-    to Python. It declares the
-    <code>enum_</code> class template, which is parameterized on the
-    enumeration type being exposed. </p>
-
-
-    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="enum_-spec"></a>Class template
-    <code>enum_&lt;T&gt;</code></h3>
-
-    <p>Creates a Python class derived from Python's <code>int</code>
-    type which is associated with the C++ type passed as its first
-    parameter. 
-
-    <h4><a name="enum_-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>enum_</code>
-    synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-  template &lt;class T&gt;
-  class enum_ : public <a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a>
-  {
-    enum_(char const* name);
-    enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T);
-    enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
-  };
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h4><a name="enum_-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>enum_</code>
-    constructors</h4>
-<pre>
-enum_(char const* name);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>. 
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs an <code>enum_</code> object
-      holding a Python extension type derived from <code>int</code>
-      which is named <code>name</code>. The
-      <code>name</code>d attribute of the <a href=
-      "scope.html#introduction">current scope</a> is bound to the new
-      extension type.</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h4><a name="enum_-spec-modifiers"></a>Class template
-    <code>enum_</code> modifier functions</h4>
-<pre>
-inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T x);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>name</code> is an <a href=
-      "definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> which conforms to Python's <a
-      href=
-      "http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/identifiers.html">identifier
-      naming rules</a>.
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> adds an instance of the wrapped enumeration
-      type with value <code>x</code> to the type's dictionary as the
-      <code>name</code>d attribute</dt>.
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-
-    </dl>
-
-<pre>
-inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> sets attributes in the current <a
-        href="scope.html#scope-spec"><code>scope</code></a> with the
-        same names and values as all enumeration values exposed so far
-        by calling <code>value()</code></dt>.
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
-
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example(s)</h2>
-
-    <p>C++ module definition
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/enum.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
-
-using namespace boost::python;
-
-enum color { red = 1, green = 2, blue = 4 };
-
-color identity_(color x) { return x; }
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(enums)
-{
-    enum_&lt;color&gt;(&quot;color&quot;)
-        .value(&quot;red&quot;, red)
-        .value(&quot;green&quot;, green)
-        .export_values()
-        .value(&quot;blue&quot;, blue)
-        ;
-    
-    def(&quot;identity&quot;, identity_);
-}
-</pre>
-    <p>Interactive Python:
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; from enums import *
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(red)
-enums.color.red
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(color.red)
-enums.color.red
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(green)
-enums.color.green
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(color.green)
-enums.color.green
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(blue)
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in ?
-NameError: name blue' is not defined
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(color.blue)
-enums.color.blue
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(color(1))
-enums.color.red
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(color(2))
-enums.color.green
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(color(3))
-enums.color(3)
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(color(4))
-enums.color.blue
-
-&gt;&gt;&gt; identity(1)
-Traceback (most recent call last):
-  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in ?
-TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
-</pre>
-    <hr>
-
-    Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 December, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-     
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/errors.html

@@ -1,287 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#error_already_set-spec">Class
-          <code>error_already_set</code></a></dt>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#error_already_set-spec-synopsis">Class
-              <code>error_already_set</code> synopsis</a></dt>
-            </dl>
-          </dd>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#handle_exception-spec">handle_exception</a></dt>
-
-          <dt><a href="#expect_non_null-spec">expect_non_null</a></dt>
-
-          <dt><a href=
-          "#throw_error_already_set-spec">throw_error_already_set</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p><code>&lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;</code> provides types and
-    functions for managing and translating between Python and C++ exceptions.
