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Author SHA1 Message Date
Beman Dawes
832a1edd79 Merge 86392 from trunk. The spirit change was not applied because the file is not present in branches/release.
[SVN r86489]
2013-10-27 21:10:04 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ca18dc9daa merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r82295]
2012-12-31 04:14:35 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8cc149f4f4 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r81965]
2012-12-15 01:25:41 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a3f478e9af boost.python: merging trunk to release
[SVN r81773]
2012-12-07 19:51:06 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
46796f3413 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r79096]
2012-06-25 22:09:52 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
0b8b88abc7 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r79011]
2012-06-19 20:01:25 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
76db3311ed merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r77125]
2012-02-27 02:49:42 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
7acb544b47 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r76422]
2012-01-11 23:48:18 +00:00
Daniel James
f054b64315 Merge python doc rebuild to release.
[SVN r76359]
2012-01-08 10:07:09 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
9064a063b2 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r75919]
2011-12-12 17:46:33 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
fa24dbb88f merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r75414]
2011-11-08 21:27:05 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
49e8699b9f merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r74931]
2011-10-12 21:38:53 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
cfa2baf8c9 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r72464]
2011-06-07 04:15:33 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
faf3cd0b78 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r72277]
2011-05-30 05:51:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a5e564be83 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r71226]
2011-04-13 17:34:35 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
dcc3590907 verifying commit privs
[SVN r71150]
2011-04-09 16:55:43 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
74daea3d88 boost/libs/python/doc/PyConDC_2003: removing $Date$ and $Revision$ so they do not create noise on each merge to the release branch
[SVN r71004]
2011-04-05 16:49:31 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e28f0509d8 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r71002]
2011-04-05 16:31:51 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
0a211a746d merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r70448]
2011-03-23 00:14:55 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ba213663b6 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r67483]
2010-12-28 20:38:29 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
736ba48c2b merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r67446]
2010-12-24 17:31:05 +00:00
Eric Niebler
6066ffef9a Merged revisions 66606 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r66606 | rwgk | 2010-11-15 18:17:00 -0500 (Mon, 15 Nov 2010) | 1 line
  
  boost/python/object/make_instance.hpp: adding missing includes
........


[SVN r66614]
2010-11-16 18:30:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
f759e9eb0e merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r66066]
2010-10-18 04:04:52 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
846c5d9914 Add missing includes
[SVN r65142]
2010-08-31 04:50:56 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
65b3aadc63 merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r63937]
2010-07-12 22:29:41 +00:00
Hartmut Kaiser
e13ebcd0e8 Spirit: merging from trunk upto rev. 61489
[SVN r63640]
2010-07-04 22:38:38 +00:00
Marshall Clow
63a3f188b8 Merged changes for #2981, #4166, and #4377 to release branch
[SVN r63523]
2010-07-02 15:37:14 +00:00
Daniel James
34b162738f Merge documentation update.
[SVN r63517]
2010-07-02 08:27:42 +00:00
Daniel James
569b395cdd Merge documentation fixes.
* Use `doc/src/*.css` instead of `doc/html/*.css`.
* Remove wiki and people directories.
* Some documentation fixes.
* Left out `minimal.css` changes and boostbook changes because of clashes.


[SVN r63347]
2010-06-26 12:30:09 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
4b9cb5337d Include all of the headers needed for the BOOST_MPL_ASSERT that is failing for several compilers
[SVN r62015]
2010-05-16 01:27:58 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
86db60255a libs/python/test/Jamfile.v2: disabling calling_conventions tests
[SVN r61034]
2010-04-04 05:23:15 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
37b45d2baf merging current boost/python and libs/python from trunk into release branch
[SVN r61033]
2010-04-04 05:19:57 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
471be524f4 boost.python: merging from trunk to release (gcc 4.4 -std=c++0x compatibility)
[SVN r57837]
2009-11-21 14:41:51 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e485244886 boost.python: merging from trunk to release (Troy Straszheim's fix for a long-standing bug)
[SVN r57621]
2009-11-13 00:40:01 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
b9cd3ff109 merge from trunk very minor fixes for ticket #2582
[SVN r57017]
2009-10-20 15:18:26 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
d804f1250e rm cmake from the release branch before it goes out broken. Policy dictates that you never commit to release, you commit to trunk and merge to release.
[SVN r56941]
2009-10-17 01:10:45 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
89100353db boost/python, libs/python: all changes from trunk merged into branches/release
[SVN r56806]
2009-10-13 22:37:59 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
46be73387c boost/python/object_operators.hpp: merging trunk rev. 55708 into release branch
[SVN r55742]
2009-08-23 21:22:52 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d685a5e8c5 python library: sync with trunk to adopt recent exec.cpp fixes
[SVN r55642]
2009-08-18 01:08:46 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e80224b1ad boost/python, libs/python: all changes from trunk merged into branches/release (without any manual modifications)
Commands used:
  svn merge https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/release/boost/python https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk/boost/python /net/chevy/raid1/rwgk/boost_release/merge_attempt/boost/boost/python

  svn merge https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/release/libs/python https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk/libs/python /net/chevy/raid1/rwgk/boost_release/merge_attempt/boost/libs/python

  svn, version 1.6.4 (r38063)
     compiled Aug 17 2009, 13:31:03


[SVN r55629]
2009-08-17 21:01:18 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
03fdf5b992 Add basic copyright/license to keep cmake out of the inspection report
[SVN r55095]
2009-07-22 21:51:01 +00:00
Jeremiah Willcock
73b4cd3325 Fixed almost all tab and min/max issues found by inspect tool
[SVN r53142]
2009-05-20 19:41:20 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
f7d31f6ead Fix Boost.Python tests
[SVN r52856]
2009-05-08 20:42:11 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
47bb3f55a7 Add the pyrun.py script used to run Boost.Python tests via CMake
[SVN r52818]
2009-05-07 04:44:23 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
6296bd5bc4 bumped wrong version
[SVN r52656]
2009-04-29 08:16:02 +00:00
John Maddock
217250f078 Merge PDF build changes from Trunk.
[SVN r51417]
2009-02-23 18:39:32 +00:00
Troy D. Straszheim
29152af56c merge of cmake build files from trunk per beman
[SVN r50756]
2009-01-24 18:57:20 +00:00
Daniel James
19846f5d79 Merge quickbook workaround and fix some links.
Merged revisions 48987,49230-49231 via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r48987 | danieljames | 2008-09-28 13:21:39 +0100 (Sun, 28 Sep 2008) | 1 line
  
  Clean up some link errors.
........
  r49230 | danieljames | 2008-10-09 23:13:48 +0100 (Thu, 09 Oct 2008) | 1 line
  
  position_iterator is meant to be a forward iterator, so avoid using operator+ with it.
........
  r49231 | danieljames | 2008-10-09 23:14:14 +0100 (Thu, 09 Oct 2008) | 4 lines
  
  Work around the problems with window newlines in position_iterator. (I'm
  about to fix them, but this will get quickbook working immediately).
  
  Fixes #2155
........


