2
0
mirror of https://github.com/boostorg/python.git synced 2026-01-19 16:32:16 +00:00

Compare commits

...

33 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Beman Dawes
9fd177c198 Release 1.47.0
[SVN r73007]
2011-07-11 22:16:03 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
cfa2baf8c9 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r72464]
2011-06-07 04:15:33 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
faf3cd0b78 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r72277]
2011-05-30 05:51:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a5e564be83 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r71226]
2011-04-13 17:34:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
dcc3590907 verifying commit privs
[SVN r71150]
2011-04-09 16:55:43 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
74daea3d88 boost/libs/python/doc/PyConDC_2003: removing $Date$ and $Revision$ so they do not create noise on each merge to the release branch
[SVN r71004]
2011-04-05 16:49:31 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e28f0509d8 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r71002]
2011-04-05 16:31:51 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
0a211a746d merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r70448]
2011-03-23 00:14:55 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ba213663b6 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r67483]
2010-12-28 20:38:29 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
736ba48c2b merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r67446]
2010-12-24 17:31:05 +00:00
Eric Niebler
6066ffef9a Merged revisions 66606 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r66606 | rwgk | 2010-11-15 18:17:00 -0500 (Mon, 15 Nov 2010) | 1 line
  
  boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp: adding missing includes
........


[SVN r66614]
2010-11-16 18:30:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
f759e9eb0e merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r66066]
2010-10-18 04:04:52 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
846c5d9914 Add missing includes
[SVN r65142]
2010-08-31 04:50:56 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
65b3aadc63 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r63937]
2010-07-12 22:29:41 +00:00
Hartmut Kaiser
e13ebcd0e8 Spirit: merging from trunk upto rev. 61489
[SVN r63640]
2010-07-04 22:38:38 +00:00
Marshall Clow
63a3f188b8 Merged changes for #2981, #4166, and #4377 to release branch
[SVN r63523]
2010-07-02 15:37:14 +00:00
Daniel James
34b162738f Merge documentation update.
[SVN r63517]
2010-07-02 08:27:42 +00:00
Daniel James
569b395cdd Merge documentation fixes.
* Use `doc/src/*.css` instead of `doc/html/*.css`.
* Remove wiki and people directories.
* Some documentation fixes.
* Left out `minimal.css` changes and boostbook changes because of clashes.


[SVN r63347]
2010-06-26 12:30:09 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
4b9cb5337d Include all of the headers needed for the BOOST_MPL_ASSERT that is failing for several compilers
[SVN r62015]
2010-05-16 01:27:58 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
86db60255a libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: disabling calling_conventions tests
[SVN r61034]
2010-04-04 05:23:15 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
37b45d2baf merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r61033]
2010-04-04 05:19:57 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
471be524f4 boost.python: merging from trunk to release (gcc 4.4 -std=c++0x compatibility)
[SVN r57837]
2009-11-21 14:41:51 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e485244886 boost.python: merging from trunk to release (Troy Straszheim's fix for a long-standing bug)
[SVN r57621]
2009-11-13 00:40:01 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
b9cd3ff109 merge from trunk very minor fixes for ticket #2582
[SVN r57017]
2009-10-20 15:18:26 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
d804f1250e rm cmake from the release branch before it goes out broken. Policy dictates that you never commit to release, you commit to trunk and merge to release.
[SVN r56941]
2009-10-17 01:10:45 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
89100353db boost/python, libs/python: all changes from trunk merged into branches/release
[SVN r56806]
2009-10-13 22:37:59 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
46be73387c boost/python/object_operators.hpp: merging trunk rev. 55708 into release branch
[SVN r55742]
2009-08-23 21:22:52 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d685a5e8c5 python library: sync with trunk to adopt recent exec.cpp fixes
[SVN r55642]
2009-08-18 01:08:46 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e80224b1ad boost/python, libs/python: all changes from trunk merged into branches/release (without any manual modifications)
Commands used:
  svn merge https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/release/boost/python https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk/boost/python /net/chevy/raid1/rwgk/boost_release/merge_attempt/boost/boost/python

  svn merge https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/release/libs/python https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk/libs/python /net/chevy/raid1/rwgk/boost_release/merge_attempt/boost/libs/python

  svn, version 1.6.4 (r38063)
     compiled Aug 17 2009, 13:31:03


[SVN r55629]
2009-08-17 21:01:18 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
03fdf5b992 Add basic copyright/license to keep cmake out of the inspection report
[SVN r55095]
2009-07-22 21:51:01 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
73b4cd3325 Fixed almost all tab and min/max issues found by inspect tool
[SVN r53142]
2009-05-20 19:41:20 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
f7d31f6ead Fix Boost.Python tests
[SVN r52856]
2009-05-08 20:42:11 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
47bb3f55a7 Add the pyrun.py script used to run Boost.Python tests via CMake
[SVN r52818]
2009-05-07 04:44:23 +00:00
233 changed files with 3103 additions and 1796 deletions

View File

@@ -1,80 +0,0 @@
if (PYTHON_LIBRARIES)
include_directories(${PYTHON_INCLUDE_PATH})
# Determine extra libraries we need to link against to build Python
# extension modules.
if(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "SunOS")
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "dl")
if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "rt")
endif(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME MATCHES ".*BSD")
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "pthread")
elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "DragonFly")
# DragonFly is a variant of FreeBSD
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "pthread")
elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "OSF")
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "pthread" "dl")
if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "rt")
endif(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "QNX")
# No options necessary for QNX
elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "Darwin")
# No options necessary for Mac OS X
elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "HP-UX")
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "rt")
elseif(UNIX)
# Assume -pthread and -ldl on all other variants
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "pthread" "dl")
if(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
set(PYTHON_LIBRARIES ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES} "util")
endif(CMAKE_COMPILER_IS_GNUCXX)
endif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_NAME STREQUAL "SunOS")
################################################################################
#-- Macro for building Boost.Python extension modules
macro(boost_python_extension MODULE_NAME)
parse_arguments(BPL_EXT
""
""
${ARGN})
#TODO: The target properties are NOT being set correctly for the test libraries
if (FALSE)
# Create the library target itself
add_library(${MODULE_NAME} MODULE ${BPL_EXT_DEFAULT_ARGS} )
# Miscellaneous target properties
set_target_properties(${MODULE_NAME} PROPERTIES PREFIX "")
# Link against Boost.Python library
target_link_libraries(${MODULE_NAME} boost_python-static)
# Link against Python libraries
target_link_libraries(${MODULE_NAME} ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES})
endif(FALSE)
boost_add_library(
${MODULE_NAME}
${BPL_EXT_DEFAULT_ARGS}
MODULE
LINK_LIBS ${PYTHON_LIBRARIES}
DEPENDS boost_python
)
endmacro(boost_python_extension)
#--
################################################################################
boost_library_project(
Python
SRCDIRS src
TESTDIRS test
HEADERS python.hpp python
MODULARIZED
DESCRIPTION "A framework for interfacing Python and C++. It allows you to quickly and seamlessly expose C++ classes functions and objects to Python, and vice-versa, using no special tools -- just your C++ compiler."
AUTHORS "David Abrahams <dave -at- boostpro.com>"
)
endif (PYTHON_LIBRARIES)

Binary file not shown.

View File

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
import os ;
import indirect ;
import modules ;
import feature ;
import python ;
@@ -12,83 +14,138 @@ if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
# Attempt default configuration of python
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
if ! [ python.configured ]
{
ECHO "WARNING: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration" ;
ECHO " failed. See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html" ;
ECHO " for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to" ;
ECHO " suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets" ;
}
}
if [ python.configured ] || ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
{
alias config-warning ;
}
else
{
message config-warning
: "warning: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration"
: "note: failed. See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html"
: "note: for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to"
: "note: suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets"
;
}
rule find-py3-version
{
local versions = [ feature.values python ] ;
local py3ver ;
for local v in $(versions)
{
if $(v) >= 3.0
{
py3ver = $(v) ;
}
}
return $(py3ver) ;
}
py3-version = [ find-py3-version ] ;
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
: requirements
-<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
<tag>@$(__name__).tag
;
rule tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
{
local result = $(name) ;
if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB
{
if $(name) = boost_python && $(PYTHON_ID)
{
result = $(result)-$(PYTHON_ID) ;
}
}
# forward to the boost tagging rule
return [ indirect.call $(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
$(result) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
}
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
lib boost_python
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
rule lib_boost_python ( is-py3 ? )
{
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
lib [ cond $(is-py3) : boost_python3 : boost_python ]
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
<dependency>config-warning
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
[ cond $(is-py3) : <python>$(py3-version) ]
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
}
lib_boost_python ;
boost-install boost_python ;
if $(py3-version)
{
lib_boost_python yes ;
boost-install boost_python3 ;
}

28
class.cpp Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
#include <boost/python/object.hpp>
#include <boost/python/class.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;
struct X
{
int x;
X(int n) : x(n) { }
};
int x_function(X& x)
{ return x.x;
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(class_ext)
{
class_<X>("X", init<int>());
def("x_function", x_function);
}
#include "module_tail.cpp"

0
doc/PyConDC_2003/bpl.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
doc/PyConDC_2003/bpl.pdf Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
Somerville, MA 02143
:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
:date: $Date$
:status: This is a "work in progress"
:version: 1
:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams 2002. All rights reserved

View File

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
/*
:Author: David Goodger
:Contact: goodger@users.sourceforge.net
:date: $Date$
:version: $Revision$
:copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
boostinspect:nolicense

0
doc/PyConDC_2003/python_cpp_mix.jpg Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 22 KiB

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 22 KiB

0
doc/PyConDC_2003/python_cpp_mix.png Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 6.1 KiB