-    This is relatively low-level functionality that is mostly used internally
-    by Boost.Python. Users should seldom need it.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="error_already_set-spec"></a>Class
-    <code>error_already_set</code></h3>
-
-    <p><code>error_already_set</code> is an exception type which can be
-    thrown to indicate that a Python error has occurred. If thrown, the
-    precondition is that <a href=
-    "http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred()</a>
-    returns a value convertible to <code>true</code>. Portable code shouldn't
-    throw this exception type directly, but should instead use <code><a href=
-    "#throw_error_already_set-spec">throw_error_already_set</a>()</code>,
-    below.</p>
-
-    <h4><a name="error_already_set-spec-synopsis"></a>Class error_already_set
-    synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-    class error_already_set {};
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
-<pre>
-<a name=
-"handle_exception-spec">template &lt;class T&gt; bool handle_exception</a>(T f) throw();
-
-void handle_exception() throw();
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="handle_exception-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> The first form requires that the expression
-      <code><a href=
-      "../../../function/doc/reference.html#functionN">function0</a>&lt;void&gt;(f)</code>
-      is valid. The second form requires that a C++ exception is currently
-      being handled (see section 15.1 in the C++ standard).</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> The first form calls <code>f()</code> inside a
-      <code>try</code> block which first attempts to use all registered <a
-      href="exception_translator.html">exception translators</a>. If none of
-      those translates the exception, the <code>catch</code> clauses then set
-      an appropriate Python exception for the C++ exception caught, returning
-      <code>true</code> if an exception was thrown, <code>false</code>
-      otherwise. The second form passes a function which rethrows the
-      exception currently being handled to the first form.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> No exception is being handled</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Throws:</b> nothing</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> At inter-language boundaries it is important to
-      ensure that no C++ exceptions escape, since the calling language
-      usually doesn't have the equipment neccessary to properly unwind the
-      stack. Use <code>handle_exception</code> to manage exception
-      translation whenever your C++ code is called directly from the Python
-      API. This is done for you automatically by the usual function wrapping
-      facilities: <code><a href=
-      "make_function.html#make_function-spec">make_function</a>()</code>,
-      <code><a href=
-      "make_function.html#make_constructor-spec">make_constructor</a>()</code>,
-      <code><a href="def.html#def-spec">def</a>()</code> and <code><a href=
-      "class.html#def-spec">class_::def</a>()</code>. The second form can be
-      more convenient to use (see the <a href="#examples">example</a> below),
-      but various compilers have problems when exceptions are rethrown from
-      within an enclosing <code>try</code> block.</dt>
-    </dl>
-<pre>
-<a name=
-"expect_non_null-spec">template &lt;class T&gt; T* expect_non_null(T* x);</a>
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="expect_non_null-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>x</code></dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
-      "#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a>()</code> iff <code>x ==
-      0</code>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Simplifies error-handling when calling functions
-      in the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/api/api.html">Python/C
-      API</a> which return 0 on error.</dt>
-    </dl>
-<pre>
-<a name="throw_error_already_set-spec">void throw_error_already_set();</a>
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="throw_error_already_set-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> <code>throw&nbsp;<a href=
-      "#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a>();</code></dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <dl>
-      <dt><b>Rationale:</b> Many platforms and compilers are not able to
-      consistently catch exceptions thrown across shared library boundaries.
-      Using this function from the Boost.Python library ensures that the
-      appropriate <code>catch</code> block in <code><a href=
-      "#handle_exception-spec">handle_exception</a>()</code> can catch the
-      exception.</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;string&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/errors.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/object.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/handle.hpp&gt;
-
-// Returns a std::string which has the same value as obj's "__name__"
-// attribute.
-std::string get_name(boost::python::object obj)
-{
-   // throws if there's no __name__ attribute
-   PyObject* p = boost::python::expect_non_null(
-      PyObject_GetAttrString(obj.ptr(), "__name__"));
-
-   char const* s = PyString_AsString(p);
-   if (s != 0) 
-        Py_DECREF(p);
-
-   // throws if it's not a Python string
-   std::string result(
-      boost::python::expect_non_null(
-         PyString_AsString(p)));
-
-   Py_DECREF(p); // Done with p
-   
-   return result;
-}
-
-//
-// Demonstrate form 1 of handle_exception
-//
-
-// Place into result a Python Int object whose value is 1 if a and b have
-// identical "__name__" attributes, 0 otherwise.
-void same_name_impl(PyObject*&amp; result, boost::python::object a, boost::python::object b)
-{
-   result = PyInt_FromLong(
-      get_name(a) == get_name(a2));
-}
-
-object borrowed_object(PyObject* p)
-{
-   return boost::python::object(
-        boost::python::handle&lt;&gt;(
-             boost::python::borrowed(a1)));
-}
-
-// This is an example Python 'C' API interface function
-extern "C" PyObject*
-same_name(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
-{
-   PyObject* a1;
-   PyObject* a2;
-   PyObject* result = 0;
-
-   if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, const_cast&lt;char*&gt;("OO"), &amp;a1, &amp;a2))
-      return 0;
-   
-   // Use boost::bind to make an object compatible with
-   // boost::Function0&lt;void&gt;
-   if (boost::python::handle_exception(
-         boost::bind&lt;void&gt;(same_name_impl, boost::ref(result), borrowed_object(a1), borrowed_object(a2))))
-   {
-      // an exception was thrown; the Python error was set by
-      // handle_exception()
-      return 0;
-   }
-
-   return result;
-}
-
-//
-// Demonstrate form 2 of handle_exception. Not well-supported by all
-// compilers.