[SVN r49242]
2008-10-10 09:29:21 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
a1924a2a72 Merging all trunk changes in Boost.Python to release. The logs for
these changes follow.  r44807 is a merge from another branch; many of
those changes probably don't apply.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43423 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 14:22:01 -0500 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line

  Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43546 | rwgk | 2008-03-08 23:30:13 -0500 (Sat, 08 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  map std::invalid_argument -> Python ValueError
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43799 | grafik | 2008-03-22 18:53:35 -0400 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Remove svn exec property from files that should not be executable to fix permission problems in archives.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43845 | dave | 2008-03-24 14:27:22 -0400 (Mon, 24 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Work around vc9 bugs
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43901 | bemandawes | 2008-03-27 22:11:13 -0400 (Thu, 27 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Remove per email from Dave
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44041 | rwgk | 2008-04-04 14:57:27 -0400 (Fri, 04 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  bogus VC8 warning C4180 disabled
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44449 | djowel | 2008-04-15 23:07:06 -0400 (Tue, 15 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  Andreas patch
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44450 | djowel | 2008-04-15 23:07:11 -0400 (Tue, 15 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  Andreas indexing suite patch
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44807 | danieljames | 2008-04-27 03:39:49 -0400 (Sun, 27 Apr 2008) | 78 lines

  Merge in documentation fixes.  Apart from the change to optional's documenation
  Jamfile, which I included by mistake.

  Fixes #1659, #1661, #1684, #1685, 1687, #1690, #1801

  I wrote about this at:

  http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php

  Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc

  ........
    r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs. Refs #1512
  ........
    r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs. Refs #1513
  ........
    r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library. Refs #1659
  ........
    r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive. Refs #1661
  ........
    r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in the python docs. Refs #1684.
  ........
    r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs. Refs #1684.
  ........
    r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs. Refs #1685
  ........
    r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in the optional docs. Refs #1687
  ........
    r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap. Refs #1690
  ........
    r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a typo in the format library. Refs #1801
  ........
    r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line

    Initialise svnmerge.
  ........
    r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
  ........
    r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
  ........
    r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
  ........
    r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
  ........
    r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix another typo in spirit docs.
  ........

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45283 | danieljames | 2008-05-11 09:49:20 -0400 (Sun, 11 May 2008) | 1 line

  Quote href values - our tools don't support unquoted values.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45359 | rwgk | 2008-05-14 15:38:08 -0400 (Wed, 14 May 2008) | 1 line

  braces added to resolve g++ 4.3.0 warning
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45918 | rwgk | 2008-05-29 15:48:55 -0400 (Thu, 29 May 2008) | 66 lines

  See Python C++-SIG thread: "object.attr(object& attrname) proposal"
  Started 2008-05-25 by hohehohe2@gmail.com.

  Excerpts:

  If char const* is passed to objecjt.attr(), it uses
  PyObject_GetAttrStrng() or PyObject_SetAttrStrng().  If object is
  passed to objecjt.attr(), it takes the object as a Python string
  object and uses PyObject_GetAttr() or PyObject_SetAttr().

  If attr() behaves like this, it can be useful when there are lots
  of objects which you know have the same attribute name. You can save
  time by first making a boost::python::object and passing it to every
  object's attr() inside a loop.

  I just made a bit of modification to boost:python locally and did a
  quick test, like

  test 1:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      omain.attr(attrname) = 444; //attrname is a char const*
    }

  test 2:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      object o = omain.attr(attrname); //attrname is a char const*
    }

  test 3:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      omain.attr(oaaaa) = 444; //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
    }

  test 4:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      object o = omain.attr(oaaaa); //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
    }

  and it reasonably reflected the difference between PyObject_*Attr() and PyObject_*AttrString.

  test 1 :2783ms
  test 2 :2357ms
  test 3 :1882ms
  test 4 :1267ms

  test5: PyObject_SetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa", po_num444);
  test6: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa"));
  test7: PyObject_SetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa, po_num444);
  test8: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa));
  (po_ prefixed variables are PyObject*),

  all inside each for loop, and the results were

  test 5 :2410ms
  test 6 :2277ms
  test 7 :1629ms
  test 8 :1094ms

  It's boost 1.35.0, Python 2.5 on linux(gcc4.1.2).
  I also did the same test on windows(vs8) and the tendency was not
  so different.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45920 | rwgk | 2008-05-29 16:04:19 -0400 (Thu, 29 May 2008) | 1 line

  Projects using Boost.Python: PolyBoRi (text provided by Michael Brickenstein)
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46115 | schoepflin | 2008-06-04 11:11:05 -0400 (Wed, 04 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  Added missing ostream header file.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46445 | dgregor | 2008-06-17 09:54:46 -0400 (Tue, 17 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  Add mime-type and eol-style properties as needed
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46721 | dave | 2008-06-26 12:41:34 -0400 (Thu, 26 Jun 2008) | 2 lines

  Compatibility with Apache STDCXX library.  Don't assume eh.h comes along with the other headers automatically.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46808 | bemandawes | 2008-06-28 09:45:21 -0400 (Sat, 28 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  With his kind permission, change Jaakko "J<LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIARESIS>rvi" to "Jarvi"
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46817 | djowel | 2008-06-28 14:24:17 -0400 (Sat, 28 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  added note on removing targets
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46844 | dave | 2008-06-29 08:26:17 -0400 (Sun, 29 Jun 2008) | 2 lines

  Make valid HTML

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------




[SVN r47459]
2008-07-15 21:05:24 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
c205cd86c6 added note on removing targets
[SVN r46900]
2008-06-30 12:14:28 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8d86dc199c merged valid HTML from trunk
[SVN r46845]
2008-06-29 12:55:50 +00:00
Beman Dawes
55e9ff14a1 With his kind permission, change Jaakko "Järvi" to "Jarvi"
[SVN r46809]
2008-06-28 13:57:20 +00:00
Daniel James
4fea58f634 Add minor documentation fixes to the release branch.
(I left out the changes to the hash library).

Merged via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

................
  r44807 | danieljames | 2008-04-27 08:39:49 +0100 (Sun, 27 Apr 2008) | 78 lines
  
  Merge in documentation fixes.  Apart from the change to optional's documenation
  Jamfile, which I included by mistake.
  
  I wrote about this at:
  
  http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php
  
  Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc
  
  ........
    r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs.
  ........
    r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs.
  ........
    r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library.
  ........
    r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive.
  ........
    r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in the python docs.
  ........
    r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs.
  ........
    r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs.
  ........
    r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in the optional docs.
  ........
    r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap.
  ........
    r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a typo in the format library.
  ........
    r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line
    
    Initialise svnmerge.
  ........
    r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
  ........
    r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
  ........
    r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
  ........
    r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
  ........
    r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix another typo in spirit docs.
  ........
................
  r45232 | danieljames | 2008-05-08 22:50:19 +0100 (Thu, 08 May 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix some invalid xml by replacing ampersands with character entities.
................
  r45576 | danieljames | 2008-05-20 16:39:25 +0100 (Tue, 20 May 2008) | 20 lines
  
  Merge some small documentation fixes from the doc branch, and mark some
  previously merged changes as merged.
  
  Merged revisions 44811,45129,45142,45154,45281-45282,45365 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc
  
  ........
    r45129 | danieljames | 2008-05-05 12:36:50 +0100 (Mon, 05 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Update navbar links in boostbook.
  ........
    r45282 | danieljames | 2008-05-11 14:15:31 +0100 (Sun, 11 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Group functions in the hash header - requires Frank's free-function-group fix.
    (not included in release branch).
  ........
    r45365 | danieljames | 2008-05-14 21:39:00 +0100 (Wed, 14 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Add boost.root to standalone hash documentation.
    (not included in release branch).
  ........
................


