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129 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Jonathan Turkanis
b5ced485e1 Branch for Iostreams development
[SVN r42144]
2007-12-18 20:08:11 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
03a72363a4 undo revision 41404; see http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=34238
[SVN r41986]
2007-12-12 05:39:45 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
38cc1a0c15 Add cosmetic virtual detructors to silence compile warnings.
[SVN r41650]
2007-12-03 18:51:26 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
ff44521920 Silence unused paramter warning in release mode.
[SVN r41649]
2007-12-03 18:47:17 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
0ac7e3f858 Revert revisions 41544 and 41549.
See http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2007/12/131116.php for details.


[SVN r41577]
2007-12-02 11:51:08 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
5cbb539ec5 Remove unused paramters.
Add -Wextra to gcc flags to enable more warnings.


[SVN r41550]
2007-12-01 20:26:37 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
40e4940877 Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
[SVN r41549]
2007-12-01 20:24:51 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
ab0911cf53 Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
[SVN r41544]
2007-12-01 19:27:06 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0d81eb6695 Boost.Python:
* Workarounds for many SunCC 5.9 bugs
* Suppression of many SunCC 5.9 warnings
* Improve the style of some test invocations in Jamfile


[SVN r41521]
2007-12-01 02:15:17 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
e0b535df1e Try to extend the workaround to SunPro 5.9, since we're marked as not working on 5.8
[SVN r41408]
2007-11-26 22:01:50 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d2517faa78 g++ 4.3.0 compatibility (4.3.0 20071125 (experimental))
[SVN r41404]
2007-11-26 20:46:28 +00:00
Beman Dawes
8cd4ff8950 Remove extra ) from prior commit
[SVN r41355]
2007-11-25 13:56:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
26f77691ee Attempt SunPro workaround
[SVN r41352]
2007-11-25 09:02:01 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
6e7f594027 fix for trac ticket #1450
[SVN r41164]
2007-11-17 01:51:04 +00:00
Beman Dawes
eada30f0cb Get rid of .cvsignore files
[SVN r41107]
2007-11-15 15:20:27 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
e919ffdac4 refresh docs
[SVN r41082]
2007-11-14 10:24:21 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
1cf41fd031 fix mismatch include guard
[SVN r41019]
2007-11-11 22:32:48 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
7b67118271 changed handle cast to downcast
[SVN r40935]
2007-11-08 16:28:44 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
e14c702a40 added forgotten array_object_manager_traits::get_pytype
[SVN r40889]
2007-11-07 16:06:55 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
d303ea16fc added copyright and license info for each page.
[SVN r40871]
2007-11-07 03:35:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
65114d8637 reinterpret_cast -> const_cast; commented out dead code removed
[SVN r40749]
2007-11-04 18:08:28 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
597dfc586b tutorial update
[SVN r40734]
2007-11-04 00:12:29 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6a3085ad5d Merging some of the more obvious changes from RC_1_34_0
[SVN r40714]
2007-11-03 03:25:13 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
190d0d7ea6 replacing reinterpret_cast with static_cast<PySliceObject*>(static_cast<void*>(i))
[SVN r40712]
2007-11-03 03:05:26 +00:00
Eric Niebler
8b915a15ff merge Changeset 37947
[SVN r40675]
2007-11-02 04:35:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
90c5c19220 Take out print statement I added for debugging purposes.
[SVN r40536]
2007-10-28 19:24:02 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
cfe6f96f69 Closes #1379, really this time. The old code would sandwich argv[1] between quotes and interpret it as a string, so backslashes in windows paths were interpreted as escape sequences.
[SVN r40535]
2007-10-28 19:22:21 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
77907c5369 Make sure every library can be installed by using
bjam stage|install

in libs/<library>/build.


[SVN r40475]
2007-10-26 09:04:25 +00:00
Rene Rivera
512b30c971 Do not refer to nonexistent target when python is not configured.
[SVN r40216]
2007-10-20 16:36:18 +00:00
Rene Rivera
f005518686 Fix build system error when Python is not configured, without preventing the BPL target from being declared. Instead the target is now unbuildable, and will be skipped when Python is not configured.
[SVN r40156]
2007-10-18 16:11:41 +00:00
Rene Rivera
274a219965 Remove BPL build conditional as it prevents normal build failures.
[SVN r39731]
2007-10-06 19:46:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
abc4abf84a gcc 4.3.0 compatibility (resolves new "changes meaning" error)
[SVN r39434]
2007-09-20 23:20:45 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
94a3ced83a fixed cpp signature related test failure
[SVN r39372]
2007-09-18 17:51:47 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
7eb0c678ee epydoc friendlier formatting
[SVN r39371]
2007-09-18 17:32:06 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
92460adce6 tabs removes, code reformatting
[SVN r39370]
2007-09-18 17:28:23 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
8cfd3fb2ef epydoc friendlier formatting
[SVN r39368]
2007-09-18 17:16:31 +00:00
Nikolay Mladenov
62ef542eaf fixed problem reported by Neal Becker; added a test case
[SVN r39223]
2007-09-12 21:31:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
5809078ba9 Patches by Nikolay Mladenov (nickm at sitius com): new pythonic signatures; docstring support for enums; fix unrelated Visual C++ 6 problem
[SVN r39191]
2007-09-11 16:53:50 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
04e54d670c Remove V1 Jamfiles
[SVN r38516]
2007-08-08 19:02:26 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
dd7c0a7f3d Fix ticket #1115.
[SVN r38289]
2007-07-26 16:11:18 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
71f54cc920 Fix ticket #1115.
[SVN r38288]
2007-07-26 14:41:41 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
9de994c0d1 Hans Meine's extra new-line for epydoc with reST compatibility
[SVN r37906]
2007-06-06 00:00:57 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
e9caacc428 More fixes for embedding python docs.
[SVN r37709]
2007-05-18 15:52:55 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
5070e84f70 Enhance documentation for embedding python.
[SVN r37708]
2007-05-18 15:22:43 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
fe23d9885f Add new eval() function.
[SVN r37560]
2007-05-02 13:11:20 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e7ee17b71b MIPSpro: undo Python 2.5.1 define (the define leads to many warnings)
[SVN r37502]
2007-04-25 04:45:17 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5edb63d01c Some progress on Python build guide. Minor fixes to getting started guide.
[SVN r37418]
2007-04-11 23:35:08 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
f4b3aab7d4 Checkpoint before reorg
[SVN r37370]
2007-04-05 20:13:13 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6af67d1a4c kill off BBv1 project archive
[SVN r37367]
2007-04-05 17:19:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
16d975ba5c Bringing forward BBv2/Python support and a few other things that were
obviously more up-to-date on the RC branch.