-//
-extern "C" PyObject*
-same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
-{
-   PyObject* a1;
-   PyObject* a2;
-   PyObject* result = 0;
-
-   if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, const_cast&lt;char*&gt;("OO"), &amp;a1, &amp;a2))
-      return 0;
-
-   try {
-      return PyInt_FromLong(
-         get_name(borrowed_object(a1)) == get_name(borrowed_object(a2)));
-   }
-   catch(...)
-   {
-      // If an exception was thrown, translate it to Python
-      boost::python::handle_exception();
-      return 0;
-   }
-}
-</pre>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-  13 November, 2002
-  <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/exception_translator.html

@@ -1,148 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python -
-    &lt;boost/python/exception_translator.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header
-          &lt;boost/python/exception_translator.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#functions">Functions</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href=
-          "#register_exception_translator-spec">register_exception_translator</a></dt>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p>As described <a href="errors.html#handle_exception-spec">here</a>, it
-    is important to make sure that exceptions thrown by C++ code do not pass
-    into the Python interpreter core. By default, Boost.Python translates all
-    C++ exceptions thrown by wrapped functions and module init functions into
-    Python, but the default translators are extremely limited: most C++
-    exceptions will appear in Python as a <a href=
-    "http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-exceptions.html">RuntimeError</a>
-    exception whose representation is
-    <code>'Unidentifiable&nbsp;C++&nbsp;Exception'</code>. To produce better
-    error messages, users can register additional exception translators as
-    described below.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
-
-<h3><code><a name="register_exception_translator-spec">register_exception_translator</a></code></h3>
-
-<pre>
-<a name="register_exception_translator-spec">template&lt;class ExceptionType, class Translate&gt;</a>
-void register_exception_translator(Translate const&amp; translate);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <code>Translate</code> is <a href=
-        "../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html">Copyconstructible</a>, and
-        the following code must be well-formed: 
-<pre>
-void f(ExceptionType x) { translate(x); }
-</pre>
-        The expression <code>translate(x)</code> must either throw a C++
-        exception, or a subsequent call to <code><a href=
-        "http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html">PyErr_Occurred</a>()</code>
-        must return 1.
-      </dd>
-
-      <p>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Adds a copy of <code>translate</code> to the sequence of
-      exception translators tried when Boost.Python catches an exception that
-      is about to pass into Python's core interpreter. The new translator
-      will get "first shot" at translating all exceptions matching the catch
-      clause shown above. Any subsequently-registered translators will be
-      allowed to translate the exception earlier. A translator which cannot
-      translate a given C++ exception can re-throw it, and it will be handled
-      by a translator which was registered earlier (or by the default
-      translator).</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
-<pre>
-#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;boost/python/exception_translator.hpp&gt;
-#include &lt;exception&gt;
-
-struct my_exception : std::exception
-{
-  char const* what() throw() { return "One of my exceptions"; }
-};
-
-void translate(my_exception const&amp; e)
-{
-    // Use the Python 'C' API to set up an exception object
-    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, e.what());
-}
-
-void something_which_throws()
-{
-    ...
-    throw my_exception();
-    ...
-}
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(exception_translator_ext)
-{
-  using namespace boost::python;
-  register_exception_translator&lt;my_exception&gt;(&amp;translate);
-  
-  def("something_which_throws", something_which_throws);
-}
-</pre>
-    <br>
-     <br>
-     
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/extract.html

@@ -1,230 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/extract.hpp&gt;</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body>
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/extract.hpp&gt;</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2>Contents</h2>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
-
-      <dd>
-        <dl class="page-index">
-          <dt><a href="#extract-spec">Class <code>extract</code></a></dt>
-
-          <dd>
-            <dl class="page-index">
-              <dt><a href="#extract-spec-synopsis">Class <code>extract</code>
-              synopsis</a></dt>
-
-              <dt><a href="#extract-spec-ctors">Class <code>extract</code>
-              constructors and destructor</a></dt>
-
-              <dt><a href="#extract-spec-observers">Class
-              <code>extract</code> observer functions</a></dt>
-            </dl>
-          </dd>
-        </dl>
-      </dd>
-
-
-      <dt><a href="#examples">Example</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
-
-    <p>Exposes a mechanism for extracting C++ object values from
-    generalized Python objects. Note that
-    <code>extract&lt;</code>...<code>&gt;</code> can also be used to
-    &quot;downcast&quot; an <a
-    href="object.html#object-spec">object</a> to some specific <a
-    href="ObjectWrapper.html#ObjectWrapper-concept">ObjectWrapper</a>. Because
-    invoking a mutable python type with an argument of the same type
-    (e.g. <code>list([1,2])</code> typically makes a <em>copy</em> of
-    the argument object, this may be the only way to access the <a
-    href="ObjectWrapper.html#ObjectWrapper-concept">ObjectWrapper</a>'s
-    interface on the original object.