[SVN r45622]
2008-05-21 20:57:05 +00:00
Beman Dawes
694ae13063 Merge from trunk 43901 at Dave's request
[SVN r43902]
2008-03-28 02:16:12 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
5168895803 Added note about --preserve-test-targets
[SVN r43849]
2008-03-24 23:04:36 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
c8bf94663c Added note about --preserve-test-targets
[SVN r43848]
2008-03-24 23:02:57 +00:00
Daniel James
928a9389ce Rebuild a lot of documentation.
[SVN r43650]
2008-03-16 11:38:32 +00:00
Daniel James
7d22435994 Merged revisions 43211,43214-43219,43222-43225,43227-43238,43242,43244-43245,43249-43250,43257-43259,43261,43263,43265,43267-43268,43270-43271,43273,43275-43279,43284-43289,43291,43295,43297-43298,43304-43305,43307,43313,43315,43324,43326-43327,43331,43333,43339-43343,43345,43348,43350,43352-43353,43355-43356,43358,43360,43366-43367,43369-43370,43372-43376,43378-43389,43394,43396-43398,43400-43401,43403-43404,43406-43408,43413-43415,43417-43418,43420,43422-43423 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r43417 | danieljames | 2008-02-26 22:04:55 +0000 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a link to Boost.Bimap.
........
  r43418 | danieljames | 2008-02-26 22:07:25 +0000 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Change another link that's no longer in the repository to link to the website.
........
  r43422 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 18:51:14 +0000 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix broken copyright urls. Fixes #1573.
........
  r43423 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 19:22:01 +0000 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
........


[SVN r43425]
2008-02-27 20:00:24 +00:00
Daniel James
96dd880146 Merged revisions 43206,43208-43213 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r43206 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 09:55:03 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix some broken links.
........
  r43209 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 14:56:22 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Link to people pages on the website, as they've been removed from the download.
........
  r43210 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 15:02:17 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Point links to the pages that used to be in 'more' to the site.
........
  r43212 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 16:10:16 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix links on the home page as well.
........
  r43213 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 16:21:22 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Generated documentation which is no longer generated.
........


[SVN r43214]
2008-02-10 16:39:38 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
63f8e9f3d7 Merged revisions 41544-41546,41549-41551,41558-41561,41564,41567,41570,41573,41576-41579,41581,41583-41586,41589,41591,41594-41612,41614-41620,41622-41624,41628,41630-41635,41637,41640-41641,41643,41649-41650 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r41544 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 20:27:06 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
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  r41549 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 21:24:51 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
........
  r41550 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 21:26:37 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 3 lines
  
  Remove unused paramters.
  Add -Wextra to gcc flags to enable more warnings.
........
  r41577 | jhunold | 2007-12-02 12:51:08 +0100 (So, 02 Dez 2007) | 3 lines
  
  Revert revisions 41544 and 41549.
  See http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2007/12/131116.php for details.
........
  r41649 | jhunold | 2007-12-03 19:47:17 +0100 (Mo, 03 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence unused paramter warning in release mode.
........
  r41650 | jhunold | 2007-12-03 19:51:26 +0100 (Mo, 03 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Add cosmetic virtual detructors to silence compile warnings.
........


[SVN r42094]
2007-12-16 10:12:07 +00:00
Beman Dawes
d9b4ada654 Full merge from trunk at revision 41356 of entire boost-root tree.
[SVN r41370]
2007-11-25 18:38:02 +00:00
Beman Dawes
f5df393360 Full merge from trunk at revision 41356 of entire boost-root tree.
[SVN r41369]
2007-11-25 18:07:19 +00:00
Rene Rivera
bf33b54638 Recreate release branch from fixed 1.34.1 tag.
[SVN r40341]
2007-10-23 06:42:50 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
87451007b9 Move Attic files back into their rightful places
[SVN r40311]
2007-10-23 01:47:48 +00:00
Beman Dawes
2392a6a3e2 Starting point for releases
[SVN r39706]
2007-10-05 14:25:06 +00:00
nobody
6c1e7decfa This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create tag
'Version_1_34_1'.

[SVN r38286]
2007-07-24 19:28:14 +00:00
Thomas Witt
2851325748 Doc and build fixes by Dave Abrahams.
[SVN r38154]
2007-07-06 19:47:17 +00:00
363 changed files with 7074 additions and 4141 deletions

View File

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
import os ;
import indirect ;
import modules ;
import feature ;
import python ;
@@ -12,81 +14,138 @@ if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
# Attempt default configuration of python
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
if ! [ python.configured ]
{
ECHO "WARNING: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration" ;
ECHO " failed. See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html" ;
ECHO " for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to" ;
ECHO " suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets" ;
}
}
if [ python.configured ] {
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
;
lib boost_python
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
<library>/python//python_for_extensions
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
if [ python.configured ] || ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
{
alias config-warning ;
}
else
{
ECHO "warning: Python location is not configured" ;
ECHO "warning: the Boost.Python library won't be built" ;
message config-warning
: "warning: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration"
: "note: failed. See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html"
: "note: for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to"
: "note: suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets"
;
}
rule find-py3-version
{
local versions = [ feature.values python ] ;
local py3ver ;
for local v in $(versions)
{
if $(v) >= 3.0
{
py3ver = $(v) ;
}
}
return $(py3ver) ;
}
py3-version = [ find-py3-version ] ;
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
: requirements
-<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
<tag>@$(__name__).tag
;
rule tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
{
local result = $(name) ;
if $(type) in STATIC_LIB SHARED_LIB IMPORT_LIB
{
if $(name) = boost_python && $(PYTHON_ID)
{
result = $(result)-$(PYTHON_ID) ;
}
}
# forward to the boost tagging rule
return [ indirect.call $(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
$(result) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
}
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule lib_boost_python ( is-py3 ? )
{
lib [ cond $(is-py3) : boost_python3 : boost_python ]
: # sources
numeric.cpp
list.cpp
long.cpp
dict.cpp
tuple.cpp
str.cpp
slice.cpp
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
object/enum.cpp
object/class.cpp
object/function.cpp
object/inheritance.cpp
object/life_support.cpp
object/pickle_support.cpp
errors.cpp
module.cpp
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
object/iterator.cpp
object/stl_iterator.cpp
object_protocol.cpp
object_operators.cpp
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
# import library.
#
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
#
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
<dependency>config-warning
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
[ cond $(is-py3) : <python>$(py3-version) ]
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
}
lib_boost_python ;
boost-install boost_python ;
if $(py3-version)
{
lib_boost_python yes ;
boost-install boost_python3 ;
}

View File

@@ -1,902 +0,0 @@
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# End Source File
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28
class.cpp Normal file
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@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
#include <boost/python/object.hpp>
#include <boost/python/class.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;
struct X
{
int x;
X(int n) : x(n) { }
};
int x_function(X& x)
{ return x.x;
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(class_ext)
{
class_<X>("X", init<int>());
def("x_function", x_function);
}
#include "module_tail.cpp"

View File

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
Somerville, MA 02143
:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
:date: $Date$
:status: This is a "work in progress"
:version: 1
:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams 2002. All rights reserved

View File

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
/*
:Author: David Goodger
:Contact: goodger@users.sourceforge.net
:date: $Date$
:version: $Revision$
:copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
boostinspect:nolicense