Removed the Boost.Python v1 zip archive.


[SVN r37346]
2007-04-03 17:10:53 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
4fc5cafd40 Some progress on new build/test guide.
[SVN r37333]
2007-04-02 05:24:25 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
1b5cd10f7c Fix reference counting error.
[SVN r37312]
2007-03-28 18:12:08 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
0f91872518 Fix import_ failure.
[SVN r37142]
2007-03-05 18:51:04 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
dc6b2979e4 Add copyright notice.
[SVN r37132]
2007-03-02 17:16:51 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
50034140c4 Fix boost::python::import.
[SVN r37120]
2007-03-01 15:17:29 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
08a6f35ec2 Correct testing bugs:
either changing assert(...) or BOOST_ASSERT(...) to BOOST_TEST
    (in my code only)

    or adding "return boost::report_errors();" where it was clearly
    missing (and a pure bug, in anyone's code).


[SVN r37057]
2007-02-24 22:40:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
67236ffbad New build instructions in progress
[SVN r36879]
2007-02-03 16:55:07 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
96ab7a80a4 Remove BBv1 for good
[SVN r36323]
2006-12-11 05:02:34 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d8c3ff199e Remove BBv1 for good
[SVN r36321]
2006-12-11 03:35:10 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0c4ebef579 Fix auto-link to look at the right variable.
Make boost-build.jam point at the v2 Boost.


[SVN r36318]
2006-12-11 02:54:48 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8fe9d41b58 Cleaned out flotsam and improved comments
[SVN r36317]
2006-12-11 02:50:55 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8a4590b2ef Enable auto-linking
[SVN r36291]
2006-12-07 17:44:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d67b040683 fixes to support pickling of enums (by Shashank Bapat)
[SVN r36256]
2006-12-03 20:43:48 +00:00
Beman Dawes
2db61657f2 Add copyright, license
[SVN r35905]
2006-11-07 19:11:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
6d2ee96ba3 improve error message
[SVN r35822]
2006-11-03 16:34:53 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
a74c8e3da3 Fix symbol visibility.
[SVN r35754]
2006-10-27 21:19:47 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
9f4d39d9fe correct trivial, obvious accident: stray line removed
[SVN r35599]
2006-10-13 22:06:17 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
31c19644ed make numpy tests portable to Darwin with older docutils
[SVN r35597]
2006-10-13 21:34:26 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
600d444136 Fix some problems with testing on old docutils installations
[SVN r35594]
2006-10-13 19:35:28 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c3bd0fcbad Make object comparison operators return object instead of bool, to
accomodate strange beasts like numarray arrays that return arrays that
can't be used as truth values from their comparison ops.

Fix numpy test for portability with old doctest (again!)


[SVN r35572]
2006-10-12 09:07:07 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
991a7c198a Workaround vc6 bugs
[SVN r35568]
2006-10-12 06:41:55 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
9b67f0447d Suppress a couple of msvc class/struct warnings
[SVN r35567]
2006-10-12 06:41:18 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
b714f6cc23 Adjust tests to account for numarray behavior differences
[SVN r35539]
2006-10-10 22:44:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
479a6ba4fc Try for backward compatibility with older versions of doctest
[SVN r35535]
2006-10-10 18:12:43 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d78836b828 Fix lots of bugs in the numeric interface and tests.
Tests:
* Coerce a result to bool to deal with Python's new Bool type
* Better reporting of mismatches in expected and received results
* Remove bogus nullary y.astype() call
* Fix all uses of trace and diagonal so they don't cause errors
* Use appropriate typecodes
* Use doctest detailed API to run just the relevant tests
* Factor out error handling from macro

API:
* Added get_module_name() function to get current numeric module
* new_(x) now returns an array instead of object
* Fixed the signatures of the factory() family of functions
* Updated docs accordingly.


[SVN r35528]
2006-10-09 04:05:25 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
7a59131d37 Fix missing #include
[SVN r35524]
2006-10-08 05:17:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5ab00bc9c8 Fix long-standing misnaming of "factory" method as "array"
[SVN r35428]
2006-09-29 22:24:12 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
94500ae36d Tests and fixes for a bad interaction between wrapper<> and operators
support.  "self" arguments weren't getting unwrapped properly.


[SVN r35365]
2006-09-28 14:41:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5e5d34cc36 Fixed broken links
[SVN r35329]
2006-09-26 04:23:32 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
c6f2aa4ef2 new boost/python/ssize_t.hpp; avoids potential clash of Py_ssize_t typedef and PY_SSIZE_T_MIN/MAX macros with definitions from other libraries
[SVN r35325]
2006-09-26 00:25:07 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c7fb2f7047 Attempt GCC-3.4.4 and 4.0.1 workarounds
[SVN r35276]
2006-09-22 15:12:04 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
afedc1cd9a Add tests
[SVN r35244]
2006-09-21 07:26:35 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
070e02d7d5 Renamed from opaque_pointer_converter.html
[SVN r35242]
2006-09-21 07:07:14 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
ccc56c2a4c Apply Boost license, with permission from Prabhu Ramachandran.
[SVN r35240]
2006-09-21 03:43:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
e00a88ff49 Fix inspection issues
[SVN r35239]
2006-09-21 02:40:19 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
e527bc860f Fix copyright issues.
[SVN r35236]
2006-09-20 22:30:39 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
921e306b9a Fix license/copyright
[SVN r35234]
2006-09-20 21:59:03 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
bed1d26904 Return an int, not a string, on success from
check_numeric_array_rich_slice, since that's what the tests expect.