-
-    <h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
-
-    <h3><a name="extract-spec"></a>Class template <code>extract</code></h3>
-
-    <p><code>extract&lt;T&gt;</code> can be used to extract a value of
-    an arbitrary C++ type from an instance of <code><a
-    href="object.html#object-spec">object</a></code>. Two usages are supported:
-<ol>
-<li><b><code>extract&lt;T&gt;(o)</code></b> is a temporary object
-which is implicitly convertible to <code>T</code> (explicit conversion
-is also available through the object's function-call
-operator). However, if no conversion is available which can convert
-<code>o</code> to an object of type <code>T</code>, a Python
-<code>TypeError</code> exception will be <a
-href="definitions.html#raise">raised</a>.
-
-<li><b><code>extract&lt;T&gt; x(o);</code></b> constructs an extractor
-whose <code>check()</code> member function can be used to ask whether
-a conversion is available without causing an exception to be thrown.
-</ol>
-
-    <h4><a name="extract-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template <code>extract</code>
-    synopsis</h4>
-<pre>
-namespace boost { namespace python
-{
-  template &lt;class T&gt;
-  struct extract
-  {
-      typedef <i>unspecified</i> result_type;
-
-      extract(PyObject*);
-      extract(object const&amp;);
-
-      result_type operator()() const;
-      operator result_type() const;
-
-      bool check() const;
-  };
-}}
-</pre>
-
-    <h4><a name="extract-spec-ctors"></a>Class <code>extract</code>
-    constructors and destructor</h4>
-<pre>
-extract(PyObject* p);
-extract(object const&amp;);
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Requires:</b> The first form requires that <code>p</code> is non-null.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b>Stores a pointer to the Python object managed
-      by its constructor argument. In particular, the reference
-      count of the object is not incremented. The onus is on the user
-      to be sure it is not destroyed before the extractor's conversion
-      function is called.</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-    <h4><a name="extract-spec-observers"></a>Class <code>extract</code>
-    observer functions</h4>
-<pre>
-result_type operator()() const;
-operator result_type() const;
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-      <dt><b>Effects:</b> Converts the stored pointer to
-      <code>result_type</code>, which is either <code>T</code> or
-      <code>T const&amp;</code>.
-      </dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> An object of <code>result_type</code>
-      corresponding to the one referenced by the stored pointer.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a
-      href="errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code>
-      and sets a <code>TypeError</code> if no such conversion is
-      available. May also emit other unspecified exceptions thrown by
-      the converter which is actually used.</dt>
-    </dl>
-
-<pre>
-bool check() const;
-</pre>
-
-    <dl class="function-semantics">
-
-      <dt><b>Postconditions:</b> None. In particular, note that a
-      return value of <code>true</code> does not preclude an exception
-      being thrown from <code>operator result_type()</code> or
-      <code>operator()()</code>.</dt>
-
-      <dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>false</code> <i>only</i> if no conversion from the
-      stored pointer to <code>T</code> is available.</dt>
-
-    </dl>
-
-
-    <h2><a name="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
-
-<pre>
-#include &lt;cstdio&gt;
-using namespace boost::python;
-int Print(str s)
-{ 
-   // extract a C string from the Python string object
-   char const* c_str = extract&lt;char const*&gt;(s);
-
-   // Print it using printf
-   std::printf(&quot;%s\n&quot;, c_str);
-
-   // Get the Python string's length and convert it to an int
-   return extract&lt;int&gt;(s.attr(&quot;__len__&quot;)())
-}
-</pre>
-
-The following example shows how extract can be used along with
-<code><a
-href="class.html#class_-spec">class_</a>&lt;</code>...<code>&gt;</code>
-to create and access an instance of a wrapped C++ class.
-
-<pre>
-struct X
-{
-   X(int x) : v(x) {}
-   int value() { return v; }
- private:
-   int v;
-};
-
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extract_ext)
-{
-    object x_class(
-       class_&lt;X&gt;(&quot;X&quot;, init&lt;int&gt;())
-          .def(&quot;value&quot;, &amp;X::value))
-          ;
-        
-    // Instantiate an X object through the Python interface. 
-    // Its lifetime is now managed by x_obj.