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 6.1 KiB

0
doc/internals.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
doc/internals.rst Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -32,7 +32,43 @@
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt>Current SVN</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Python 3 support:</li>
<ul>
<li>All the current Boost.Python test cases passed. Extension modules using
Boost.Python expected to support Python 3 smoothly.</li>
<li>Introduced <code>object.contains</code> where <code>x.contains(y)</code>
is equivalent to Python code <code>y in x</code>.
Now <code>dict.has_key</code> is just a wrapper of <code>object.contains</code>.
</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, <code>str.decode</code> will be removed.</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, the original signature of <code>list.sort</code>, which is:
<pre>void sort(object_cref cmpfunc);</pre>
will change to:
<pre>void sort(args_proxy const &args, kwds_proxy const &kwds);</pre>
This is because in Python 3 <code>list.sort</code> requires all its arguments be keyword arguments.
So you should call it like this:
<pre>x.sort(*tuple(), **dict(make_tuple(make_tuple("reverse", true))));</pre>
</li>
<li>According to <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3123/">PEP 3123</a>,
when building Boost.Python against Python older than 2.6, the following macros will
be defined in Boost.Python header:
<pre>
# define Py_TYPE(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
# define Py_REFCNT(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
# define Py_SIZE(o) (((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)</pre>
So extension writers can use these macro directly, to make code clean and compatible with Python 3.
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.39.0 Release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>

View File

@@ -13,8 +13,6 @@ boostbook tutorial
tutorial.qbk
:
<xsl:param>boost.root=../../../../../..
<xsl:param>boost.libraries=../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm
<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>img.src.path=$(images)/
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>boost.url.prefix=http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/html
;

0
doc/tutorial/doc/html/images/alert.png Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 603 B

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 603 B

0
doc/tutorial/doc/html/images/home.png Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 358 B

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 358 B

0
doc/tutorial/doc/html/images/next.png Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 336 B

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 336 B

0
doc/tutorial/doc/html/images/note.png Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 658 B

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 658 B

0
doc/tutorial/doc/html/images/prev.png Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 334 B

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 334 B

0
doc/tutorial/doc/html/images/tip.png Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 640 B