[SVN r35184]
2006-09-18 22:21:50 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
41a342f026 vc6/7 workaround
[SVN r35164]
2006-09-18 18:25:12 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
cee8e07046 Checkin missing op_repr definition
[SVN r35153]
2006-09-18 02:59:31 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0806e89964 More informative error messages
Better autoconfiguration


[SVN r35140]
2006-09-17 02:41:20 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
f5421ca6b2 Default to Python 2.4 in Unix builds
Applied contributed patches http://tinyurl.com/ndljr and
http://tinyurl.com/18r


[SVN r35138]
2006-09-16 18:43:53 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
eea7697175 if __name__ == '__main__'
[SVN r35114]
2006-09-14 21:57:56 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
777ce7b561 magic coding: iso-latin1 comment added to avoid Python SyntaxError
[SVN r35113]
2006-09-14 21:53:00 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
864ece5539 cross module compatibility test for opaque
[SVN r35111]
2006-09-14 19:06:33 +00:00
Gottfried Ganßauge
2610eb9acb Type object for opaque initialized with PyType_Clear.
opaque is registered only if not another module has already registered
a conversion for that pointer type.
Doc update.


[SVN r35104]
2006-09-14 05:59:29 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
567a2c7b89 attempt unverified workaround for http://tinyurl.com/gvrgd
[SVN r35103]
2006-09-13 22:47:11 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
05070faf12 Attempt to capture better debugging info in output
[SVN r35079]
2006-09-12 23:58:40 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
ad8069314d Move definition of BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPRESS_REGISTRY_INITIALIZATION back
where it belongs.


[SVN r35076]
2006-09-12 22:37:09 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
9366c48351 add missing license/copyright info
[SVN r35068]
2006-09-11 22:08:18 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
5a14319753 SunPro workarounds
[SVN r35067]
2006-09-11 10:38:14 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
279a4f7888 Update
[SVN r35006]
2006-08-31 06:01:57 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
d3418d494c Restort BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB. We don't want to create exported symbols.
[SVN r34942]
2006-08-24 19:03:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c839427246 Sun workaround
[SVN r34939]
2006-08-24 13:04:59 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
dd3a136b18 Attempted Sun workaround
[SVN r34914]
2006-08-22 11:50:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
48696918de Try not specifying static link, to see if it makes Darwin happy
[SVN r34871]
2006-08-11 15:50:21 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
88be35ddc2 Attempt Sun-5.8 workaround
[SVN r34864]
2006-08-11 00:47:48 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
9ee0d36a1d removed tabs (inspect tool)
[SVN r34722]
2006-07-24 22:25:35 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
f240e0bab6 removed tabs (inspect tool)
[SVN r34720]
2006-07-24 22:20:25 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
4081605e4b removed tabs (inspect tool)
[SVN r34719]
2006-07-24 22:14:15 +00:00
Gennaro Prota
f332ff2d89 minor fix: violation of min/max guidelines
[SVN r34717]
2006-07-24 22:04:05 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
ec77608840 Clarify comment
[SVN r34668]
2006-07-22 12:53:49 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
f5a69a1dab Windows fix: use <library>/pytho/python_for_extensions, not <use>, so that
we actually link to Python import lib on windows.


[SVN r34666]
2006-07-22 12:28:00 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
a1e865061c Don't link Boost.Python to python library, and don't require
<threading>multi for embedding applications.

* libs/python/build/Jamfile.v2: (boost_python): Don't link
  to /python//python. Use /python//python_for_extensions.

* libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: Remove <threading>multi project
  requirements.
  (py-run): Link to /python//python.
  (exec): Likewise.

* tools/build/v2/tools/python.jam: (pthread): Declare.
  (init-unix): Add 'pthread' to extra-libs.
  (


[SVN r34662]
2006-07-22 07:12:10 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
596e92404a old misunderstanding corrected (L-BFGS)
[SVN r34504]
2006-07-11 04:09:41 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
2640f5af94 new css
[SVN r34426]
2006-06-29 09:35:52 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
0605e9fdcf minor tweak
[SVN r34375]
2006-06-22 13:43:09 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
cf68da0b19 added test for vector<string>
[SVN r34374]
2006-06-22 13:33:46 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
d3c474b295 terminology tweak
[SVN r34360]
2006-06-20 14:01:12 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
c9300e07c2 added custom converter test for map indexing suite
[SVN r34359]
2006-06-20 00:33:22 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
cab94a7bba adjustments for new MIPSpro 7.4.4
[SVN r34132]
2006-06-02 05:39:50 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
caa9cb8268 Python 2.5 compatibility
[SVN r34017]
2006-05-18 22:41:14 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
66ac61450e avoid Visual C++ 7.1 "resolved overload was found by argument-dependent lookup" warning
[SVN r34016]
2006-05-18 22:09:20 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
59f81def56 Python include must appear before any system include
[SVN r34010]
2006-05-18 18:47:12 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
92862028b7 MIPSpro 7.3.1 compatibility
[SVN r34009]
2006-05-18 18:46:26 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b0ba7dfc50 also exercise OVERLOADS with docstring
[SVN r34006]
2006-05-18 16:15:59 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
fe3abeda9f much more informative pickle error messages if pickling is not enabled
[SVN r34004]
2006-05-18 15:49:41 +00:00
Markus Schöpflin
3fdfb30e33 Include python first, fixes error on Tru64/CXX.
[SVN r33454]
2006-03-23 09:38:03 +00:00
Vladimir Prus
cdcf8633bb Force multithreading for Python test.
Workaround for problem described in
http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/139601


[SVN r33434]
2006-03-22 09:53:34 +00:00
348 changed files with 2002 additions and 2202 deletions

