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94 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Daniel James
6f77be9a3c Merge from trunk.
[SVN r40260]
2007-10-21 07:28:23 +00:00
Daniel James
daf6d97640 Merge with the offending files removed.
[SVN r39995]
2007-10-13 23:18:35 +00:00
Daniel James
8c70f0540a Merge from trunk.
[SVN r39287]
2007-09-14 22:24:22 +00:00
Daniel James
9630425051 Create a development branch for the hash library.
[SVN r38869]
2007-08-23 19:28:19 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
04e54d670c Remove V1 Jamfiles
[SVN r38516]
2007-08-08 19:02:26 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
dd7c0a7f3d Fix ticket #1115.
[SVN r38289]
2007-07-26 16:11:18 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
9de994c0d1 Hans Meine's extra new-line for epydoc with reST compatibility
[SVN r37906]
2007-06-06 00:00:57 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
e9caacc428 More fixes for embedding python docs.
[SVN r37709]
2007-05-18 15:52:55 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
5070e84f70 Enhance documentation for embedding python.
[SVN r37708]
2007-05-18 15:22:43 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
fe23d9885f Add new eval() function.
[SVN r37560]
2007-05-02 13:11:20 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e7ee17b71b MIPSpro: undo Python 2.5.1 define (the define leads to many warnings)
[SVN r37502]
2007-04-25 04:45:17 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5edb63d01c Some progress on Python build guide. Minor fixes to getting started guide.
[SVN r37418]
2007-04-11 23:35:08 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
f4b3aab7d4 Checkpoint before reorg
[SVN r37370]
2007-04-05 20:13:13 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6af67d1a4c kill off BBv1 project archive
[SVN r37367]
2007-04-05 17:19:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
16d975ba5c Bringing forward BBv2/Python support and a few other things that were
obviously more up-to-date on the RC branch.

Removed the Boost.Python v1 zip archive.


[SVN r37346]
2007-04-03 17:10:53 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
4fc5cafd40 Some progress on new build/test guide.
[SVN r37333]
2007-04-02 05:24:25 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
1b5cd10f7c Fix reference counting error.
[SVN r37312]
2007-03-28 18:12:08 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
0f91872518 Fix import_ failure.
[SVN r37142]
2007-03-05 18:51:04 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
dc6b2979e4 Add copyright notice.
[SVN r37132]
2007-03-02 17:16:51 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
50034140c4 Fix boost::python::import.
[SVN r37120]
2007-03-01 15:17:29 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
08a6f35ec2 Correct testing bugs:
either changing assert(...) or BOOST_ASSERT(...) to BOOST_TEST
    (in my code only)

    or adding "return boost::report_errors();" where it was clearly
    missing (and a pure bug, in anyone's code).


[SVN r37057]
2007-02-24 22:40:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
67236ffbad New build instructions in progress
[SVN r36879]
2007-02-03 16:55:07 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
96ab7a80a4 Remove BBv1 for good
[SVN r36323]
2006-12-11 05:02:34 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d8c3ff199e Remove BBv1 for good
[SVN r36321]
2006-12-11 03:35:10 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0c4ebef579 Fix auto-link to look at the right variable.
Make boost-build.jam point at the v2 Boost.


[SVN r36318]
2006-12-11 02:54:48 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8fe9d41b58 Cleaned out flotsam and improved comments
[SVN r36317]
2006-12-11 02:50:55 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8a4590b2ef Enable auto-linking
[SVN r36291]
2006-12-07 17:44:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d67b040683 fixes to support pickling of enums (by Shashank Bapat)
[SVN r36256]
2006-12-03 20:43:48 +00:00
Beman Dawes
2db61657f2 Add copyright, license
[SVN r35905]
2006-11-07 19:11:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6d2ee96ba3 improve error message
[SVN r35822]
2006-11-03 16:34:53 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
a74c8e3da3 Fix symbol visibility.
[SVN r35754]
2006-10-27 21:19:47 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
9f4d39d9fe correct trivial, obvious accident: stray line removed
[SVN r35599]
2006-10-13 22:06:17 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
31c19644ed make numpy tests portable to Darwin with older docutils
[SVN r35597]
2006-10-13 21:34:26 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
600d444136 Fix some problems with testing on old docutils installations
[SVN r35594]
2006-10-13 19:35:28 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c3bd0fcbad Make object comparison operators return object instead of bool, to
accomodate strange beasts like numarray arrays that return arrays that
can't be used as truth values from their comparison ops.

Fix numpy test for portability with old doctest (again!)


[SVN r35572]
2006-10-12 09:07:07 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
991a7c198a Workaround vc6 bugs
[SVN r35568]
2006-10-12 06:41:55 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
9b67f0447d Suppress a couple of msvc class/struct warnings
[SVN r35567]
2006-10-12 06:41:18 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
b714f6cc23 Adjust tests to account for numarray behavior differences
[SVN r35539]
2006-10-10 22:44:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
479a6ba4fc Try for backward compatibility with older versions of doctest
[SVN r35535]
2006-10-10 18:12:43 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d78836b828 Fix lots of bugs in the numeric interface and tests.
Tests:
* Coerce a result to bool to deal with Python's new Bool type
* Better reporting of mismatches in expected and received results
* Remove bogus nullary y.astype() call
* Fix all uses of trace and diagonal so they don't cause errors
* Use appropriate typecodes
* Use doctest detailed API to run just the relevant tests
* Factor out error handling from macro

API:
* Added get_module_name() function to get current numeric module
* new_(x) now returns an array instead of object
* Fixed the signatures of the factory() family of functions
* Updated docs accordingly.


[SVN r35528]
2006-10-09 04:05:25 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
7a59131d37 Fix missing #include
[SVN r35524]
2006-10-08 05:17:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5ab00bc9c8 Fix long-standing misnaming of "factory" method as "array"
[SVN r35428]
2006-09-29 22:24:12 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
94500ae36d Tests and fixes for a bad interaction between wrapper<> and operators
support.  "self" arguments weren't getting unwrapped properly.


[SVN r35365]
2006-09-28 14:41:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5e5d34cc36 Fixed broken links
[SVN r35329]
2006-09-26 04:23:32 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
c6f2aa4ef2 new boost/python/ssize_t.hpp; avoids potential clash of Py_ssize_t typedef and PY_SSIZE_T_MIN/MAX macros with definitions from other libraries
[SVN r35325]
2006-09-26 00:25:07 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c7fb2f7047 Attempt GCC-3.4.4 and 4.0.1 workarounds
[SVN r35276]
2006-09-22 15:12:04 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
afedc1cd9a Add tests
[SVN r35244]
2006-09-21 07:26:35 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
070e02d7d5 Renamed from opaque_pointer_converter.html
[SVN r35242]
2006-09-21 07:07:14 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
ccc56c2a4c Apply Boost license, with permission from Prabhu Ramachandran.
[SVN r35240]
2006-09-21 03:43:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
e00a88ff49 Fix inspection issues
[SVN r35239]
2006-09-21 02:40:19 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
e527bc860f Fix copyright issues.
[SVN r35236]
2006-09-20 22:30:39 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
921e306b9a Fix license/copyright
[SVN r35234]
2006-09-20 21:59:03 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
bed1d26904 Return an int, not a string, on success from
check_numeric_array_rich_slice, since that's what the tests expect.


[SVN r35184]
2006-09-18 22:21:50 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
41a342f026 vc6/7 workaround
[SVN r35164]
2006-09-18 18:25:12 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
cee8e07046 Checkin missing op_repr definition
[SVN r35153]
2006-09-18 02:59:31 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0806e89964 More informative error messages
Better autoconfiguration


[SVN r35140]
2006-09-17 02:41:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
f5421ca6b2 Default to Python 2.4 in Unix builds
Applied contributed patches http://tinyurl.com/ndljr and
http://tinyurl.com/18r


[SVN r35138]
2006-09-16 18:43:53 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
eea7697175 if __name__ == '__main__'
[SVN r35114]
2006-09-14 21:57:56 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
777ce7b561 magic coding: iso-latin1 comment added to avoid Python SyntaxError
[SVN r35113]
2006-09-14 21:53:00 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
864ece5539 cross module compatibility test for opaque
[SVN r35111]
2006-09-14 19:06:33 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
2610eb9acb Type object for opaque initialized with PyType_Clear.
opaque is registered only if not another module has already registered
a conversion for that pointer type.
Doc update.


[SVN r35104]
2006-09-14 05:59:29 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
567a2c7b89 attempt unverified workaround for http://tinyurl.com/gvrgd
[SVN r35103]
2006-09-13 22:47:11 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
05070faf12 Attempt to capture better debugging info in output
[SVN r35079]
2006-09-12 23:58:40 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
ad8069314d Move definition of BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPRESS_REGISTRY_INITIALIZATION back
where it belongs.


[SVN r35076]
2006-09-12 22:37:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
9366c48351 add missing license/copyright info
[SVN r35068]
2006-09-11 22:08:18 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5a14319753 SunPro workarounds
[SVN r35067]
2006-09-11 10:38:14 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
279a4f7888 Update
[SVN r35006]
2006-08-31 06:01:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d3418d494c Restort BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB. We don't want to create exported symbols.
[SVN r34942]
2006-08-24 19:03:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c839427246 Sun workaround
[SVN r34939]
2006-08-24 13:04:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
dd3a136b18 Attempted Sun workaround
[SVN r34914]
2006-08-22 11:50:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
48696918de Try not specifying static link, to see if it makes Darwin happy
[SVN r34871]
2006-08-11 15:50:21 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
88be35ddc2 Attempt Sun-5.8 workaround
[SVN r34864]
2006-08-11 00:47:48 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
9ee0d36a1d removed tabs (inspect tool)
[SVN r34722]
2006-07-24 22:25:35 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
f240e0bab6 removed tabs (inspect tool)
[SVN r34720]
2006-07-24 22:20:25 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
4081605e4b removed tabs (inspect tool)
[SVN r34719]
2006-07-24 22:14:15 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
f332ff2d89 minor fix: violation of min/max guidelines
[SVN r34717]
2006-07-24 22:04:05 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
ec77608840 Clarify comment
[SVN r34668]
2006-07-22 12:53:49 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
f5a69a1dab Windows fix: use <library>/pytho/python_for_extensions, not <use>, so that
we actually link to Python import lib on windows.


[SVN r34666]
2006-07-22 12:28:00 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
a1e865061c Don't link Boost.Python to python library, and don't require
<threading>multi for embedding applications.

* libs/python/build/Jamfile.v2: (boost_python): Don't link
  to /python//python. Use /python//python_for_extensions.

* libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: Remove <threading>multi project
  requirements.
  (py-run): Link to /python//python.
  (exec): Likewise.

* tools/build/v2/tools/python.jam: (pthread): Declare.
  (init-unix): Add 'pthread' to extra-libs.
  (


[SVN r34662]
2006-07-22 07:12:10 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
596e92404a old misunderstanding corrected (L-BFGS)
[SVN r34504]
2006-07-11 04:09:41 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
2640f5af94 new css
[SVN r34426]
2006-06-29 09:35:52 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
0605e9fdcf minor tweak
[SVN r34375]
2006-06-22 13:43:09 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
cf68da0b19 added test for vector<string>
[SVN r34374]
2006-06-22 13:33:46 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
d3c474b295 terminology tweak
[SVN r34360]
2006-06-20 14:01:12 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
c9300e07c2 added custom converter test for map indexing suite
[SVN r34359]
2006-06-20 00:33:22 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
cab94a7bba adjustments for new MIPSpro 7.4.4
[SVN r34132]
2006-06-02 05:39:50 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
caa9cb8268 Python 2.5 compatibility
[SVN r34017]
2006-05-18 22:41:14 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
66ac61450e avoid Visual C++ 7.1 "resolved overload was found by argument-dependent lookup" warning
[SVN r34016]
2006-05-18 22:09:20 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
59f81def56 Python include must appear before any system include
[SVN r34010]
2006-05-18 18:47:12 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
92862028b7 MIPSpro 7.3.1 compatibility
[SVN r34009]
2006-05-18 18:46:26 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b0ba7dfc50 also exercise OVERLOADS with docstring
[SVN r34006]
2006-05-18 16:15:59 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
fe3abeda9f much more informative pickle error messages if pickling is not enabled
[SVN r34004]
2006-05-18 15:49:41 +00:00
Markus Schöpflin
3fdfb30e33 Include python first, fixes error on Tru64/CXX.
[SVN r33454]
2006-03-23 09:38:03 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
cdcf8633bb Force multithreading for Python test.
Workaround for problem described in
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/139601


[SVN r33434]
2006-03-22 09:53:34 +00:00
283 changed files with 5975 additions and 2847 deletions

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@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
# (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
# distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
# in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
# warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
#
# Boost.Python library Jamfile
# declare the location of this subproject relative to the root
subproject libs/python/build ;
# bring in the rules for python
import python ;
if [ check-python-config ]
{
local bpl-linkflags ;
if $(UNIX) && ( $(OS) = AIX )
{
bpl-linkflags = <linkflags>"-e initlibboost_python" ;
}
# Enabling intrinsics (/0i) or maximize speed (/02) seem to cause
# internal compiler errors with this toolset.
local msvc-stlport-workarounds
= <optimization>off "<cxxflags>-Ogty -O1 -Gs" ;
local sources =
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
aix_init_module.cpp
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
exec.cpp
import.cpp
;
dll boost_python
: ../src/$(sources)
: $(BOOST_PYTHON_V2_PROPERTIES)
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
$(bpl-linkflags)
<msvc-stlport><release>$(msvc-stlport-workarounds)
<darwin><*><linkflags>-bind_at_load
<gcc-3_3-darwin><*><linkflags>-bind_at_load
;
template extension
: <dll>boost_python
: <sysinclude>../../..
;
lib boost_python
: # sources
../src/$(sources)
: # requirements
$(BOOST_PYTHON_V2_PROPERTIES)
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
<define>BOOST_STATIC_LIB
$(bpl-linkflags)
<msvc-stlport><release>$(msvc-stlport-workarounds)
;
stage bin-stage : <dll>boost_python <lib>boost_python
: <tag><debug>"_debug"
<tag><debug-python>"_pydebug"
:
debug release
;
install python lib
: <dll>boost_python <lib>boost_python
;
}

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@@ -1,29 +1,19 @@
# Copyright David Abrahams 2001-2006. Distributed under the Boost
# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
import os ;
import modules ;
import python ;
if [ python.configured ] {
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
: requirements
#<include>$(PYTHON_PATH)/include
# $(lib_condition)<library-path>$(PYTHON_PATH)/libs
# <link>shared:<library>$(PYTHON_LIB)
# <define>$(defines)
#: usage-requirements # requirement that will be propageted to *users* of this library
# <include>$(PYTHON_PATH)/include
: source-location ../src
;
# We have a bug which causes us to conclude that conditionalized
# properties in this section are not free.
# $(lib_condition)<library-path>$(PYTHON_PATH)/lib/python2.2/config
# <shared>true:<find-library>$(PYTHON_LIB)
# <library-path>$(PYTHON_PATH)/lib/python2.2/config
# <library>$(PYTHON_LIB)
;
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
lib boost_python
: # sources
@@ -56,19 +46,33 @@ lib boost_python
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
<library>/python//python
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<link>shared:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_DYNAMIC_LIB
;
}
else
{
ECHO "warning: Python location is not configured" ;
ECHO "warning: the Boost.Python library won't be built" ;
}

23
doc/Jamfile Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
# Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
import docutils ;
import path ;
sources = building.rst ;
bases = $(sources:S=) ;
# This is a path relative to the html/ subdirectory where the
# generated output will eventually be moved.
stylesheet = "--stylesheet=../../../rst.css" ;
for local b in $(bases)
{
html $(b) : $(b).rst :
<docutils-html>"-gdt --source-url="./$(b).rst" --link-stylesheet --traceback --trim-footnote-reference-space --footnote-references=superscript "$(stylesheet)
;
}
alias htmls : $(bases) ;
stage . : $(bases) ;

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@@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1 +1,5 @@
.. Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
.. Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
.. file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
This file has been moved to http://www.boost-consulting.com/writing/bpl.txt.

View File

@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
.. This is a comment. Note how any initial comments are moved by
transforms to after the document title, subtitle, and docinfo.