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 640 B

0
doc/tutorial/doc/html/images/up.png Executable file → Normal file
View File

Before

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 370 B

After

Width:  |  Height:  |  Size: 370 B

View File

@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Chapter 1. python 2.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title=" Building Hello World">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title="Building Hello World">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div>
<div><h2 class="title">
<a name="python"></a>Chapter 1. python 1.0</h2></div>
<a name="python"></a>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0</h2></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Joel</span> <span class="surname">de Guzman</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Abrahams</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id455921"></a><p>
<a name="id759709"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.quickstart"></a>QuickStart</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -93,16 +93,15 @@
code takes on the look of a kind of declarative interface definition language
(IDL).
</p>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h2>
<a name="id385276"></a>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h3>
<a name="id759740"></a>
Hello World
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Following C/C++ tradition, let's start with the "hello, world". A
C++ Function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"hello, world"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -110,8 +109,7 @@
<p>
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -125,30 +123,23 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Next stop... Building your Hello World
module from start to finish...</b></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Next stop... Building your Hello World module
from start to finish...</strong></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: March 24, 2008 at 23:09:39 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: July 01, 2010 at 21:56:58 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer"></div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Embedding</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="object.html" title=" Object Interface">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="object.html" title="Object Interface">
<link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Iterators">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.embedding"></a>Embedding</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="embedding.html#python.using_the_interpreter">Using the interpreter</a></span></dt></dl></div>
@@ -39,28 +39,28 @@
a lot easier and, in a future version, it may become unnecessary to touch the
Python/C API at all. So stay tuned... <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span>
</p>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h2>
<a name="id471330"></a>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h3>
<a name="id773307"></a>
Building embedded programs
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
To be able to embed python into your programs, you have to link to both Boost.Python's
as well as Python's own runtime library.
</p>
<p>
Boost.Python's library comes in two variants. Both are located in Boost's
<tt class="literal">/libs/python/build/bin-stage</tt> subdirectory. On Windows, the
variants are called <tt class="literal">boost_python.lib</tt> (for release builds)
and <tt class="literal">boost_python_debug.lib</tt> (for debugging). If you can't
<code class="literal">/libs/python/build/bin-stage</code> subdirectory. On Windows, the
variants are called <code class="literal">boost_python.lib</code> (for release builds)
and <code class="literal">boost_python_debug.lib</code> (for debugging). If you can't
find the libraries, you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">Building and Testing</a> on how to do this.
</p>
<p>
Python's library can be found in the <tt class="literal">/libs</tt> subdirectory
Python's library can be found in the <code class="literal">/libs</code> subdirectory
of your Python directory. On Windows it is called pythonXY.lib where X.Y is
your major Python version number.
</p>
<p>
Additionally, Python's <tt class="literal">/include</tt> subdirectory has to be added
Additionally, Python's <code class="literal">/include</code> subdirectory has to be added
to your include path.
</p>
<p>
@@ -81,72 +81,65 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
&lt;library-path&gt;$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH)
&lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
</pre>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h2>
<a name="id471435"></a>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h3>
<a name="id773391"></a>
Getting started
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding the
Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4 steps:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
#include <tt class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</tt>
</li>
<li>
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module.
</li>
<li>
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
</li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
#include <code class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
<span class="bold"><b>Note that at this time you must not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</b></span>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Note that at this time you must not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</strong></span>
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</b></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</strong></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.using_the_interpreter"></a>Using the interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted. Naturally,
the <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
the <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully automatic
in Python, the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API requires you to do it [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html
by hand]. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html" target="_top">by
hand</a>. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
of C++ exceptions. Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html" target="_top">handle</a>
and <a href="../../../../v2/object.html" target="_top">object</a> class templates to
automate the process.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h2>
<a name="id471598"></a>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h3>
<a name="id773549"></a>
Running Python code
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">code</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">filename</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
@@ -156,28 +149,26 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
and exec_file executes the code contained in the given file.
</p>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">globals</tt> and <tt class="literal">locals</tt> parameters are
The <code class="literal">globals</code> and <code class="literal">locals</code> parameters are
Python dictionaries containing the globals and locals of the context in which
to run the code. For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace
dictionary of the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
dictionary of the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module for both parameters.
</p>
<p>
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
first), and returns it.
</p>
<p>
Let's import the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
Let's import the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module and run some Python code in its namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
@@ -189,43 +180,40 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
This should create a file called 'hello.txt' in the current directory containing
a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id472186"></a>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h3>
<a name="id774064"></a>
Manipulating Python objects
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects. But we have
already seen such a class above, and in the <a href="object.html" target="_top">previous
section</a>: the aptly named <tt class="literal">object</tt> class and its
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>.
section</a>: the aptly named <code class="literal">object</code> class and its
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <code class="literal">handle</code>.
The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"result"</span><span class="special">]);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here we create a dictionary object for the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
Here we create a dictionary object for the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module's namespace. Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read
this variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result
is to use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h2>
<a name="id472558"></a>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h3>
<a name="id774390"></a>
Exception handling
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression, <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>
is thrown:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5/0"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:
@@ -237,17 +225,16 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
</span><span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">error_already_set</tt> exception class doesn't carry any
The <code class="literal">error_already_set</code> exception class doesn't carry any
information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred,
you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">exception
handling functions</a> of the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API in your catch-statement.
This can be as simple as calling [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70
PyErr_Print()] to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing
the type of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
handling functions</a> of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This
can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70" target="_top">PyErr_Print()</a>
to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type
of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
exceptions</a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -268,7 +255,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
@@ -278,7 +265,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Exception Translation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Exception Translation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="iterators.html" title="Iterators">
<link rel="next" href="techniques.html" title=" General Techniques">
<link rel="next" href="techniques.html" title="General Techniques">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="techniques.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="techniques.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.exception"></a> Exception Translation</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -30,14 +30,12 @@
is the point where C++ meets Python. Boost.Python provides a default exception
handler that translates selected standard exceptions, then gives up:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
</pre>
<p>
Users may provide custom translation. Here's an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">void</span> <span class="identifier">translator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span> <span class="identifier">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PyErr_SetString</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_UserWarning</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"I'm sorry Dave..."</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -49,7 +47,7 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
@@ -59,7 +57,7 @@
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="techniques.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="techniques.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Exposing Classes</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="hello.html" title=" Building Hello World">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Exposing Classes</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="hello.html" title="Building Hello World">
<link rel="next" href="functions.html" title="Functions">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="functions.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="functions.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.exposing"></a> Exposing Classes</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@
<p>
Consider a C++ class/struct that we want to expose to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -51,8 +50,7 @@
<p>
We can expose this to Python by writing a corresponding Boost.Python C++ Wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -64,31 +62,29 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here, we wrote a C++ class wrapper that exposes the member functions <tt class="literal">greet</tt>
and <tt class="literal">set</tt>. Now, after building our module as a shared library,
we may use our class <tt class="literal">World</tt> in Python. Here's a sample Python
Here, we wrote a C++ class wrapper that exposes the member functions <code class="literal">greet</code>
and <code class="literal">set</code>. Now, after building our module as a shared library,
we may use our class <code class="literal">World</code> in Python. Here's a sample Python
session:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'howdy'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="string">'howdy'</span>
</pre>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.constructors"></a>Constructors</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Our previous example didn't have any explicit constructors. Since <tt class="literal">World</tt>
Our previous example didn't have any explicit constructors. Since <code class="literal">World</code>
is declared as a plain struct, it has an implicit default constructor. Boost.Python
exposes the default constructor by default, which is why we were able to
write
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
We may wish to wrap a class with a non-default constructor. Let us build
@@ -96,8 +92,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="comment">// added constructor
</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -106,13 +101,12 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
This time <tt class="literal">World</tt> has no default constructor; our previous
This time <code class="literal">World</code> has no default constructor; our previous
wrapping code would fail to compile when the library tried to expose it.
We have to tell <tt class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</tt> about the constructor
We have to tell <code class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</code> about the constructor
we want to expose instead.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -124,17 +118,16 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="literal">init&lt;std::string&gt;()</tt> exposes the constructor taking
in a <tt class="literal">std::string</tt> (in Python, constructors are spelled
"<tt class="literal">"<span class="underline">_init</span>_"</tt>").
<code class="literal">init&lt;std::string&gt;()</code> exposes the constructor taking
in a <code class="literal">std::string</code> (in Python, constructors are spelled
"<code class="literal">"<span class="underline">_init</span>_"</code>").
</p>
<p>
We can expose additional constructors by passing more <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt>s
to the <tt class="literal">def()</tt> member function. Say for example we have
We can expose additional constructors by passing more <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>s
to the <code class="literal">def()</code> member function. Say for example we have
another World constructor taking in two doubles:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"set"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -142,27 +135,25 @@
</pre>
<p>
On the other hand, if we do not wish to expose any constructors at all, we
may use <tt class="literal">no_init</tt> instead:
may use <code class="literal">no_init</code> instead:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
This actually adds an <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</tt>
This actually adds an <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</code>
method which always raises a Python RuntimeError exception.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_data_members"></a>Class Data Members</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Data members may also be exposed to Python so that they can be accessed as
attributes of the corresponding Python class. Each data member that we wish
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
or <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>. Consider this class <tt class="literal">Var</tt>:
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
or <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>. Consider this class <code class="literal">Var</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -170,11 +161,10 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Our C++ <tt class="literal">Var</tt> class and its data members can be exposed
Our C++ <code class="literal">Var</code> class and its data members can be exposed
to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"name"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -184,24 +174,22 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'is around'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="identifier">pi</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="identifier">around</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
<p>
Note that <tt class="literal">name</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span>
while <tt class="literal">value</tt> is exposed as <span class="bold"><b>read-write</b></span>.
Note that <code class="literal">name</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
while <code class="literal">value</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
</span><span class="identifier">Traceback</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">recent</span> <span class="identifier">call</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> #
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span>#<span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="error">?</span>
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span><span class="error">'</span><span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_properties"></a>Class Properties</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -212,8 +200,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -224,11 +211,10 @@
<p>
However, in Python attribute access is fine; it doesn't neccessarily break
encapsulation to let users handle attributes directly, because the attributes
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <tt class="literal">Num</tt>
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <code class="literal">Num</code>
class using Boost.Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -237,25 +223,23 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2.17</span> <span class="comment"># error!
</span></pre>
<p>
Take note that the class property <tt class="literal">rovalue</tt> is exposed as
<span class="bold"><b>read-only</b></span> since the <tt class="literal">rovalue</tt>
Take note that the class property <code class="literal">rovalue</code> is exposed as
<span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span> since the <code class="literal">rovalue</code>
setter member function is not passed in:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.inheritance"></a>Inheritance</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -268,85 +252,78 @@
<p>
Consider this trivial inheritance structure:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
</pre>
<p>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <code class="literal">Base</code> and <code class="literal">Derived</code>
object instances:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>:
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <code class="literal">Base</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
and its base class <tt class="literal">Base</tt>. Thus:
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <code class="literal">Derived</code>
and its base class <code class="literal">Base</code>. Thus:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Doing so, we get some things for free:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped C++
member functions)
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>If</b></span> Base is polymorphic, <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<tt class="literal">Base</tt> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<tt class="literal">Derived</tt> is expected.
</li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped
C++ member functions)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>If</strong></span> Base is polymorphic, <code class="literal">Derived</code>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Base</code> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Derived</code> is expected.
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <tt class="literal">b</tt> and <tt class="literal">d</tt>
and <tt class="literal">factory</tt>:
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <code class="literal">b</code> and <code class="literal">d</code>
and <code class="literal">factory</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"d"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Note that free function <tt class="literal">factory</tt> is being used to generate
new instances of class <tt class="literal">Derived</tt>. In such cases, we use