View File

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
import os ;
import modules ;
import feature ;
import python ;
@@ -23,22 +22,6 @@ if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
}
}
rule find-py3-version
{
local versions = [ feature.values python ] ;
local py3ver ;
for local v in $(versions)
{
if $(v) >= 3.0
{
py3ver = $(v) ;
}
}
return $(py3ver) ;
}
py3-version = [ find-py3-version ] ;
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
;
@@ -46,79 +29,66 @@ project boost/python
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule lib_boost_python ( is-py3 ? )
{
lib boost_python
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
lib [ cond $(is-py3) : boost_python3 : boost_python ]
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
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: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
[ cond $(is-py3) : <python>$(py3-version) ]
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
}
lib_boost_python ;
boost-install boost_python ;
if $(py3-version)
{
lib_boost_python yes ;
boost-install boost_python3 ;
}

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@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
</head>
<body>
<div class="document" id="logo-boost-python-build-and-test-howto">
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.html"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.htm"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ all the parts of your Python installation. If it isn't, consider
<p>If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
mailing lists may be able to help:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="in-case-everything-seemed-to-work">

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@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
:alt: Boost C++ Libraries:
:class: boost-logo
__ ../index.html
__ ../index.htm
.. section-numbering::
@@ -177,8 +177,8 @@ mailing lists may be able to help:
* The `Boost.Build mailing list`__ for issues related to Boost.Build
* The Python `C++ Sig`__ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
__ ../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ ../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
In Case Everything Seemed to Work
---------------------------------

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@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
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<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt>Current SVN</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Python 3 support:</li>
<ul>
<li>All the current Boost.Python test cases passed. Extension modules using
Boost.Python expected to support Python 3 smoothly.</li>
<li>Introduced <code>object.contains</code> where <code>x.contains(y)</code>
is equivalent to Python code <code>y in x</code>.
Now <code>dict.has_key</code> is just a wrapper of <code>object.contains</code>.
</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, <code>str.decode</code> will be removed.</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, the original signature of <code>list.sort</code>, which is:
<pre>void sort(object_cref cmpfunc);</pre>
will change to:
<pre>void sort(args_proxy const &args, kwds_proxy const &kwds);</pre>
This is because in Python 3 <code>list.sort</code> requires all its arguments be keyword arguments.
So you should call it like this:
<pre>x.sort(*tuple(), **dict(make_tuple(make_tuple("reverse", true))));</pre>
</li>
<li>According to <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3123/">PEP 3123</a>,
when building Boost.Python against Python older than 2.6, the following macros will
be defined in Boost.Python header:
<pre>
# define Py_TYPE(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
# define Py_REFCNT(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
# define Py_SIZE(o) (((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)</pre>
So extension writers can use these macro directly, to make code clean and compatible with Python 3.
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.39.0 Release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
@@ -365,7 +329,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
19 November 2004
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -375,27 +375,6 @@
application modules, including GUI and post-processing of results.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://polybori.sourceforge.net/">PolyBoRi</a></b></dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="mailto:brickenstein@mfo.de"
>Michael Brickenstein</a> writes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The core of PolyBoRi is a C++ library, which provides
high-level data types for Boolean polynomials and monomials,
exponent vectors, as well as for the underlying polynomial
rings and subsets of the powerset of the Boolean variables. As
a unique approach, binary decision diagrams are used as
internal storage type for polynomial structures. On top of
this C++-library we provide a Python interface. This allows
parsing of complex polynomial systems, as well as sophisticated
and extendable strategies for Gr&ouml;bner basis computation.
Boost.Python has helped us to create this interface in a
very clean way.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://www.rationaldiscovery.com">Rational Discovery
LLC</a></b></dt>
@@ -456,11 +435,11 @@
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
29 May, 2008</p>
15 July, 2003</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2008.</i></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
12 Sept, 2003 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -6,8 +6,6 @@ project boost/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc ;
import boostbook : boostbook ;
using quickbook ;
path-constant images : html ;
boostbook tutorial
:
tutorial.qbk
@@ -15,6 +13,4 @@ boostbook tutorial
<xsl:param>boost.root=../../../../../..
<xsl:param>boost.libraries=../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm
<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>img.src.path=$(images)/
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>boost.url.prefix=http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/html
;

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@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Chapter 1. python 2.0</title>
<title>Chapter 1. python 1.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id457106"></a><p>
<a name="id455917"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
@@ -94,14 +94,15 @@
(IDL).
</p>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h2>
<a name="id386707"></a>
<a name="id385257"></a>
Hello World
</h2>
<p>
Following C/C++ tradition, let's start with the "hello, world". A
C++ Function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"hello, world"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -109,7 +110,8 @@
<p>
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -123,7 +125,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
@@ -142,7 +145,7 @@
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: November 22, 2008 at 03:24:11 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: November 07, 2007 at 03:34:24 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer"></div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>