View File

@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
:version: $Revision$
:copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
boostinspect:nolicense
Default cascading style sheet for the HTML output of Docutils.
*/

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@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
/* Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
*/
H1
{
FONT-SIZE: 200%

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@@ -1,460 +1,415 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
"HTML Tidy for Cygwin (vers 1st April 2002), see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Building and Testing</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href="index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Building and Testing</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="Reference">
<dt><a href="#requirements">Requirements</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#building">Building Boost.Python</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="#configuration">Configuration</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#cygwin_configuration">Configuration for Cygwin GCC
from a Windows prompt</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#results">Results</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#cygwin">Notes for Cygwin GCC Users</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#mingw">Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin)
GCC Users</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#testing">Testing</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#building_ext">Building your Extension Module</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#variants">Build Variants</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#VisualStudio">Building Using the Microsoft Visual Studio
IDE</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="requirements">Requirements</a></h2>
<b>Boost.Python</b> version 2 requires <a href=
"http://www.python.org/2.2">Python 2.2</a> <i>or <a href=
"http://www.python.org">newer</a></i>. An unsupported archive of
Boost.Python version 1, which works with versions of Python since 1.5.2,
is available <a href="../build/python_v1.zip">here</a>.
<h2><a name="building">Building Boost.Python</a></h2>
<p>Normally, Boost.Python extension modules must be linked with the
<code>boost_python</code> shared library. In special circumstances you
may want to link to a static version of the <code>boost_python</code>
library, but if multiple Boost.Python extension modules are used
together, it will prevent sharing of types across extension modules, and
consume extra code space. To build <code>boost_python</code>, use <a
href="../../../tools/build/v1/build_system.htm">Boost.Build</a> in the
usual way from the <code>libs/python/build</code> subdirectory of your
boost installation (if you have already built boost from the top level
this may have no effect, since the work is already done).</p>
<h3><a name="configuration">Basic Configuration</a></h3> You may
need to configure the following variables to point Boost.Build at
your Python installation. Variables can be either set in the
environment or passed on the <code>bjam</code> command-line
as <code>-s</code><i>name</i><code>=</code><i>value</i>. Variable
names are case-sensitive.
<table border="1" summary="build configuration variables">
<tr>
<th>Variable Name</th>
<th>Semantics</th>
<th>Default</th>
<th>Notes</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_VERSION</code></td>
<td>The The 2-part python Major.Minor version number</td>
<td><code>2.4</code></td>
<td>Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <b>not</b>
"<code>2.2.1</code>", even if that's the version you have.</td>
</tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_ROOT</code></td>
<td>The root directory of your Python installation</td>
<td>Windows:&nbsp;<code>c:/Python</code><i>(10*Version)</i>, e.g. <code>c:/Python24</code>
<br>
*nix/Cygwin:&nbsp;<code>/usr</code></td>
<td>On *nix, this should be the <code>--prefix=</code> directory used
to configure Python when it was built and installed.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_INCLUDES</code></td>
<td>path to Python <code>#include</code> directories</td>
<td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>. Try the default
before attempting to set it yourself.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>PYTHON_LIB_PATH</code></td>
<td>path to Python library object.</td>
<td>Autoconfigured from <code>PYTHON_ROOT</code>. Try the default
before attempting to set it yourself.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="cygwin_configuration">Configuration for Cygwin GCC from a
Windows prompt</a></h3>
The following settings may be useful when building with <a href=
"http://www.cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> GCC (not MinGW) from a Windows command
shell using a Windows build of <code>bjam</code>. <b>If
"<code>bjam&nbsp;-v</code>" does not report "<code>OS=NT</code>", these
settings do not apply to you</b>; you should use the <a href=
"#configuration">normal configuration</a> variables instead. They are
only useful when building and testing with multiple toolsets on Windows
using a single build command, since Cygwin GCC requires a different build
of Python.
<table border="1" summary=
"Cygwin GCC under NT build configuration variables">
<tr>
<th>Variable Name</th>
<th>Semantics</th>
<th>Default</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]VERSION</code></td>
<td>The version of python being used under Cygwin.</td>
<td>$(PYTHON_VERSION)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]ROOT</code></td>
<td>*nix-style path containing the <code>include/</code> directory
containing
<code>python$(CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]VERSION)/python.h</code>.</td>
<td>$(PYTHON_ROOT)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]LIB_PATH</code></td>
<td>path containing the user's Cygwin Python import lib
<code>libpython$(CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]VERSION).dll.a</code></td>
<td>Autoconfigured from <code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_ROOT</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]DLL_PATH</code></td>
<td>path containing the user's Cygwin Python dll
(<code>libpython$(CYGWIN_PYTHON_[DEBUG_]VERSION).dll</code>)</td>
<td><code>/bin</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="cygwin">Notes for Cygwin GCC Users</a></h3>
<p>If you are using Cygwin GCC to build extension modules, you must use a
Cygwin build of Python. The regular Win32 Python installation that you
can download from <a href="http://www.python.org">python.org</a> will not
work with your compiler because the dynamic linking conventions are
different (you can use <a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW</a> GCC if
you want to build extension modules which are compatible with a stock
Win32 Python). The Cygwin installer may be able to install an appropriate
version of Python, or you can follow the traditional <a href=
"http://www.python.org/download/download_source.html">Unix installation
process</a> to build Python from source.</p>
<p>The special build configuration variables listed <a href=
"#cygwin_configuration">above</a> make it possible to use a regular Win32
build of bjam to build and test Boost.Python and Boost.Python extensions
using Cygwin GCC and targeting a Cygwin build of Python.</p>
<h3><a name="mingw">Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC
Users</a></h3>
<p>If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a
MinGW prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will
need to create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library;
the one shipped with Python will only work with a
Microsoft-compatible linker. Follow the instructions in the
"Non-Microsoft" section of the "Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks"
chapter in <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html">Installing Python
Modules</a> to create <code>libpythonXX.a</code>, where <code>XX</code>
corresponds to the major and minor version numbers of your Python
installation.</p>
<h3><a name="results">Results</a></h3>
<p>The build process will create a
<code>libs/python/build/bin-stage</code> subdirectory of the boost root
(or of <code>$(ALL_LOCATE_TARGET)</code>, if you have set that variable),
containing the built libraries. The libraries are actually built to
unique directories for each toolset and variant elsewhere in the
filesystem, and copied to the <code>bin-stage</code> directory as a
convenience, so if you build with multiple toolsets at once, the product
of later toolsets will overwrite that of earlier toolsets in
<code>bin-stage</code>.</p>
<h3><a name="testing">Testing</a></h3>
<p>To build and test Boost.Python, start from the
<code>libs/python/test</code> directory and invoke</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
bjam -sTOOLS=<i><a href=
"../../../more/getting_started.html#Tools">toolset</a></i> test
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<title>Boost C++ Libraries: Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</title>
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<div class="document" id="logo-boost-python-build-and-test-howto">
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference" href="../index.htm"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at -->
<!-- http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<div class="contents sidebar small topic">
<p class="topic-title first"><a id="contents" name="contents">Contents</a></p>
<ul class="auto-toc simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="#requirements" id="id20" name="id20">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#background" id="id21" name="id21">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#getting-boost-python-binaries" id="id22" name="id22">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Getting Boost.Python Binaries</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#no-install-quickstart" id="id23" name="id23">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#installing-boost-python-on-your-system" id="id24" name="id24">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#configuring-boost-build" id="id25" name="id25">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#building-an-extension-module" id="id26" name="id26">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Building an Extension Module</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#testing" id="id27" name="id27">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#advanced-configuration" id="id28" name="id28">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advanced Configuration</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#python-configuration-parameters" id="id29" name="id29">7.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#examples" id="id30" name="id30">7.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary" id="id31" name="id31">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#the-dynamic-binary" id="id32" name="id32">8.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#the-static-binary" id="id33" name="id33">8.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users" id="id34" name="id34">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20" id="requirements" name="requirements">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></h1>
<p>Boost.Python requires <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/2.2">Python 2.2</a><a class="footnote-reference" href="#id16" id="id2" name="id2"><sup>1</sup></a> <em>or</em> <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org"><em>newer</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21" id="background" name="background">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></h1>
<p>There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a>, in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
interface so Python programmers can use it. From Python, these
modules look just like regular Python modules.</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a>, in which the end-user launches a program written
in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
subroutine. Think of adding scriptability to an existing
application.</li>
</ul>
<p>The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
of C++' <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt> function: in the Python interpreter executable,
or in some other program, respectively. Note that even when
embedding Python in another program, <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html">extension modules are often
the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
code</a>, so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
both models.</p>
<p>Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as
dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
modules or the executable containing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22" id="getting-boost-python-binaries" name="getting-boost-python-binaries">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Getting Boost.Python Binaries</a></h1>
<p>Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
<a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries">header-only</a>) library, its user relies on the services of a
Boost.Python library binary.</p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23" id="no-install-quickstart" name="no-install-quickstart">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></h2>
<p>If you just want to get started quickly building and testing
Boost.Python extension modules, or embedding Python in an
executable, you don't need to worry about installing Boost.Python
binaries explicitly. These instructions use <a class="reference" href="../../../tools/build">Boost.Build</a> projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
for a specific compiler configuration.</p>
<div class="note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
officially supported by Boost and <strong>99% of all “I can't build
Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another build
system</strong>.</p>
<p class="last">If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> with the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-a</span> <span class="pre">-o</span></tt><em>filename</em> option to dump the build commands it executes
to a file, so you can see what your build system needs to do.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24" id="installing-boost-python-on-your-system" name="installing-boost-python-on-your-system">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></h2>
<p>If you need a regular, installation of the Boost.Python library
binaries on your system, the Boost <a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a> will
walk you through the steps of installing one. If building binaries
from source, you might want to supply the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-python</span></tt>
argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> (or the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-libraries=python</span></tt> argument
to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
rather than all the Boost binaries.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25" id="configuring-boost-build" name="configuring-boost-build">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></h1>
<p>As described in the <a class="reference" href="http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration">Boost.Build reference manual</a>, a file called
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home
directory<a class="footnote-reference" href="#home-dir" id="id5" name="id5"><sup>7</sup></a> is used to
describe the build resources available to the build system. You'll
need to tell it about your Python installation.</p>
<div class="admonition-users-of-unix-variant-oses admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Users of Unix-Variant OSes</p>
<p class="last">If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> script, it may have generated a
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> for you.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#overwrite" id="id7" name="id7"><sup>4</sup></a> If your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span></tt> sequence was successful and Boost.Python binaries
were built, your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file is probably already
correct.</p>
</div>
<p>If you have a fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, there's very little you need to do to describe it.
Simply having</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
</pre>
</blockquote>
This will update all of the Boost.Python v1 test and example targets. The
tests are relatively verbose by default. To get less-verbose output, you
might try
<p>in a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file in your home directory<a class="footnote-reference" href="#home-dir" id="id8" name="id8"><sup>7</sup></a>
should be enough.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#user-config-jam" id="id9" name="id9"><sup>6</sup></a> For more complicated setups,
see <a class="reference" href="#advanced-configuration">Advanced Configuration</a>.</p>
<div class="note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">You might want to pass the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--debug-configuration</span></tt>
option to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> the first few times you invoke it, to make
sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating all the parts of
your Python installation. If it isn't, consider passing some of
the optional <a class="reference" href="#python-configuration-parameters">Python configuration parameters</a> detailed below.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26" id="building-an-extension-module" name="building-an-extension-module">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Building an Extension Module</a></h1>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27" id="testing" name="testing">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing</a></h1>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28" id="advanced-configuration" name="advanced-configuration">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advanced Configuration</a></h1>
<p>If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
the following optional parameters to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">using</span> <span class="pre">python</span></tt>.</p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29" id="python-configuration-parameters" name="python-configuration-parameters">7.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>version</dt>
<dd>the version of Python to use. Should be in Major.Minor
format, for example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.3</span></tt>. Do not include the subminor
version (i.e. <em>not</em> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.5.1</span></tt>). If you have multiple Python
versions installed, the version will usually be the only
additional argument required.</dd>
<dt>cmd-or-prefix</dt>
<dd>preferably, a command that invokes a Python
interpreter. Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python
libraries and header files. Use the alternative formulation if
there is no appropriate Python executable available.</dd>
<dt>includes</dt>
<dd>the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> path for Python headers.</dd>
<dt>libraries</dt>
<dd>the path to Python library binaries. On MacOS/Darwin,
you can also pass the path of the Python framework.</dd>
<dt>condition</dt>
<dd>if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
properties that are matched against the build configuration when
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.</dd>
<dt>extension-suffix</dt>
<dd>A string to append to the name of extension
modules before the true filename extension. You almost certainly
don't need to use this. Usually this suffix is only used when
targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
automatically for you based on the value of the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;python-debugging&gt;</span></tt> feature. However, at least one Linux
distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has a specially configured
<a class="reference" href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds">python-dbg</a> package that claims to use such a suffix.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30" id="examples" name="examples">7.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></h2>
<p>Note that in the examples below, case and <em>especially whitespace</em> are
significant.</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> might contain:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python : 2.5 ; # Make both versions of Python available
<blockquote>
<pre>
bjam -sTOOLS=<i><a href=
"../../../more/getting_started.html#Tools">toolset</a></i> -sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS= test
using python : 2.4 ; # To build with python 2.4, add python=2.4
# to your command line.
</pre>
</blockquote>
By default, <code>PYTHON_TEST_ARGS</code> is set to <code>-v</code>.
<h2><a name="building_ext">Building your Extension Module</a></h2>
Though there are other approaches, the smoothest and most reliable way to
build an extension module using Boost.Python is with Boost.Build. If you
have to use another build system, you should use Boost.Build at least
once with the "<code><b>-n</b></code>" option so you can see the
command-lines it uses, and replicate them. You are likely to run into
compilation or linking problems otherwise.
<p>The files required to build a Boost.Python extension module using bjam
are the "local" files <tt>Jamfile</tt>, <tt>Jamrules</tt>, and
<tt>boost_build.jam</tt>, and the <tt>boost/</tt>
and <tt>tools/build/v1/</tt> subdirectories of your Boost
tree. The latter directory contains the source code of the
Boost.Build system, which is used to generate the correct build
commands for your extension module. The '<tt>v1</tt>' refers to
Boost.Build version 1. Version 2 is pre-release and currently not
ready for general use.
<p>
The <tt>libs/python/example/</tt> project we're going to build is
set up to automatically rebuild the Boost.Python library in place
whenever it's out-of-date rather than just reusing an existing
library, so you'll also need the Boost.Python library sources in
<tt>boost/python/src/</tt>.
</p>
<blockquote>
<b>Note:</b> Third-party package and distribution maintainers
for various operating systems sometimes split up Boost's
structure or omit parts of it, so if you didn't download an
official <a href=
"http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586">Boost
release</a> you might want to <a href=
"http://cvs.sourceforge.net/viewcvs.py/boost/boost/">browse our CVS
structure</a> to make sure you have everything you need, and in the
right places.
</blockquote>
<p>The <code>libs/python/example</code>
subdirectory of your boost installation contains a small example which
builds and tests two extensions. To build your own extensions copy the
example subproject and make the following two edits:</p>
<ol>
<li>
<code><a href=
"../example/boost-build.jam"><b>boost-build.jam</b></a></code> - edit
the line which reads
<blockquote>
<pre>
boost-build ../../../tools/build/v1 ;
<p>The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default. To build
against python 2.4, add <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python=2.4</span></tt> to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> command line.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might
supply the path to the interpreter in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd-or-prefix</span></tt>
parameter:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python : : /usr/local/python-2.6-beta/bin/python ;
</pre>
</blockquote>
so that the path refers to the <code>tools/build/v1</code>
subdirectory of your Boost installation.
</li>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular
toolset, you might supply that toolset in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">condition</span></tt>
parameter:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python ; # use for most toolsets
<li>
<code><a href="../example/Jamrules"><b>Jamrules</b></a></code> - edit
the line which reads
<blockquote>
<pre>
path-global BOOST_ROOT : ../../.. ;
# Use with Intel C++ toolset
using python
: # version
: c:\\Devel\\Python-2.5-IntelBuild\\PCBuild\\python # cmd-or-prefix
: # includes
: # libraries
: &lt;toolset&gt;intel # condition
;
</pre>
</blockquote>
so that the path refers to the root directory of your Boost
installation.
</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p class="first">You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows
can build/test both Windows and <a class="reference" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> python extensions. Just pass
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">condition</span></tt> parameter
for the cygwin python installation:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
# windows installation
using python ;
<p>The instructions <a href="#testing">above</a> for testing Boost.Python
apply equally to your new extension modules in this subproject.</p>
# cygwin installation
using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : &lt;target-os&gt;cygwin ;
</pre>
<p>when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
with the cygwin version of python:<a class="footnote-reference" href="#flavor" id="id11" name="id11"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
python with a <a class="reference" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> bjam) but it seems as though the support in
Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
time of this writing.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Note that because of <a class="reference" href="http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection">the way Boost.Build currently selects target
alternatives</a>, you might have be very explicit in your build
requests. For example, given:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python : 2.5 ; # a regular windows build
using python : 2.4 : : : : &lt;target-os&gt;cygwin ;
</pre>
<p>building with</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
bjam target-os=cygwin
</pre>
<p>will yield an error. Instead, you'll need to write:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31" id="choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary" name="choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a></h1>
<p>If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link withthe right
libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
library, you'll need to think about which one to link with. The
Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors. Take
care to choose the right flavor for your application.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#naming" id="id13" name="id13"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32" id="the-dynamic-binary" name="the-dynamic-binary">8.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></h2>
<p>The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
modules built with a given toolset.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#toolset-specific" id="id14" name="id14"><sup>3</sup></a></li>
<li>The library contains a type conversion registry. Because one
registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33" id="the-static-binary" name="the-static-binary">8.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></h2>
<p>It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
any of the following cases:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>You are <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a> python and the types exposed in your
dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
core library code is duplicated among them.</li>
<li>You are <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a> python in your application and either:<ul>
<li>You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.</li>
<li>Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension
modules into your application and you don't care if any
dynamically-loaded Boost.Python extension modules are able to
use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
modules (and vice-versa).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34" id="notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users" name="notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></h1>
<p>If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html">Installing
Python Modules</a> to create <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libpythonXX.a</span></tt>, where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">XX</span></tt>
corresponds to the major and minor version numbers of your Python
installation.</p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id16" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2" name="id16">[1]</a></td><td>Note that although we tested earlier versions of
Boost.Python with Python 2.2, and we don't <em>think</em> we've done
anything to break compatibility, this release of Boost.Python
may not have been tested with versions of Python earlier than
2.4, so we're not 100% sure that python 2.2 and 2.3 are
supported.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="naming" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id13" name="naming">[2]</a></td><td><p class="first">Information about how to identify the
static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming">on Windows</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming">on Unix variants</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="last">Be sure to read this section even if your compiler supports
auto-linking, as Boost.Python does not yet take advantage of
that feature.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="toolset-specific" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id14" name="toolset-specific">[3]</a></td><td>Because of the way most *nix platforms
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not
certainextension modules built with different compiler toolsets
will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
when loaded into the same Python instance. Not using different
libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries
would be interoperable. Otherwise, it could spell disaster,
since an extension module and the Boost.Python library would
have different ideas of such things as class layout. I would
appreciate someone doing the experiment to find out what
happens.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="overwrite" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id7" name="overwrite">[4]</a></td><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> overwrites the existing
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home directory
(if any) after making a backup of the old version.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="flavor" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id11" name="flavor">[5]</a></td><td>Note that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> feature is
different from the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;flavor&gt;cygwin</span></tt> subfeature of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gcc</span></tt>
toolset, and you might need handle both explicitly if you also
have a MinGW GCC installed.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="user-config-jam" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id9" name="user-config-jam">[6]</a></td><td>Create the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file if you don't
already have one.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="home-dir" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a name="home-dir">[7]</a></td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id8">2</a>)</em> <p>Windows users, your home directory can be
found by typing:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
</pre>
<p class="last">into a <a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#or-build-from-the-command-prompt">Windows command prompt</a></p>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="footer">
<hr class="footer" />
<a class="reference" href="./building.rst">View document source</a>.
Generated on: 2007-04-05 20:04 UTC.
Generated by <a class="reference" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">Docutils</a> from <a class="reference" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html">reStructuredText</a> source.
<h2><a name="variants">Build Variants</a></h2>
Three <a href=
"../../../tools/build/v1/build_system.htm#variants">variant</a>
configurations of all python-related targets are supported, and can be
selected by setting the <code><a href=
"../../../tools/build/v1/build_system.htm#user_globals">BUILD</a></code>
variable:
<ul>
<li><code>release</code> (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)</li>
<li><code>debug</code> (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)</li>
<li><code>debug-python</code> (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>)</li>
</ul>
<p>The first two variants of the <code>boost_python</code> library are
built by default, and are compatible with the default Python
distribution. The <code>debug-python</code> variant corresponds to a
specially-built debugging version of Python. On *nix platforms, this
python is built by adding <code>--with-pydebug</code> when configuring
the Python build. On Windows, the debugging version of Python is
generated by the "Win32 Debug" target of the <code>PCBuild.dsw</code>
Visual C++ 6.0 project in the <code>PCBuild</code> subdirectory of your
Python distribution. Extension modules built with Python debugging
enabled are <b>not link-compatible</b> with a non-debug build of Python.
Since few people actually have a debug build of Python (it doesn't come
with the standard distribution), the normal <code>debug</code> variant
builds modules which are compatible with ordinary Python.</p>
<p>On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
<tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>, Python defaults to <i>force</i> linking with a special
debugging version of the Python DLL. Since this debug DLL isn't supplied
with the default Python installation for Windows, Boost.Python uses
<tt><a href=
"../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a></tt>
to temporarily undefine <tt>_DEBUG</tt> when <tt>Python.h</tt> is
<tt>#include</tt>d - unless <code>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</code> is
defined.</p>
<p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the debugging
version of the library, <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to re-enable
python debuggin, and link with the <code>debug-python</code> variant of
<tt>boost_python</tt>.</p>
<p>If you do not <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>, be sure that any
source files in your extension module <tt>#include&nbsp;&lt;<a href=
"../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a>&gt;</tt>
instead of the usual <tt>Python.h</tt>, or you will have link
incompatibilities.<br>
</p>
<h2><a name="VisualStudio">Building Using the Microsoft Visual Studio
IDE</a></h2>
<p>For the those of you who feel more comfortable in the IDE world, a
workspace and project file have been included in the <code>
libs/python/build/VisualStudio</code> subdirectory.
It builds release and debug versions of the Boost.Python libraries and
places them and the same directory as Jamfile build does, though the
intermediate object files are placed in a different directory. The files
have been created using Microsoft Visual C++ version 6, but they should
work for later versions as well. You will need to tell the IDE where to
find the Python <code>Include/</code> and <code>Libs/</code> directories.
Under <b>Tools&gt;Options&gt;Directories</b>, add an entry for the Python
include dir (i.e. <code>c:/Python22/Include</code>), and one for the Lib
(i.e. <code>c:/Python/Libs</code>. Make sure it is <code>Libs</code> with
an "<code>s</code>" and not just <code>Lib</code>).</p>
<h3>Using the IDE for your own projects</h3>
<p>Building your own projects using the IDE is slightly more complicated.
Firstly, you need to make sure that the project you create as the right
kind. It should be a "Win32 Dynamic-Link Library". The default one that
Visual Studio 6 creates needs some modifications: turn on RTTI, and
change the debug and release builds to use the respective debug and
release Multithreaded DLL versions. You should probably turn off
incremental linking too -- I believe it a bit flaky. If you do this, then
change the "Debug Info" to "Program Database" to get rid of the Edit and
Continue warning.</p>
<p>You'll need to add the Boost root directory under
<b>Tools&gt;Options&gt;Directories</b> to get your code compiling. To
make it link, add the above <code>boost_python.dsp</code> file to your
workspace, and make your project depend upon it (under
<b>Project&gt;Dependencies</b>). You should be able to build now.</p>
<p>Lastly, go to the <b>Project Settings&gt;Debug</b> Page and add the
<code>Python.exe</code> as the executable for the project. Set a startup
directory, and make sure that your current project's output dll, the
<code>boost_python.dll</code> and the <code>python22.dll</code> are on
the current <code>PATH</code>. If you have a python script that tests
your dll, then add it in the "Program Arguments". Now, if all went well,
you should be able to hit the Run (F5) button, and debug your code.</p>
<blockquote>
<em>The Visual Studio project files are graciously contributed and
maintained by <a href="mailto:brett.calcott@gmail.com">Brett
Calcott</a></em>.
</blockquote>
<hr>
<p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2002-2004. Permission to copy,
use, modify, sell and distribute this document is granted provided
this copyright notice appears in all copies. This document is
provided ``as is'' without express or implied warranty, and with
no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.</p>
<p>Updated: 13 April 2004 (David Abrahams)</p>
</body>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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.. Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
.. Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
.. file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
.. http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
==============================================
|(logo)|__ Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO
==============================================
.. |(logo)| image:: ../boost.png
:alt: Boost C++ Libraries:
:class: boost-logo
__ ../index.htm
.. section-numbering::
:depth: 2
.. contents:: Contents
:depth: 2
:class: sidebar small
.. |newer| replace:: *newer*
Requirements
============
Boost.Python requires `Python 2.2`_ [#2.2]_ *or* |newer|__.
.. _Python 2.2: http://www.python.org/2.2
__ http://www.python.org
No-Install Quickstart
=====================
There is no need to install Boost in order to get started using
Boost.Python. These instructions use Boost.Build_ projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
for a specific compiler configuration.
.. Note:: Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
officially supported by Boost. Moreover **99% of all “I can't
build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
build system**.
If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke ``bjam`` with the
``-a -o``\ *filename* option to dump the build commands it executes
to a file, so you can see what your build system needs to do.
1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 of the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
2. Get the ``bjam`` build driver. See sections 5.2.1-5.2.3 of the
Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
3. cd into the ``libs/python/test/example`` directory.
.. _Getting Started Guide: ../../../more/getting_started/index.html
Background
==========
There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:
- extending_, in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
interface so Python programmers can use it. From Python, these
modules look just like regular Python modules.
- embedding_, in which the end-user launches a program written
in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
subroutine. Think of adding scriptability to an existing
application.
.. _extending: http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html
.. _embedding: http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html
The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
of C++' ``main()`` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
or in some other program, respectively. Note that even when
embedding Python in another program, `extension modules are often
the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
code`__, so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
both models.
__ http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html
Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as
dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
modules or the executable containing ``main()``.
Getting Boost.Python Binaries
=============================
Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
`header-only`_) library, its user relies on the services of a
Boost.Python library binary.
.. _header-only: ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries
Installing Boost.Python on your System
--------------------------------------
If you need a regular, installation of the Boost.Python library
binaries on your system, the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_ will
walk you through the steps of installing one. If building binaries
from source, you might want to supply the ``--with-python``
argument to ``bjam`` (or the ``--with-libraries=python`` argument
to ``configure``), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
rather than all the Boost binaries.
Configuring Boost.Build
=======================
As described in the `Boost.Build reference manual`__, a file called
``user-config.jam`` in your home
directory [#home-dir]_ is used to
describe the build resources available to the build system. You'll
need to tell it about your Python installation.
__ http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration
.. Admonition:: Users of Unix-Variant OSes
If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
``configure`` script, it may have generated a
``user-config.jam`` for you. [#overwrite]_ If your ``configure``\
/\ ``make`` sequence was successful and Boost.Python binaries
were built, your ``user-config.jam`` file is probably already
correct.
If you have a fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, there's very little you need to do to describe it.
Simply having ::
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
in a ``user-config.jam`` file in your home directory [#home-dir]_
should be enough. [#user-config.jam]_ For more complicated setups,
see `Advanced Configuration`_.
.. Note:: You might want to pass the ``--debug-configuration``
option to ``bjam`` the first few times you invoke it, to make
sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating all the parts of
your Python installation. If it isn't, consider passing some of
the optional `Python configuration parameters`_ detailed below.
Building an Extension Module
============================
Testing
=======
Advanced Configuration
======================
If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
the following optional parameters to ``using python``.
Python Configuration Parameters
-------------------------------
version
the version of Python to use. Should be in Major.Minor
format, for example, ``2.3``. Do not include the subminor
version (i.e. *not* ``2.5.1``). If you have multiple Python
versions installed, the version will usually be the only
additional argument required.
cmd-or-prefix
preferably, a command that invokes a Python
interpreter. Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python
libraries and header files. Use the alternative formulation if
there is no appropriate Python executable available.
includes
the ``#include`` path for Python headers.
libraries
the path to Python library binaries. On MacOS/Darwin,
you can also pass the path of the Python framework.
condition
if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
properties that are matched against the build configuration when
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.
extension-suffix
A string to append to the name of extension
modules before the true filename extension. You almost certainly
don't need to use this. Usually this suffix is only used when
targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
automatically for you based on the value of the
``<python-debugging>`` feature. However, at least one Linux
distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has a specially configured
`python-dbg`__ package that claims to use such a suffix.
__ https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds
Examples
--------
Note that in the examples below, case and *especially whitespace* are
significant.
- If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed,
``user-config.jam`` might contain::
using python : 2.5 ; # Make both versions of Python available
using python : 2.4 ; # To build with python 2.4, add python=2.4
# to your command line.
The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default. To build
against python 2.4, add ``python=2.4`` to the ``bjam`` command line.
- If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might
supply the path to the interpreter in the ``cmd-or-prefix``
parameter::
using python : : /usr/local/python-2.6-beta/bin/python ;
- If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular
toolset, you might supply that toolset in the ``condition``
parameter::
using python ; # use for most toolsets
# Use with Intel C++ toolset
using python
: # version
: c:\\Devel\\Python-2.5-IntelBuild\\PCBuild\\python # cmd-or-prefix
: # includes
: # libraries
: <toolset>intel # condition
;
- You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows
can build/test both Windows and Cygwin_ python extensions. Just pass
``<target-os>cygwin`` in the ``condition`` parameter
for the cygwin python installation::
# windows installation
using python ;
# cygwin installation
using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
with the cygwin version of python: [#flavor]_
bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc
This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
python with a Cygwin_ bjam) but it seems as though the support in
Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
time of this writing.
- Note that because of `the way Boost.Build currently selects target
alternatives`__, you might have be very explicit in your build
requests. For example, given::
using python : 2.5 ; # a regular windows build
using python : 2.4 : : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
building with ::
bjam target-os=cygwin
will yield an error. Instead, you'll need to write::
bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
.. _Cygwin: http://cygwin.com
__ http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection
Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary
======================================
If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link withthe right
libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
library, you'll need to think about which one to link with. The
Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors. Take
care to choose the right flavor for your application. [#naming]_
The Dynamic Binary
------------------
The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:
- A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
modules built with a given toolset. [#toolset-specific]_
- The library contains a type conversion registry. Because one
registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.
The Static Binary
-----------------
It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
any of the following cases:
- You are extending_ python and the types exposed in your
dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
core library code is duplicated among them.
- You are embedding_ python in your application and either:
- You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.
- Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension
modules into your application and you don't care if any
dynamically-loaded Boost.Python extension modules are able to
use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
modules (and vice-versa).
Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users
=======================================================
If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in `Installing
Python Modules`__ to create ``libpythonXX.a``, where ``XX``
corresponds to the major and minor version numbers of your Python
installation.
__ http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html
-----------------------------
.. [#2.2] Note that although we tested earlier versions of
Boost.Python with Python 2.2, and we don't *think* we've done
anything to break compatibility, this release of Boost.Python
may not have been tested with versions of Python earlier than
2.4, so we're not 100% sure that python 2.2 and 2.3 are
supported.
.. [#naming] Information about how to identify the
static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python:
* `on Windows`__
* `on Unix variants`__
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming
__ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming
Be sure to read this section even if your compiler supports
auto-linking, as Boost.Python does not yet take advantage of
that feature.
.. [#toolset-specific] Because of the way most \*nix platforms
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not
certainextension modules built with different compiler toolsets
will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
when loaded into the same Python instance. Not using different
libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries
would be interoperable. Otherwise, it could spell disaster,
since an extension module and the Boost.Python library would
have different ideas of such things as class layout. I would
appreciate someone doing the experiment to find out what
happens.
.. [#overwrite] ``configure`` overwrites the existing
``user-config.jam`` in your home directory
(if any) after making a backup of the old version.
.. [#flavor] Note that the ``<target-os>cygwin`` feature is
different from the ``<flavor>cygwin`` subfeature of the ``gcc``
toolset, and you might need handle both explicitly if you also
have a MinGW GCC installed.
.. [#user-config.jam] Create the ``user-config.jam`` file if you don't
already have one.
.. [#home-dir] Windows users, your home directory can be
found by typing::
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
into a `Windows command prompt`__
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#or-build-from-the-command-prompt