<tt class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</tt> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and hold the instance
in a new Python <tt class="literal">Base</tt> object until the the Python object
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
Note that free function <code class="literal">factory</code> is being used to generate
new instances of class <code class="literal">Derived</code>. In such cases, we use
<code class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</code> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <code class="literal">Base</code> and hold the instance
in a new Python <code class="literal">Base</code> object until the the Python object
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
policies</a> later.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_value_policy</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">manage_new_object</span><span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_virtual_functions"></a>Class Virtual Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In this section, we will learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our <tt class="literal">Base</tt> class:
to our <code class="literal">Base</code> class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -356,16 +333,15 @@
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing
C++ design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for
a 3rd party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything
to our class <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>. Yet, when
to our class <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>. Yet, when
you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in Python and called
polymorphically <span class="bold"><b>from C++</b></span>, we'll need to
polymorphically <span class="bold"><strong>from C++</strong></span>, we'll need to
add some scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write
a class wrapper that derives from <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>
a class wrapper that derives from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>
that will unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
override may be called:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -374,81 +350,79 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice too that in addition to inheriting from <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>,
we also multiply- inherited <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></tt> (See <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">Wrapper</a>).
The <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span></tt> template makes
Notice too that in addition to inheriting from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>,
we also multiply- inherited <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span></code> (See <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">Wrapper</a>).
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span></code> template makes
the job of wrapping classes that are meant to overridden in Python, easier.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> as:
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> as:
</p>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>
in effect calls the corresponding method of the Python object through <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_override</span></tt>.
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>
in effect calls the corresponding method of the Python object through <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_override</span></code>.
</p>
<p>
Finally, exposing <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></tt>:
Finally, exposing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span></tt> signals Boost.Python
that the function <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> is a
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span></code> signals Boost.Python
that the function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> is a
pure virtual function.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>member function and methods</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>member function and methods</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><b>methods</b></span>.
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><b>member functions</b></span>
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><strong>methods</strong></span>.
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><strong>member functions</strong></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.virtual_functions_with_default_implementations"></a>Virtual Functions with Default Implementations</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions
are wrapped using Boost.Python's <a href="../../../../v2/wrapper.html" target="_top">class
wrapper</a> facilities. If we wish to wrap <span class="bold"><b>non</b></span>-pure-virtual
wrapper</a> facilities. If we wish to wrap <span class="bold"><strong>non</strong></span>-pure-virtual
functions instead, the mechanism is a bit different.
</p>
<p>
Recall that in the <a href="exposing.html#python.class_virtual_functions" title="Class Virtual Functions">previous
Recall that in the <a class="link" href="exposing.html#python.class_virtual_functions" title="Class Virtual Functions">previous
section</a>, we wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then
implemented in C++, or Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
had a pure virtual function <tt class="literal">f</tt>. If, however, its member
function <tt class="literal">f</tt> was not declared as pure virtual:
had a pure virtual function <code class="literal">f</code>. If, however, its member
function <code class="literal">f</code> was not declared as pure virtual:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -457,8 +431,7 @@
<p>
We wrap it this way:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -471,43 +444,42 @@
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice how we implemented <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>. Now,
we have to check if there is an override for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>.
If none, then we call <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></tt>.
Notice how we implemented <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></code>. Now,
we have to check if there is an override for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>.
If none, then we call <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite the line
with the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></tt> as:
with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></code> as:
</p>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Finally, exposing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Take note that we expose both <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> and <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span></tt>. Boost.Python needs to keep track
of 1) the dispatch function <tt class="literal">f</tt> and 2) the forwarding function
to its default implementation <tt class="literal">default_f</tt>. There's a special
<tt class="literal">def</tt> function for this purpose.
Take note that we expose both <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span></code> and <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span></code>. Boost.Python needs to keep track
of 1) the dispatch function <code class="literal">f</code> and 2) the forwarding function
to its default implementation <code class="literal">default_f</code>. There's a special
<code class="literal">def</code> function for this purpose.
</p>
<p>
In Python, the results would be as expected:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">42</span>
@@ -515,40 +487,37 @@
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">base.f()</tt>:
Calling <code class="literal">base.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">0</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <tt class="literal">derived.f()</tt>:
Calling <code class="literal">derived.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">42</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_operators_special_functions"></a>Class Operators/Special Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h2>
<a name="id461482"></a>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h3>
<a name="id764956"></a>
Python Operators
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
C is well known for the abundance of operators. C++ extends this to the extremes
by allowing operator overloading. Boost.Python takes advantage of this and
makes it easy to wrap C++ operator-powered classes.
</p>
<p>
Consider a file position class <tt class="literal">FilePos</tt> and a set of operators
Consider a file position class <code class="literal">FilePos</code> and a set of operators
that take on FilePos instances:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -562,8 +531,7 @@
The class and the various operators can be mapped to Python rather easily
and intuitively:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __add__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __radd__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__
@@ -575,16 +543,16 @@
<p>
The code snippet above is very clear and needs almost no explanation at all.
It is virtually the same as the operators' signatures. Just take note that
<tt class="literal">self</tt> refers to FilePos object. Also, not every class
<tt class="literal">T</tt> that you might need to interact with in an operator
expression is (cheaply) default-constructible. You can use <tt class="literal">other&lt;T&gt;()</tt>
in place of an actual <tt class="literal">T</tt> instance when writing "self
<code class="literal">self</code> refers to FilePos object. Also, not every class
<code class="literal">T</code> that you might need to interact with in an operator
expression is (cheaply) default-constructible. You can use <code class="literal">other&lt;T&gt;()</code>
in place of an actual <code class="literal">T</code> instance when writing "self
expressions".
</p>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h2>
<a name="id462239"></a>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h3>
<a name="id765570"></a>
Special Methods
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Python has a few more <span class="emphasis"><em>Special Methods</em></span>. Boost.Python
supports all of the standard special method names supported by real Python
@@ -592,8 +560,7 @@
wrap C++ functions that correspond to these Python <span class="emphasis"><em>special functions</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">Rational</span> <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -612,19 +579,19 @@
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
What is the business of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>? Well, the method <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></tt> requires the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt> to do its work (i.e. <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>
is used by the method defined by <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></tt>.
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
What is the business of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>? Well, the method <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></code> requires the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code> to do its work (i.e. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>
is used by the method defined by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
@@ -634,7 +601,7 @@
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="functions.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="functions.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Functions</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="exposing.html" title=" Exposing Classes">
<link rel="next" href="object.html" title=" Object Interface">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="exposing.html" title="Exposing Classes">
<link rel="next" href="object.html" title="Object Interface">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="exposing.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="exposing.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.functions"></a>Functions</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -38,18 +38,12 @@
facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions that
take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
But before you do, you might want to fire up Python 2.2 or later and type
<tt class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</tt>.
<code class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</code>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
@@ -68,12 +62,12 @@ In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than <span class="bold"><b>right</b></span> now.
Although never is often better than <span class="bold"><strong>right</strong></span> now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</pre>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.call_policies"></a>Call Policies</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -87,16 +81,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
so Boost.Python must deal with them. To do this, it may need your help. Consider
the following C++ function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
How should the library wrap this function? A naive approach builds a Python
X object around result reference. This strategy might or might not work out.
Here's an example where it didn't
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">y</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
@@ -106,8 +98,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Well, what if f() was implemented as shown below:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -124,29 +115,30 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Here's what's happening:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<tt class="literal">f</tt> is called passing in a reference to <tt class="literal">y</tt>
and a pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <tt class="literal">y.x</tt> is returned
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">y</tt> is deleted. <tt class="literal">x</tt> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">x.some_method()</tt> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">y</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">x</code> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">x.some_method()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
We could copy result into a new object:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># No crash, but still bad
</span><span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
@@ -160,27 +152,24 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice that the data member <tt class="literal">z</tt> is held by class Y using
Notice that the data member <code class="literal">z</code> is held by class Y using
a raw pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="preprocessor"># Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
For reference, here's the implementation of <tt class="literal">f</tt> again:
For reference, here's the implementation of <code class="literal">f</code> again:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -189,71 +178,70 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Here's what's happening:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<tt class="literal">f</tt> is called passing in a reference to <tt class="literal">y</tt>
and a pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt>
</li>
<li>
A pointer to <tt class="literal">z</tt> is held by <tt class="literal">y</tt>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <tt class="literal">y.x</tt> is returned
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">z</tt> is deleted. <tt class="literal">y.z</tt> is a dangling pointer
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">y.z_value()</tt> is called
</li>
<li>
<tt class="literal">z-&gt;value()</tt> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A pointer to <code class="literal">z</code> is held by <code class="literal">y</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">z</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">y.z</code> is a dangling
pointer
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">y.z_value()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">z-&gt;value()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h2>
<a name="id464236"></a>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h3>
<a name="id767074"></a>
Call Policies
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Call Policies may be used in situations such as the example detailed above.
In our example, <tt class="literal">return_internal_reference</tt> and <tt class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</tt>
In our example, <code class="literal">return_internal_reference</code> and <code class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</code>
are our friends:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
<p>
What are the <tt class="literal">1</tt> and <tt class="literal">2</tt> parameters, you
What are the <code class="literal">1</code> and <code class="literal">2</code> parameters, you
ask?
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <tt class="literal">Y&amp;
y</tt>, is the owner of the returned reference: <tt class="literal">X&amp;</tt>.
The "<tt class="literal">1</tt>" simply specifies the first argument.
In short: "return an internal reference <tt class="literal">X&amp;</tt> owned
by the 1st argument <tt class="literal">Y&amp; y</tt>".
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <code class="literal">Y&amp;
y</code>, is the owner of the returned reference: <code class="literal">X&amp;</code>.
The "<code class="literal">1</code>" simply specifies the first argument.
In short: "return an internal reference <code class="literal">X&amp;</code> owned
by the 1st argument <code class="literal">Y&amp; y</code>".
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the lifetime of the argument indicated by ward
(i.e. the 2nd argument: <tt class="literal">Z* z</tt>) is dependent on the lifetime
of the argument indicated by custodian (i.e. the 1st argument: <tt class="literal">Y&amp;
y</tt>).
(i.e. the 2nd argument: <code class="literal">Z* z</code>) is dependent on the lifetime
of the argument indicated by custodian (i.e. the 1st argument: <code class="literal">Y&amp;
y</code>).
</p>
<p>
It is also important to note that we have defined two policies above. Two
or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy2</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy3</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
@@ -261,42 +249,44 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Here is the list of predefined call policies. A complete reference detailing
these can be found <a href="../../../../v2/reference.html#models_of_call_policies" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward</b></span>: Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</b></span>: Ties
lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_internal_reference</b></span>: Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</b></span><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle">
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>reference_existing_object</b></span>: naive (dangerous)
approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_const_reference</b></span>: Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_non_const_reference</b></span>:
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>manage_new_object</b></span>: Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward</strong></span>: Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</strong></span>: Ties
lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>return_internal_reference</strong></span>: Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</strong></span>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>reference_existing_object</strong></span>: naive
(dangerous) approach
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_const_reference</strong></span>: Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_non_const_reference</strong></span>:
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>manage_new_object</strong></span>: Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
</ul></div>
</li>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Remember the Zen, Luke:</b></span>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Remember the Zen, Luke:</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
"Explicit is better than implicit"
@@ -306,7 +296,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.overloading"></a>Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -317,8 +307,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
We have here our C++ class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -345,8 +334,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some member
function pointer variables:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -354,45 +342,40 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
With these in hand, we can proceed to define and wrap this for Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.default_arguments"></a>Default Arguments</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python wraps (member) function pointers. Unfortunately, C++ function
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <tt class="literal">f</tt>
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <code class="literal">f</code>
with default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
But the type of a pointer to the function <tt class="literal">f</tt> has no information
But the type of a pointer to the function <code class="literal">f</code> has no information
about its default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
When we pass this function pointer to the <tt class="literal">def</tt> function,
When we pass this function pointer to the <code class="literal">def</code> function,
there is no way to retrieve the default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<p>
Because of this, when wrapping C++ code, we had to resort to manual wrapping