-    object x_obj = x_class(3);
-
-    // Get a reference to the C++ object out of the Python object
-    X&amp; x = extract&lt;X&amp;&gt;(x_obj);
-    assert(x.value() == 3);
-}
-</pre>
-    <p>Revised 15 November, 2002</p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. All Rights
-    Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-

doc/v2/faq.html

@@ -1,504 +0,0 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
-
-<html>
-  <head>
-    <meta name="generator" content=
-    "HTML Tidy for Cygwin (vers 1st April 2002), see www.w3.org">
-    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
-    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
-
-    <title>Boost.Python - FAQ</title>
-  </head>
-
-  <body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
-    <table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
-    "header">
-      <tr>
-        <td valign="top" width="300">
-          <h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
-          alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../c++boost.gif" border="0"></a></h3>
-        </td>
-
-        <td valign="top">
-          <h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
-
-          <h2 align="center">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</h2>
-        </td>
-      </tr>
-    </table>
-    <hr>
-
-    <dl class="page-index">
-      <dt><a href="#dangling">I'm getting the "attempt to return dangling
-      reference" error. What am I doing wrong?</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#question1">Is return_internal_reference
-      efficient?</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#question2">How can I wrap functions which take C++
-      containers as arguments?</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#c1204">fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal
-      structure overflow</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#debugging">How do I debug my Python extensions?</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#imul">Why doesn't my <code>*=</code> operator
-      work?</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#macosx">Does Boost.Python work with Mac OS X?</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#xref">How can I find the existing PyObject that holds a
-      C++ object?</a></dt>
-
-      <dt><a href="#ownership">How can I wrap a function which needs to take
-      ownership of a raw pointer?</a></dt>
-    </dl>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="dangling">I'm getting the "attempt to return dangling
-    reference" error. What am I doing wrong?</a></h2>
-    That exception is protecting you from causing a nasty crash. It usually
-    happens in response to some code like this: 
-<pre>
-period const&amp; get_floating_frequency() const
-{
-  return boost::python::call_method&lt;period const&amp;&gt;(
-      m_self,"get_floating_frequency");
-}
-</pre>
-    And you get: 
-<pre>
-ReferenceError: Attempt to return dangling reference to object of type:
-class period
-</pre>
-
-    <p>In this case, the Python method invoked by <code>call_method</code>
-    constructs a new Python object. You're trying to return a reference to a
-    C++ object (an instance of <code>class period</code>) contained within
-    and owned by that Python object. Because the called method handed back a
-    brand new object, the only reference to it is held for the duration of
-    <code>get_floating_frequency()</code> above. When the function returns,
-    the Python object will be destroyed, destroying the instance of
-    <code>class period</code>, and leaving the returned reference dangling.
-    That's already undefined behavior, and if you try to do anything with
-    that reference you're likely to cause a crash. Boost.Python detects this
-    situation at runtime and helpfully throws an exception instead of letting
-    you do that.<br>
-     &nbsp;</p>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="question1"></a>Is return_internal_reference efficient?</h2>
-
-    <blockquote>
-      <b>Q:</b> <i>I have an object composed of 12 doubles. A const&amp; to
-      this object is returned by a member function of another class. From the
-      viewpoint of using the returned object in Python I do not care if I get
-      a copy or a reference to the returned object. In Boost.Python Version 2
-      I have the choice of using copy_const_reference or
-      return_internal_reference. Are there considerations that would lead me
-      to prefer one over the other, such as size of generated code or memory
-      overhead?</i> 
-
-      <p><b>A:</b> copy_const_reference will make an instance with storage
-      for one of your objects, size = base_size + 12 * sizeof(double).
-      return_internal_reference will make an instance with storage for a
-      pointer to one of your objects, size = base_size + sizeof(void*).
-      However, it will also create a weak reference object which goes in the
-      source object's weakreflist and a special callback object to manage the
-      lifetime of the internally-referenced object. My guess?
-      copy_const_reference is your friend here, resulting in less overall
-      memory use and less fragmentation, also probably fewer total
-      cycles.</p>
-    </blockquote>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="question2"></a>How can I wrap functions which take C++
-    containers as arguments?</h2>
-
-    <p>Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:</p>
-
-    <ol>
-      <li>
-        Using the regular <code>class_&lt;&gt;</code> wrapper: 
-<pre>
-class_&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt; &gt;("std_vector_double")
-  .def(...)
-  ...
-  ;
-</pre>
-        This can be moved to a template so that several types (double, int,
-        long, etc.) can be wrapped with the same code. This technique is used
-        in the file 
-
-        <blockquote>
-          scitbx/include/scitbx/array_family/boost_python/flex_wrapper.h
-        </blockquote>
-        in the "scitbx" package. The file could easily be modified for
-        wrapping std::vector&lt;&gt; instantiations. 