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
@@ -29,7 +32,43 @@
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt>Current CVS</dt>
<dt>Current SVN</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Pythonic signatures are now automatically appended to the
docstrings.
<li>Use <a href="v2/docstring_options.html"
><code>docstring_options.hpp</code></a> header
control the content of docstrings.
<li>This new feature increases the size of the modules by about 14%.
If this is not acceptable it can be turned off by defining the macro
BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES. Modules compiled with and without the macro
defined are compatible.
</li>
<li> If BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES is undefined, this version defines the
macro BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES. This allows writing code that will compile
with older version of Boost.Python (see <a href="v2/pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>).
</li>
<li>By defining BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE, and at a cost
of another 14% size increase, proper pythonic type is generated for the "self"
parameter of the __init__ methods.
</li>
<li> To support this new feature changes were made to the
<a href="v2/to_python_converter.html"><code>to_python_converter.hpp</code></a>,
<a href="v2/default_call_policies.html"><code>default_call_policies</code></a>,
<a href="v2/ResultConverter.html"><code>ResultConverter</code></a>,
<a href="v2/CallPolicies.html"><code>CallPolicies</code></a> and some others.
Efforts were made not to have interface breaking changes.
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>12 May 2007 - 1.34.0 release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
@@ -42,7 +81,7 @@
<li>Support for converting <code>void*</code> to/from python,
with <code><a
href="v2/opaque_pointer_converter.html">opaque_pointer_converter</a></code>
href="v2/opaque.html">opaque_pointer_converter</a></code>
as the return value policy. Thanks to Niall Douglas for the
initial patch.
</ul>
@@ -216,7 +255,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
<dd><a href="mailto:Gottfried.Ganssauge-at-haufe.de">Gottfried
Gan&szlig;auge</a> has contributed <a href=
"v2/opaque_pointer_converter.html">opaque pointer support</a>.<br>
"v2/opaque.html">opaque pointer support</a>.<br>
<a href="mailto:nicodemus-at-globalite.com.br">Bruno da Silva de
Oliveira</a> has contributed the exciting <a href=
"../pyste/index.html">Pyste</a> ("Pie-steh") package.</dd>

View File

@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
.. Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
.. Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
.. file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
.. http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
How Runtime Polymorphism is expressed in Boost.Python:
-----------------------------------------------------

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
@@ -304,7 +307,7 @@
<p>The SourceForge cctbx project is organized in modules to facilitate
use in non-crystallographic applications. The scitbx module implements
a general purpose array family for scientific applications and pure C++
ports of FFTPACK and the LBFGS conjugate gradient minimizer.</p>
ports of FFTPACK and the L-BFGS quasi-Newton minimizer.</p>
</dd>
<dt><a href="http://www.llnl.gov/CASC/emsolve"><b>EMSolve</b></a></dt>

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

View File

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
# Copyright Joel de Guzman 2006. Distributed under the Boost
# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
project boost/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc ;
import boostbook : boostbook ;

View File

@@ -23,23 +23,24 @@
p
{
text-align: justify;
font-size: 11pt;
line-height: 1.2;
text-align: left;
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.15;
}
/*=============================================================================
Program listings
=============================================================================*/
tt.computeroutput
/* Code on paragraphs */
p tt.computeroutput
{
font-size: 10pt;
font-size: 9pt;
}
pre.synopsis
{
font-size: 10pt;
font-size: 90%;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
@@ -47,32 +48,36 @@
.programlisting,
.screen
{
font-size: 10pt;
font-size: 9pt;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
/* Program listings in tables don't get borders */
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
margin: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
padding: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
}
/*=============================================================================
Headings
=============================================================================*/
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
{
text-align: left;
margin-top: 2pc;
margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-weight: bold;
}
h1 { font: 170% }
h1 { font: 140% }
h2 { font: bold 140% }
h3 { font: bold 120% }
h4 { font: bold 100% }
h5 { font: italic 100% }
h3 { font: bold 130% }
h4 { font: bold 120% }
h5 { font: italic 110% }
h6 { font: italic 100% }
/* Top page titles */
@@ -89,12 +94,41 @@
margin-bottom: 1pc;
}
h1.title { font-size: 220% }
h2.title { font-size: 220% }
h3.title { font-size: 170% }
h4.title { font-size: 140% }
h5.title { font-size: 120% }
h6.title { font-size: 120% }
h1.title { font-size: 140% }
h2.title { font-size: 140% }
h3.title { font-size: 130% }
h4.title { font-size: 120% }
h5.title { font-size: 110% }
h6.title { font-size: 100% }
.section h1
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-size: 140%;
}
.section h2 { font-size: 140% }
.section h3 { font-size: 130% }
.section h4 { font-size: 120% }
.section h5 { font-size: 110% }
.section h6 { font-size: 100% }
/* Code on titles */
h1 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h2 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h3 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
h4 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 120% }
h5 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 110% }
h6 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 100% }
/*=============================================================================
Author
=============================================================================*/
h3.author
{
font-size: 100%
}
/*=============================================================================
Lists
@@ -102,20 +136,20 @@
li
{
font-size: 11pt;
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.3;
}
/* Unordered lists */
ul
{
text-align: justify;
text-align: left;
}
/* Ordered lists */
ol
{
text-align: justify;
text-align: left;
}
/*=============================================================================
@@ -159,9 +193,9 @@
.toc
{
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc;
font-size: 11pt;
line-height: 1.3;
padding: 0.1pc 1pc 0.1pc 1pc;
font-size: 80%;
line-height: 1.15;
}
.boost-toc
@@ -180,7 +214,6 @@
margin-left: 4%;
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-left: 0.5em;
font-size: 120%;
}
.informaltable table,
@@ -202,8 +235,8 @@
div.table table tr td
{
padding: 0.5em;
text-align: justify;
font-size: 11pt;
text-align: left;
font-size: 9pt;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
@@ -211,51 +244,76 @@
{
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
border: 1pt solid white;
font-size: 80%;
}
/*=============================================================================
Blurbs
=============================================================================*/
div.informaltable table tr td.blurb
div.note,
div.tip,
div.important,
div.caution,
div.warning,
p.blurb
{
font-size: 10pt; /* A little bit smaller than the main text */
font-size: 9pt; /* A little bit smaller than the main text */
line-height: 1.2;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
td.blurb img
p.blurb img
{
padding: 1pt;
}
/*=============================================================================
Misc
Variable Lists
=============================================================================*/
/* Tone down the title of Parameter lists */
div.variablelist p.title
/* Make the terms in definition lists bold */
div.variablelist dl dt,
span.term
{
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 100%;
text-align: left;
font-size: 10pt;
}
/* Tabularize parameter lists */
div.variablelist table tbody tr td
{
text-align: left;
vertical-align: top;
padding: 0em 2em 0em 0em;
font-size: 10pt;
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
line-height: 1;
}
div.variablelist dl dt
{
float: left;
clear: left;
display: block;
font-style: italic;
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
}
div.variablelist dl dd
{
display: block;
clear: right;
padding-left: 8pc;
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 2em;
font-size: 10pt;
}
div.variablelist table tbody tr td p,
div.variablelist dl dd p
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
line-height: 1;
}
/*=============================================================================
Misc
=============================================================================*/
/* Title of books and articles in bibliographies */
span.title
{
@@ -294,6 +352,14 @@
{
color: #9c5a9c;
}
h1 a, h2 a, h3 a, h4 a, h5 a, h6 a,
h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover, h5 a:hover, h6 a:hover,
h1 a:visited, h2 a:visited, h3 a:visited, h4 a:visited, h5 a:visited, h6 a:visited
{
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
color: #000000;
}
/* Syntax Highlighting */
.keyword { color: #0000AA; }
@@ -322,41 +388,50 @@
/* Program listing */
pre.synopsis
{
background-color: #F3F3F3;
border: 1pt solid #C0C0C0;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
background-color: #F3F3F3;
border: 1pt solid #C0C0C0;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Blurbs */
div.informaltable table tr td.blurb
div.note,
div.tip,
div.important,
div.caution,
div.warning,
p.blurb
{
background-color: #FFFFF0;
border: 1pt solid #707070;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Table of contents */
.toc
{
background-color: #F3F3F3;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Tables */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
background-color: #F0F0F0;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
background-color: #E4E4E4;
background-color: #F0F0F0;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Misc */
@@ -396,6 +471,12 @@
border: 1px solid gray;
}
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Table of contents */
.toc
{