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
</head>
<body>
<div class="document" id="logo-boost-python-build-and-test-howto">
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.htm"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<h1 class="title"><a class="reference external" href="../index.html"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../../../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
modules or the executable containing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="no-install-quickstart">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></h1>
<span id="quickstart"></span><h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></h1>
<p>There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
Boost.Python. These instructions use <a class="reference external" href="../../../tools/build/index.html">Boost.Build</a> projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
@@ -158,8 +158,8 @@ all the parts of your Python installation. If it isn't, consider
<p>If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
mailing lists may be able to help:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
<li>The <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost">Boost.Build mailing list</a> for issues related to Boost.Build</li>
<li>The Python <a class="reference external" href="http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig">C++ Sig</a> for issues specifically related to Boost.Python</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="in-case-everything-seemed-to-work">
@@ -273,14 +273,6 @@ from source, you might want to supply the <tt class="docutils literal"><span cla
argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> (or the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-libraries=python</span></tt> argument
to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
rather than all the Boost binaries.</p>
<div class="admonition-windows-users-no-auto-link-support admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Windows Users: No Auto-Link Support</p>
<p class="last">Boost.Python does not yet support the <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#link-your-program-to-a-boost-library">auto-link</a> feature, so if
you're not using the <a class="reference internal" href="#no-install-quickstart">quickstart</a> method, you'll have to pay
attention to the names of generated libraries and add extra link
arguments not shown in the <a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a> to select the
right library.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="configuring-boost-build">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></h1>
@@ -309,7 +301,7 @@ using python ;
</pre>
<p>which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the <a class="reference internal" href="#no-install-quickstart">quickstart</a>
(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the <a class="reference internal" href="#quickstart">quickstart</a>
method). If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file
with at least the minimal incantation above.</p>
@@ -570,9 +562,6 @@ static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python:</p>
<li><a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming">on Windows</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming">on Unix variants</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="last">Be sure to read this section even if your compiler supports
auto-linking, as Boost.Python does not yet take advantage of
that feature.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
@@ -631,7 +620,7 @@ python and associated libraries are built by adding
Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by
the &quot;Win32 Debug&quot; target of the Visual Studio project in the
PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.
You may also find</td></tr>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
@@ -639,7 +628,7 @@ You may also find</td></tr>
<div class="footer">
<hr class="footer" />
<a class="reference external" href="./building.rst">View document source</a>.
Generated on: 2007-05-07 18:58 UTC.
Generated on: 2007-07-02 13:46 UTC.
Generated by <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/">Docutils</a> from <a class="reference external" href="http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html">reStructuredText</a> source.
</div>

View File

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
:alt: Boost C++ Libraries:
:class: boost-logo
__ ../index.htm
__ ../index.html
.. section-numbering::
@@ -65,6 +65,8 @@ dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
modules or the executable containing ``main()``.
.. _quickstart:
No-Install Quickstart
=====================
@@ -175,8 +177,8 @@ mailing lists may be able to help:
* The `Boost.Build mailing list`__ for issues related to Boost.Build
* The Python `C++ Sig`__ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
__ ../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ ../../../more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
In Case Everything Seemed to Work
---------------------------------
@@ -326,17 +328,6 @@ argument to ``bjam`` (or the ``--with-libraries=python`` argument
to ``configure``), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
rather than all the Boost binaries.
.. Admonition:: Windows Users: No Auto-Link Support
Boost.Python does not yet support the `auto-link`_ feature, so if
you're not using the quickstart_ method, you'll have to pay
attention to the names of generated libraries and add extra link
arguments not shown in the `Getting Started Guide`_ to select the
right library.
.. _auto-link: ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#link-your-program-to-a-boost-library
.. _quickstart: `no-install quickstart`_
Configuring Boost.Build
=======================
@@ -652,10 +643,6 @@ __ http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming
__ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming
Be sure to read this section even if your compiler supports
auto-linking, as Boost.Python does not yet take advantage of
that feature.
.. [#toolset-specific] Because of the way most \*nix platforms
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
@@ -691,4 +678,3 @@ __ http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html
Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by
the "Win32 Debug" target of the Visual Studio project in the
PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.
You may also find

View File

@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -32,7 +32,79 @@
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt>Current CVS</dt>
<dt>Current SVN</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Python 3 support:</li>
<ul>
<li>All the current Boost.Python test cases passed. Extension modules using
Boost.Python expected to support Python 3 smoothly.</li>
<li>Introduced <code>object.contains</code> where <code>x.contains(y)</code>
is equivalent to Python code <code>y in x</code>.
Now <code>dict.has_key</code> is just a wrapper of <code>object.contains</code>.
</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, <code>str.decode</code> will be removed.</li>
<li>When building against Python 3, the original signature of <code>list.sort</code>, which is:
<pre>void sort(object_cref cmpfunc);</pre>
will change to:
<pre>void sort(args_proxy const &args, kwds_proxy const &kwds);</pre>
This is because in Python 3 <code>list.sort</code> requires all its arguments be keyword arguments.
So you should call it like this:
<pre>x.sort(*tuple(), **dict(make_tuple(make_tuple("reverse", true))));</pre>
</li>
<li>According to <a href="http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3123/">PEP 3123</a>,
when building Boost.Python against Python older than 2.6, the following macros will
be defined in Boost.Python header:
<pre>
# define Py_TYPE(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_type)
# define Py_REFCNT(o) (((PyObject*)(o))->ob_refcnt)
# define Py_SIZE(o) (((PyVarObject*)(o))->ob_size)</pre>
So extension writers can use these macro directly, to make code clean and compatible with Python 3.
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>1.39.0 Release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Pythonic signatures are now automatically appended to the
docstrings.
<li>Use <a href="v2/docstring_options.html"
><code>docstring_options.hpp</code></a> header
control the content of docstrings.
<li>This new feature increases the size of the modules by about 14%.
If this is not acceptable it can be turned off by defining the macro
BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES. Modules compiled with and without the macro
defined are compatible.
</li>
<li> If BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES is undefined, this version defines the
macro BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES. This allows writing code that will compile
with older version of Boost.Python (see <a href="v2/pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>).
</li>
<li>By defining BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE, and at a cost
of another 14% size increase, proper pythonic type is generated for the "self"
parameter of the __init__ methods.
</li>
<li> To support this new feature changes were made to the
<a href="v2/to_python_converter.html"><code>to_python_converter.hpp</code></a>,
<a href="v2/default_call_policies.html"><code>default_call_policies</code></a>,
<a href="v2/ResultConverter.html"><code>ResultConverter</code></a>,
<a href="v2/CallPolicies.html"><code>CallPolicies</code></a> and some others.
Efforts were made not to have interface breaking changes.
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>12 May 2007 - 1.34.0 release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
@@ -293,7 +365,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
19 November 2004
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -375,27 +375,54 @@
application modules, including GUI and post-processing of results.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://www.rationaldiscovery.com">Rational Discovery
LLC</a></b></dt>
<dt><b><a href="http://polybori.sourceforge.net/">PolyBoRi</a></b></dt>
<dd>
Rational Discovery provides computational modeling, combinatorial
library design and custom software development services to the
pharmaceutical, biotech and chemical industries. We do a substantial
amount of internal research to develop new approaches for applying
machine-learning techniques to solve chemical problems. Because we're a
small organization and chemistry is a large and complex field, it is
essential that we be able to quickly and easily prototype and test new
algorithms.
<p><a href="mailto:brickenstein@mfo.de"
>Michael Brickenstein</a> writes:</p>
<p>For our internal software, we implement core data structures in C
and expose them to Python using Boost.Python. Algorithm development is
done in Python and then translated to C if required (often it's not).
This hybrid development approach not only greatly increases our
productivity, but it also allows "non-developers" (people without C
experience) to take part in method development. Learning C is a
daunting task, but "Python fits your brain." (Thanks to Bruce Eckel for
the quote.)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The core of PolyBoRi is a C++ library, which provides
high-level data types for Boolean polynomials and monomials,
exponent vectors, as well as for the underlying polynomial
rings and subsets of the powerset of the Boolean variables. As
a unique approach, binary decision diagrams are used as
internal storage type for polynomial structures. On top of
this C++-library we provide a Python interface. This allows
parsing of complex polynomial systems, as well as sophisticated
and extendable strategies for Gr&ouml;bner basis computation.
Boost.Python has helped us to create this interface in a
very clean way.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://pyrap.googlecode.com/">Pyrap</a></b></dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="diepen@astron.nl"
>Ger van Diepen</a> writes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Pyrap is the python interface to the Radio-Astronomical Package
casacore (<a href="http://casacore.googlecode.com/"
>casacore.googlecode.com</a>). Astronomers love pyrap because
it makes it easily possible to get their data (observed with
radio-astronomical telescopes like LOFAR, ASKAP, and eVLA) in numpy
arrays and do basic data inspection and manipulation using the many
python packages that are available.</p>
<p>Boost.Python made it quite easily possible to create converters for
the various data types, also for numpy arrays and individual elements
of a numpy array. It's nice they work fully recursively. Mapping C++
functions to Python was straightforward.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://www.rdkit.org/"
>RDKit: Cheminformatics and Machine Learning Software</a></b></dt>
<dd>
A collection of cheminformatics and machine-learning software
written in C++ and Python.
</dd>
</dl>
@@ -435,11 +462,11 @@
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 July, 2003</p>
29 May, 2008</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
12 Sept, 2003 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -6,10 +6,13 @@ project boost/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc ;
import boostbook : boostbook ;
using quickbook ;
path-constant images : html ;
boostbook tutorial
:
tutorial.qbk
:
<xsl:param>boost.root=../../../../../..
<xsl:param>boost.libraries=../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>img.src.path=$(images)/
<format>pdf:<xsl:param>boost.url.prefix=http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/release/libs/python/doc/tutorial/doc/html
;