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@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
Python/C API at all. So stay tuned... <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span>
</p>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h2>
<a name="id472330"></a>
<a name="id471171"></a>
Building embedded programs
</h2>
<p>
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
&lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
</pre>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h2>
<a name="id472435"></a>
<a name="id471276"></a>
Getting started
</h2>
<p>
@@ -130,22 +130,23 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
<a name="python.using_the_interpreter"></a>Using the interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted. Naturally,
the <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
the <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully automatic
in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html" target="_top">by
hand</a>. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
in Python, the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API requires you to do it [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html
by hand]. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
of C++ exceptions. Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html" target="_top">handle</a>
and <a href="../../../../v2/object.html" target="_top">object</a> class templates to
automate the process.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h2>
<a name="id472601"></a>
<a name="id471439"></a>
Running Python code
</h2>
<p>
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">code</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">filename</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
@@ -164,7 +165,8 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
<p>
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
@@ -174,7 +176,8 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
Let's import the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module and run some Python code in its namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
@@ -187,7 +190,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id473185"></a>
<a name="id472027"></a>
Manipulating Python objects
</h2>
<p>
@@ -197,7 +200,8 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>.
The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"result"</span><span class="special">]);</span>
@@ -208,18 +212,20 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
this variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result
is to use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h2>
<a name="id473554"></a>
<a name="id472399"></a>
Exception handling
</h2>
<p>
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression, <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>
is thrown:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5/0"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:
@@ -234,13 +240,14 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
The <tt class="literal">error_already_set</tt> exception class doesn't carry any
information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred,
you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">exception
handling functions</a> of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This
can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70" target="_top">PyErr_Print()</a>
to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type
of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
handling functions</a> of the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API in your catch-statement.
This can be as simple as calling [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70
PyErr_Print()] to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing
the type of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
exceptions</a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -30,12 +30,14 @@
is the point where C++ meets Python. Boost.Python provides a default exception
handler that translates selected standard exceptions, then gives up:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
</pre>
<p>
Users may provide custom translation. Here's an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">void</span> <span class="identifier">translator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span> <span class="identifier">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PyErr_SetString</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_UserWarning</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"I'm sorry Dave..."</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@
<p>
Consider a C++ class/struct that we want to expose to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -50,7 +51,8 @@
<p>
We can expose this to Python by writing a corresponding Boost.Python C++ Wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -69,7 +71,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'howdy'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
@@ -84,7 +87,8 @@
exposes the default constructor by default, which is why we were able to
write
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
We may wish to wrap a class with a non-default constructor. Let us build
@@ -92,7 +96,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="comment">// added constructor
</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -106,7 +111,8 @@
We have to tell <tt class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</tt> about the constructor
we want to expose instead.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -127,7 +133,8 @@
to the <tt class="literal">def()</tt> member function. Say for example we have
another World constructor taking in two doubles:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"set"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -137,7 +144,8 @@
On the other hand, if we do not wish to expose any constructors at all, we
may use <tt class="literal">no_init</tt> instead:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
This actually adds an <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</tt>
@@ -153,7 +161,8 @@
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
or <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>. Consider this class <tt class="literal">Var</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -164,7 +173,8 @@
Our C++ <tt class="literal">Var</tt> class and its data members can be exposed
to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"name"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -174,7 +184,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'is around'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="identifier">pi</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="identifier">around</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
@@ -183,7 +194,8 @@
Note that <tt class="literal">name</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
while <tt class="literal">value</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
</span><span class="identifier">Traceback</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">recent</span> <span class="identifier">call</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> #
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span>#<span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
@@ -200,7 +212,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -214,7 +227,8 @@
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <tt class="literal">Num</tt>
class using Boost.Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -223,7 +237,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -236,7 +251,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
@@ -252,21 +268,24 @@
<p>
Consider this trivial inheritance structure:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
</pre>
<p>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
object instances:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -274,7 +293,8 @@
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
and its base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>. Thus:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -297,7 +317,8 @@
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <tt class="literal">b</tt> and <tt class="literal">d</tt>
and <tt class="literal">factory</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"d"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -310,7 +331,8 @@
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
policies</a> later.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_value_policy</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">manage_new_object</span><span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
@@ -323,7 +345,8 @@
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our <tt class="literal">Base</tt> class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -341,7 +364,8 @@
that will unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
override may be called:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -373,7 +397,8 @@
<p>
Finally, exposing <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -412,7 +437,8 @@
section</a>, we wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then
implemented in C++, or Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
@@ -421,7 +447,8 @@
had a pure virtual function <tt class="literal">f</tt>. If, however, its member
function <tt class="literal">f</tt> was not declared as pure virtual:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -430,7 +457,8 @@
<p>
We wrap it this way:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -462,7 +490,8 @@
<p>
Finally, exposing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -477,7 +506,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">42</span>
@@ -487,13 +517,15 @@
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">base.f()</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">0</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">derived.f()</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">42</span>
</pre>
</div>
@@ -501,7 +533,7 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_operators_special_functions"></a>Class Operators/Special Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h2>
<a name="id462548"></a>
<a name="id461460"></a>
Python Operators
</h2>
<p>
@@ -515,7 +547,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -529,7 +562,8 @@
The class and the various operators can be mapped to Python rather easily
and intuitively:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __add__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __radd__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__
@@ -548,7 +582,7 @@
expressions".
</p>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h2>
<a name="id463302"></a>
<a name="id462216"></a>
Special Methods
</h2>
<p>
@@ -558,7 +592,8 @@
wrap C++ functions that correspond to these Python <span class="emphasis"><em>special functions</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">Rational</span> <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">);</span>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -87,14 +87,16 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
so Boost.Python must deal with them. To do this, it may need your help. Consider
the following C++ function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
How should the library wrap this function? A naive approach builds a Python
X object around result reference. This strategy might or might not work out.
Here's an example where it didn't
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">y</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
@@ -104,7 +106,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Well, what if f() was implemented as shown below:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -142,7 +145,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># No crash, but still bad
</span><span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
@@ -156,7 +160,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -166,14 +171,16 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Notice that the data member <tt class="literal">z</tt> is held by class Y using
a raw pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="preprocessor"># Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
For reference, here's the implementation of <tt class="literal">f</tt> again:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -205,7 +212,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
</ol></div>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h2>
<a name="id465291"></a>
<a name="id464076"></a>
Call Policies
</h2>
<p>
@@ -213,7 +220,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
In our example, <tt class="literal">return_internal_reference</tt> and <tt class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</tt>
are our friends:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
@@ -221,7 +229,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
What are the <tt class="literal">1</tt> and <tt class="literal">2</tt> parameters, you
ask?
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <tt class="literal">Y&amp;
@@ -230,7 +239,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
In short: "return an internal reference <tt class="literal">X&amp;</tt> owned
by the 1st argument <tt class="literal">Y&amp; y</tt>".
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the lifetime of the argument indicated by ward
@@ -242,7 +252,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
It is also important to note that we have defined two policies above. Two
or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy2</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy3</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
@@ -306,7 +317,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
We have here our C++ class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -333,7 +345,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some member
function pointer variables:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -341,7 +354,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
With these in hand, we can proceed to define and wrap this for Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -355,26 +369,30 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <tt class="literal">f</tt>
with default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
But the type of a pointer to the function <tt class="literal">f</tt> has no information
about its default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
When we pass this function pointer to the <tt class="literal">def</tt> function,
there is no way to retrieve the default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
Because of this, when wrapping C++ code, we had to resort to manual wrapping
as outlined in the <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
or writing thin wrappers:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -397,13 +415,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id467317"></a>
<a name="id466117"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
<p>
Boost.Python now has a way to make it easier. For instance, given a function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -411,7 +430,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will automatically create the thin wrappers for us. This macro will create
@@ -421,10 +441,11 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>
function will automatically add all the foo variants for us:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id467632"></a>
<a name="id466436"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
<p>
@@ -439,7 +460,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
may be used to automatically create the thin wrappers for wrapping member
functions. Let's have an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span>
<span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'x'</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -451,7 +473,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <tt class="literal">wack_em</tt>
@@ -460,14 +483,15 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
in a class named <tt class="literal">george_overloads</tt> that can then be used
as an argument to <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
See the <a href="../../../../v2/overloads.html#BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS-spec" target="_top">overloads
reference</a> for details.
</p>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h2>
<a name="id467992"></a>
<a name="id466799"></a>
init and optional
</h2>
<p>
@@ -475,7 +499,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt>?
For example, given a class X with a constructor:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"constructor"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
@@ -484,7 +509,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
You can easily add this constructor to Boost.Python in one shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice the use of <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt> and <tt class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</tt>
@@ -500,7 +526,8 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
used for overloaded functions and member functions with a common sequence
of initial arguments. Here is an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -524,19 +551,21 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Like in the previous section, we can generate thin wrappers for these overloaded
functions in one-shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
</p>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h2>
<a name="id468767"></a>
<a name="id467581"></a>
Manual Wrapping
</h2>
<p>
@@ -555,18 +584,21 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
to automatically wrap the first three of the <tt class="literal">def</tt>s and
manually wrap just the last. Here's how we'll do this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Create a member function pointers as above for both X::f overloads:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.hello"></a> Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h2>
<a name="id388718"></a>
<a name="id387672"></a>
From Start To Finish
</h2>
<p>
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found <a href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h2>
<a name="id387300"></a>
<a name="id386265"></a>
Let's Jam!
</h2>
<p>
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@
you going.
</p>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h2>
<a name="id387357"></a>
<a name="id386322"></a>
Running bjam
</h2>
<p>
@@ -156,7 +156,8 @@ using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools<span class="emphasis"><em>Python</em></span> ;
<p>
Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">bjam</span>
</pre>
<p>
It should be building now:
@@ -179,17 +180,6 @@ bjam
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
Starting from Boost 1.35, bjam erases the generated executables (e.g. pyd
file) after the test has concluded to conserve disk space. To keep bjam from
doing that, pass --preserve-test-targets to bjam.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
</span><span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get each item
@@ -78,14 +79,16 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Or for use in class_&lt;&gt;:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>range</b></span>
@@ -131,7 +134,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pions</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">smash</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">bogons</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -142,7 +146,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"pions"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_end</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bogons"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_end</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
@@ -158,7 +163,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">list_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Turn a Python sequence into an STL input range
</span> <span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -177,7 +183,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">([</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">])</span>
</pre>
</div>