as outlined in the <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
as outlined in the <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
or writing thin wrappers:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -406,23 +389,22 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
When you want to wrap functions (or member functions) that either:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
have default arguments, or
</li>
<li>
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
have default arguments, or
</li>
<li class="listitem">
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id466276"></a>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h3>
<a name="id769042"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Boost.Python now has a way to make it easier. For instance, given a function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -430,24 +412,22 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will automatically create the thin wrappers for us. This macro will create
a class <tt class="literal">foo_overloads</tt> that can be passed on to <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>.
a class <code class="literal">foo_overloads</code> that can be passed on to <code class="literal">def(...)</code>.
The third and fourth macro argument are the minimum arguments and maximum
arguments, respectively. In our <tt class="literal">foo</tt> function the minimum
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>
arguments, respectively. In our <code class="literal">foo</code> function the minimum
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <code class="literal">def(...)</code>
function will automatically add all the foo variants for us:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id466595"></a>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h3>
<a name="id769301"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Objects here, objects there, objects here there everywhere. More frequently
than anything else, we need to expose member functions of our classes to
@@ -456,12 +436,11 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
play. Another macro is provided to make this a breeze.
</p>
<p>
Like <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>, <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
Like <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>, <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
may be used to automatically create the thin wrappers for wrapping member
functions. Let's have an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span>
<span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'x'</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -473,34 +452,31 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <tt class="literal">wack_em</tt>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <code class="literal">wack_em</code>
member function accepting a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 3 arguments (i.e.
the third and fourth macro argument). The thin wrappers are all enclosed
in a class named <tt class="literal">george_overloads</tt> that can then be used
as an argument to <tt class="literal">def(...)</tt>:
in a class named <code class="literal">george_overloads</code> that can then be used
as an argument to <code class="literal">def(...)</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
See the <a href="../../../../v2/overloads.html#BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS-spec" target="_top">overloads
reference</a> for details.
</p>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h2>
<a name="id466958"></a>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h3>
<a name="id769596"></a>
init and optional
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
A similar facility is provided for class constructors, again, with default
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt>?
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>?
For example, given a class X with a constructor:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"constructor"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
@@ -509,25 +485,23 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
You can easily add this constructor to Boost.Python in one shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice the use of <tt class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</tt> and <tt class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</tt>
Notice the use of <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code> and <code class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</code>
to signify the default (optional arguments).
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.auto_overloading"></a>Auto-Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
It was mentioned in passing in the previous section that <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
and <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt> can also be
It was mentioned in passing in the previous section that <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
and <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code> can also be
used for overloaded functions and member functions with a common sequence
of initial arguments. Here is an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -551,61 +525,56 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Like in the previous section, we can generate thin wrappers for these overloaded
functions in one-shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
</p>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h2>
<a name="id467740"></a>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h3>
<a name="id770226"></a>
Manual Wrapping
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
It is important to emphasize however that <span class="bold"><b>the overloaded
functions must have a common sequence of initial arguments</b></span>. Otherwise,
It is important to emphasize however that <span class="bold"><strong>the overloaded
functions must have a common sequence of initial arguments</strong></span>. Otherwise,
our scheme above will not work. If this is not the case, we have to wrap
our functions <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
our functions <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
</p>
<p>
Actually, we can mix and match manual wrapping of overloaded functions and
automatic wrapping through <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
and its sister, <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>. Following
up on our example presented in the section <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
automatic wrapping through <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
and its sister, <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>. Following
up on our example presented in the section <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
overloading</a>, since the first 4 overload functins have a common sequence
of initial arguments, we can use <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</tt>
to automatically wrap the first three of the <tt class="literal">def</tt>s and
of initial arguments, we can use <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
to automatically wrap the first three of the <code class="literal">def</code>s and
manually wrap just the last. Here's how we'll do this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Create a member function pointers as above for both X::f overloads:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
@@ -615,7 +584,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="exposing.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="exposing.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,53 +1,53 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Building Hello World</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="next" href="exposing.html" title=" Exposing Classes">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Building Hello World</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="next" href="exposing.html" title="Exposing Classes">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="exposing.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="exposing.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.hello"></a> Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h2>
<a name="id386189"></a>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h3>
<a name="id760024"></a>
From Start To Finish
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we will outline the steps necessary
to achieve that. We will use the build tool that comes bundled with every boost
distribution: <span class="bold"><b>bjam</b></span>.
distribution: <span class="bold"><strong>bjam</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>Building without bjam</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>Building without bjam</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built. What's
written here should not be taken as "the one and only way". There
are of course other build tools apart from <tt class="literal">bjam</tt>.
are of course other build tools apart from <code class="literal">bjam</code>.
</p>
<p>
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
@@ -65,65 +65,59 @@
and run a python program using the extension.
</p>
<p>
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <tt class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>.
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>.
There, you can find:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
hello.cpp
</li>
<li>
hello.py
</li>
<li>
Jamroot
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
hello.cpp
</li>
<li class="listitem">
hello.py
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Jamroot
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">hello.cpp</tt> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<tt class="literal">Jamroot</tt> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us. Finally, <tt class="literal">hello.py</tt> is our Python
program that uses the extension in <tt class="literal">hello.cpp</tt>.
The <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<code class="literal">Jamroot</code> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us. Finally, <code class="literal">hello.py</code> is our Python
program that uses the extension in <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code>.
</p>
<p>
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost directory
or somewhere in your path such that <tt class="literal">bjam</tt> can be executed
or somewhere in your path such that <code class="literal">bjam</code> can be executed
in the command line. Pre-built Boost.Jam executables are available for most
platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found <a href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h2>
<a name="id386347"></a>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h3>
<a name="id760177"></a>
Let's Jam!
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/jam.png" alt="jam"></span>
</p>
<p>
<a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamroot" target="_top">Here</a> is our minimalist
Jamroot file. Simply copy the file and tweak <tt class="literal">use-project boost</tt>
Jamroot file. Simply copy the file and tweak <code class="literal">use-project boost</code>
to where your boost root directory is and your OK.
</p>
<p>
The comments contained in the Jamrules file above should be sufficient to get
you going.
</p>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h2>
<a name="id386404"></a>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h3>
<a name="id760225"></a>
Running bjam
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> is run using your operating system's command line
interpreter.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
Start it up.
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Start it up.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
A file called user-config.jam in your home directory is used to configure your
tools. In Windows, your home directory can be found by typing:
@@ -144,20 +138,19 @@ using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools<span class="emphasis"><em>Python</em></span> ;
<p>
The first rule tells Bjam to use the MSVC 8.0 compiler and associated tools.
The second rule provides information on Python, its version and where it is
located. The above assumes that the Python installation is in <tt class="literal">C:/dev/tools/Python/</tt>.
located. The above assumes that the Python installation is in <code class="literal">C:/dev/tools/Python/</code>.
If you have one fairly "standard" python installation for your platform,
you might not need to do this.
</p>
<p>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <tt class="literal">cd</tt> to <tt class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>
where the tutorial <tt class="literal">"hello.cpp"</tt> and the <tt class="literal">"Jamroot"</tt>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <code class="literal">cd</code> to <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>
where the tutorial <code class="literal">"hello.cpp"</code> and the <code class="literal">"Jamroot"</code>
is situated.
</p>
<p>
Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">bjam</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span>
</pre>
<p>
It should be building now:
@@ -180,30 +173,13 @@ bjam
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
Starting from Boost 1.35, bjam erases the generated executables (e.g. pyd
file) after the test has concluded to conserve disk space. To keep bjam from
doing that, pass --preserve-test-targets to bjam.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>There you go... Have fun!</b></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong>There you go... Have fun!</strong></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
@@ -213,7 +189,7 @@ bjam
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="exposing.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="exposing.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Iterators</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="embedding.html" title="Embedding">
<link rel="next" href="exception.html" title=" Exception Translation">
<link rel="next" href="exception.html" title="Exception Translation">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="embedding.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="embedding.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.iterators"></a>Iterators</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -30,42 +30,41 @@
iterators, but these are two very different beasts.
</p>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>C++ iterators:</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>C++ iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input,
output)
</li>
<li>
There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access
</li>
<li>
A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input,
output)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>Python Iterators:</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>Python Iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
1 category (forward)
</li>
<li>
1 operation category (next())
</li>
<li>
Raises StopIteration exception at end
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
1 category (forward)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
1 operation category (next())
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Raises StopIteration exception at end
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The typical Python iteration protocol: <tt class="literal"><span class="bold"><b>for y
in x...</b></span></tt> is as follows:
The typical Python iteration protocol: <code class="literal"><span class="bold"><strong>for y
in x...</strong></span></code> is as follows:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
</span><span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get each item
@@ -74,59 +73,57 @@
</span></pre>
<p>
Boost.Python provides some mechanisms to make C++ iterators play along nicely
as Python iterators. What we need to do is to produce appropriate <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__iter__</span></tt> function from C++ iterators that
as Python iterators. What we need to do is to produce appropriate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__iter__</span></code> function from C++ iterators that
is compatible with the Python iteration protocol. For example:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Or for use in class_&lt;&gt;:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>range</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>range</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
We can create a Python savvy iterator using the range function:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
range(start, finish)
</li>
<li>
range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
range(start, finish)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Here, start/finish may be one of:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
member data pointers
</li>
<li>
member function pointers
</li>
<li>
adaptable function object (use Target parameter)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
member data pointers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
member function pointers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
adaptable function object (use Target parameter)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>iterator</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>iterator</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Given a container <tt class="literal">T</tt>, iterator is a shortcut that simply
calls <tt class="literal">range</tt> with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.
Given a container <code class="literal">T</code>, iterator is a shortcut that simply
calls <code class="literal">range</code> with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.
</p>
<p>
Let's put this into action... Here's an example from some hypothetical bogon
@@ -134,8 +131,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pions</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">smash</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">bogons</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -146,25 +142,23 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"pions"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_end</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bogons"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_end</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>stl_input_iterator</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>stl_input_iterator</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
So far, we have seen how to expose C++ iterators and ranges to Python. Sometimes
we wish to go the other way, though: we'd like to pass a Python sequence to
an STL algorithm or use it to initialize an STL container. We need to make
a Python iterator look like an STL iterator. For that, we use <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></tt>.
Consider how we might implement a function that exposes <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">()</span></tt> to Python:
a Python iterator look like an STL iterator. For that, we use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>.
Consider how we might implement a function that exposes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">()</span></code> to Python:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">list_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Turn a Python sequence into an STL input range
</span> <span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -178,19 +172,18 @@
</span> <span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now in Python, we can assign any integer sequence to <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list_int</span></tt>
Now in Python, we can assign any integer sequence to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list_int</span></code>
objects:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">([</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">])</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
@@ -200,7 +193,7 @@
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="embedding.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="embedding.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Object Interface</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Object Interface</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="functions.html" title="Functions">
<link rel="next" href="embedding.html" title="Embedding">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="functions.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="embedding.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="functions.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="embedding.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.object"></a> Object Interface</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -35,26 +35,26 @@
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python variables
may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc., among other
things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these Pythonic variables
are just instances of class <tt class="literal">object</tt>. We will see in this
are just instances of class <code class="literal">object</code>. We will see in this
chapter how to deal with Python objects.
</p>
<p>
As mentioned, one of the goals of Boost.Python is to provide a bidirectional
mapping between C++ and Python while maintaining the Python feel. Boost.Python
C++ <tt class="literal">object</tt>s are as close as possible to Python. This should
C++ <code class="literal">object</code>s are as close as possible to Python. This should
minimize the learning curve significantly.
</p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/python.png" alt="python"></span>
</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.basic_interface"></a>Basic Interface</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Class <tt class="literal">object</tt> wraps <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>. All the
intricacies of dealing with <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s such as managing