View File

@@ -1,511 +0,0 @@
/*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software
License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
=============================================================================*/
/*=============================================================================
Body defaults
=============================================================================*/
body
{
margin: 1em;
font-family: sans-serif;
}
/*=============================================================================
Paragraphs
=============================================================================*/
p
{
text-align: left;
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.15;
}
/*=============================================================================
Program listings
=============================================================================*/
/* Code on paragraphs */
p tt.computeroutput
{
font-size: 9pt;
}
pre.synopsis
{
font-size: 90%;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
font-size: 9pt;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
/* Program listings in tables don't get borders */
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
margin: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
padding: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
}
/*=============================================================================
Headings
=============================================================================*/
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
{
text-align: left;
margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-weight: bold;
}
h1 { font: 140% }
h2 { font: bold 140% }
h3 { font: bold 130% }
h4 { font: bold 120% }
h5 { font: italic 110% }
h6 { font: italic 100% }
/* Top page titles */
title,
h1.title,
h2.title
h3.title,
h4.title,
h5.title,
h6.title,
.refentrytitle
{
font-weight: bold;
margin-bottom: 1pc;
}
h1.title { font-size: 140% }
h2.title { font-size: 140% }
h3.title { font-size: 130% }
h4.title { font-size: 120% }
h5.title { font-size: 110% }
h6.title { font-size: 100% }
.section h1
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-size: 140%;
}
.section h2 { font-size: 140% }
.section h3 { font-size: 130% }
.section h4 { font-size: 120% }
.section h5 { font-size: 110% }
.section h6 { font-size: 100% }
/* Code on titles */
h1 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h2 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h3 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
h4 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 120% }
h5 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 110% }
h6 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 100% }
/*=============================================================================
Author
=============================================================================*/
h3.author
{
font-size: 100%
}
/*=============================================================================
Lists
=============================================================================*/
li
{
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.3;
}
/* Unordered lists */
ul
{
text-align: left;
}
/* Ordered lists */
ol
{
text-align: left;
}
/*=============================================================================
Links
=============================================================================*/
a
{
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
}
a:hover
{
text-decoration: underline;
}
/*=============================================================================
Spirit style navigation
=============================================================================*/
.spirit-nav
{
text-align: right;
}
.spirit-nav a
{
color: white;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
.spirit-nav img
{
border-width: 0px;
}
/*=============================================================================
Table of contents
=============================================================================*/
.toc
{
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.1pc 1pc 0.1pc 1pc;
font-size: 80%;
line-height: 1.15;
}
.boost-toc
{
float: right;
padding: 0.5pc;
}
/*=============================================================================
Tables
=============================================================================*/
.table-title,
div.table p.title
{
margin-left: 4%;
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
.informaltable table,
.table table
{
width: 92%;
margin-left: 4%;
margin-right: 4%;
}
div.informaltable table,
div.table table
{
padding: 4px;
}
/* Table Cells */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
padding: 0.5em;
text-align: left;
font-size: 9pt;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
border: 1pt solid white;
font-size: 80%;
}
/*=============================================================================
Blurbs
=============================================================================*/
div.note,
div.tip,
div.important,
div.caution,
div.warning,
p.blurb
{
font-size: 9pt; /* A little bit smaller than the main text */
line-height: 1.2;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
p.blurb img
{
padding: 1pt;
}
/*=============================================================================
Variable Lists
=============================================================================*/
/* Make the terms in definition lists bold */
div.variablelist dl dt,
span.term
{
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 10pt;
}
div.variablelist table tbody tr td
{
text-align: left;
vertical-align: top;
padding: 0em 2em 0em 0em;
font-size: 10pt;
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
line-height: 1;
}
div.variablelist dl dt
{
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
}
div.variablelist dl dd
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 2em;
font-size: 10pt;
}
div.variablelist table tbody tr td p,
div.variablelist dl dd p
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
line-height: 1;
}
/*=============================================================================
Misc
=============================================================================*/
/* Title of books and articles in bibliographies */
span.title
{
font-style: italic;
}
span.underline
{
text-decoration: underline;
}
span.strikethrough
{
text-decoration: line-through;
}
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
div div.legalnotice p
{
text-align: left
}
/*=============================================================================
Colors
=============================================================================*/
@media screen
{
/* Links */
a
{
color: #005a9c;
}
a:visited
{
color: #9c5a9c;
}
h1 a, h2 a, h3 a, h4 a, h5 a, h6 a,
h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover, h5 a:hover, h6 a:hover,
h1 a:visited, h2 a:visited, h3 a:visited, h4 a:visited, h5 a:visited, h6 a:visited
{
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
color: #000000;
}
/* Syntax Highlighting */
.keyword { color: #0000AA; }
.identifier { color: #000000; }
.special { color: #707070; }
.preprocessor { color: #402080; }
.char { color: teal; }
.comment { color: #800000; }
.string { color: teal; }
.number { color: teal; }
.white_bkd { background-color: #FFFFFF; }
.dk_grey_bkd { background-color: #999999; }
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
.copyright
{
color: #666666;
font-size: small;
}
div div.legalnotice p
{
color: #666666;
}
/* Program listing */
pre.synopsis
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Blurbs */
div.note,
div.tip,
div.important,
div.caution,
div.warning,
p.blurb
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Table of contents */
.toc
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Tables */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
background-color: #F0F0F0;
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Misc */
span.highlight
{
color: #00A000;
}
}
@media print
{
/* Links */
a
{
color: black;
}
a:visited
{
color: black;
}
.spirit-nav
{
display: none;
}
/* Program listing */
pre.synopsis
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
}
/* Table of contents */
.toc
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
.informaltable table,
.table table
{
border: 1px solid gray;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
/* Tables */
div.informaltable table tr td,
div.table table tr td
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
div.informaltable table tr th,
div.table table tr th
{
border: 1px solid gray;
}
/* Misc */
span.highlight
{
font-weight: bold;
}
}