View File

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Chapter 1. python 1.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title=" Building Hello World">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title="Building Hello World">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id372676"></a><p>
<a name="id2632684"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
@@ -93,10 +93,10 @@
code takes on the look of a kind of declarative interface definition language
(IDL).
</p>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h2>
<a name="id372867"></a>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h3>
<a name="id2595112"></a>
Hello World
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Following C/C++ tradition, let's start with the "hello, world". A
C++ Function:
@@ -132,14 +132,20 @@
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Next stop... Building your Hello World module
from start to finish...</b></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Next stop... Building your Hello World
module from start to finish...</strong></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><small><p>Last revised: February 14, 2006 at 02:23:06 GMT</p></small></td>
<td align="left"><small><p>Last revised: May 18, 2007 at 15:46:01 GMT</p></small></td>
<td align="right"><small></small></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>

View File

@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Embedding</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="object.html" title=" Object Interface">
<link rel="prev" href="object.html" title="Object Interface">
<link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Iterators">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
@@ -39,30 +39,28 @@
a lot easier and, in a future version, it may become unnecessary to touch the
Python/C API at all. So stay tuned... <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span>
</p>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h2>
<a name="id458605"></a>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h3>
<a name="id2654982"></a>
Building embedded programs
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
To be able to use embedding in your programs, they have to be linked to both
Boost.Python's and Python's static link library.
To be able to embed python into your programs, you have to link to both Boost.Python's
as well as Python's own runtime library.
</p>
<p>
Boost.Python's static link library comes in two variants. Both are located
in Boost's <tt class="literal">/libs/python/build/bin-stage</tt> subdirectory. On
Windows, the variants are called <tt class="literal">boost_python.lib</tt> (for release
builds) and <tt class="literal">boost_python_debug.lib</tt> (for debugging). If you
can't find the libraries, you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See
<a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">Building and Testing</a> on how to
do this.
Boost.Python's library comes in two variants. Both are located in Boost's
<code class="literal">/libs/python/build/bin-stage</code> subdirectory. On Windows, the
variants are called <code class="literal">boost_python.lib</code> (for release builds)
and <code class="literal">boost_python_debug.lib</code> (for debugging). If you can't
find the libraries, you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">Building and Testing</a> on how to do this.
</p>
<p>
Python's static link library can be found in the <tt class="literal">/libs</tt> subdirectory
Python's library can be found in the <code class="literal">/libs</code> subdirectory
of your Python directory. On Windows it is called pythonXY.lib where X.Y is
your major Python version number.
</p>
<p>
Additionally, Python's <tt class="literal">/include</tt> subdirectory has to be added
Additionally, Python's <code class="literal">/include</code> subdirectory has to be added
to your include path.
</p>
<p>
@@ -83,304 +81,171 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
&lt;library-path&gt;$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH)
&lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
</pre>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h2>
<a name="id458703"></a>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h3>
<a name="id2655076"></a>
Getting started
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding the
Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4 steps:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
#include
 <tt class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</tt><br><br>
#include <code class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</code><br><br>
</li>
<li>
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
to start the interpreter and create the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module.<br><br>
</li>
<li>
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.<br><br>
</li>
<li>
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter and release its resources.
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Note that at this time you must
not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</strong></span>
</p>
</div>
<p>
(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</b></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</strong></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.using_the_interpreter"></a>Using the interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted. Naturally,
the <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
the <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully automatic
in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html" target="_top">by
hand</a>. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
in Python, the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API requires you to do it [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html
by hand]. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
of C++ exceptions. Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html" target="_top">handle</a>
and <a href="../../../../v2/object.html" target="_top">object</a> class templates to
automate the process.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.reference_counting_handles_and_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id458870"></a>
Reference-counting handles and objects
</h2>
<p>
There are two ways in which a function in the Python/C API can return a
<tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>: as a <span class="emphasis"><em>borrowed reference</em></span>
or as a <span class="emphasis"><em>new reference</em></span>. Which of these a function uses,
is listed in that function's documentation. The two require slightely different
approaches to reference-counting but both can be 'handled' by Boost.Python.
</p>
<p>
For a function returning a <span class="emphasis"><em>borrowed reference</em></span> we'll
have to tell the <tt class="literal">handle</tt> that the <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>
is borrowed with the aptly named <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html#borrowed-spec" target="_top">borrowed</a>
function. Two functions returning borrowed references are <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125" target="_top">PyImport_AddModule</a>
and <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/moduleObjects.html#l2h-594" target="_top">PyModule_GetDict</a>.
The former returns a reference to an already imported module, the latter
retrieves a module's namespace dictionary. Let's use them to retrieve the
namespace of the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">((</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125" target="_top">PyImport_AddModule</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">)))));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
For a function returning a <span class="emphasis"><em>new reference</em></span> we can just
create a <tt class="literal">handle</tt> out of the raw <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>
without wrapping it in a call to borrowed. One such function that returns
a new reference is <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
which we'll discuss in the next section.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Handle is a class
<span class="emphasis"><em>template</em></span>, so why haven't we been using any template
parameters?</b></span><br> <br> <tt class="literal">handle</tt> has a
single template parameter specifying the type of the managed object.
This type is <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt> 99% of the time, so the parameter
was defaulted to <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt> for convenience. Therefore
we can use the shorthand <tt class="literal">handle&lt;&gt;</tt> instead
of the longer, but equivalent, <tt class="literal">handle&lt;PyObject&gt;</tt>.
</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h2>
<a name="id459217"></a>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h3>
<a name="id2655255"></a>
Running Python code
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
To run Python code from C++ there is a family of functions in the API starting
with the PyRun prefix. You can find the full list of these functions <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html" target="_top">here</a>. They
all work similarly so we will look at only one of them, namely:
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">start</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">PyObject</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">globals</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">PyObject</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">locals</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">code</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">filename</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
takes the code to execute as a null-terminated (C-style) string in its <tt class="literal">str</tt>
parameter. The function returns a new reference to a Python object. Which
object is returned depends on the <tt class="literal">start</tt> paramater.
eval evaluates the given expression and returns the resulting value. exec
executes the given code (typically a set of statements) returning the result,
and exec_file executes the code contained in the given file.
</p>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">start</tt> parameter is the start symbol from the Python
grammar to use for interpreting the code. The possible values are:
</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<h4>
<a name="id459396"></a>
<span class="table-title">Start symbols</span>
</h4>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a></th>
<th>for
interpreting isolated expressions</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a></td>
<td>for
interpreting sequences of statements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-60" target="_top">Py_single_input</a></td>
<td>for
interpreting a single statement</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>
When using <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>,
the input string must contain a single expression and its result is returned.
When using <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a>,
the string can contain an abitrary number of statements and None is returned.
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-60" target="_top">Py_single_input</a>
works in the same way as <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a>
but only accepts a single statement.
</p>
<p>
Lastly, the <tt class="literal">globals</tt> and <tt class="literal">locals</tt> parameters
are Python dictionaries containing the globals and locals of the context
in which to run the code. For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace
dictionary of the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
The <code class="literal">globals</code> and <code class="literal">locals</code> parameters are
Python dictionaries containing the globals and locals of the context in which
to run the code. For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace
dictionary of the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module for both parameters.
</p>
<p>
We have already seen how to get the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module's namespace so let's run some Python code in it:
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">((</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125" target="_top">PyImport_AddModule</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">)))));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span><span class="special">((</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
<span class="string">"hello.write('Hello world!')\n"</span>
<span class="string">"hello.close()"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Because the Python/C API doesn't know anything about <tt class="literal">object</tt>s,
we used the object's <tt class="literal">ptr</tt> member function to retrieve the
<tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>.
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
first), and returns it.
</p>
<p>
Let's import the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module and run some Python code in its namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
<span class="string">"hello.write('Hello world!')\n"</span>
<span class="string">"hello.close()"</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This should create a file called 'hello.txt' in the current directory containing
a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Note</b></span> that
we wrap the return value of <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
in a (nameless) <tt class="literal">handle</tt> even though we are not interested
in it. If we didn't do this, the the returned object would be kept
alive unnecessarily. Unless you want to be a Dr. Frankenstein, always
wrap <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>s in <tt class="literal">handle</tt>s.
</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.beyond_handles"></a><h2>
<a name="id459921"></a>
Beyond handles
</h2>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h3>
<a name="id2655783"></a>
Manipulating Python objects
</h3>
<p>
It's nice that <tt class="literal">handle</tt> manages the reference counting details
for us, but other than that it doesn't do much. Often we'd like to have a
more useful class to manipulate Python objects. But we have already seen
such a class above, and in the <a href="object.html" target="_top">previous section</a>:
the aptly named <tt class="literal">object</tt> class and it's derivatives. We've
already seen that they can be constructed from a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>.
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects. But we have
already seen such a class above, and in the <a href="object.html" target="_top">previous
section</a>: the aptly named <code class="literal">object</code> class and its
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <code class="literal">handle</code>.
The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">((</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125" target="_top">PyImport_AddModule</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">)))));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span><span class="special">((</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"result"</span><span class="special">]);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here we create a dictionary object for the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
Here we create a dictionary object for the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module's namespace. Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read
this variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result
is to let <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
return the result directly with <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>:
is to use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span>
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()))</span>
<span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Note</b></span> that
<tt class="literal">object</tt>'s member function to return the wrapped
<tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt> is called <tt class="literal">ptr</tt> instead
of <tt class="literal">get</tt>. This makes sense if you take into account
the different functions that <tt class="literal">object</tt> and <tt class="literal">handle</tt>
perform. </td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h2>
<a name="id460562"></a>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h3>
<a name="id2656116"></a>
Exception handling
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
If an exception occurs in the execution of some Python code, the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
function returns a null pointer. Constructing a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>
out of this null pointer throws <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>,
so basically, the Python exception is automatically translated into a C++
exception when using <tt class="literal">handle</tt>:
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression, <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>
is thrown:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="string">"5/0"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()))</span>
<span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5/0"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:
</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_divided_by_zero</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// handle the exception in some way
</span><span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">error_already_set</tt> exception class doesn't carry any
The <code class="literal">error_already_set</code> exception class doesn't carry any
information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred,
you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">exception
handling functions</a> of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This
can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70" target="_top">PyErr_Print()</a>
to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type
of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
handling functions</a> of the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API in your catch-statement.
This can be as simple as calling [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70
PyErr_Print()] to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing
the type of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
exceptions</a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -397,23 +262,6 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
(To retrieve even more information from the exception you can use some of
the other exception handling functions listed <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">here</a>.)
</p>
<p>
If you'd rather not have <tt class="literal">handle</tt> throw a C++ exception
when it is constructed, you can use the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html#allow_null-spec" target="_top">allow_null</a>
function in the same way you'd use borrowed:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">allow_null</span><span class="special">(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="string">"5/0"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()))));</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">// Python exception occurred
</span><span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="comment">// everything went okay, it's safe to use the result
</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>

View File

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Exception Translation</title>
<title>Exception Translation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
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@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Exposing Classes</title>
<title>Exposing Classes</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="hello.html" title=" Building Hello World">
<link rel="prev" href="hello.html" title="Building Hello World">
<link rel="next" href="functions.html" title="Functions">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here, we wrote a C++ class wrapper that exposes the member functions <tt class="literal">greet</tt>
and <tt class="literal">set</tt>. Now, after building our module as a shared library,
we may use our class <tt class="literal">World</tt> in Python. Here's a sample Python
Here, we wrote a C++ class wrapper that exposes the member functions <code class="literal">greet</code>
and <code class="literal">set</code>. Now, after building our module as a shared library,
we may use our class <code class="literal">World</code> in Python. Here's a sample Python
session:
</p>
<p>
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.constructors"></a>Constructors</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Our previous example didn't have any explicit constructors. Since <tt class="literal">World</tt>
Our previous example didn't have any explicit constructors. Since <code class="literal">World</code>
is declared as a plain struct, it has an implicit default constructor. Boost.Python
exposes the default constructor by default, which is why we were able to
write
@@ -106,9 +106,9 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
This time <tt class="literal">World</tt> has no default constructor; our previous
This time <code class="literal">World</code> has no default constructor; our previous
wrapping code would fail to compile when the library tried to expose it.
We have to tell <tt class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</tt> about the constructor
We have to tell <code class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</code> about the constructor
we want to expose instead.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -124,13 +124,13 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="literal">init&lt;std::string&gt;()</tt> exposes the constructor taking
in a <tt class="literal">std::string</tt> (in Python, constructors are spelled
"<tt class="literal">"<span class="underline">_init</span>_"</tt>").
<code class="literal">init&lt;std::string&gt;()</code> exposes the constructor taking
in a <code class="literal">std::string</code> (in Python, constructors are spelled
"<code class="literal">"<span class="underline">_init</span>_"</code>").
</p>
<p>
We can expose additional constructors by passing more <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt>s
to the <tt class="literal">def()</tt> member function. Say for example we have
We can expose additional constructors by passing more <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>s
to the <code class="literal">def()</code> member function. Say for example we have
another World constructor taking in two doubles:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -142,13 +142,13 @@
</pre>
<p>
On the other hand, if we do not wish to expose any constructors at all, we
may use <tt class="literal">no_init</tt> instead:
may use <code class="literal">no_init</code> instead:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
This actually adds an <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</tt>
This actually adds an <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</code>
method which always raises a Python RuntimeError exception.
</p>
</div>
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@
<p>
Data members may also be exposed to Python so that they can be accessed as
attributes of the corresponding Python class. Each data member that we wish
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
or <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>. Consider this class <tt class="literal">Var</tt>:
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
or <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>. Consider this class <code class="literal">Var</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Our C++ <tt class="literal">Var</tt> class and its data members can be exposed
Our C++ <code class="literal">Var</code> class and its data members can be exposed
to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -191,8 +191,8 @@
<span class="identifier">pi</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="identifier">around</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
<p>
Note that <tt class="literal">name</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
while <tt class="literal">value</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>.
Note that <code class="literal">name</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
while <code class="literal">value</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@
<p>
However, in Python attribute access is fine; it doesn't neccessarily break
encapsulation to let users handle attributes directly, because the attributes
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <tt class="literal">Num</tt>
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <code class="literal">Num</code>
class using Boost.Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -245,8 +245,8 @@
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2.17</span> <span class="comment"># error!
</span></pre>
<p>
Take note that the class property <tt class="literal">rovalue</tt> is exposed as
<span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span> since the <tt class="literal">rovalue</tt>
Take note that the class property <code class="literal">rovalue</code> is exposed as
<span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span> since the <code class="literal">rovalue</code>
setter member function is not passed in:
</p>
<p>
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
</pre>
<p>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <code class="literal">Base</code> and <code class="literal">Derived</code>
object instances:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
<span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>:
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <code class="literal">Base</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -290,8 +290,8 @@
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
and its base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>. Thus:
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <code class="literal">Derived</code>
and its base class <code class="literal">Base</code>. Thus:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -307,15 +307,15 @@
member functions)
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>If</b></span> Base is polymorphic, <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
<span class="bold"><strong>If</strong></span> Base is polymorphic, <code class="literal">Derived</code>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<tt class="literal">Base</tt> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<tt class="literal">Derived</tt> is expected.
<code class="literal">Base</code> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Derived</code> is expected.
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions <tt class="literal">b</tt> and <tt class="literal">d</tt>
and <tt class="literal">factory</tt>:
Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions <code class="literal">b</code> and <code class="literal">d</code>
and <code class="literal">factory</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -323,11 +323,11 @@
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Note that free function <tt class="literal">factory</tt> is being used to generate
new instances of class <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>. In such cases, we use
<tt class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</tt> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and hold the instance
in a new Python <tt class="literal">Base</tt> object until the the Python object
Note that free function <code class="literal">factory</code> is being used to generate
new instances of class <code class="literal">Derived</code>. In such cases, we use
<code class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</code> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <code class="literal">Base</code> and hold the instance
in a new Python <code class="literal">Base</code> object until the the Python object
is destroyed. We shall see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
policies</a> later.
</p>
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@
<p>
In this section, we shall learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our <tt class="literal">Base</tt> class:
to our <code class="literal">Base</code> class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
@@ -356,11 +356,11 @@
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing
C++ design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for
a 3rd party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything
to our class <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>. Yet, when
to our class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>. Yet, when
you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in Python and called
polymorphically <span class="bold"><b>from C++</b></span>, we'll need to
polymorphically <span class="bold"><strong>from C++</strong></span>, we'll need to
add some scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write
a class wrapper that derives from <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>
a class wrapper that derives from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>
that will unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
override may be called:
</p>
@@ -374,24 +374,25 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice too that in addition to inheriting from <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>,
we also multiply- inherited <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></tt> (See <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">Wrapper</a>).
The <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span></tt> template makes
Notice too that in addition to inheriting from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>,
we also multiply- inherited <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> (See <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">Wrapper</a>).
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span></code> template makes
the job of wrapping classes that are meant to overridden in Python, easier.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> as:<br> <br>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>
in effect calls the corresponding method of the Python object through <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_override</span></tt>.
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> as:<br> <br> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>
in effect calls the corresponding method of the Python object through <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_override</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Finally, exposing <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>:
Finally, exposing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -399,18 +400,17 @@
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span></tt> signals Boost.Python
that the function <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> is a
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span></code> signals Boost.Python
that the function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> is a
pure virtual function.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>member function and
methods</b></span><br> <br> Python, like many object oriented languages
uses the term <span class="bold"><b>methods</b></span>. Methods correspond
roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><b>member functions</b></span>
</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>member function and methods</strong></span><br>
<br> Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><strong>methods</strong></span>. Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><strong>member functions</strong></span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
<p>
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions
are wrapped using Boost.Python's <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">class
wrapper</a> facilities. If we wish to wrap <span class="bold"><b>non</b></span>-pure-virtual
wrapper</a> facilities. If we wish to wrap <span class="bold"><strong>non</strong></span>-pure-virtual
functions instead, the mechanism is a bit different.
</p>
<p>
@@ -433,8 +433,8 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
had a pure virtual function <tt class="literal">f</tt>. If, however, its member
function <tt class="literal">f</tt> was not declared as pure virtual:
had a pure virtual function <code class="literal">f</code>. If, however, its member
function <code class="literal">f</code> was not declared as pure virtual:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
@@ -460,16 +460,19 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice how we implemented <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>. Now,
we have to check if there is an override for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>.
If none, then we call <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></tt>.
Notice how we implemented <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></code>. Now,
we have to check if there is an override for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>.
If none, then we call <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite
the line with the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></tt> as:<br> <br> <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite
the line with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></code> as:<br> <br> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span>
<span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Finally, exposing:
</p>
@@ -479,10 +482,10 @@
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Take note that we expose both <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span></tt>. Boost.Python needs to keep track
of 1) the dispatch function <tt class="literal">f</tt> and 2) the forwarding function
to its default implementation <tt class="literal">default_f</tt>. There's a special
<tt class="literal">def</tt> function for this purpose.
Take note that we expose both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span></code>. Boost.Python needs to keep track
of 1) the dispatch function <code class="literal">f</code> and 2) the forwarding function
to its default implementation <code class="literal">default_f</code>. There's a special
<code class="literal">def</code> function for this purpose.
</p>
<p>
In Python, the results would be as expected:
@@ -498,14 +501,14 @@
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">base.f()</tt>:
Calling <code class="literal">base.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">0</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">derived.f()</tt>:
Calling <code class="literal">derived.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
@@ -515,17 +518,17 @@
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_operators_special_functions"></a>Class Operators/Special Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h2>
<a name="id448928"></a>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h3>
<a name="id2646169"></a>
Python Operators
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
C is well known for the abundance of operators. C++ extends this to the extremes
by allowing operator overloading. Boost.Python takes advantage of this and
makes it easy to wrap C++ operator-powered classes.
</p>
<p>
Consider a file position class <tt class="literal">FilePos</tt> and a set of operators
Consider a file position class <code class="literal">FilePos</code> and a set of operators
that take on FilePos instances:
</p>
<p>
@@ -558,16 +561,16 @@
<p>
The code snippet above is very clear and needs almost no explanation at all.
It is virtually the same as the operators' signatures. Just take note that
<tt class="literal">self</tt> refers to FilePos object. Also, not every class
<tt class="literal">T</tt> that you might need to interact with in an operator
expression is (cheaply) default-constructible. You can use <tt class="literal">other&lt;T&gt;()</tt>
in place of an actual <tt class="literal">T</tt> instance when writing "self
<code class="literal">self</code> refers to FilePos object. Also, not every class
<code class="literal">T</code> that you might need to interact with in an operator
expression is (cheaply) default-constructible. You can use <code class="literal">other&lt;T&gt;()</code>
in place of an actual <code class="literal">T</code> instance when writing "self
expressions".
</p>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h2>
<a name="id449680"></a>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h3>
<a name="id2646853"></a>
Special Methods
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Python has a few more <span class="emphasis"><em>Special Methods</em></span>. Boost.Python
supports all of the standard special method names supported by real Python
@@ -593,11 +596,15 @@
<p>
Need we say more?
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> What is the business of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>? Well, the method <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></tt> requires the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt> to do its work (i.e. <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>
is used by the method defined by <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></tt>.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> What is the business of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>? Well, the method <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></code>
requires the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>
to do its work (i.e. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code> is used by the method defined by
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>