reference counting are handled by the <tt class="literal">object</tt> class. C++
object interoperability is seamless. Boost.Python C++ <tt class="literal">object</tt>s
Class <code class="literal">object</code> wraps <code class="literal">PyObject*</code>. All the
intricacies of dealing with <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s such as managing
reference counting are handled by the <code class="literal">object</code> class. C++
object interoperability is seamless. Boost.Python C++ <code class="literal">object</code>s
can in fact be explicitly constructed from any C++ object.
</p>
<p>
@@ -62,8 +62,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">'foo'</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'bar'</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -78,8 +77,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">slice</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
@@ -95,63 +93,59 @@
in C++, the look and feel should be immediately apparent to the Python coder.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.derived_object_types"></a>Derived Object types</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> types
Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <code class="literal">object</code> types
corresponding to that of Python's:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
list
</li>
<li>
dict
</li>
<li>
tuple
</li>
<li>
str
</li>
<li>
long_
</li>
<li>
enum
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
list
</li>
<li class="listitem">
dict
</li>
<li class="listitem">
tuple
</li>
<li class="listitem">
str
</li>
<li class="listitem">
long_
</li>
<li class="listitem">
enum
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
These derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> types act like real Python types.
These derived <code class="literal">object</code> types act like real Python types.
For instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
</pre>
<p>
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <tt class="literal">object</tt> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <tt class="literal">dict</tt>
has a <tt class="literal">keys()</tt> method:
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <code class="literal">object</code> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <code class="literal">dict</code>
has a <code class="literal">keys()</code> method:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
<tt class="literal">make_tuple</tt> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
<code class="literal">make_tuple</code> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
In C++, when Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>s are used as arguments
In C++, when Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>s are used as arguments
to functions, subtype matching is required. For example, when a function
<tt class="literal">f</tt>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <tt class="literal">str</tt> type and subtypes.
<code class="literal">f</code>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <code class="literal">str</code> type and subtypes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">n2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"upper"</span><span class="special">)();</span> <span class="comment">// NAME = name.upper()
</span> <span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// better
@@ -161,54 +155,52 @@
<p>
In finer detail:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Illustrates that we provide versions of the str type's methods as C++ member
functions.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <tt class="literal">"format"
% x,y,z</tt> in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <code class="literal">"format"
% x,y,z</code> in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to
do that in std C++.
</p>
<div class="sidebar"><p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Beware</b></span> the common pitfall
<div class="sidebar">
<p class="title"><b></b></p>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Beware</strong></span> the common pitfall
of forgetting that the constructors of most of Python's mutable types make
copies, just as in Python.
</p></div>
</p>
</div>
<p>
Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="comment"># modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<p>
C++:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id469745"></a>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h3>
<a name="id771905"></a>
class_&lt;T&gt; as objects
</h2>
</h3>
<p>
Due to the dynamic nature of Boost.Python objects, any <tt class="literal">class_&lt;T&gt;</tt>
Due to the dynamic nature of Boost.Python objects, any <code class="literal">class_&lt;T&gt;</code>
may also be one of these types! The following code snippet wraps the class
(type) object.
</p>
<p>
We can use this to create wrapped instances. Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Vec2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"angle"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">angle</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -217,91 +209,85 @@
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vec345</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">5.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.extracting_c___objects"></a>Extracting C++ objects</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
At some point, we will need to get C++ values out of object instances. This
can be achieved with the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt> function. Consider
can be achieved with the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code> function. Consider
the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
</span></pre>
<p>
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>
can't be implicitly converted to <tt class="literal">double</tt>s. Instead, what
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>
can't be implicitly converted to <code class="literal">double</code>s. Instead, what
we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the
Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>. The second line attempts to <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span>
the <tt class="literal">Vec2</tt> object from held by the Boost.Python <tt class="literal">object</tt>.
Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>. The second line attempts to <span class="emphasis"><em>extract</em></span>
the <code class="literal">Vec2</code> object from held by the Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>.
</p>
<p>
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python
<tt class="literal">object</tt> does not really hold a <tt class="literal">Vec2</tt>
<code class="literal">object</code> does not really hold a <code class="literal">Vec2</code>
type? This is certainly a possibility considering the dynamic nature of Python
<tt class="literal">object</tt>s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type can't
<code class="literal">object</code>s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type can't
be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <tt class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</tt>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code>
facility in fact solves the mutable copying problem:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"whatever"</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies x.__dict__ !
</span></pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.enums"></a>Enums</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python has a nifty facility to capture and wrap C++ enums. While Python
has no <tt class="literal">enum</tt> type, we'll often want to expose our C++ enums
to Python as an <tt class="literal">int</tt>. Boost.Python's enum facility makes
has no <code class="literal">enum</code> type, we'll often want to expose our C++ enums
to Python as an <code class="literal">int</code>. Boost.Python's enum facility makes
this easy while taking care of the proper conversions from Python's dynamic
typing to C++'s strong static typing (in C++, ints cannot be implicitly converted
to enums). To illustrate, given a C++ enum:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
the construct:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"red"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"blue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
can be used to expose to Python. The new enum type is created in the current
<tt class="literal">scope()</tt>, which is usually the current module. The snippet
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <tt class="literal">int</tt>
<code class="literal">scope()</code>, which is usually the current module. The snippet
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <code class="literal">int</code>
type which is associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>what is a scope?</b></span>
<span class="bold"><strong>what is a scope?</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
@@ -315,8 +301,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -325,8 +310,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
@@ -341,7 +325,7 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
@@ -351,7 +335,7 @@
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="functions.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="embedding.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="functions.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="embedding.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> General Techniques</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="prev" href="exception.html" title=" Exception Translation">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>General Techniques</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="exception.html" title="Exception Translation">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.techniques"></a> General Techniques</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
Here are presented some useful techniques that you can use while wrapping code
with Boost.Python.
</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.creating_packages"></a>Creating Packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -50,11 +50,10 @@
<p>
We have a C++ library that works with sounds: reading and writing various
formats, applying filters to the sound data, etc. It is named (conveniently)
<tt class="literal">sounds</tt>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
<code class="literal">sounds</code>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
like so:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
</pre>
@@ -62,16 +61,14 @@
We would like to present this same hierarchy to the Python user, allowing
him to write code like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span> <span class="comment"># echo is a C++ function
</span></pre>
<p>
The first step is to write the wrapping code. We have to export each module
separately with Boost.Python, like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">export</span> <span class="identifier">everything</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span> <span class="identifier">namespace</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
@@ -93,18 +90,18 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <tt class="literal">core.pyd</tt>,
<tt class="literal">io.pyd</tt> and <tt class="literal">filters.pyd</tt>.
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <code class="literal">core.pyd</code>,
<code class="literal">io.pyd</code> and <code class="literal">filters.pyd</code>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
The extension <tt class="literal">.pyd</tt> is used for python extension modules,
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
The extension <code class="literal">.pyd</code> is used for python extension modules,
which are just shared libraries. Using the default for your system, like
<tt class="literal">.so</tt> for Unix and <tt class="literal">.dll</tt> for Windows,
<code class="literal">.so</code> for Unix and <code class="literal">.dll</code> for Windows,
works just as well.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
@@ -118,19 +115,18 @@
io.pyd
</pre>
<p>
The file <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt> is what tells Python that the directory
<tt class="literal">sounds/</tt> is actually a Python package. It can be a empty
The file <code class="literal">__init__.py</code> is what tells Python that the directory
<code class="literal">sounds/</code> is actually a Python package. It can be a empty
file, but can also perform some magic, that will be shown later.
</p>
<p>
Now our package is ready. All the user has to do is put <tt class="literal">sounds</tt>
Now our package is ready. All the user has to do is put <code class="literal">sounds</code>
into his <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/node8.html#SECTION008110000000000000000" target="_top">PYTHONPATH</a>
and fire up the interpreter:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'file.mp3'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">new_sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1.0</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -152,8 +148,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
@@ -162,7 +157,7 @@
</pre>
<p>
Note that we added an underscore to the module name. The filename will have
to be changed to <tt class="literal">_core.pyd</tt> as well, and we do the same
to be changed to <code class="literal">_core.pyd</code> as well, and we do the same
to the other extension modules. Now, we change our package hierarchy like
so:
</p>
@@ -185,69 +180,62 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
which is not what we want. But here enters the <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt>
magic: everything that is brought to the <tt class="literal">__init__.py</tt> namespace
which is not what we want. But here enters the <code class="literal">__init__.py</code>
magic: everything that is brought to the <code class="literal">__init__.py</code> namespace
can be accessed directly by the user. So, all we have to do is bring the
entire namespace from <tt class="literal">_core.pyd</tt> to <tt class="literal">core/__init__.py</tt>.
So add this line of code to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
entire namespace from <code class="literal">_core.pyd</code> to <code class="literal">core/__init__.py</code>.
So add this line of code to <code class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
</pre>
<p>
We do the same for the other packages. Now the user accesses the functions
and classes in the extension modules like before:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
with the additional benefit that we can easily add pure Python functions
to any module, in a way that the user can't tell the difference between a
C++ function and a Python function. Let's add a <span class="emphasis"><em>pure</em></span>
Python function, <tt class="literal">echo_noise</tt>, to the <tt class="literal">filters</tt>
package. This function applies both the <tt class="literal">echo</tt> and <tt class="literal">noise</tt>
filters in sequence in the given <tt class="literal">sound</tt> object. We create
a file named <tt class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</tt> and code our
Python function, <code class="literal">echo_noise</code>, to the <code class="literal">filters</code>
package. This function applies both the <code class="literal">echo</code> and <code class="literal">noise</code>
filters in sequence in the given <code class="literal">sound</code> object. We create
a file named <code class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</code> and code our
function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
</pre>
<p>
Next, we add this line to <tt class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</tt>:
Next, we add this line to <code class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
</pre>
<p>
And that's it. The user now accesses this function like any other function
from the <tt class="literal">filters</tt> package:
from the <code class="literal">filters</code> package:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"></a>Extending Wrapped Objects in Python</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Thanks to Python's flexibility, you can easily add new methods to a class,
even after it was already created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'A C instance!'</span>
@@ -266,12 +254,11 @@
</p>
<p>
We can do the same with classes that were wrapped with Boost.Python. Suppose
we have a class <tt class="literal">point</tt> in C++:
we have a class <code class="literal">point</code> in C++:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -279,13 +266,12 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
Packages</a>, we can code directly into <tt class="literal">geom/__init__.py</tt>:
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a class="link" href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
Packages</a>, we can code directly into <code class="literal">geom/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
@@ -295,30 +281,29 @@
</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>All</b></span> point instances created from C++ will
<span class="bold"><strong>All</strong></span> point instances created from C++ will
also have this member function! This technique has several advantages:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
Cut down compile times to zero for these additional functions
</li>
<li>
Reduce the memory footprint to virtually zero
</li>
<li>
Minimize the need to recompile
</li>
<li>
Rapid prototyping (you can move the code to C++ if required without changing
the interface)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Cut down compile times to zero for these additional functions
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Reduce the memory footprint to virtually zero
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Minimize the need to recompile
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Rapid prototyping (you can move the code to C++ if required without changing
the interface)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
You can even add a little syntactic sugar with the use of metaclasses. Let's
create a special metaclass that "injects" methods in other classes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
</span><span class="comment"># You can use here any class exported by Boost instead of "point"
</span><span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__class__</span>
@@ -341,8 +326,7 @@
<p>
Now let's see how it got:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">!</span>
@@ -350,8 +334,7 @@
<p>
Another useful idea is to replace constructors with factory functions:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -363,7 +346,7 @@
support.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.reducing_compiling_time"></a>Reducing Compiling Time</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -374,8 +357,7 @@
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -394,11 +376,10 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now you create a file <tt class="literal">main.cpp</tt>, which contains the <tt class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</tt>
Now you create a file <code class="literal">main.cpp</code>, which contains the <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</code>
macro, and call the various export functions inside it.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_triangle</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -411,8 +392,7 @@
Compiling and linking together all this files produces the same result as
the usual approach:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">triangle</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -432,21 +412,21 @@
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <tt class="literal">--multiple</tt> option, that generates
take a look at the <code class="literal">--multiple</code> option, that generates
the wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
This method is useful too if you are getting the error message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal
error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow"</em></span>
when compiling a large source file, as explained in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.
@@ -456,7 +436,7 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
@@ -466,7 +446,7 @@
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="exception.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a>
</div>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
[python]
>>> import hello_ext
>>> print hello.greet()
>>> print hello_ext.greet()
hello, world
[c++]
@@ -186,10 +186,6 @@ And so on... Finally:
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
[note Starting from Boost 1.35, bjam erases the generated executables
(e.g. pyd file) after the test has concluded to conserve disk space.
To keep bjam from doing that, pass --preserve-test-targets to bjam.]
[:[*There you go... Have fun!]]
[endsect]
@@ -1385,10 +1381,10 @@ interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
[section Using the interpreter]
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python\/C API are also reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully
automatic in Python, the Python\/C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html by hand]. This is
automatic in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html by hand]. This is
messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
Fortunately Boost.Python provides the [@../../../v2/handle.html handle] and
[@../../../v2/object.html object] class templates to automate the process.
@@ -1470,7 +1466,7 @@ If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression,
The [^error_already_set] exception class doesn't carry any information in itself.
To find out more about the Python exception that occurred, you need to use the
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html exception handling functions]
of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70 PyErr_Print()] to
print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the
exception with those of the [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html