View File

@@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Chapter 1. python 1.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1">
<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title="Building Hello World">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.html">Home</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/faq.html">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</table>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/src/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter">
<div class="titlepage"><div>
<div><h2 class="title">
<a name="python"></a>Chapter 1. python 1.0</h2></div>
<a name="python"></a>Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0</h2></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">Joel</span> <span class="surname">de Guzman</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><div class="author"><h3 class="author">
<span class="firstname">David</span> <span class="surname">Abrahams</span>
</h3></div></div>
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id3128483"></a><p>
<a name="python.legal"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@
<p><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="index.html#python.quickstart">QuickStart</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/hello.html"> Building Hello World</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exposing.html"> Exposing Classes</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/hello.html">Building Hello World</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exposing.html">Exposing Classes</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exposing.html#python.constructors">Constructors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exposing.html#python.class_data_members">Class Data Members</a></span></dt>
@@ -60,18 +60,19 @@
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/functions.html#python.default_arguments">Default Arguments</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/functions.html#python.auto_overloading">Auto-Overloading</a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html"> Object Interface</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html">Object Interface</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.basic_interface">Basic Interface</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.derived_object_types">Derived Object types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.extracting_c___objects">Extracting C++ objects</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.enums">Enums</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/object.html#python.creating_python_object">Creating <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span></code> from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span></code></a></span></dt>
</dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/embedding.html">Embedding</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="python/embedding.html#python.using_the_interpreter">Using the interpreter</a></span></dt></dl></dd>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/iterators.html">Iterators</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exception.html"> Exception Translation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/techniques.html"> General Techniques</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/exception.html">Exception Translation</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/techniques.html">General Techniques</a></span></dt>
<dd><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/techniques.html#python.creating_packages">Creating Packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">Extending Wrapped Objects in Python</a></span></dt>
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@
</dl></dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.quickstart"></a>QuickStart</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -93,16 +94,15 @@
code takes on the look of a kind of declarative interface definition language
(IDL).
</p>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h3>
<a name="id3090903"></a>
<h3>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a>
Hello World
</h3>
<p>
Following C/C++ tradition, let's start with the "hello, world". A
C++ Function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"hello, world"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -110,12 +110,11 @@
<p>
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
@@ -123,15 +122,10 @@
That's it. We're done. We can now build this as a shared library. The resulting
DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Next stop... Building your Hello World module
from start to finish...</strong></span></em></span>
@@ -139,10 +133,10 @@
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><small><p>Last revised: May 18, 2007 at 15:45:45 GMT</p></small></td>
<td align="right"><small></small></td>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: December 26, 2011 at 21:58:39 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer"></div></td>
</tr></table>
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</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<title>Embedding</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/src/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.76.1">
<link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter&#160;1.&#160;python 2.0">
<link rel="prev" href="object.html" title="Object Interface">
<link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Iterators">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
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<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="http://www.boost.org/users/people.html">People</a></td>
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.embedding"></a>Embedding</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="embedding.html#python.using_the_interpreter">Using the interpreter</a></span></dt></dl></div>
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@
a lot easier and, in a future version, it may become unnecessary to touch the
Python/C API at all. So stay tuned... <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span>
</p>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h3>
<a name="id3150903"></a>
<h3>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a>
Building embedded programs
</h3>
<p>
@@ -81,35 +81,35 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
&lt;library-path&gt;$(PYTHON_LIB_PATH)
&lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
</pre>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h3>
<a name="id3150996"></a>
<h3>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a>
Getting started
</h3>
<p>
Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding the
Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4 steps:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
#include
 <code class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</code><br><br>
</li>
<li>
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module.<br><br>
</li>
<li>
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.<br><br>
</li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
#include <code class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <code class="literal">__main__</code> module.
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Note that at this time
you must not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</strong></span>
</td></tr></tbody>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Note that at this time you must not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</strong></span>
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)
@@ -118,28 +118,27 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><strong>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</strong></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.using_the_interpreter"></a>Using the interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted. Naturally,
the <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
the <code class="literal">PyObject</code>s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully automatic
in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html" target="_top">by
in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html" target="_top">by
hand</a>. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
of C++ exceptions. Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html" target="_top">handle</a>
and <a href="../../../../v2/object.html" target="_top">object</a> class templates to
automate the process.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h3>
<a name="id3151190"></a>
<h3>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a>
Running Python code
</h3>
<p>
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">code</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">filename</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
@@ -152,25 +151,22 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
The <code class="literal">globals</code> and <code class="literal">locals</code> parameters are
Python dictionaries containing the globals and locals of the context in which
to run the code. For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace
dictionary of the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module for both parameters.
dictionary of the <code class="literal">__main__</code> module for both parameters.
</p>
<p>
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
first), and returns it.
</p>
<p>
Let's import the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module and run some Python code in its namespace:
Let's import the <code class="literal">__main__</code> module and run some Python code
in its namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
@@ -182,8 +178,8 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
This should create a file called 'hello.txt' in the current directory containing
a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h3>
<a name="id3151717"></a>
<h3>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a>
Manipulating Python objects
</h3>
<p>
@@ -193,63 +189,59 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <code class="literal">handle</code>.
The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"result"</span><span class="special">]);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here we create a dictionary object for the <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</code>
module's namespace. Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read
this variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result
is to use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
Here we create a dictionary object for the <code class="literal">__main__</code> module's
namespace. Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read this
variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result is to
use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h3>
<a name="id3152050"></a>
<h3>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a>
Exception handling
</h3>
<p>
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression, <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>
is thrown:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5/0"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:
</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_divided_by_zero</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_divided_by_zero</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// handle the exception in some way
</span><span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">// handle the exception in some way</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
The <code class="literal">error_already_set</code> exception class doesn't carry any
information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred,
you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">exception
handling functions</a> of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This
handling functions</a> of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This
can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70" target="_top">PyErr_Print()</a>
to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type
of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
exceptions</a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// handle ZeroDivisionError specially
</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">// handle ZeroDivisionError specially</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// print all other errors to stderr
</span> <span class="identifier">PyErr_Print</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="comment">// print all other errors to stderr</span>
<span class="identifier">PyErr_Print</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
@@ -261,12 +253,17 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
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<div class="section" lang="en">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.exception"></a> Exception Translation</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="python.exception"></a>Exception Translation</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
All C++ exceptions must be caught at the boundary with Python code. This boundary
is the point where C++ meets Python. Boost.Python provides a default exception
handler that translates selected standard exceptions, then gives up:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">raise</span> <span class="identifier">RuntimeError</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'unidentifiable C++ Exception'</span>
</pre>
<p>
Users may provide custom translation. Here's an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">struct</span> <span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">void</span> <span class="identifier">translator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PodBayDoorException</span> <span class="identifier">const</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">PyErr_SetString</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_UserWarning</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"I'm sorry Dave..."</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -49,12 +47,17 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.exposing"></a> Exposing Classes</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="python.exposing"></a>Exposing Classes</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="exposing.html#python.constructors">Constructors</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="exposing.html#python.class_data_members">Class Data Members</a></span></dt>