View File

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Functions</title>
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<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
@@ -38,12 +38,18 @@
see facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions
that take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<p>
But before you do, you might want to fire up Python 2.2 or later and type
<tt class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</tt>.
<code class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</code>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
@@ -62,7 +68,7 @@ In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than <span class="bold"><b>right</b></span> now.
Although never is often better than <span class="bold"><strong>right</strong></span> now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
@@ -90,9 +96,9 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Here's an example where it didn't
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> # <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">y</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> # <span class="identifier">CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
What's the problem?
@@ -120,19 +126,19 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<tt class="literal">f</tt> is called passing in a reference to <tt class="literal">y</tt>
and a pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt>
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <tt class="literal">y.x</tt> is returned
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">y</tt> is deleted. <tt class="literal">x</tt> is a dangling reference
<code class="literal">y</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">x</code> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">x.some_method()</tt> is called
<code class="literal">x.some_method()</code> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
<li><span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span></li>
</ol></div>
<p>
We could copy result into a new object:
@@ -162,16 +168,16 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice that the data member <tt class="literal">z</tt> is held by class Y using
Notice that the data member <code class="literal">z</code> is held by class Y using
a raw pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> # <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> # <span class="identifier">Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> # <span class="identifier">CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="preprocessor"># Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
For reference, here's the implementation of <tt class="literal">f</tt> again:
For reference, here's the implementation of <code class="literal">f</code> again:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -185,33 +191,33 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<tt class="literal">f</tt> is called passing in a reference to <tt class="literal">y</tt>
and a pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt>
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li>
A pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt> is held by <tt class="literal">y</tt>
A pointer to <code class="literal">z</code> is held by <code class="literal">y</code>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <tt class="literal">y.x</tt> is returned
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">z</tt> is deleted. <tt class="literal">y.z</tt> is a dangling pointer
<code class="literal">z</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">y.z</code> is a dangling pointer
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">y.z_value()</tt> is called
<code class="literal">y.z_value()</code> is called
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">z-&gt;value()</tt> is called
<code class="literal">z-&gt;value()</code> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
<li><span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span></li>
</ol></div>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h2>
<a name="id451559"></a>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h3>
<a name="id2648560"></a>
Call Policies
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Call Policies may be used in situations such as the example detailed above.
In our example, <tt class="literal">return_internal_reference</tt> and <tt class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</tt>
In our example, <code class="literal">return_internal_reference</code> and <code class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</code>
are our friends:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -220,27 +226,27 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
<p>
What are the <tt class="literal">1</tt> and <tt class="literal">2</tt> parameters, you
What are the <code class="literal">1</code> and <code class="literal">2</code> parameters, you
ask?
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <tt class="literal">Y&amp;
y</tt>, is the owner of the returned reference: <tt class="literal">X&amp;</tt>.
The "<tt class="literal">1</tt>" simply specifies the first argument.
In short: "return an internal reference <tt class="literal">X&amp;</tt> owned
by the 1st argument <tt class="literal">Y&amp; y</tt>".
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <code class="literal">Y&amp;
y</code>, is the owner of the returned reference: <code class="literal">X&amp;</code>.
The "<code class="literal">1</code>" simply specifies the first argument.
In short: "return an internal reference <code class="literal">X&amp;</code> owned
by the 1st argument <code class="literal">Y&amp; y</code>".
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the lifetime of the argument indicated by ward
(i.e. the 2nd argument: <tt class="literal">Z* z</tt>) is dependent on the lifetime
of the argument indicated by custodian (i.e. the 1st argument: <tt class="literal">Y&amp;
y</tt>).
(i.e. the 2nd argument: <code class="literal">Z* z</code>) is dependent on the lifetime
of the argument indicated by custodian (i.e. the 1st argument: <code class="literal">Y&amp;
y</code>).
</p>
<p>
It is also important to note that we have defined two policies above. Two
@@ -257,43 +263,44 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward</b></span><br> Ties lifetimes
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward</strong></span><br> Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</b></span><br>
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</strong></span><br>
Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_internal_reference</b></span><br> Ties lifetime
<span class="bold"><strong>return_internal_reference</strong></span><br> Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</b></span><br>
<span class="bold"><strong>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</strong></span><br>
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>reference_existing_object</b></span><br> naive
<span class="bold"><strong>reference_existing_object</strong></span><br> naive
(dangerous) approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_const_reference</b></span><br> Boost.Python
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_const_reference</strong></span><br> Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_non_const_reference</b></span><br>
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_non_const_reference</strong></span><br>
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>manage_new_object</b></span><br> Adopt a pointer
<span class="bold"><strong>manage_new_object</strong></span><br> Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Remember the Zen, Luke:</b></span><br>
<br> "Explicit is better than implicit"<br> "In
the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"<br>
</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Remember the Zen, Luke:</strong></span><br>
<br> "Explicit is better than implicit"<br> "In the face
of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"<br>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
@@ -355,21 +362,21 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<a name="python.default_arguments"></a>Default Arguments</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python wraps (member) function pointers. Unfortunately, C++ function
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <tt class="literal">f</tt>
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <code class="literal">f</code>
with default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
But the type of a pointer to the function <tt class="literal">f</tt> has no information
But the type of a pointer to the function <code class="literal">f</code> has no information
about its default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
When we pass this function pointer to the <tt class="literal">def</tt> function,
When we pass this function pointer to the <code class="literal">def</code> function,
there is no way to retrieve the default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -403,10 +410,10 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id453611"></a>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h3>
<a name="id2650414"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Boost.Python now has a way to make it easier. For instance, given a function:
</p>
@@ -424,19 +431,19 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</pre>
<p>
will automatically create the thin wrappers for us. This macro will create
a class <tt class="literal">foo_overloads</tt> that can be passed on to <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>.
a class <code class="literal">foo_overloads</code> that can be passed on to <code class="literal">def(...)</code>.
The third and fourth macro argument are the minimum arguments and maximum
arguments, respectively. In our <tt class="literal">foo</tt> function the minimum
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>
arguments, respectively. In our <code class="literal">foo</code> function the minimum
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <code class="literal">def(...)</code>
function will automatically add all the foo variants for us:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id453927"></a>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h3>
<a name="id2650701"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Objects here, objects there, objects here there everywhere. More frequently
than anything else, we need to expose member functions of our classes to
@@ -445,7 +452,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
play. Another macro is provided to make this a breeze.
</p>
<p>
Like <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>, <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
Like <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>, <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
may be used to automatically create the thin wrappers for wrapping member
functions. Let's have an example:
</p>
@@ -466,11 +473,11 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <tt class="literal">wack_em</tt>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <code class="literal">wack_em</code>
member function accepting a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 3 arguments (i.e.
the third and fourth macro argument). The thin wrappers are all enclosed
in a class named <tt class="literal">george_overloads</tt> that can then be used
as an argument to <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>:
in a class named <code class="literal">george_overloads</code> that can then be used
as an argument to <code class="literal">def(...)</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
@@ -479,13 +486,13 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
See the <a href="../../../../v2/overloads.html#BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS-spec" target="_top">overloads
reference</a> for details.
</p>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h2>
<a name="id454288"></a>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h3>
<a name="id2651031"></a>
init and optional
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
A similar facility is provided for class constructors, again, with default
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt>?
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>?
For example, given a class X with a constructor:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -502,7 +509,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice the use of <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt> and <tt class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</tt>
Notice the use of <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code> and <code class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</code>
to signify the default (optional arguments).
</p>
</div>
@@ -510,8 +517,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.auto_overloading"></a>Auto-Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
It was mentioned in passing in the previous section that <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
and <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt> can also be
It was mentioned in passing in the previous section that <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
and <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code> can also be
used for overloaded functions and member functions with a common sequence
of initial arguments. Here is an example:
</p>
@@ -547,30 +554,30 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
</p>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h2>
<a name="id455013"></a>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h3>
<a name="id2651734"></a>
Manual Wrapping
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
It is important to emphasize however that <span class="bold"><b>the overloaded
functions must have a common sequence of initial arguments</b></span>. Otherwise,
It is important to emphasize however that <span class="bold"><strong>the overloaded
functions must have a common sequence of initial arguments</strong></span>. Otherwise,
our scheme above will not work. If this is not the case, we have to wrap
our functions <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
</p>
<p>
Actually, we can mix and match manual wrapping of overloaded functions and
automatic wrapping through <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
and its sister, <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>. Following
automatic wrapping through <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
and its sister, <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>. Following
up on our example presented in the section <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
overloading</a>, since the first 4 overload functins have a common sequence
of initial arguments, we can use <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
to automatically wrap the first three of the <tt class="literal">def</tt>s and
of initial arguments, we can use <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
to automatically wrap the first three of the <code class="literal">def</code>s and
manually wrap just the last. Here's how we'll do this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">

View File

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Building Hello World</title>
<title>Building Hello World</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="next" href="exposing.html" title=" Exposing Classes">
<link rel="next" href="exposing.html" title="Exposing Classes">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
@@ -25,27 +25,29 @@
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.hello"></a> Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h2>
<a name="id373240"></a>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h3>
<a name="id2595436"></a>
From Start To Finish
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we shall outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We shall use the build tool that comes bundled with
every boost distribution: <span class="bold"><b>bjam</b></span>.
every boost distribution: <span class="bold"><strong>bjam</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Building without bjam</b></span><br>
<br> Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module
built. What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only
way". There are of course other build tools apart from <tt class="literal">bjam</tt>.<br>
<br> Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python
is bjam. There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience
shows that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems
come from people who had to use a different tool. </td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Building without bjam</strong></span><br>
<br> Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from <code class="literal">bjam</code>.<br>
<br> Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is
bjam. There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
</p>
</div>
<p>
We shall skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the
hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to building
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@
if you are on Unix.
</p>
<p>
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <tt class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>.
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>.
There, you can find:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
@@ -88,20 +90,20 @@
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">hello.cpp</tt> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<tt class="literal">Jamfile</tt> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
The <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<code class="literal">Jamfile</code> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us.
</p>
<p>
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost directory
or somewhere in your path such that <tt class="literal">bjam</tt> can be executed
or somewhere in your path such that <code class="literal">bjam</code> can be executed
in the command line. Pre-built Boost.Jam executables are available for most
platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found <a href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h2>
<a name="id373448"></a>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h3>
<a name="id2595623"></a>
Let's Jam!
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/jam.png" alt="jam"></span>
</p>
@@ -121,13 +123,13 @@ extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
</pre>
<p>
First, we need to specify our location. You may place your project anywhere.
<tt class="literal">project-root</tt> allows you to do that.
<code class="literal">project-root</code> allows you to do that.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">project-root ;
</pre>
<p>
By doing so, you'll need a Jamrules file. Simply copy the one in the <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">example/tutorial directory</a>
and tweak the <tt class="literal">path-global BOOST_ROOT</tt> to where your boost
and tweak the <code class="literal">path-global BOOST_ROOT</code> to where your boost
root directory is. The file has <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">detailed
instructions</a> you can follow.
</p>
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
<pre class="programlisting">import python ;
</pre>
<p>
Finally we declare our <tt class="literal">hello</tt> extension:
Finally we declare our <code class="literal">hello</code> extension:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
@@ -149,20 +151,26 @@ extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
<p>
The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
</p>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h2>
<a name="id373586"></a>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h3>
<a name="id2595752"></a>
Running bjam
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> is run using your operating system's command line
interpreter.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Start it up.
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
Start it up.
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<p>
Make sure that the environment is set so that we can invoke the C++ compiler.
With MSVC, that would mean running the <tt class="literal">Vcvars32.bat</tt> batch
With MSVC, that would mean running the <code class="literal">Vcvars32.bat</code> batch
file. For instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\Tools\vsvars32.bat
@@ -175,22 +183,24 @@ extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
set PYTHON_VERSION=2.2
</pre>
<p>
The above assumes that the Python installation is in <tt class="literal">c:/dev/tools/python</tt>
The above assumes that the Python installation is in <code class="literal">c:/dev/tools/python</code>
and that we are using Python version 2.2. You'll have to tweak these appropriately.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <span class="bold"><b>not</b></span> "2.2.1", even if that's the version
you have.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <span class="bold"><strong>not</strong></span> "2.2.1", even if that's the version you
have.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Take note that you may also do that through the Jamrules file we put in our
project as detailed above. The file has <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">detailed
instructions</a> you can follow.
</p>
<p>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <tt class="literal">cd</tt> to <tt class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>
where the tutorial <tt class="literal">"hello.cpp"</tt> and the <tt class="literal">"Jamfile"</tt>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <code class="literal">cd</code> to <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>
where the tutorial <code class="literal">"hello.cpp"</code> and the <code class="literal">"Jamfile"</code>
is situated.
</p>
<p>
@@ -253,8 +263,8 @@ b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
if you are on Unix.
</p>
<p>
<tt class="literal">boost_python.dll</tt> and <tt class="literal">hello.pyd</tt> can be
found somewhere in your project's <tt class="literal">bin</tt> directory. After a
<code class="literal">boost_python.dll</code> and <code class="literal">hello.pyd</code> can be
found somewhere in your project's <code class="literal">bin</code> directory. After a
successful build, you make it possible for the system to find boost_python.dll
or libboost_python.so (usually done with LD_LIBRARY_PATH, DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH,
or some other variable on *nix and with PATH on Windows) and for Python to
@@ -272,9 +282,15 @@ b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="bold"><b>There you go... Have fun!</b></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>There you go... Have fun!</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>