View File

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">'foo'</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'bar'</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -77,7 +78,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">slice</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
@@ -124,20 +126,23 @@
These derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> types act like real Python types.
For instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
</pre>
<p>
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <tt class="literal">dict</tt>
has a <tt class="literal">keys()</tt> method:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="literal">make_tuple</tt> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
In C++, when Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>s are used as arguments
@@ -145,7 +150,8 @@
<tt class="literal">f</tt>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <tt class="literal">str</tt> type and subtypes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">n2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"upper"</span><span class="special">)();</span> <span class="comment">// NAME = name.upper()
</span> <span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// better
@@ -155,13 +161,15 @@
<p>
In finer detail:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Illustrates that we provide versions of the str type's methods as C++ member
functions.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <tt class="literal">"format"
@@ -176,17 +184,19 @@
<p>
Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="comment"># modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<p>
C++:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id470756"></a>
<a name="id469586"></a>
class_&lt;T&gt; as objects
</h2>
<p>
@@ -197,7 +207,8 @@
<p>
We can use this to create wrapped instances. Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Vec2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"angle"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">angle</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -214,14 +225,16 @@
can be achieved with the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt> function. Consider
the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
</span></pre>
<p>
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>
can't be implicitly converted to <tt class="literal">double</tt>s. Instead, what
we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
@@ -238,7 +251,8 @@
be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
@@ -246,7 +260,8 @@
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt>
facility in fact solves the mutable copying problem:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"whatever"</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies x.__dict__ !
</span></pre>
</div>
@@ -261,12 +276,14 @@
typing to C++'s strong static typing (in C++, ints cannot be implicitly converted
to enums). To illustrate, given a C++ enum:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
the construct:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"red"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"blue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
@@ -298,7 +315,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -307,7 +325,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>