@@ -40,8 +40,7 @@
<p>
Consider a C++ class/struct that we want to expose to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -51,8 +50,7 @@
<p>
We can expose this to Python by writing a corresponding Boost.Python C++ Wrapper:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -69,16 +67,13 @@
we may use our class <code class="literal">World</code> in Python. Here's a sample Python
session:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'howdy'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="string">'howdy'</span>
</pre>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.constructors"></a>Constructors</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -87,20 +82,16 @@
exposes the default constructor by default, which is why we were able to
write
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">planet</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
We may wish to wrap a class with a non-default constructor. Let us build
on our previous example:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">World</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="comment">// added constructor
</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{}</span> <span class="comment">// added constructor</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
@@ -111,8 +102,7 @@
We have to tell <code class="literal">class_&lt;World&gt;</code> about the constructor
we want to expose instead.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -126,15 +116,14 @@
<p>
<code class="literal">init&lt;std::string&gt;()</code> exposes the constructor taking
in a <code class="literal">std::string</code> (in Python, constructors are spelled
"<code class="literal">"<span class="underline">_init</span>_"</code>").
"<code class="literal">"__init__"</code>").
</p>
<p>
We can expose additional constructors by passing more <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>s
to the <code class="literal">def()</code> member function. Say for example we have
another World constructor taking in two doubles:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"set"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">World</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -144,15 +133,14 @@
On the other hand, if we do not wish to expose any constructors at all, we
may use <code class="literal">no_init</code> instead:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Abstract</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Abstract"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">no_init</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
This actually adds an <code class="literal"><span class="underline">_init</span>_</code>
method which always raises a Python RuntimeError exception.
This actually adds an <code class="literal">__init__</code> method which always raises
a Python RuntimeError exception.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_data_members"></a>Class Data Members</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -161,8 +149,7 @@
to be exposed may be regarded as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
or <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>. Consider this class <code class="literal">Var</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Var</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -173,8 +160,7 @@
Our C++ <code class="literal">Var</code> class and its data members can be exposed
to Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Var"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"name"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readwrite</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -182,10 +168,7 @@
Then, in Python, assuming we have placed our Var class inside the namespace
hello as we did before:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">Var</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'pi'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">'is around'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span>
<span class="identifier">pi</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> <span class="identifier">around</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
@@ -194,14 +177,13 @@
Note that <code class="literal">name</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span>
while <code class="literal">value</code> is exposed as <span class="bold"><strong>read-write</strong></span>.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name
</span><span class="identifier">Traceback</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">recent</span> <span class="identifier">call</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> #
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span>#<span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">name</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'e'</span> <span class="comment"># can't change name</span>
<span class="identifier">Traceback</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">most</span> <span class="identifier">recent</span> <span class="identifier">call</span> <span class="identifier">last</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">File</span> <span class="string">"&lt;stdin&gt;"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">line</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="error">?</span>
<span class="identifier">AttributeError</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">can</span><span class="error">'</span><span class="identifier">t</span> <span class="identifier">set</span> <span class="identifier">attribute</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_properties"></a>Class Properties</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -210,10 +192,7 @@
The only way to access the class' data is through access (getter/setter)
functions. Access functions expose class properties. Here's an example:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">float</span> <span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -227,35 +206,28 @@
can just be a different syntax for a method call. Wrapping our <code class="literal">Num</code>
class using Boost.Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Num"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"value"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
And at last, in Python:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span>
<span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2.17</span> <span class="comment"># error!
</span></pre>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">rovalue</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2.17</span> <span class="comment"># error!</span>
</pre>
<p>
Take note that the class property <code class="literal">rovalue</code> is exposed as
<span class="bold"><strong>read-only</strong></span> since the <code class="literal">rovalue</code>
setter member function is not passed in:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">add_property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"rovalue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Num</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.inheritance"></a>Inheritance</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -268,24 +240,21 @@
<p>
Consider this trivial inheritance structure:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span> <span class="special">{};</span>
</pre>
<p>
And a set of C++ functions operating on <code class="literal">Base</code> and <code class="literal">Derived</code>
object instances:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">*);</span>
<span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
We've seen how we can wrap the base class <code class="literal">Base</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -293,32 +262,30 @@
Now we can inform Boost.Python of the inheritance relationship between <code class="literal">Derived</code>
and its base class <code class="literal">Base</code>. Thus:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Derived"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Doing so, we get some things for free:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped C++
member functions)
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>If</strong></span> Base is polymorphic, <code class="literal">Derived</code>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Base</code> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Derived</code> is expected.
</li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
Derived automatically inherits all of Base's Python methods (wrapped
C++ member functions)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>If</strong></span> Base is polymorphic, <code class="literal">Derived</code>
objects which have been passed to Python via a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Base</code> can be passed where a pointer or reference to
<code class="literal">Derived</code> is expected.
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions <code class="literal">b</code> and <code class="literal">d</code>
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <code class="literal">b</code> and <code class="literal">d</code>
and <code class="literal">factory</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"b"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"d"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
@@ -328,25 +295,23 @@
<code class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</code> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <code class="literal">Base</code> and hold the instance
in a new Python <code class="literal">Base</code> object until the the Python object
is destroyed. We shall see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
policies</a> later.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"factory"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">factory</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_value_policy</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">manage_new_object</span><span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_virtual_functions"></a>Class Virtual Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In this section, we shall learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
In this section, we will learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our <code class="literal">Base</code> class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -364,8 +329,7 @@
that will unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
override may be called:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -379,13 +343,18 @@
The <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span></code> template makes
the job of wrapping classes that are meant to overridden in Python, easier.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> as:<br> <br>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> as:
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>
in effect calls the corresponding method of the Python object through <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_override</span></code>.
@@ -393,8 +362,7 @@
<p>
Finally, exposing <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span></code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">pure_virtual</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -403,16 +371,23 @@
that the function <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code> is a
pure virtual function.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>member function and
methods</strong></span><br> <br> Python, like many object oriented languages
uses the term <span class="bold"><strong>methods</strong></span>. Methods correspond
roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><strong>member functions</strong></span>
</td></tr></tbody>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>member function and methods</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><strong>methods</strong></span>.
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><strong>member functions</strong></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.virtual_functions_with_default_implementations"></a>Virtual Functions with Default Implementations</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -422,12 +397,11 @@
functions instead, the mechanism is a bit different.
</p>
<p>
Recall that in the <a href="exposing.html#python.class_virtual_functions" title="Class Virtual Functions">previous
Recall that in the <a class="link" href="exposing.html#python.class_virtual_functions" title="Class Virtual Functions">previous
section</a>, we wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then
implemented in C++, or Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">};</span>
@@ -436,8 +410,7 @@
had a pure virtual function <code class="literal">f</code>. If, however, its member
function <code class="literal">f</code> was not declared as pure virtual:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="special">~</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{}</span>
<span class="keyword">virtual</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -446,14 +419,13 @@
<p>
We wrap it this way:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span> <span class="special">:</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wrapper</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">override</span> <span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// *note*
</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// *note*</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">default_f</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -464,17 +436,23 @@
we have to check if there is an override for <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></code>.
If none, then we call <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></code>.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite
the line with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></code> as:<br> <br> <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>MSVC6/7 Workaround</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite the line
with the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></code> as:
</p>
<p>
<code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></code>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Finally, exposing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">noncopyable</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Base"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">BaseWrap</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">default_f</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
@@ -487,10 +465,7 @@
<p>