View File

@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Iterators</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="embedding.html" title="Embedding">
<link rel="next" href="exception.html" title=" Exception Translation">
<link rel="next" href="exception.html" title="Exception Translation">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
iterators, but these are two very different beasts.
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>C++ iterators:</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>C++ iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>Python Iterators:</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>Python Iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The typical Python iteration protocol: <tt class="literal"><span class="bold"><b>for y
in x...</b></span></tt> is as follows:
The typical Python iteration protocol: <code class="literal"><span class="bold"><strong>for y
in x...</strong></span></code> is as follows:
</p>
<p>
</p>
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
</span></pre>
<p>
Boost.Python provides some mechanisms to make C++ iterators play along nicely
as Python iterators. What we need to do is to produce appropriate <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__iter__</span></tt> function from C++ iterators that
as Python iterators. What we need to do is to produce appropriate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__iter__</span></code> function from C++ iterators that
is compatible with the Python iteration protocol. For example:
</p>
<p>
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>range</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>range</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
We can create a Python savvy iterator using the range function:
@@ -119,14 +119,14 @@
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>iterator</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>iterator</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Given a container <tt class="literal">T</tt>, iterator is a shortcut that simply
calls <tt class="literal">range</tt> with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.
Given a container <code class="literal">T</code>, iterator is a shortcut that simply
calls <code class="literal">range</code> with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.
</p>
<p>
Let's put this into action... Here's an example from some hypothetical bogon
@@ -152,14 +152,14 @@
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bogons"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_end</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>stl_input_iterator</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>stl_input_iterator</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
So far, we have seen how to expose C++ iterators and ranges to Python. Sometimes
we wish to go the other way, though: we'd like to pass a Python sequence to
an STL algorithm or use it to initialize an STL container. We need to make
a Python iterator look like an STL iterator. For that, we use <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></tt>.
Consider how we might implement a function that exposes <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">()</span></tt> to Python:
a Python iterator look like an STL iterator. For that, we use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>.
Consider how we might implement a function that exposes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">()</span></code> to Python:
</p>
<p>
</p>
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now in Python, we can assign any integer sequence to <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list_int</span></tt>
Now in Python, we can assign any integer sequence to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list_int</span></code>
objects:
</p>
<p>

View File

@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Object Interface</title>
<title>Object Interface</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="functions.html" title="Functions">
@@ -35,13 +35,13 @@
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python variables
may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc., among other
things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these Pythonic variables
are just instances of class <tt class="literal">object</tt>. We shall see in this
are just instances of class <code class="literal">object</code>. We shall see in this
chapter how to deal with Python objects.
</p>
<p>
As mentioned, one of the goals of Boost.Python is to provide a bidirectional
mapping between C++ and Python while maintaining the Python feel. Boost.Python
C++ <tt class="literal">object</tt>s are as close as possible to Python. This should
C++ <code class="literal">object</code>s are as close as possible to Python. This should
minimize the learning curve significantly.
</p>
<p>
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.basic_interface"></a>Basic Interface</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Class <tt class="literal">object</tt> wraps <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>. All the
intricacies of dealing with <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s such as managing
reference counting are handled by the <tt class="literal">object</tt> class. C++
object interoperability is seamless. Boost.Python C++ <tt class="literal">object</tt>s
Class <code class="literal">object</code> wraps <code class="literal">PyObject*</code>. All the
intricacies of dealing with <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s such as managing
reference counting are handled by the <code class="literal">object</code> class. C++
object interoperability is seamless. Boost.Python C++ <code class="literal">object</code>s
can in fact be explicitly constructed from any C++ object.
</p>
<p>
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.derived_object_types"></a>Derived Object types</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> types
Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <code class="literal">object</code> types
corresponding to that of Python's:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
@@ -123,32 +123,32 @@
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
These derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> types act like real Python types.
These derived <code class="literal">object</code> types act like real Python types.
For instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
</pre>
<p>
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <tt class="literal">dict</tt>
has a <tt class="literal">keys()</tt> method:
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <code class="literal">object</code> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <code class="literal">dict</code>
has a <code class="literal">keys()</code> method:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="literal">make_tuple</tt> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
<code class="literal">make_tuple</code> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
In C++, when Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>s are used as arguments
In C++, when Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>s are used as arguments
to functions, subtype matching is required. For example, when a function
<tt class="literal">f</tt>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <tt class="literal">str</tt> type and subtypes.
<code class="literal">f</code>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <code class="literal">str</code> type and subtypes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -172,16 +172,18 @@
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <tt class="literal">"format"
% x,y,z</tt> in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <code class="literal">"format"
% x,y,z</code> in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to
do that in std C++.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Beware</b></span> the
common pitfall of forgetting that the constructors of most of Python's
mutable types make copies, just as in Python. </td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Beware</strong></span> the common pitfall
of forgetting that the constructors of most of Python's mutable types make
copies, just as in Python.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Python:
</p>
@@ -196,12 +198,12 @@
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id457004"></a>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h3>
<a name="id2653534"></a>
class_&lt;T&gt; as objects
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Due to the dynamic nature of Boost.Python objects, any <tt class="literal">class_&lt;T&gt;</tt>
Due to the dynamic nature of Boost.Python objects, any <code class="literal">class_&lt;T&gt;</code>
may also be one of these types! The following code snippet wraps the class
(type) object.
</p>
@@ -223,15 +225,15 @@
<a name="python.extracting_c___objects"></a>Extracting C++ objects</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
At some point, we will need to get C++ values out of object instances. This
can be achieved with the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt> function. Consider
can be achieved with the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code> function. Consider
the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
</span></pre>
<p>
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>
can't be implicitly converted to <tt class="literal">double</tt>s. Instead, what
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>
can't be implicitly converted to <code class="literal">double</code>s. Instead, what
we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -241,14 +243,14 @@
</pre>
<p>
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the
Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>. The second line attempts to <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span>
the <tt class="literal">Vec2</tt> object from held by the Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>.
Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>. The second line attempts to <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span>
the <code class="literal">Vec2</code> object from held by the Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>.
</p>
<p>
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python
<tt class="literal">object</tt> does not really hold a <tt class="literal">Vec2</tt>
<code class="literal">object</code> does not really hold a <code class="literal">Vec2</code>
type? This is certainly a possibility considering the dynamic nature of Python
<tt class="literal">object</tt>s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type can't
<code class="literal">object</code>s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type can't
be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
</p>
@@ -258,7 +260,7 @@
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code>
facility in fact solves the mutable copying problem:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -271,8 +273,8 @@
<a name="python.enums"></a>Enums</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python has a nifty facility to capture and wrap C++ enums. While Python
has no <tt class="literal">enum</tt> type, we'll often want to expose our C++ enums
to Python as an <tt class="literal">int</tt>. Boost.Python's enum facility makes
has no <code class="literal">enum</code> type, we'll often want to expose our C++ enums
to Python as an <code class="literal">int</code>. Boost.Python's enum facility makes
this easy while taking care of the proper conversions from Python's dynamic
typing to C++'s strong static typing (in C++, ints cannot be implicitly converted
to enums). To illustrate, given a C++ enum:
@@ -291,18 +293,19 @@
</pre>
<p>
can be used to expose to Python. The new enum type is created in the current
<tt class="literal">scope()</tt>, which is usually the current module. The snippet
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <tt class="literal">int</tt>
<code class="literal">scope()</code>, which is usually the current module. The snippet
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <code class="literal">int</code>
type which is associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>what is a scope?</b></span><br>
<br> The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object
which controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes
and wrapped functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be
found <a href="../../../../v2/scope.html" target="_top">here</a>.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>what is a scope?</strong></span><br>
<br> The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found <a href="../../../../v2/scope.html" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
You can access those values in Python as
</p>

View File

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> General Techniques</title>
<title>General Techniques</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="exception.html" title=" Exception Translation">
<link rel="prev" href="exception.html" title="Exception Translation">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
<p>
We have a C++ library that works with sounds: reading and writing various
formats, applying filters to the sound data, etc. It is named (conveniently)
<tt class="literal">sounds</tt>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
<code class="literal">sounds</code>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
like so:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -93,16 +93,18 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <tt class="literal">core.pyd</tt>,
<tt class="literal">io.pyd</tt> and <tt class="literal">filters.pyd</tt>.
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <code class="literal">core.pyd</code>,
<code class="literal">io.pyd</code> and <code class="literal">filters.pyd</code>.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> The extension <tt class="literal">.pyd</tt> is used
for python extension modules, which are just shared libraries. Using
the default for your system, like <tt class="literal">.so</tt> for Unix and
<tt class="literal">.dll</tt> for Windows, works just as well.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> The extension <code class="literal">.pyd</code> is used for python
extension modules, which are just shared libraries. Using the default for
your system, like <code class="literal">.so</code> for Unix and <code class="literal">.dll</code>
for Windows, works just as well.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Now, we create this directory structure for our Python package:
</p>
@@ -113,12 +115,12 @@
io.pyd
</pre>
<p>
The file <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt> is what tells Python that the directory
<tt class="literal">sounds/</tt> is actually a Python package. It can be a empty
The file <code class="literal">__init__.py</code> is what tells Python that the directory
<code class="literal">sounds/</code> is actually a Python package. It can be a empty
file, but can also perform some magic, that will be shown later.
</p>
<p>
Now our package is ready. All the user has to do is put <tt class="literal">sounds</tt>
Now our package is ready. All the user has to do is put <code class="literal">sounds</code>
into his <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/node8.html#SECTION008110000000000000000" target="_top">PYTHONPATH</a>
and fire up the interpreter:
</p>
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@
</pre>
<p>
Note that we added an underscore to the module name. The filename will have
to be changed to <tt class="literal">_core.pyd</tt> as well, and we do the same
to be changed to <code class="literal">_core.pyd</code> as well, and we do the same
to the other extension modules. Now, we change our package hierarchy like
so:
</p>
@@ -165,12 +167,12 @@
__init__.py
core/
__init__.py
_core.pyd
<span class="underline">core.pyd
filters/
__init__.py
_filters.pyd
\</span>_init__.py
<span class="underline">filters.pyd
io/
__init__.py
\</span>_init__.py
_io.pyd
</pre>
<p>
@@ -185,11 +187,11 @@
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
which is not what we want. But here enters the <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt>
magic: everything that is brought to the <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt> namespace
which is not what we want. But here enters the <code class="literal">__init__.py</code>
magic: everything that is brought to the <code class="literal">__init__.py</code> namespace
can be accessed directly by the user. So, all we have to do is bring the
entire namespace from <tt class="literal">_core.pyd</tt> to <tt class="literal">core/__init__.py</tt>.
So add this line of code to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
entire namespace from <code class="literal">_core.pyd</code> to <code class="literal">core/__init__.py</code>.
So add this line of code to <code class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
@@ -206,10 +208,10 @@
with the additional benefit that we can easily add pure Python functions
to any module, in a way that the user can't tell the difference between a
C++ function and a Python function. Let's add a <span class="emphasis"><em>pure</em></span>
Python function, <tt class="literal">echo_noise</tt>, to the <tt class="literal">filters</tt>
package. This function applies both the <tt class="literal">echo</tt> and <tt class="literal">noise</tt>
filters in sequence in the given <tt class="literal">sound</tt> object. We create
a file named <tt class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</tt> and code our
Python function, <code class="literal">echo_noise</code>, to the <code class="literal">filters</code>
package. This function applies both the <code class="literal">echo</code> and <code class="literal">noise</code>
filters in sequence in the given <code class="literal">sound</code> object. We create
a file named <code class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</code> and code our
function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -220,14 +222,14 @@
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
</pre>
<p>
Next, we add this line to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
Next, we add this line to <code class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
</pre>
<p>
And that's it. The user now accesses this function like any other function
from the <tt class="literal">filters</tt> package:
from the <code class="literal">filters</code> package:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
@@ -261,7 +263,7 @@
</p>
<p>
We can do the same with classes that were wrapped with Boost.Python. Suppose
we have a class <tt class="literal">point</tt> in C++:
we have a class <code class="literal">point</code> in C++:
</p>
<p>
</p>
@@ -275,7 +277,7 @@
</pre>
<p>
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
Packages</a>, we can code directly into <tt class="literal">geom/__init__.py</tt>:
Packages</a>, we can code directly into <code class="literal">geom/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<p>
</p>
@@ -290,7 +292,7 @@
</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>All</b></span> point instances created from C++ will
<span class="bold"><strong>All</strong></span> point instances created from C++ will
also have this member function! This technique has several advantages:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
@@ -389,7 +391,7 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now you create a file <tt class="literal">main.cpp</tt>, which contains the <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</tt>
Now you create a file <code class="literal">main.cpp</code>, which contains the <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</code>
macro, and call the various export functions inside it.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -425,19 +427,23 @@
exporting it to Python at the same time: changes in a class will only demand
the compilation of a single cpp, instead of the entire wrapper code.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <tt class="literal">--multiple</tt> option, that generates
the wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> This method is useful too if you are getting the
error message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal
structure overflow"</em></span> when compiling a large source file,
as explained in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <code class="literal">--multiple</code> option, that generates the
wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.
</p>
</div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> This method is useful too if you are getting the error
message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure
overflow"</em></span> when compiling a large source file, as explained
in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>

View File

@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@ overloaded functions in one-shot:
Then...
.def("foo", foo, foo_overloads());
.def("foo", (void(*)(bool, int, char))0, foo_overloads());
Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
@@ -1365,11 +1365,6 @@ create a new scope around a class:
[def Py_Initialize [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652 Py_Initialize]]
[def Py_Finalize [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656 Py_Finalize]]
[def PyRun_String [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55 PyRun_String]]
[def PyRun_File [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-56 PyRun_File]]
[def Py_eval_input [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58 Py_eval_input]]
[def Py_file_input [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59 Py_file_input]]
[def Py_single_input [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-60 Py_single_input]]
[def Py_XINCREF [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/countingRefs.html#l2h-65 Py_XINCREF]]
[def Py_XDECREF [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/countingRefs.html#l2h-67 Py_XDECREF]]
[def PyImport_AppendInittab [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-137 PyImport_AppendInittab]]
@@ -1396,17 +1391,17 @@ all. So stay tuned... :-)
[h2 Building embedded programs]
To be able to use embedding in your programs, they have to be linked to
both Boost.Python's and Python's static link library.
To be able to embed python into your programs, you have to link to
both Boost.Python's as well as Python's own runtime library.
Boost.Python's static link library comes in two variants. Both are located
Boost.Python's library comes in two variants. Both are located
in Boost's [^/libs/python/build/bin-stage] subdirectory. On Windows, the
variants are called [^boost_python.lib] (for release builds) and
[^boost_python_debug.lib] (for debugging). If you can't find the libraries,
you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See
[@../../../building.html Building and Testing] on how to do this.
Python's static link library can be found in the [^/libs] subdirectory of
Python's library can be found in the [^/libs] subdirectory of
your Python directory. On Windows it is called pythonXY.lib where X.Y is
your major Python version number.
@@ -1444,7 +1439,11 @@ steps:
# Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.\n\n
# Call Py_Finalize() to stop the interpreter and release its resources.
[/ # Call Py_Finalize() to stop the interpreter and release its resources.]
[blurb __note__ [*Note that at this time you must not call Py_Finalize() to stop the
interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
]
(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)
@@ -1461,171 +1460,76 @@ messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
Fortunately Boost.Python provides the [@../../../v2/handle.html handle] and
[@../../../v2/object.html object] class templates to automate the process.
[h2 Reference-counting handles and objects]
There are two ways in which a function in the Python/C API can return a
[^PyObject*]: as a ['borrowed reference] or as a ['new reference]. Which of
these a function uses, is listed in that function's documentation. The two
require slightely different approaches to reference-counting but both can
be 'handled' by Boost.Python.
For a function returning a ['borrowed reference] we'll have to tell the
[^handle] that the [^PyObject*] is borrowed with the aptly named
[@../../../v2/handle.html#borrowed-spec borrowed] function. Two functions
returning borrowed references are PyImport_AddModule and PyModule_GetDict.
The former returns a reference to an already imported module, the latter
retrieves a module's namespace dictionary. Let's use them to retrieve the
namespace of the [^__main__] module:
object main_module((
handle<>(borrowed(PyImport_AddModule("__main__")))));
object main_namespace = main_module.attr("__dict__");
For a function returning a ['new reference] we can just create a [^handle]
out of the raw [^PyObject*] without wrapping it in a call to borrowed. One
such function that returns a new reference is PyRun_String which we'll
discuss in the next section.
[blurb __note__ [*Handle is a class ['template], so why haven't we been using any template parameters?]\n
\n
[^handle] has a single template parameter specifying the type of the managed object. This type is [^PyObject] 99% of the time, so the parameter was defaulted to [^PyObject] for convenience. Therefore we can use the shorthand [^handle<>] instead of the longer, but equivalent, [^handle<PyObject>].
]
[h2 Running Python code]
To run Python code from C++ there is a family of functions in the API
starting with the PyRun prefix. You can find the full list of these
functions [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html here]. They
all work similarly so we will look at only one of them, namely:
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
PyObject* PyRun_String(char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
object eval(str expression, object globals = object(), object locals = object())
object exec(str code, object globals = object(), object locals = object())
object exec_file(str filename, object globals = object(), object locals = object())
PyRun_String takes the code to execute as a null-terminated (C-style)
string in its [^str] parameter. The function returns a new reference to a
Python object. Which object is returned depends on the [^start] paramater.
eval evaluates the given expression and returns the resulting value.
exec executes the given code (typically a set of statements) returning the result,
and exec_file executes the code contained in the given file.
The [^start] parameter is the start symbol from the Python grammar to use
for interpreting the code. The possible values are:
[table Start symbols
[[Py_eval_input] [for interpreting isolated expressions]]
[[Py_file_input] [for interpreting sequences of statements]]
[[Py_single_input] [for interpreting a single statement]]
]
When using Py_eval_input, the input string must contain a single expression
and its result is returned. When using Py_file_input, the string can
contain an abitrary number of statements and None is returned.
Py_single_input works in the same way as Py_file_input but only accepts a
single statement.
Lastly, the [^globals] and [^locals] parameters are Python dictionaries
The [^globals] and [^locals] parameters are Python dictionaries
containing the globals and locals of the context in which to run the code.
For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace dictionary of the
[^__main__] module for both parameters.
We have already seen how to get the [^__main__] module's namespace so let's
run some Python code in it:
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
object main_module((
handle<>(borrowed(PyImport_AddModule("__main__")))));
object import(str name)
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
first), and returns it.
Let's import the [^__main__] module and run some Python code in its namespace:
object main_module = import("__main__");
object main_namespace = main_module.attr("__dict__");
handle<> ignored((PyRun_String(
"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"
"hello.write('Hello world!')\n"
"hello.close()"
, Py_file_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr())
));
Because the Python/C API doesn't know anything about [^object]s, we used
the object's [^ptr] member function to retrieve the [^PyObject*].
object ignored = exec("hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"
"hello.write('Hello world!')\n"
"hello.close()",
main_namespace);
This should create a file called 'hello.txt' in the current directory
containing a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
[blurb
__note__ [*Note] that we wrap the return value of PyRun_String in a
(nameless) [^handle] even though we are not interested in it. If we didn't
do this, the the returned object would be kept alive unnecessarily. Unless
you want to be a Dr. Frankenstein, always wrap [^PyObject*]s in [^handle]s.
]
[h2 Manipulating Python objects]
[h2 Beyond handles]
It's nice that [^handle] manages the reference counting details for us, but
other than that it doesn't do much. Often we'd like to have a more useful
class to manipulate Python objects. But we have already seen such a class
above, and in the [@python/object.html previous section]: the aptly
named [^object] class and it's derivatives. We've already seen that they
can be constructed from a [^handle]. The following examples should further
illustrate this fact:
object main_module((
handle<>(borrowed(PyImport_AddModule("__main__")))));
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects.
But we have already seen such a class above, and in the
[@python/object.html previous section]: the aptly named [^object] class
and its derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from
a [^handle]. The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
object main_module = import("__main__");
object main_namespace = main_module.attr("__dict__");
handle<> ignored((PyRun_String(
"result = 5 ** 2"
, Py_file_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr())
));
object ignored = exec("result = 5 ** 2", main_namespace);
int five_squared = extract<int>(main_namespace["result"]);
Here we create a dictionary object for the [^__main__] module's namespace.
Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read this variable from
the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result is to let
PyRun_String return the result directly with Py_eval_input:
object result((handle<>(
PyRun_String("5 ** 2"
, Py_eval_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr()))
));
the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result is to use eval instead,
which returns the result directly:
object result = eval("5 ** 2");
int five_squared = extract<int>(result);
[blurb
__note__ [*Note] that [^object]'s member function to return the wrapped
[^PyObject*] is called [^ptr] instead of [^get]. This makes sense if you
take into account the different functions that [^object] and [^handle]
perform.
]
[h2 Exception handling]
If an exception occurs in the execution of some Python code, the PyRun_String
function returns a null pointer. Constructing a [^handle] out of this null
pointer throws [@../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec error_already_set],
so basically, the Python exception is automatically translated into a
C++ exception when using [^handle]:
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression,
[@../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec error_already_set] is thrown:
try
{
object result((handle<>(PyRun_String(
"5/0"
, Py_eval_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr()))
));
object result = eval("5/0");
// execution will never get here:
int five_divided_by_zero = extract<int>(result);
}
catch(error_already_set)
catch(error_already_set const &)
{
// handle the exception in some way
}
@@ -1639,7 +1543,7 @@ print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the
exception with those of the [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html
standard exceptions]:
catch(error_already_set)
catch(error_already_set const &)
{
if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError))
{
@@ -1655,21 +1559,6 @@ standard exceptions]:
(To retrieve even more information from the exception you can use some of the other
exception handling functions listed [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html here].)
If you'd rather not have [^handle] throw a C++ exception when it is constructed, you
can use the [@../../../v2/handle.html#allow_null-spec allow_null] function in the same
way you'd use borrowed:
handle<> result((allow_null(PyRun_String(
"5/0"
, Py_eval_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr()))));
if (!result)
// Python exception occurred
else
// everything went okay, it's safe to use the result
[endsect]
[endsect] [/ Embedding]