View File

@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
@@ -53,7 +53,8 @@
<tt class="literal">sounds</tt>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
like so:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
</pre>
@@ -61,14 +62,16 @@
We would like to present this same hierarchy to the Python user, allowing
him to write code like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span> <span class="comment"># echo is a C++ function
</span></pre>
<p>
The first step is to write the wrapping code. We have to export each module
separately with Boost.Python, like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">export</span> <span class="identifier">everything</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span> <span class="identifier">namespace</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
@@ -126,7 +129,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'file.mp3'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">new_sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1.0</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -148,7 +152,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
@@ -180,7 +185,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -190,13 +196,15 @@
entire namespace from <tt class="literal">_core.pyd</tt> to <tt class="literal">core/__init__.py</tt>.
So add this line of code to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
</pre>
<p>
We do the same for the other packages. Now the user accesses the functions
and classes in the extension modules like before:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -209,7 +217,8 @@
a file named <tt class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</tt> and code our
function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -218,13 +227,15 @@
<p>
Next, we add this line to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
</pre>
<p>
And that's it. The user now accesses this function like any other function
from the <tt class="literal">filters</tt> package:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
</div>
@@ -235,7 +246,8 @@
Thanks to Python's flexibility, you can easily add new methods to a class,
even after it was already created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'A C instance!'</span>
@@ -258,7 +270,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -271,7 +284,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
@@ -303,7 +317,8 @@
You can even add a little syntactic sugar with the use of metaclasses. Let's
create a special metaclass that "injects" methods in other classes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
</span><span class="comment"># You can use here any class exported by Boost instead of "point"
</span><span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__class__</span>
@@ -326,7 +341,8 @@
<p>
Now let's see how it got:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">!</span>
@@ -334,7 +350,8 @@
<p>
Another useful idea is to replace constructors with factory functions:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -357,7 +374,8 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -379,7 +397,8 @@
Now you create a file <tt class="literal">main.cpp</tt>, which contains the <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</tt>
macro, and call the various export functions inside it.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_triangle</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -392,7 +411,8 @@
Compiling and linking together all this files produces the same result as
the usual approach:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">triangle</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>

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@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[library python
[version 2.0]
[version 1.0]
[authors [de Guzman, Joel], [Abrahams, David]]
[copyright 2002 2003 2004 2005 Joel de Guzman, David Abrahams]
[category inter-language support]
@@ -1381,10 +1381,10 @@ interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
[section Using the interpreter]
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully
automatic in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html by hand]. This is
automatic in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html by hand]. This is
messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
Fortunately Boost.Python provides the [@../../../v2/handle.html handle] and
[@../../../v2/object.html object] class templates to automate the process.
@@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@ If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression,
The [^error_already_set] exception class doesn't carry any information in itself.
To find out more about the Python exception that occurred, you need to use the
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html exception handling functions]
of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70 PyErr_Print()] to
print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the
exception with those of the [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html

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@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
<a href="doc/html/index.html">link</a> &nbsp;<hr>
<p>© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2001</p>
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
accompanying file <a href="../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
accompanying file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
</body>
</html>
</html>

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@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ documentation).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
<td valign="top"><code>P::extract_return_type</code></td>
<td>A model of <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
"../../../doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
<td>An MPL unary <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a> used extract the return type from a given signature. By default it is derived from mpl::front.</td>
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This

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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type <code>T</code>. In addition, all pointers are Dereferenceable.
18 December, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
doc/v2/Extractor.html Normal file → Executable file
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ are layout-compatible with PyObject.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
doc/v2/HolderGenerator.html Normal file → Executable file
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ worth doing anything about it.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ instances of the associated Python type will be considered a match.
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ C++ function return type.
09 May, 2002 <!--Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
</table>
<hr>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
<p><a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
the architect, designer, and implementor of <b>Boost.Python</b>.</p>
<p><a href="mailto:brett.calcott@paradise.net.nz">Brett Calcott</a>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
argument support</a> and wrote the excellent <a href=
"../tutorial/index.html">tutorial documentation</a>.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
<p><a href="../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> implemented the <a href="pickle.html">pickle
support</a>, and has enthusiastically supported the library since its
birth, contributing to design decisions and providing invaluable
@@ -59,15 +59,15 @@
C++ and Python for solving the problems of large-scale software
construction.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
<p><a href="../../../../people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
wrote an incredible C++ <a href="http://www.mywikinet.com/mpl">Template
Metaprogramming Library</a> which allows Boost.Python to perform much of
its compile-time magic. In addition, Aleksey very generously contributed
his time and deep knowledge of the quirks of various buggy compilers to
help us get around problems at crucial moments.</p>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
<p><a href="../../../../people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="../../../../people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
Karvonen</a>, wrote a similarly amazing <a href=
"../../../preprocessor/doc/index.html">Preprocessor Metaprogramming
Library</a>, and generously contributed the time and expertise to get it
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(xxx)
<p>Revised 01 August, 2003</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt; &gt;("Derived");
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
1 November, 2005 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(def_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ struct return_value_policy : Base
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dict swap_object_dict(object target, dict d)
<p>Revised 30 September, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ bar2 doc
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(exception_translator_ext)
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extract_ext)
<p>Revised 15 November, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -856,6 +856,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ null_ok&lt;T&gt;* allow_null(T* p)
</p>
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
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@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(back_references)
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
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@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(implicit_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring.",
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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2
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@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ struct pointer_holder : instance_holder
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
</body>
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@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ long zeroes(list l)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ python::long_ fact(long n)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
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@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(noddy_cache)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(make_function_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ RuntimeError: Unidentifiable C++ Exception
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ void set_first_element(numeric::array&amp; y, double value)
<p>Revised 07 October, 2006</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -74,32 +74,6 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></a></dt>
@@ -354,102 +328,6 @@ static void del(object const&amp;target, char const* key);
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct const_objattribute_policies
{
typedef object const& key_type;
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the
attribute access.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<h3><a name="objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a mutable <code>object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct objattribute_policies : const_objattribute_policies
{
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by
<code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_item_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></h3>
@@ -655,11 +533,6 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
template &lt;class A0, class A1,...class An&gt;
object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;,...An const&amp;) const;
detail::args_proxy operator* () const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
// truth value testing
//
typedef unspecified bool_type;
@@ -669,8 +542,6 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
//
proxy&lt;const_object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*) const;
proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*);
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&);
// item access
//
@@ -709,25 +580,6 @@ object operator()(A0 const&amp; a1, A1 const&amp; a2,...An const&amp; aN) const;
call&lt;object&gt;(object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this)).ptr(), a1,
a2,...aN)</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname>, and named
arguments given by the dictionary <varname>kwds</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
operator bool_type() const;
</pre>
@@ -756,21 +608,6 @@ proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const* name);
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> name is a <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of
<code>*this</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds
<code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt;
proxy&lt;const_object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key) const;
template &lt;class T&gt;
@@ -1101,11 +938,11 @@ object sum_items(object seq)
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
27 May, 2008
13 January, 2006
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2008.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
doc/v2/operators.html Normal file → Executable file
View File