View File

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
struct arg
{
template &lt;class T&gt;
arg &amp;perator = (T const &amp;value);
arg &amp;operator = (T const &amp;value);
explicit arg (char const *name){elements[0].name = name;}
};

View File

@@ -106,6 +106,33 @@
function from being treated as an exported symbol on platforms which
support that distinction in-code</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__cdecl
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__stdcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__fastcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="lib-defined-impl"></a>Library Defined Implementation

0
doc/v2/instance_holder.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
doc/v2/lvalue_from_pytype.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -655,6 +655,11 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
template &lt;class A0, class A1,...class An&gt;
object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;,...An const&amp;) const;
detail::args_proxy operator* () const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
// truth value testing
//
typedef unspecified bool_type;
@@ -704,6 +709,25 @@ object operator()(A0 const&amp; a1, A1 const&amp; a2,...An const&amp; aN) const;
call&lt;object&gt;(object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this)).ptr(), a1,
a2,...aN)</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname>, and named
arguments given by the dictionary <varname>kwds</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
operator bool_type() const;
</pre>
@@ -811,6 +835,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
object&amp; operator=(object const&amp;);
PyObject* ptr() const;
bool is_none() const;
};
}}}
</pre>
@@ -871,6 +897,14 @@ PyObject* ptr() const;
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a pointer to the internally-held Python
object.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
bool is_none() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> result of (ptr() == Py_None)</dt>
</dl>
<!-- -->
<h3><a name="proxy-spec"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code></h3>
@@ -1077,7 +1111,7 @@ object sum_items(object seq)
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
27 May, 2008
15 March, 2010
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>

0
doc/v2/operators.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
doc/v2/raw_function.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
doc/v2/return_arg.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -167,12 +167,13 @@ PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
class Bar
{
public:
Bar(int x) : x(x) {}
int get_x() const { return x; }
void set_x(int x) { this-&gt;x = x; }
private:
int x;
}
};
class Foo
{
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ class Foo
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
{
class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar")
class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar", init&lt;int&gt;())
.def("get_x", &amp;Bar::get_x)
.def("set_x", &amp;Bar::set_x)
;

0
doc/v2/stl_iterator.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
doc/v2/type_id.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
doc/v2/wrapper.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
example/Jamroot Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
example/boost-build.jam Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
example/quickstart/Jamroot Executable file → Normal file
View File

17
example/tutorial/Jamroot Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -2,6 +2,15 @@
# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
import python ;
if ! [ python.configured ]
{
ECHO "notice: no Python configured in user-config.jam" ;
ECHO "notice: will use default configuration" ;
using python ;
}
# Specify the path to the Boost project. If you move this project,
# adjust this path to refer to the Boost root directory.
use-project boost
@@ -17,6 +26,14 @@ project
# source files after the colon separated by spaces.
python-extension hello_ext : hello.cpp ;
# Put the extension and Boost.Python DLL in the current directory, so
# that running script by hand works.
install convenient_copy
: hello_ext
: <install-dependencies>on <install-type>SHARED_LIB <install-type>PYTHON_EXTENSION
<location>.
;
# A little "rule" (function) to clean up the syntax of declaring tests
# of these extension modules.
local rule run-test ( test-name : sources + )

0
include/boost/python/arg_from_python.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/base_type_traits.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/borrowed.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -38,7 +38,10 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
# endif // CALL_DWA2002411_HPP
#elif BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1
// For gcc 4.4 compatability, we must include the
// BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH test inside an #else clause.
#else // BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING
#if BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1
# if !(BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__, > 0x3100) \
&& BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__, BOOST_TESTED_AT(0x3201)))
# line BOOST_PP_LINE(__LINE__, call.hpp)
@@ -76,4 +79,5 @@ call(PyObject* callable
# undef N
#endif // BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH()
#endif

View File

@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
# endif // CALL_METHOD_DWA2002411_HPP
#elif BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1
// For gcc 4.4 compatability, we must include the
// BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH test inside an #else clause.
#else // BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING
#if BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1
# if !(BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__, > 0x3100) \
&& BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__, BOOST_TESTED_AT(0x3201)))
# line BOOST_PP_LINE(__LINE__, call_method.hpp)
@@ -76,4 +79,5 @@ call_method(PyObject* self, char const* name
# undef N
#endif // BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH()
#endif // BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING

0
include/boost/python/cast.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/converter/arg_from_python.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/converter/arg_to_python.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/converter/arg_to_python_base.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -90,6 +90,14 @@ namespace detail
BOOST_PYTHON_ARG_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(T,expr)
// Specialize converters for signed and unsigned T to Python Int
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
# define BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(T) \
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(signed T, ::PyLong_FromLong(x), &PyLong_Type) \
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(unsigned T, ::PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(x), &PyLong_Type)
#else
# define BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(T) \
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(signed T, ::PyInt_FromLong(x), &PyInt_Type) \
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE( \
@@ -98,6 +106,7 @@ namespace detail
(std::numeric_limits<long>::max)()) \
? ::PyLong_FromUnsignedLong(x) \
: ::PyInt_FromLong(x), &PyInt_Type)
#endif
// Bool is not signed.
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02030000
@@ -113,20 +122,48 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(short)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(int)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(long)
// using Python's macro instead of Boost's - we don't seem to get the
// config right all the time.
# ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(signed BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG, ::PyLong_FromLongLong(x), &PyInt_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(unsigned BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG, ::PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(x), &PyInt_Type)
# if defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_WIN64) && PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
/* Under 64-bit Windows std::size_t is "unsigned long long". To avoid
getting a Python long for each std::size_t the value is checked before
the conversion. A std::size_t is converted to a simple Python int
if possible; a Python long appears only if the value is too small or
too large to fit into a simple int. */
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(
signed BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG,
( x < static_cast<signed BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG>(
(std::numeric_limits<long>::min)())
|| x > static_cast<signed BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG>(
(std::numeric_limits<long>::max)()))
? ::PyLong_FromLongLong(x)
: ::PyInt_FromLong(static_cast<long>(x)), &PyInt_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(
unsigned BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG,
x > static_cast<unsigned BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG>(
(std::numeric_limits<long>::max)())
? ::PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(x)
: ::PyInt_FromLong(static_cast<long>(x)), &PyInt_Type)
//
# elif defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG) // using Python's macro instead of Boost's
// - we don't seem to get the config right
// all the time.
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(signed BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG, ::PyLong_FromLongLong(x), &PyLong_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(unsigned BOOST_PYTHON_LONG_LONG, ::PyLong_FromUnsignedLongLong(x), &PyLong_Type)
# endif
# undef BOOST_TO_PYTHON_INT
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(char, converter::do_return_to_python(x), &PyUnicode_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(char const*, converter::do_return_to_python(x), &PyUnicode_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::string, ::PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(x.data(),implicit_cast<ssize_t>(x.size())), &PyUnicode_Type)
#else
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(char, converter::do_return_to_python(x), &PyString_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(char const*, converter::do_return_to_python(x), &PyString_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::string, ::PyString_FromStringAndSize(x.data(),implicit_cast<ssize_t>(x.size())), &PyString_Type)
#endif
#if defined(Py_USING_UNICODE) && !defined(BOOST_NO_STD_WSTRING)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::wstring, ::PyUnicode_FromWideChar(x.data(),implicit_cast<ssize_t>(x.size())), &PyString_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::wstring, ::PyUnicode_FromWideChar(x.data(),implicit_cast<ssize_t>(x.size())), &PyUnicode_Type)
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(float, ::PyFloat_FromDouble(x), &PyFloat_Type)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(double, ::PyFloat_FromDouble(x), &PyFloat_Type)