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@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; URL=doc/html/index.html">
</head>
<body>
Automatic redirection failed, click this
<a href="doc/html/index.html">link</a>
<a href="doc/html/index.html">link</a> &nbsp;<hr>
<p>© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2001</p>
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
accompanying file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
</body>
</html>
</html>

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@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - CallPolicies Concept</title>
</head>
@@ -57,6 +60,7 @@
<li><code>postcall</code> - Python argument tuple and result management
after the wrapped object is invoked</li>
<li><code>extract_return_type</code> - metafunction for extracting the return type from a given signature type sequence</li>
</ol>
<h2><a name="composition"></a>CallPolicies Composition</h2>
@@ -129,7 +133,16 @@
reference count must be decremented; if another existing object is
returned, its reference count must be incremented.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>P::extract_return_type</code></td>
<td>A model of <a href=
"../../../doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
<td>An MPL unary <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a> used extract the return type from a given signature. By default it is derived from mpl::front.</td>
</tr>
</table>
Models of CallPolicies are required to be <a href=
"../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html">CopyConstructible</a>.
<hr>

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@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - ResultConverter Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -21,10 +26,12 @@
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
@@ -76,6 +83,13 @@ denotes an object of type <code><b>R</b></code>.
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>
should return non-zero.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>c.get_pytype()</code></td>
<td><code>PyTypeObject const*</code></td>
<td>A pointer to a Python Type object corresponding to result of the conversion,
or <code>0</code>. Used for documentation generation. If <code>0</code> is returned
the generated type in the documentation will be <b>object</b> .</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="ResultConverterGenerator-concept"></a>ResultConverterGenerator Concept</h3>

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

View File

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
.. Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
.. Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
.. file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
Here's the plan:
I aim to provide an interface similar to that of Boost.Python v1's

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
@@ -136,6 +139,41 @@
compares <code>typeid(T).name()</code> instead of using and comparing
the <code>std::type_info</code> objects directly.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined for a module no pythonic signatures are generated
for the docstrings of the module functions, and no python type is associated with any
of the converters registered by the module. This also reduces the binary size of the
module by about 14% (gcc compiled).<br>
If defined for the boost_python runtime library, the default for the
<code>docstring_options.enable_py_signatures()</code> is set to <code>false</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>defined if <code>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</code> is undefined</i></td>
<td valign="top">This macro is defined to enable a smooth transition from older Boost.Python versions
which do not support pythonic signatures. For example usage see
<a href="pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined the python type of <code>__init__</code> method "self" parameters
is properly generated, otherwise <code><b>object</b></code> is used. It is undefined
by default because it increases the binary size of the module by about 14% (gcc compiled).</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -132,4 +132,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright Joel de Guzman 2003. </i>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright Joel de Guzman 2003. </i> Distributed under the Boost
Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

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@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
typedef <a href=
"#default_result_converter-spec">default_result_converter</a> result_converter;
template &lt;class Sig&gt; struct extract_return_type : mpl::front&lt;Sig&gt;{};
};
}}
</pre>
@@ -161,10 +162,12 @@ struct return_value_policy : Base
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 November, 2002
11 June, 2007
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
@@ -100,6 +103,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_signatures);
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_py_signatures, bool show_cpp_signatures);
~docstring_options();
void
@@ -114,6 +119,18 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
void
enable_signatures();
void
disable_py_signatures();
void
enable_py_signatures();
void
disable_cpp_signatures();
void
enable_cpp_signatures();
void
disable_all();
@@ -136,7 +153,7 @@ docstring_options(bool show_all=true);
object which controls the appearance of function and
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows. If
<code>show_all</code> is <code>true</code>, both the
user-defined docstrings and the automatically generated C++
user-defined docstrings and the automatically generated Python and C++
signatures are shown. If <code>show_all</code> is
<code>false</code> the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
@@ -151,12 +168,29 @@ docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_signatures);
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows.
Iff <code>show_user_defined</code> is <code>true</code>, the
user-defined docstrings are shown. Iff
<code>show_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, C++
<code>show_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, Python and C++
signatures are automatically added. If both
<code>show_user_defined</code> and <code>show_signatures</code>
are <code>false</code>, the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_py_signatures, bool show_cpp_signatures);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>docstring_options</code>
object which controls the appearance of function and
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows.
Iff <code>show_user_defined</code> is <code>true</code>, the
user-defined docstrings are shown. Iff
<code>show_py_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, Python
signatures are automatically added. Iff
<code>show_cpp_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, C++
signatures are automatically added. If all parameters are
<code>false</code>, the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<h4><a name="docstring_options-spec-dtors" id=
"docstring_options-spec-dtors"></a>Class
@@ -183,6 +217,10 @@ void disable_user_defined();
void enable_user_defined();
void disable_signatures();
void enable_signatures();
void disable_py_signatures();
void enable_py_signatures();
void disable_cpp_signatures();
void enable_cpp_signatures();
void disable_all();
void enable_all();
</pre>
@@ -193,7 +231,7 @@ void enable_all();
<code>*_user_defined()</code> and <code>*_signatures()</code>
member functions are provided for fine-grained control. The
<code>*_all()</code> member functions are convenient shortcuts
to manipulate both settings simultaneously.</dt>
to manipulate all settings simultaneously.</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
@@ -216,7 +254,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import demo
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo.__doc__
foo doc
foo() -&gt; None : foo doc
C++ signature:
foo(void) -&gt; void
</pre>If compiled with
@@ -250,21 +288,33 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
def("foo3", foo3, arg("f"), "foo3 doc");
doc_options.enable_user_defined();
def("foo4", foo4, arg("d"), "foo4 doc");
doc_options.enable_py_signatures();
def("foo5", foo4, arg("d"), "foo5 doc");
doc_options.disable_py_signatures();
doc_options.enable_cpp_signatures();
def("foo6", foo4, arg("d"), "foo6 doc");
}
</pre>Python code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import demo
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo1.__doc__
foo1 doc
foo1( (int)i) -&gt; int : foo1 doc
C++ signature:
foo1(int i) -&gt; int
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo2.__doc__
foo2( (int)l) -&gt; int :
C++ signature:
foo2(long l) -&gt; int
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo3.__doc__
None
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo4.__doc__
foo4 doc
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo5.__doc__
foo5( (float)d) -&gt; int : foo5 doc
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo6.__doc__
foo6 doc
C++ signature:
foo6(double d) -&gt; int
</pre>
<h4>Wrapping from multiple C++ scopes</h4>

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
@@ -86,7 +89,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
template &lt;class T&gt;
class enum_ : public <a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a>
{
enum_(char const* name);
enum_(char const* name, char const* doc = 0);
enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T);
enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
};
@@ -96,7 +99,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
<h4><a name="enum_-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>enum_</code>
constructors</h4>
<pre>
enum_(char const* name);
enum_(char const* name, char const* doc=0);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
@@ -128,7 +131,7 @@ inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T x);
<dt><b>Effects:</b> adds an instance of the wrapped enumeration
type with value <code>x</code> to the type's dictionary as the
<code>name</code>d attribute</dt>.
<code>name</code>d attribute.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
@@ -143,7 +146,7 @@ inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets attributes in the current <a
href="scope.html#scope-spec"><code>scope</code></a> with the
same names and values as all enumeration values exposed so far
by calling <code>value()</code></dt>.
by calling <code>value()</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#eval-spec"><code>eval</code></a></dt>
<dt><a href="#exec-spec"><code>exec</code></a></dt>
<dt><a href="#exec_file-spec"><code>exec_file</code></a></dt>
</dl>
@@ -49,6 +53,23 @@
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<h3><a name="eval-spec"></a><code>eval</code></h3>
<pre>
object eval(str expression,
object globals = object(),
object locals = object());
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
Evaluate Python expression from <code>expression</code> in the context
specified by the dictionaries <code>globals</code> and <code>locals</code>.
</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b>
An instance of <a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a>
which holds the value of the expression.
</dt>
</dl>
<h3><a name="exec-spec"></a><code>exec</code></h3>
<pre>
object exec(str code,
@@ -106,7 +127,7 @@ void greet()
// Define greet function in Python.
object result = exec(
"def greet(self): \n"
"def greet(): \n"
" return 'Hello from Python!' \n",
global, global);
@@ -123,7 +144,7 @@ void greet()
we could also store it in an a file...</para>
<pre>
def greet(self):
def greet():
return 'Hello from Python!'
</pre>
<para>... and execute that instead.</para>

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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
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<html>
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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<meta name="generator" content=

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@@ -360,7 +360,8 @@
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002.
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
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<!-- Copyright Nikolay Mladenov 2007. Distributed under the Boost -->
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<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/doobject/function_doc_signature.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border=
"0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href=
"../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/object/function_doc_signature.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function_doc_signature_generator-spec">Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Boost.Python supports docstrings with automatic
appending of Pythonic and C++ signatures. This feature is implemented
by <code>class function_doc_signature_generator</code>
The class uses all of the overloads, supplied arg names and default values, as well as
the user-defined docstrings, to generate documentation for a given function.</p>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="function_doc_signature_generator-spec" id=
"function_doc_signature_generator-spec"></a>Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></h3>
<p>
The class has only one public function which returns a list of strings documenting the
overloads of a function.
</p>
<h4><a name="function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis" id=
"function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace objects {
class function_doc_signature_generator
{
public:
static list function_doc_signatures(function const *f);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
<h4>Docstrings generated with <code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></h4>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/args.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/tuple.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/overloads.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/raw_function.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
tuple f(int x = 1, double y = 4.25, char const* z = "wow")
{
return make_tuple(x, y, z);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS(f_overloads, f, 0, 3)
struct X
{
tuple f(int x = 1, double y = 4.25, char const* z = "wow")
{
return make_tuple(x, y, z);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS(X_f_overloads, X::f, 0, 3)
tuple raw_func(tuple args, dict kw)
{
return make_tuple(args, kw);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
{
def("f", f, (arg("x")=1, arg("y")=4.25, arg("z")="wow")
, "This is f's docstring"
);
def("raw", raw_function(raw_func));
def("f1", f, f_overloads("f1's docstring", args("x", "y", "z")));
class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring", init&lt;&gt;(args("self")))
.def("f", &amp;X::f
, "This is X.f's docstring"
, args("self","x", "y", "z"))
;
}
</pre>
Python code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import args_ext
&gt;&gt;&gt; help(args_ext)
Help on module args_ext:
NAME
args_ext
FILE
args_ext.pyd
CLASSES
Boost.Python.instance(__builtin__.object)
X
class X(Boost.Python.instance)
| This is X's docstring
|
| Method resolution order:
| X
| Boost.Python.instance
| __builtin__.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(...)
| __init__( (object)self) -> None :
| C++ signature:
| void __init__(struct _object *)
|
| f(...)
| f( (X)self, (int)x, (float)y, (str)z) -> tuple : This is X.f's docstring
| C++ signature:
| class boost::python::tuple f(struct X {lvalue},int,double,char const *)
|
| .................
|
FUNCTIONS
f(...)
f([ (int)x=1 [, (float)y=4.25 [, (str)z='wow']]]) -> tuple : This is f's docstring
C++ signature:
class boost::python::tuple f([ int=1 [,double=4.25 [,char const *='wow']]])
f1(...)
f1([ (int)x [, (float)y [, (str)z]]]) -> tuple : f1's docstring
C++ signature:
class boost::python::tuple f1([ int [,double [,char const *]]])
raw(...)
object raw(tuple args, dict kwds) :
C++ signature:
object raw(tuple args, dict kwds)
</pre>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="mailto:nickm at sitius dot com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> 2007.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
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@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
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@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<html>
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@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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@@ -104,5 +104,7 @@ RuntimeError: Unidentifiable C++ Exception
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -1,102 +1,105 @@
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<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/numeric.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/numeric.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277" alt=
"C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/numeric.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2 align="center">Header &lt;boost/python/numeric.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#array-spec">Class <code>array</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#array-spec">Class <code>array</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#array-spec-synopsis">Class <code>array</code>
synopsis</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#array-spec-synopsis">Class <code>array</code>
synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#array-spec-observers">Class <code>array</code>
observer functions</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#array-spec-observers">Class <code>array</code>
observer functions</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#array-spec-statics">Class <code>array</code>
static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#array-spec-statics">Class <code>array</code> static
functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example(s)</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<h2><a name="introduction" id="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Exposes a <a href=
"ObjectWrapper.html#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper</a> for the Python
<a href=
"http://www.python.org/dev/doc/devel/lib/typesmapping.html">array</a>
type.</p>
<p>Exposes a <a href=
"ObjectWrapper.html#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper</a> for the Python
<a href=
"http://www.python.org/dev/doc/devel/lib/typesmapping.html">array</a>
type.</p>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="array-spec"></a>Class <code>array</code></h3>
<h3><a name="array-spec" id="array-spec"></a>Class <code>array</code></h3>
<p>Provides access to the array types of <a href=
"http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/">Numerical Python</a>'s <a href=
"http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/#Numeric">Numeric</a> and <a href=
"http://stsdas.stsci.edu/numarray/index.html">NumArray</a> modules. With
the exception of the functions documented <a href=
"#array-spec-observers">below</a>, the semantics of the constructors and
member functions defined below can be fully understood by reading the <a
href="ObjectWrapper.html#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper</a> concept
definition. Since <code>array</code> is publicly derived from <code><a
href="object.html#object-spec">object</a></code>, the public object
interface applies to <code>array</code> instances as well.</p>
<p>Provides access to the array types of <a href=
"http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/">Numerical Python</a>'s <a href=
"http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/#Numeric">Numeric</a> and <a href=
"http://stsdas.stsci.edu/numarray/index.html">NumArray</a> modules. With
the exception of the functions documented <a href=
"#array-spec-observers">below</a>, the semantics of the constructors and
member functions defined below can be fully understood by reading the
<a href="ObjectWrapper.html#TypeWrapper-concept">TypeWrapper</a> concept
definition. Since <code>array</code> is publicly derived from
<code><a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a></code>, the public
object interface applies to <code>array</code> instances as well.</p>
<p><a name="default_search"></a>The default behavior is to use
<code>numarray.NDArray</code> as the associated Python type if the
<code>numarray</code> module is installed in the default location.
Otherwise it falls back to use <code>Numeric.ArrayType</code>. If neither
extension module is installed, conversions to arguments of type
<code>numeric::array</code> will cause overload resolution to reject the
overload, and other attempted uses of <code>numeric::array</code> will <a
href="definitions.html#raise">raise</a> an appropriate Python exception.
The associated Python type can be set manually using the <code><a href=
"#array-spec-statics">set_module_and_type</a>(...)</code> static
function.</p>
<p><a name="default_search" id="default_search"></a>The default behavior is
to use <code>numarray.NDArray</code> as the associated Python type if the
<code>numarray</code> module is installed in the default location.
Otherwise it falls back to use <code>Numeric.ArrayType</code>. If neither
extension module is installed, overloads of wrapped C++ functions with
<code>numeric::array</code> parameters will never be matched, and other
attempted uses of <code>numeric::array</code> will <a href=
"definitions.html#raise">raise</a> an appropriate Python exception. The
associated Python type can be set manually using the <code><a href=
"#array-spec-statics">set_module_and_type</a>(...)</code> static
function.</p>
<h4><a name="array-spec-synopsis"></a>Class <code>array</code>
synopsis</h4>
<pre>
<h4><a name="array-spec-synopsis" id="array-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>array</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace numeric
{
class array : public object
@@ -107,7 +110,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace numeric
object astype(Type const&amp; type_);
template &lt;class Type&gt;
object new_(Type const&amp; type_) const;
array new_(Type const&amp; type_) const;
template &lt;class Sequence&gt;
void resize(Sequence const&amp; x);
@@ -133,14 +136,14 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace numeric
void tofile(File const&amp; f) const;
object factory();
template &lt;class Buffer&gt;
object factory(Buffer const&amp;);
template &lt;class Buffer, class Type&gt;
object factory(Buffer const&amp;, Type const&amp;);
template &lt;class Buffer, class Type, class Shape&gt;
object factory(Buffer const&amp;, Type const&amp;, Shape const&amp;, bool copy = true, bool savespace = false);
template &lt;class Buffer, class Type, class Shape&gt;
object factory(Buffer const&amp;, Type const&amp;, Shape const&amp;, bool copy, bool savespace, char typecode);
template &lt;class Sequence&gt;
object factory(Sequence const&amp;);
template &lt;class Sequence, class Typecode&gt;
object factory(Sequence const&amp;, Typecode const&amp;, bool copy = true, bool savespace = false);
template &lt;class Sequence, class Typecode, class Type&gt;
object factory(Sequence const&amp;, Typecode const&amp;, bool copy, bool savespace, Type const&amp;);
template &lt;class Sequence, class Typecode, class Type, class Shape&gt;
object factory(Sequence const&amp;, Typecode const&amp;, bool copy, bool savespace, Type const&amp;, Shape const&amp;);
template &lt;class T1&gt;
explicit array(T1 const&amp; x1);
@@ -152,6 +155,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace numeric
static void set_module_and_type();
static void set_module_and_type(char const* package_path = 0, char const* type_name = 0);
static void get_module_name();
object argmax(long axis=-1);
@@ -200,54 +204,60 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace numeric
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="array-spec-observers"></a>Class <code>array</code> observer
functions</h4>
<pre>
<h4><a name="array-spec-observers" id="array-spec-observers"></a>Class
<code>array</code> observer functions</h4>
<pre>
object factory();
template &lt;class Buffer&gt;
object factory(Buffer const&amp;);
template &lt;class Buffer, class Type&gt;
object factory(Buffer const&amp;, Type const&amp;);
template &lt;class Buffer, class Type, class Shape&gt;
object factory(Buffer const&amp;, Type const&amp;, Shape const&amp;, bool copy = true, bool savespace = false);
template &lt;class Buffer, class Type, class Shape&gt;
object factory(Buffer const&amp;, Type const&amp;, Shape const&amp;, bool copy, bool savespace, char typecode);
</pre>
These functions map to the underlying array type's <code>array()</code>
function family. They are not called "<code>array</code>" because of the
C++ limitation that you can't define a member function with the same name
as its enclosing class.
<pre>
template &lt;class Sequence&gt;
object factory(Sequence const&amp;);
template &lt;class Sequence, class Typecode&gt;
object factory(Sequence const&amp;, Typecode const&amp;, bool copy = true, bool savespace = false);
template &lt;class Sequence, class Typecode, class Type&gt;
object factory(Sequence const&amp;, Typecode const&amp;, bool copy, bool savespace, Type const&amp;);
template &lt;class Sequence, class Typecode, class Type, class Shape&gt;
object factory(Sequence const&amp;, Typecode const&amp;, bool copy, bool savespace, Type const&amp;, Shape const&amp;);
</pre>These functions map to the underlying array type's <code>array()</code>
function family. They are not called "<code>array</code>" because of the C++
limitation that you can't define a member function with the same name as its
enclosing class.
<pre>
template &lt;class Type&gt;
object new_(Type const&amp;) const;
</pre>
This function maps to the underlying array type's <code>new()</code>
function. It is not called "<code>new</code>" because that is a keyword
in C++.
array new_(Type const&amp;) const;
</pre>This function maps to the underlying array type's <code>new()</code>
function. It is not called "<code>new</code>" because that is a keyword in
C++.
<h4><a name="array-spec-statics"></a>Class <code>array</code> static
functions</h4>
<pre>
<h4><a name="array-spec-statics" id="array-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>array</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static void set_module_and_type(char const* package_path, char const* type_name);
static void set_module_and_type();
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>package_path</code> and
<code>type_name</code>, if supplied, is an <a href=
"definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>package_path</code> and
<code>type_name</code>, if supplied, is an <a href=
"definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a>.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> The first form sets the package path of the module
which supplies the type named by <code>type_name</code> to
<code>package_path</code>. The second form restores the <a href=
"#default_search">default search behavior</a>. The associated Python
type will be searched for only the first time it is needed, and
thereafter the first time it is needed after an invocation of
<code>set_module_and_type</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> The first form sets the package path of the module
that supplies the type named by <code>type_name</code> to
<code>package_path</code>. The second form restores the <a href=
"#default_search">default search behavior</a>. The associated Python type
will be searched for only the first time it is needed, and thereafter the
first time it is needed after an invocation of
<code>set_module_and_type</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
static std::string get_module_name()
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Returns the name of the module containing the class
that will be held by new <code>numeric::array</code> instances.</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Example</h2>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/numeric.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/tuple.hpp&gt;
@@ -258,10 +268,9 @@ void set_first_element(numeric::array&amp; y, double value)
}
</pre>
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p>Revised 07 October, 2006</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
@@ -851,12 +854,12 @@ void del(proxy&lt;T&gt; const&amp; x);
</dl>
<pre>
<a name="comparisons-spec"></a>
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; bool operator&gt;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; bool operator&gt;=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; bool operator&lt;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; bool operator&lt;=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; bool operator==(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; bool operator!=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&gt;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&gt;=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&lt;(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator&lt;=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator==(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
template&lt;class L,class R&gt; object operator!=(L const&amp;l,R const&amp;r);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">