@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,93 +1,112 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
</head>
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
<body>
<div>
<img src="../../../../boost.png" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" align=
"center" width="277" height="86" />
<hr />
<div>
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>Pickle is a Python module for object
serialization, also known as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<img src="../../../../boost.png"
alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)"
align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<p>It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions that
read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that can
be written to a file.</p>
<hr>
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>
<p>The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module through the
interface as described in detail in the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html">Python Library
Reference for pickle.</a> This interface involves the special methods
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt>, <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
as described in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully
compatible with Python's cPickle module.</p>
<hr />
Pickle is a Python module for object serialization, also known
as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>At the user level, the
Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special methods:
<p>
It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions
that read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that
can be written to a file.
<dl>
<dt><strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong></dt>
<p>
The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module
through the interface as described in detail in the
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html"
>Python Library Reference for pickle.</a> This interface
involves the special methods <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>,
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> as described
in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully compatible
with Python's cPickle module.
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
<hr>
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>
<p>If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.</p>
</dd>
At the user level, the Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special
methods:
<dt><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<dl>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method. This
method should return a Python object representing the state of the
instance.</dd>
<p>
If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.
<dt><strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong>
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by
the unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above).
Subsequently the unpickler tests if the new instance has a
<tt>__setstate__</tt> method. If so, this method is called with the
result of <tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.</dd>
</dl>The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr />
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method.
This method should return a Python object representing the state of
the instance.
<h2>Examples</h2>There are three files in <tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt>
that show how to provide pickle support.
<hr />
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example can be fully restored by passing the appropriate
argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient to define the
pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This is done in the
following way:
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by the
unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above). Subsequently
the unpickler tests if the new instance has a <tt>__setstate__</tt>
method. If so, this method is called with the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
</dl>
The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr>
<h2>Examples</h2>
There are three files in
<tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt> that show how to
provide pickle support.
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The C++ class in this example can be fully restored by passing the
appropriate argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient
to define the pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>.
This is done in the following way:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -98,28 +117,26 @@
}
};
</pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</ul>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example contains member data that cannot be restored by any
of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to provide the
<tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of pickle interface
methods:
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
The C++ class in this example contains member data that cannot be
restored by any of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to
provide the <tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of
pickle interface methods:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -144,76 +161,92 @@
}
};
</pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
<p>For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a valid
approach if it is anticipated that the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> will
always be empty. Note that the safety guard described below will catch
the cases where this assumption is violated.</p>
<hr />
<p>
For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result
of <tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a
valid approach if it is anticipated that the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> will always be empty. Note that the safety guard
described below will catch the cases where this assumption is violated.
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>This
example is similar to <a href=
"../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of <tt>__getstate__</tt>.
This requires a little more code but is unavoidable if the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>The pickle protocol described above has
an important pitfall that the end user of a Boost.Python extension module
might not be aware of:
This example is similar to <a
href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the
object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This requires a little more code but is
unavoidable if the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<p><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty.</strong></p>
<hr>
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>
<p>The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:</p>
The pickle protocol described above has an important pitfall that the
end user of a Boost.Python extension module might not be aware of:
<p>
<strong>
<tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt>
is not empty.
</strong>
<p>
<ul>
<li>his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be pickled
in order to restore the instances correctly.</li>
The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:
<li>the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be
pickled in order to restore the instances correctly.
<p>To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has an
attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is raised if
this attribute is not defined:</p>
<pre>
<p>
<li>
the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.
</ul>
<p>
To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has
an attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is
raised if this attribute is not defined:
<pre>
RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__getstate_manages_dict__ not set)
</pre>To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the <tt>
__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard should
intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from <a href=
"../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
</pre>
To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard
should intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from
<a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
// ...
static bool getstate_manages_dict() { return true; }
};
</pre>Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
</pre>
Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
import your_bpl_module
class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
__getstate_manages_dict__ = 1
@@ -222,41 +255,54 @@
def __setstate__(self, state):
# your code here
</pre>
<hr />
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<hr>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<ul>
<li>In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should only be
implemented for extension classes that will eventually be pickled.</li>
<ul>
<li>
In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should
only be implemented for extension classes that will eventually
be pickled.
<li>Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.</li>
<p>
<li>
Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.
<li>If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<p>
<li>
If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
</ul>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>The
<tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique for
implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via the
<tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only the
basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
<hr>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The <tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique
for implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via
the <tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only
the basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.enable_pickling()
// ...
</pre>This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described in the
Python documentation. By "injecting" a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into
the definition of the wrapped class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
</pre>
This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described
in the Python documentation. By &quot;injecting&quot; a
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into the definition of the wrapped
class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
# import the wrapped world class
from pickle4_ext import world
@@ -266,15 +312,18 @@ the definition of the wrapped class we make all instances pickleable:
# now inject __getinitargs__ (Python is a dynamic language!)
world.__getinitargs__ = world_getinitargs
</pre>See also the <a href=
"../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">
tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr />
© Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under the
Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
</pre>
<p>Updated: Feb 2004.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
See also the
<a href="../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"
>tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under
the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
<p>
Updated: Feb 2004.
</div>

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@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pointee_demo)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ design decisions and links to relevant discussions.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
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@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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2
doc/v2/raw_function.html Normal file → Executable file
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@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Python:
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
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@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(singleton)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ TypeError: No to_python (by-value) converter found for C++ type: class boost::sh
24 Jun, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
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2
doc/v2/return_arg.html Normal file → Executable file
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@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(return_self_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
Mladenov 2003. </i></p>
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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(nested)
<p>Revised 09 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ ssize_t const ssize_t_min = INT_MIN;
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
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0
doc/v2/stl_iterator.html Normal file → Executable file
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@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ str remove_angle_brackets(str x)
<p>Revised 3 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
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@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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