-
-        <p>This type of C++/Python binding is most suitable for containers
-        that may contain a large number of elements (&gt;10000).</p>
-      </li>
-
-      <li>
-        Using custom rvalue converters. Boost.Python "rvalue converters"
-        match function signatures such as: 
-<pre>
-void foo(std::vector&lt;double&gt; const&amp; array); // pass by const-reference
-void foo(std::vector&lt;double&gt; array); // pass by value
-</pre>
-        Some custom rvalue converters are implemented in the file 
-
-        <blockquote>
-          scitbx/include/scitbx/boost_python/container_conversions.h
-        </blockquote>
-        This code can be used to convert from C++ container types such as
-        std::vector&lt;&gt; or std::list&lt;&gt; to Python tuples and vice
-        versa. A few simple examples can be found in the file 
-
-        <blockquote>
-          scitbx/array_family/boost_python/regression_test_module.cpp
-        </blockquote>
-        Automatic C++ container &lt;-&gt; Python tuple conversions are most
-        suitable for containers of moderate size. These converters generate
-        significantly less object code compared to alternative 1 above.
-      </li>
-    </ol>
-    A disadvantage of using alternative 2 is that operators such as
-    arithmetic +,-,*,/,% are not available. It would be useful to have custom
-    rvalue converters that convert to a "math_array" type instead of tuples.
-    This is currently not implemented but is possible within the framework of
-    Boost.Python V2 as it will be released in the next couple of weeks. [ed.:
-    this was posted on 2002/03/10] 
-
-    <p>It would also be useful to also have "custom lvalue converters" such
-    as std::vector&lt;&gt; &lt;-&gt; Python list. These converters would
-    support the modification of the Python list from C++. For example:</p>
-
-    <p>C++:</p>
-<pre>
-void foo(std::vector&lt;double&gt;&amp; array)
-{
-  for(std::size_t i=0;i&lt;array.size();i++) {
-    array[i] *= 2;
-  }
-}
-</pre>
-    Python: 
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; l = [1, 2, 3]
-&gt;&gt;&gt; foo(l)
-&gt;&gt;&gt; print l
-[2, 4, 6]
-</pre>
-    Custom lvalue converters require changes to the Boost.Python core library
-    and are currently not available. 
-
-    <p>P.S.:</p>
-
-    <p>The "scitbx" files referenced above are available via anonymous
-    CVS:</p>
-<pre>
-cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.cctbx.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/cctbx login
-cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.cctbx.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/cctbx co scitbx
-</pre>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="c1204"></a>fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal
-    structure overflow</h2>
-
-    <blockquote>
-      <b>Q:</b> <i>I get this error message when compiling a large source
-      file. What can I do?</i> 
-
-      <p><b>A:</b> You have two choices:</p>
-
-      <ol>
-        <li>Upgrade your compiler (preferred)</li>
-
-        <li>
-          Break your source file up into multiple translation units. 
-
-          <p><code><b>my_module.cpp</b></code>:</p>
-<pre>
-...
-void more_of_my_module();
-BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
-{
-   def("foo", foo);
-   def("bar", bar);
-   ...
-   more_of_my_module();
-}
-</pre>
-          <code><b>more_of_my_module.cpp</b></code>: 
-<pre>
-void more_of_my_module()
-{
-   def("baz", baz);
-   ...
-}
-</pre>
-          If you find that a <code><a href=
-          "class.html#class_-spec">class_</a>&lt;...&gt;</code> declaration
-          can't fit in a single source file without triggering the error, you
-          can always pass a reference to the <code>class_</code> object to a
-          function in another source file, and call some of its member
-          functions (e.g. <code>.def(...)</code>) in the auxilliary source
-          file: 
-
-          <p><code><b>more_of_my_class.cpp</b></code>:</p>
-<pre>
-void more_of_my_class(class&lt;my_class&gt;&amp; x)
-{
-   x
-     .def("baz", baz)
-     .add_property("xx", &amp;my_class::get_xx, &amp;my_class::set_xx)
-     ;
-
-   ...
-}
-</pre>
-        </li>
-      </ol>
-    </blockquote>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="debugging"></a>How do I debug my Python extensions?</h2>
-
-    <p>Greg Burley gives the following answer for Unix GCC users:</p>
-
-    <blockquote>
-      Once you have created a boost python extension for your c++ library or
-      class, you may need to debug the code. Afterall this is one of the
-      reasons for wrapping the library in python. An expected side-effect or
-      benefit of using BPL is that debugging should be isolated to the c++
-      library that is under test, given that python code is minimal and
-      boost::python either works or it doesn't. (ie. While errors can occur
-      when the wrapping method is invalid, most errors are caught by the
-      compiler ;-). 