View File

0
include/boost/python/converter/object_manager.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ struct pyobject_traits<PyObject>
// This is not an exhaustive list; should be expanded.
BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Type);
BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(List);
#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x03000000
BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Int);
#endif
BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Long);
BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Dict);
BOOST_PYTHON_BUILTIN_OBJECT_TRAITS(Tuple);

0
include/boost/python/converter/pytype_function.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace registry
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void insert(to_python_function_t, type_info, PyTypeObject const* (*to_python_target_type)() = 0);
// Insert an lvalue from_python converter
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void insert(void* (*convert)(PyObject*), type_info, PyTypeObject const* (*expected_pytype)() = 0);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void insert(convertible_function, type_info, PyTypeObject const* (*expected_pytype)() = 0);
// Insert an rvalue from_python converter
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void insert(

0
include/boost/python/converter/return_from_python.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -117,9 +117,9 @@ struct rvalue_from_python_data : rvalue_from_python_storage<T>
// Implementataions
//
template <class T>
inline rvalue_from_python_data<T>::rvalue_from_python_data(rvalue_from_python_stage1_data const& stage1)
inline rvalue_from_python_data<T>::rvalue_from_python_data(rvalue_from_python_stage1_data const& _stage1)
{
this->stage1 = stage1;
this->stage1 = _stage1;
}
template <class T>

View File

@@ -45,10 +45,14 @@ struct shared_ptr_from_python
if (data->convertible == source)
new (storage) shared_ptr<T>();
else
{
boost::shared_ptr<void> hold_convertible_ref_count(
(void*)0, shared_ptr_deleter(handle<>(borrowed(source))) );
// use aliasing constructor
new (storage) shared_ptr<T>(
static_cast<T*>(data->convertible),
shared_ptr_deleter(handle<>(borrowed(source)))
);
hold_convertible_ref_count,
static_cast<T*>(data->convertible));
}
data->convertible = storage;
}

View File

@@ -265,7 +265,8 @@ inline object make_getter(D const& d, Policies const& policies)
template <class D>
inline object make_getter(D& x)
{
detail::not_specified policy;
detail::not_specified policy
= detail::not_specified(); // suppress a SunPro warning
return detail::make_getter(x, policy, is_member_pointer<D>(), 0L);
}
@@ -273,7 +274,8 @@ inline object make_getter(D& x)
template <class D>
inline object make_getter(D const& d)
{
detail::not_specified policy;
detail::not_specified policy
= detail::not_specified(); // Suppress a SunPro warning
return detail::make_getter(d, policy, is_member_pointer<D>(), 0L);
}
# endif

0
include/boost/python/def_visitor.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/borrowed_ptr.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/convertible.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/copy_ctor_mutates_rhs.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

4
include/boost/python/detail/decorated_type_id.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -55,8 +55,8 @@ inline decorated_type_info::decorated_type_info(type_info base_t, decoration dec
inline bool decorated_type_info::operator<(decorated_type_info const& rhs) const
{
return m_decoration < rhs.m_decoration
|| m_decoration == rhs.m_decoration
&& m_base_type < rhs.m_base_type;
|| (m_decoration == rhs.m_decoration
&& m_base_type < rhs.m_base_type);
}
inline bool decorated_type_info::operator==(decorated_type_info const& rhs) const

0
include/boost/python/detail/def_helper_fwd.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ struct value_destroyer<
template <class T>
static void execute(T const volatile* p)
{
p->T::~T();
p->~T();
}
};

0
include/boost/python/detail/enable_if.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/force_instantiate.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/is_shared_ptr.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/is_wrapper.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

7
include/boost/python/detail/operator_id.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -47,8 +47,15 @@ enum operator_id
op_ixor,
op_ior,
op_complex,
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
op_bool,
#else
op_nonzero,
#endif
op_repr
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
,op_truediv
#endif
};
}}} // namespace boost::python::detail

0
include/boost/python/detail/prefix.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/python_type.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

6
include/boost/python/detail/result.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -86,7 +86,10 @@ result(X const&, short = 0) { return 0; }
# endif // RESULT_DWA2002521_HPP
/* --------------- function pointers --------------- */
#elif BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1 && BOOST_PP_ITERATION_FLAGS() == BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_POINTER
// For gcc 4.4 compatability, we must include the
// BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH test inside an #else clause.
#else // BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING
#if BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1 && BOOST_PP_ITERATION_FLAGS() == BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_POINTER
# if !(BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__, > 0x3100) \
&& BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__, BOOST_TESTED_AT(0x3201)))
# line BOOST_PP_LINE(__LINE__, result.hpp(function pointers))
@@ -128,4 +131,5 @@ boost::type<R>* result(R (T::*)(BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS_Z(1, N, A)) Q, int = 0)
# undef N
# undef Q
#endif // BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH()
#endif

0
include/boost/python/detail/sfinae.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ T& (* target(R (T::*)) )() { return 0; }
# endif // TARGET_DWA2002521_HPP
/* --------------- function pointers --------------- */
#elif BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1 && BOOST_PP_ITERATION_FLAGS() == BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_POINTER
// For gcc 4.4 compatability, we must include the
// BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH test inside an #else clause.
#else // BOOST_PP_IS_ITERATING
#if BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH() == 1 && BOOST_PP_ITERATION_FLAGS() == BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_POINTER
# if !(BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__, > 0x3100) \
&& BOOST_WORKAROUND(__MWERKS__, BOOST_TESTED_AT(0x3201)))
# line BOOST_PP_LINE(__LINE__, target.hpp(function_pointers))
@@ -79,4 +82,5 @@ T& (* target(R (T::*)(BOOST_PP_ENUM_PARAMS_Z(1, N, A)) Q) )()
# undef N
# undef Q
#endif // BOOST_PP_ITERATION_DEPTH()
#endif

View File

@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
#ifndef TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION_DWA2002810_HPP
# define TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION_DWA2002810_HPP
#ifndef TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION_TDS20091020_HPP
# define TRANSLATE_EXCEPTION_TDS20091020_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/exception_handler.hpp>
# include <boost/call_traits.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/add_const.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/add_reference.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/remove_reference.hpp>
# include <boost/function/function0.hpp>

0
include/boost/python/detail/unwind_type.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/unwrap_type_id.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/unwrap_wrapper.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/detail/value_arg.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -175,6 +175,19 @@ typedef int pid_t;
( (op)->ob_type = (typeobj), _Py_NewReference((PyObject *)(op)), (op) )
#endif
// Define Python 3 macros for Python 2.x
#if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02060000
# define Py_TYPE(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
# define Py_REFCNT(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
# define Py_SIZE(o) (((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)
# define PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(type, size) \
PyObject_HEAD_INIT(type) size,
#endif
#ifdef __MWERKS__
# pragma warn_possunwant off
#elif _MSC_VER

0
include/boost/python/detail/wrapper_base.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/docstring_options.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ inline enum_<T>::enum_(char const* name, char const* doc )
, &enum_<T>::convertible_from_python
, &enum_<T>::construct
, type_id<T>()
, doc
, doc
)
{
}
@@ -79,7 +79,11 @@ void* enum_<T>::convertible_from_python(PyObject* obj)
template <class T>
void enum_<T>::construct(PyObject* obj, converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
{
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
T x = static_cast<T>(PyLong_AS_LONG(obj));
#else
T x = static_cast<T>(PyInt_AS_LONG(obj));
#endif
void* const storage = ((converter::rvalue_from_python_storage<T>*)data)->storage.bytes;
new (storage) T(x);
data->convertible = storage;

View File

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ template <class ExceptionType, class Translate>
void register_exception_translator(Translate translate, boost::type<ExceptionType>* = 0)
{
detail::register_exception_handler(
bind<bool>(detail::translate_exception<ExceptionType,Translate>(), _1, _2, translate)
boost::bind<bool>(detail::translate_exception<ExceptionType,Translate>(), _1, _2, translate)
);
}

View File

@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@ object
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL
eval(str string, object global = object(), object local = object());
// Execute an individual python statement from str.
// global and local are the global and local scopes respectively,
// used during execution.
object
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL
exec_statement(str string, object global = object(), object local = object());
// Execute python source code from str.
// global and local are the global and local scopes respectively,
// used during execution.

0
include/boost/python/handle.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/handle_fwd.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
include/boost/python/instance_holder.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace detail
{
void append(object_cref); // append object to end
long count(object_cref value) const; // return number of occurrences of value
ssize_t count(object_cref value) const; // return number of occurrences of value
void extend(object_cref sequence); // extend list by appending sequence elements
@@ -37,8 +37,12 @@ namespace detail
void reverse(); // reverse *IN PLACE*
void sort(); // sort *IN PLACE*; if given, cmpfunc(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1
#if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x03000000
void sort(args_proxy const &args,
kwds_proxy const &kwds);
#else
void sort(object_cref cmpfunc);
#endif
protected:
list_base(); // new list
@@ -113,13 +117,15 @@ class list : public detail::list_base
base::remove(object(value));
}
#if PY_VERSION_HEX <= 0x03000000
void sort() { base::sort(); }
template <class T>
void sort(T const& value)
{
base::sort(object(value));
}
#endif
public: // implementation detail -- for internal use only
BOOST_PYTHON_FORWARD_OBJECT_CONSTRUCTORS(list, base)

4
include/boost/python/lvalue_from_pytype.hpp Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ struct extract_member
{
static MemberType& execute(InstanceType& c)
{
(void)c.ob_type; // static assertion
(void)Py_TYPE(&c); // static assertion
return c.*member;
}
};
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ struct extract_identity
{
static InstanceType& execute(InstanceType& c)
{
(void)c.ob_type; // static assertion
(void)Py_TYPE(&c); // static assertion
return c;
}
};

Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More