138
doc/v2/opaque.html Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright 2003..2006 Haufe Mediengruppe. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/opaque_pointer_converter.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/opaque_pointer_converter.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#opaque-spec">Class template
<code>opaque&lt;Pointee&gt;</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#opaque-spec-synopsis">Class template
<code>opaque</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#macros">Macros</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID-spec">Macro
<code>BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID</code></a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#see-also">See Also</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="opaque-spec"></a>Class template
<code>opaque&lt;P&gt;</code></h3>
<p><code>opaque&lt;&gt;</code> registers itself as a converter from
Python objects to pointers to undefined types and vice versa.</p>
<h4><a name="opaque-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template
<code>opaque</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template&lt;class Pointee&gt;
struct opaque
{
opaque();
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="opaque-spec-constructor"></a>Class template
<code>opaque</code> constructor</h4>
<pre>
opaque();
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
<ul>
<li>Registers the instance as a
<a href="lvalue_from_pytype.html#lvalue_from_pytype-spec"> <code>lvalue_from_pytype</code></a>
converter from Python objects into opaque pointers.</p>
<p>The Python Objects created are named after the type pointed to
by the opaque pointer being wrapped.</p></li>
<li>Registers the instance as a
<a href="to_python_converter.html#to_python_converter-spec"> <code>to_python_converter</code></a>
from opaque pointers to Python objects.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>If there is already an instance registered by another module, this
instance doesn't try to register again in order to avoid warnings
about multiple registrations.</p>
<h4>Note</h4>
<p>Normally only a single instance of this class is created for every
Pointee.</p>
</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="macros"></a>Macros</h2>
<h3><a name="BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID-spec"></a>
Macro BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID(Pointee)</h3>
<p>This macro must be used to define specializations of the
<a href="type_id.html#type_id-spec">type_id</a> function
which can't be instantiated for incomplete types.</p>
<h4>Note</h4>
<p>The macro must be invoked in every translation unit which uses the
opaque converter.</p>
<h2><a name="see-also"></a>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a href="return_opaque_pointer.html">return_opaque_pointer</a>
</p>
<p>Revised
10 September, 2006
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright 2003..2006 Haufe Mediengruppe. All Rights
Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - &lt;boost/python/opaque_pointer_converter.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%" summary=
"header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width="277"
alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border="0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href="../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/opaque_pointer_converter.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#opaque_pointer_converter-spec">Class template
<code>opaque_pointer_converter&lt;P&gt;</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#opaque_pointer_converter-spec-synopsis">Class template
<code>opaque_pointer_converter</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#macros">Macros</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID-spec">Macro
<code>BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID</code></a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Example</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#see-also">See Also</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="opaque_pointer_converter-spec"></a>Class template
<code>opaque_pointer_converter&lt;P&gt;</code></h3>
<p><code>opaque_pointer_converter&lt;&gt;</code> is derived from
<a href="to_python_converter.html#to_python_converter-spec">
<code>to_python_converter</code></a>
and registers itself as an
<a href="lvalue_from_pytype.html#lvalue_from_pytype-spec">
<code>lvalue_from_pytype</code></a> converter from Python objects
into pointers to undefined types.
Thus it may be used as a converter from opaque pointers into
Python objects and vice versa.</p>
<h4><a name="opaque_pointer_converter-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template
<code>opaque_pointer_converter</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template&lt;class Pointer&gt;
struct opaque_pointer_converter
: to_python_converter&lt;
Pointer, opaque_pointer_converter&lt;Pointer&gt; &gt;
{
explicit opaque_pointer_converter(char const* name);
};
}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="opaque_pointer_converter-spec-constructor"></a>Class template
<code>opaque_pointer_converter</code> constructor</h4>
<pre>
explicit opaque_pointer_converter(char const* name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
<p>Registers the instance as a
<a href="lvalue_from_pytype.html#lvalue_from_pytype-spec">
<code>lvalue_from_pytype</code></a> converter from Python objects
into opaque pointers.</p>
<p>The name is used for the type of the Python Objects created;
it should be printable but needn't be an
<a href="definitions.html#ntbs">ntbs</a> because the object type is
not supposed to be user constructible within python scripts.</p>
</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="macros"></a>Macros</h2>
<h3><a name="BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID-spec"></a>
Macro BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID(Pointee)</h3>
<p>This macro must be used to define specializations of the
<a href="type_id.html#type_id-spec">type_id</a> function
which can't be instantiated for incomplete types.</p>
<h4>Note</h4>
<p>In order for this to work in a cross-module environment the macro must
be invoked in every translation unit which uses the
opaque_pointer_converter.</p>
<h2><a name="examples"></a>Example</h2>
please see example for <a href="return_opaque_pointer.html#examples">
return_opaque_pointer</a>.
<h2><a name="see-also"></a>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a href="return_opaque_pointer.html">return_opaque_pointer</a>
</p>
<p>Revised
10 March, 2003
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright 2003 Haufe Mediengruppe. All Rights
Reserved.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
@@ -211,6 +214,9 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace self_ns {
<a href=
"#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; str(self_t);
<a href=
"#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; repr(self_t);
}}};
</pre>
The tables below describe the methods generated when the results of the
@@ -762,6 +768,15 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace self_ns {
<td><code><a href=
"../../../conversion/lexical_cast.htm#lexical_cast">lexical_cast</a>&lt;std::string&gt;(x)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>repr</code></td>
<td><code>__repr__</code></td>
<td><code><a href=
"../../../conversion/lexical_cast.htm#lexical_cast">lexical_cast</a>&lt;std::string&gt;(x)</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="other-spec"></a>Class Template <code>other</code></h3>

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

View File

@@ -320,11 +320,9 @@ See also the
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Permission to copy,
use, modify, sell and distribute this document is granted provided this
copyright notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as
is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its
suitability for any purpose.
&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under
the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
<p>
Updated: Feb 2004.

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=

View File

@@ -112,5 +112,8 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pointee_demo)
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">

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@@ -259,5 +259,7 @@ void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright Nikolay Mladenov 2007. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/doobject/pytype_function.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border=
"0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href=
"../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/converter/pytype_function.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#wrap_pytype-spec">Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#registered_pytype-spec">Class
<code>registered_pytype</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#registered_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>registered_pytype</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#expected_from_python_type-spec">Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_target_type-spec">Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>To support Pythonic signatures the converters should supply a <code>get_pytype</code> function
returning a pointer to the associated <code>PyTypeObject</code>. See for example
<a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a> or
<a href="to_python_converter.html#to_python_converter-spec">to_python_converter</a>.
The classes in this header file are meant to be used when implmenting <code>get_pytype</code>.
There are also <code>_direct</code> versions of the templates of <code>class T</code> which
should be used with undecorated type parameter, expected to be in the conversion registry when the module loads.
</p>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="wrap_pytype-spec" id=
"wrap_pytype-spec"></a>Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member returning the template parameter.
</p>
<h4><a name="wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis" id=
"wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; PyTypeObject const *pytype &gt;
class wrap_pytype
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype(){return pytype; }
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="registered_pytype-spec" id=
"registered_pytype-spec"></a>Class
<code>registered_pytype</code></h3>
<p>
This template should be used with template parameters which are (possibly decorated)
types exported to python using <a href="class.html"><code>class_</code></a>.
The generated a static <code>get_pytype</code> member
returns the corresponding python type.
</p>
<h4><a name="registered_pytype-spec-synopsis" id=
"registered_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>registered_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class registered_pytype
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="expected_from_python_type-spec" id=
"expected_from_python_type-spec"></a>Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member which inspects the registered
<code>from_python</code> converters for the type <code>T</code> and returns a matching python type.
</p>
<h4><a name="expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis" id=
"expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class expected_from_python_type
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="to_python_target_type-spec" id=
"to_python_target_type-spec"></a>Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member returning the
python type to which T can be converted.
</p>
<h4><a name="to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis" id=
"to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class to_python_target_type
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
This example presumes that someone has implemented the standard <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-basics.html">noddy example
module</a> from the Python documentation, and placed the corresponding
declarations in <code>"noddy.h"</code>. Because
<code>noddy_NoddyObject</code> is the ultimate trivial extension type,
the example is a bit contrived: it wraps a function for which all
information is contained in the <i>type</i> of its return value.
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include "noddy.h"
struct tag {};
tag make_tag() { return tag(); }
using namespace boost::python;
struct tag_to_noddy
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //unnecessary overhead if py signatures are not supported
: wrap_pytype<&amp;noddy_NoddyType> //inherits get_pytype from wrap_pytype
#endif
{
static PyObject* convert(tag const&amp; x)
{
return PyObject_New(noddy_NoddyObject, &amp;noddy_NoddyType);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
{
def("make_tag", make_tag);
to_python_converter&lt;tag, tag_to_noddy
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
, true
#endif
&gt;(); //"true" because tag_to_noddy has member get_pytype
}
</pre>
<p>The following example registers to and from python converters using the templates
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> and <code>to_pyhton_target_type</code>.
</p>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/extract.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
struct A
{
};
struct B
{
A a;
B(const A& a_):a(a_){}
};
// Converter from A to python int
struct BToPython
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //unnecessary overhead if py signatures are not supported
: converter::to_python_target_type&lt;A&gt; //inherits get_pytype
#endif
{
static PyObject* convert(const B& b)
{
return incref(object(b.a).ptr());
}
};
// Conversion from python int to A
struct BFromPython
{
BFromPython()
{
boost::python::converter::registry::push_back
( &amp;convertible
, &amp;construct
, type_id&lt; B &gt;()
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
, &amp;converter::expected_from_python_type&lt;A&gt;::get_pytype//convertible to A can be converted to B
#endif
);
}
static void* convertible(PyObject* obj_ptr)
{
extract&lt;const A&&gt; ex(obj_ptr);
if (!ex.check()) return 0;
return obj_ptr;
}
static void construct(
PyObject* obj_ptr,
converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
{
void* storage = (
(converter::rvalue_from_python_storage&lt; B &gt;*)data)-&gt; storage.bytes;
extract&lt;const A&&gt; ex(obj_ptr);
new (storage) B(ex());
data->convertible = storage;
}
};
B func(const B& b) { return b ; }
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pytype_function_ext)
{
to_python_converter&lt; B , BToPython
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
,true
#endif
&gt;(); //has get_pytype
BFromPython();
class_&lt;A&gt;("A") ;
def("func", &amp;func);
}
&gt;&gt;&gt; from pytype_function_ext import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; print func.__doc__
func( (A)arg1) -> A :
C++ signature:
struct B func(struct B)
</pre>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="mailto:nickm at sitius dot com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> 2007.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
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<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta name="generator" content=
@@ -606,6 +609,66 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<a name="function_documentation"></a>
<h3>Function documentation</h3>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html">function_doc_signature.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html#function_doc_signature_generator-spec">function_doc_signature_generator</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html">pytype_function.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#wrap_pytype-spec">wrap_pytype</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#expected_from_python_type-spec">expected_from_python_type</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#to_python_target_type-spec">to_python_target_type</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#registered_pytype-spec">registered_pytype</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<a name="models_of_call_policies"></a>
@@ -904,26 +967,26 @@
</dd>
<dt><a href=
"opaque_pointer_converter.html">opaque_pointer_converter.hpp</a></dt>
"opaque.html">opaque_pointer_converter.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"opaque_pointer_converter.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
"opaque.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"opaque_pointer_converter.html#opaque_pointer_converter-spec">opaque_pointer_converter</a></dt>
"opaque.html#opaque-spec">opaque</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="opaque_pointer_converter.html#macros">Macros</a></dt>
<dt><a href="opaque.html#macros">Macros</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"opaque_pointer_converter.html#BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID-spec">
"opaque.html#BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID-spec">
BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
@@ -974,6 +1037,7 @@
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="exec.html#eval-spec">eval</a></dt>
<dt><a href="exec.html#exec-spec">exec</a></dt>
<dt><a href="exec.html#exec_file-spec">exec_file</a></dt>
</dl>
@@ -1091,6 +1155,16 @@
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="ssize_t.html">ssize_t.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="ssize_t.html#typedefs">Typedefs</a></dt>
<dt><a href="ssize_t.html#constants">Constants</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<h2><a name="topics">Topics</a></h2>

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<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
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<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
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<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
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@@ -122,6 +125,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
{
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
struct result_converter{ template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply; };
template &lt;class Sig&gt; struct extract_return_type : mpl::at_c&lt;Sig, arg_pos&gt;{};
};
}}
</pre>

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<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
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<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@
undefined types such that the return value is copied into a
new Python object.</p>
<p>In addition to specifying the <code>return_opaque_pointer</code>
policy the <a href="opaque_pointer_converter.html#BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID-spec">
policy the <a href="opaque.html#BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID-spec">
<code>BOOST_PYTHON_OPAQUE_SPECIALIZED_TYPE_ID</code></a> macro must be
used to define specializations for the
<a href="type_id.html#type_id-spec">type_id</a> function
@@ -174,8 +177,8 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
<h2><a name="see-also"></a>See Also</h2>
<p>
<a href="opaque_pointer_converter.html">
opaque_pointer_converter</a>
<a href="opaque.html">
opaque</a>
</p>
<p>Revised

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