-
-      <p>The basic steps required to initiate a gdb session to debug a c++
-      library via python are shown here. Note, however that you should start
-      the gdb session in the directory that contains your BPL my_ext.so
-      module.</p>
-<pre>
-(gdb) target exec python
-(gdb) run
- &gt;&gt;&gt; from my_ext import *
- &gt;&gt;&gt; [C-c]
-(gdb) break MyClass::MyBuggyFunction
-(gdb) cont
- &gt;&gt;&gt; pyobj = MyClass()
- &gt;&gt;&gt; pyobj.MyBuggyFunction()
-Breakpoint 1, MyClass::MyBuggyFunction ...
-Current language:  auto; currently c++
-(gdb) do debugging stuff
-</pre>
-    </blockquote>
-
-    <p>Greg's approach works even better using Emacs' "<code>gdb</code>"
-    command, since it will show you each line of source as you step through
-    it.</p>
-
-    <p>On <b>Windows</b>, my favorite debugging solution is the debugger that
-    comes with Microsoft Visual C++ 7. This debugger seems to work with code
-    generated by all versions of Microsoft and Metrowerks toolsets; it's rock
-    solid and "just works" without requiring any special tricks from the
-    user.</p>
-
-    <p>Unfortunately for Cygwin and MinGW users, as of this writing gdb on
-    Windows has a very hard time dealing with shared libraries, which could
-    make Greg's approach next to useless for you. My best advice for you is
-    to use Metrowerks C++ for compiler conformance and Microsoft Visual
-    Studio as a debugger when you need one.</p>
-
-    <h3>Debugging extensions through Boost.Build</h3>
-    If you are launching your extension module tests with <a href=
-    "../../../tools/build">Boost.Build</a> using the
-    <code>boost-python-runtest</code> rule, you can ask it to launch your
-    debugger for you by adding "-sPYTHON_LAUNCH=<i>debugger</i>" to your bjam
-    command-line: 
-<pre>
-bjam -sTOOLS=metrowerks "-sPYTHON_LAUNCH=devenv /debugexe" test
-bjam -sTOOLS=gcc -sPYTHON_LAUNCH=gdb test
-</pre>
-    It can also be extremely useful to add the <code>-d+2</code> option when
-    you run your test, because Boost.Build will then show you the exact
-    commands it uses to invoke it. This will invariably involve setting up
-    PYTHONPATH and other important environment variables such as
-    LD_LIBRARY_PATH which may be needed by your debugger in order to get
-    things to work right. 
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="imul"></a>Why doesn't my <code>*=</code> operator work?</h2>
-
-    <blockquote>
-      <b>Q:</b> <i>I have exported my class to python, with many overloaded
-      operators. it works fine for me except the</i> <code>*=</code>
-      <i>operator. It always tells me "can't multiply sequence with non int
-      type". If I use</i> <code>p1.__imul__(p2)</code> <i>instead of</i>
-      <code>p1 *= p2</code><i>, it successfully executes my code. What's
-      wrong with me?</i> 
-
-      <p><b>A:</b> There's nothing wrong with you. This is a bug in Python
-      2.2. You can see the same effect in Pure Python (you can learn a lot
-      about what's happening in Boost.Python by playing with new-style
-      classes in Pure Python).</p>
-<pre>
-&gt;&gt;&gt; class X(object):
-...     def __imul__(self, x):
-...         print 'imul'
-...
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x = X()
-&gt;&gt;&gt; x *= 1
-</pre>
-      To cure this problem, all you need to do is upgrade your Python to
-      version 2.2.1 or later.
-    </blockquote>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="macosx"></a>Does Boost.Python work with Mac OS X?</h2>
-
-    <blockquote>
-      <p>The short answer: as of January 2003, unfortunately not.</p>
-
-      <p>The longer answer: using Mac OS 10.2.3 with the December Developer's
-      Kit, Python 2.3a1, and bjam's darwin-tools.jam, Boost.Python compiles
-      fine, including the examples. However, there are problems at runtime
-      (see <a href=
-      "http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2003-January/003267.html">http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2003-January/003267.html</a>).
-      Solutions are currently unknown.</p>
-
-      <p>It is known that under certain circumstances objects are
-      double-destructed. See <a href=
-      "http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2003-January/003278.html">http://mail.python.org/pipermail/c++-sig/2003-January/003278.html</a>
-      for details. It is not clear however if this problem is related to the
-      Boost.Python runtime issues.</p>
-    </blockquote>
-    <hr>
-
-    <h2><a name="xref">How can I find the existing PyObject that holds a C++
-    object?</a></h2>
-
-    <blockquote>
-      "I am wrapping a function that always returns a pointer to an
-      already-held C++ object."
-    </blockquote>
-    One way to do that is to hijack the mechanisms used for wrapping a class
-    with virtual functions. If you make a wrapper class with an initial
-    PyObject* constructor argument and store that PyObject* as "self", you
-    can get back to it by casting down to that wrapper type in a thin wrapper
-    function. For example: 
-<pre>
-class X { X(int); virtual ~X(); ... };
-X* f();  // known to return Xs that are managed by Python objects
-
-
-// wrapping code
-
-struct X_wrap : X
-{
-    X_wrap(PyObject* self, int v) : self(self), X(v) {}
-    PyObject* self;
-};
-
-handle&lt;&gt; f_wrap()
-{
-    X_wrap* xw = dynamic_cast&lt;X_wrap*&gt;(f());
-    assert(xw != 0);
-    return handle&lt;&gt;(borrowed(xw-&gt;self));
-}
-
-...
-
-def("f", f_wrap());
-class_&lt;X,X_wrap&gt;("X", init&lt;int&gt;())
-   ...
-   ;
-</pre>
-    Of course, if X has no virtual functions you'll have to use
-    <code>static_cast</code> instead of <code>dynamic_cast</code> with no
-    runtime check that it's valid. This approach also only works if the
-    <code>X</code> object was constructed from Python, because
-    <code>X</code>s constructed from C++ are of course never
-    <code>X_wrap</code> objects. 
-
-    <p>Another approach to this requires you to change your C++ code a bit;
-    if that's an option for you it might be a better way to go. work we've
-    been meaning to get to anyway. When a <code>shared_ptr&lt;X&gt;</code> is
-    converted from Python, the shared_ptr actually manages a reference to the
-    containing Python object. When a shared_ptr&lt;X&gt; is converted back to
-    Python, the library checks to see if it's one of those "Python object
-    managers" and if so just returns the original Python object. So you could
-    just write <code>object(p)</code> to get the Python object back. To
-    exploit this you'd have to be able to change the C++ code you're wrapping
-    so that it deals with shared_ptr instead of raw pointers.</p>
-
-    <p>There are other approaches too. The functions that receive the Python
-    object that you eventually want to return could be wrapped with a thin
-    wrapper that records the correspondence between the object address and
-    its containing Python object, and you could have your f_wrap function
-    look in that mapping to get the Python object out.</p>
-
-    <h2><a name="ownership">How can I wrap a function which needs to take
-    ownership of a raw pointer?</a></h2>
-
-    <blockquote>
-      <i>Part of an API that I'm wrapping goes something like this:</i> 
-<pre>
-struct A {}; struct B { void add( A* ); }
-where B::add() takes ownership of the pointer passed to it.
-</pre>
-
-      <p><i>However:</i></p>
-<pre>
-a = mod.A()
-b = mod.B()
-b.add( a )
-del a         
-del b
-# python interpreter crashes 
-# later due to memory corruption.
-</pre>
-
-      <p><i>Even binding the lifetime of a</i> to b via
-      with_custodian_and_ward doesn't prevent the python object a from
-      ultimately trying to delete the object it's pointing to. Is there a way
-      to accomplish a 'transfer-of-ownership' of a wrapped C++ object?</p>
-
-      <p><i>--Bruce Lowery</i></p>
-    </blockquote>
-    Yes: Make sure the C++ object is held by auto_ptr: 
-<pre>
-class_&lt;A, std::auto_ptr&lt;A&gt; &gt;("A")
-    ...
-    ;
-</pre>
-    Then make a thin wrapper function which takes an auto_ptr parameter: 
-<pre>
-void b_insert(B&amp; b, std::auto_ptr&lt;A&gt; a)
-{
-    b.insert(a.get());
-    a.release();
-}
-</pre>
-    Wrap that as B.add. Note that pointers returned via <code><a href=
-    "manage_new_object.html#manage_new_object-spec">manage_new_object</a></code>
-    will also be held by <code>auto_ptr</code>, so this transfer-of-ownership
-    will also work correctly. 
-    <hr>
-
-    <p>Revised 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
-     23 January, 2003 
-    <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
-    </p>
-
-    <p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
-    "../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003. All
-    Rights Reserved.</i></p>
-  </body>
-</html>
-