In Python, the results would be as expected:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Derived</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="number">42</span>
@@ -500,23 +475,21 @@
<p>
Calling <code class="literal">base.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">base</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">0</span>
</pre>
<p>
Calling <code class="literal">derived.f()</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">derived</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="number">42</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_operators_special_functions"></a>Class Operators/Special Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h3>
<a name="id3142031"></a>
<h3>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a>
Python Operators
</h3>
<p>
@@ -528,10 +501,7 @@
Consider a file position class <code class="literal">FilePos</code> and a set of operators
that take on FilePos instances:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="comment">/*...*/</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">FilePos</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">+(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -545,16 +515,15 @@
The class and the various operators can be mapped to Python rather easily
and intuitively:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __add__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __radd__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+=</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __iadd__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-=</span> <span class="identifier">other</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// __lt__
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">FilePos</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"FilePos"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __add__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">+</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __radd__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __sub__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">+=</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="comment">// __iadd__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">-=</span> <span class="identifier">other</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// __lt__</span>
</pre>
<p>
The code snippet above is very clear and needs almost no explanation at all.
It is virtually the same as the operators' signatures. Just take note that
@@ -564,8 +533,8 @@
in place of an actual <code class="literal">T</code> instance when writing "self
expressions".
</p>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h3>
<a name="id3142715"></a>
<h3>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a>
Special Methods
</h3>
<p>
@@ -575,8 +544,7 @@
wrap C++ functions that correspond to these Python <span class="emphasis"><em>special functions</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span>
<span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">public</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<span class="identifier">Rational</span> <span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">);</span>
@@ -584,30 +552,40 @@
<span class="identifier">ostream</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;(</span><span class="identifier">ostream</span><span class="special">&amp;,</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Rational"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">float_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __float__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">other</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">&gt;))</span> <span class="comment">// __pow__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">abs</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __abs__
</span> <span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __str__
</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">float_</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __float__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pow</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">other</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Rational</span><span class="special">&gt;))</span> <span class="comment">// __pow__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">abs</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __abs__</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span> <span class="comment">// __str__</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Need we say more?
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> What is the business of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>? Well, the method <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></code> requires the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code> to do its work (i.e. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>
is used by the method defined by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.</td></tr></tbody>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
What is the business of <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>? Well, the method <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></code> requires the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code> to do its work (i.e. <code class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></code>
is used by the method defined by <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></code>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" lang="en">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.functions"></a>Functions</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@
</dl></div>
<p>
In this chapter, we'll look at Boost.Python powered functions in closer detail.
We shall see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to Python safe
from potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and references. We shall also
see facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions
that take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
We will see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to Python safe from
potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and references. We will also see
facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions that
take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</pre>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.call_policies"></a>Call Policies</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -81,18 +81,16 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
so Boost.Python must deal with them. To do this, it may need your help. Consider
the following C++ function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
How should the library wrap this function? A naive approach builds a Python
X object around result reference. This strategy might or might not work out.
Here's an example where it didn't
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> # <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">y</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> # <span class="identifier">CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
What's the problem?
@@ -100,8 +98,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Well, what if f() was implemented as shown below:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -118,31 +115,30 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Here's what's happening:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">y</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">x</code> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">x.some_method()</code> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span></li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">y</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">x</code> is a dangling reference
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">x.some_method()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
We could copy result into a new object:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># No crash, but still bad
</span><span class="number">3.14</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">set</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">42</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># Result disappears</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">get</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># No crash, but still bad</span>
<span class="number">3.14</span>
</pre>
<p>
This is not really our intent of our C++ interface. We've broken our promise
@@ -152,10 +148,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Our problems do not end there. Suppose Y is implemented as follows:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">Y</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">}</span>
@@ -165,16 +158,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Notice that the data member <code class="literal">z</code> is held by class Y using
a raw pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> # <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> # <span class="identifier">Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> # <span class="identifier">CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="preprocessor"># Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
For reference, here's the implementation of <code class="literal">f</code> again:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">Y</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">Z</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -183,30 +174,33 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
Here's what's happening:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li>
A pointer to <code class="literal">z</code> is held by <code class="literal">y</code>
</li>
<li>
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">z</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">y.z</code> is a dangling pointer
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">y.z_value()</code> is called
</li>
<li>
<code class="literal">z-&gt;value()</code> is called
</li>
<li><span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span></li>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1">
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">f</code> is called passing in a reference to <code class="literal">y</code>
and a pointer to <code class="literal">z</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A pointer to <code class="literal">z</code> is held by <code class="literal">y</code>
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A reference to <code class="literal">y.x</code> is returned
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">z</code> is deleted. <code class="literal">y.z</code> is a dangling
pointer
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">y.z_value()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<code class="literal">z-&gt;value()</code> is called
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>BOOM!</strong></span>
</li>
</ol></div>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h3>
<a name="id3144432"></a>
<h3>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a>
Call Policies
</h3>
<p>
@@ -214,8 +208,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
In our example, <code class="literal">return_internal_reference</code> and <code class="literal">with_custodian_and_ward</code>
are our friends:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;());</span>
</pre>
@@ -223,8 +216,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
What are the <code class="literal">1</code> and <code class="literal">2</code> parameters, you
ask?
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">return_internal_reference</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the first argument, in our case <code class="literal">Y&amp;
@@ -233,8 +225,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
In short: "return an internal reference <code class="literal">X&amp;</code> owned
by the 1st argument <code class="literal">Y&amp; y</code>".
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">with_custodian_and_ward</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Informs Boost.Python that the lifetime of the argument indicated by ward
@@ -246,8 +237,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
It is also important to note that we have defined two policies above. Two
or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">policy1</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy2</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...,</span>
<span class="identifier">policy3</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">args</span><span class="special">...&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;</span>
</pre>
@@ -255,47 +245,54 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Here is the list of predefined call policies. A complete reference detailing
these can be found <a href="../../../../v2/reference.html#models_of_call_policies" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward</strong></span><br> Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</strong></span><br>
Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>return_internal_reference</strong></span><br> Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</strong></span><br>
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>reference_existing_object</strong></span><br> naive
(dangerous) approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_const_reference</strong></span><br> Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_non_const_reference</strong></span><br>
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><strong>manage_new_object</strong></span><br> Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward</strong></span>: Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</strong></span>: Ties
lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>return_internal_reference</strong></span>: Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</strong></span>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle">
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>reference_existing_object</strong></span>: naive
(dangerous) approach
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_const_reference</strong></span>: Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>copy_non_const_reference</strong></span>:
</li>
<li class="listitem">
<span class="bold"><strong>manage_new_object</strong></span>: Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Remember the Zen, Luke:</strong></span><br>
<br> "Explicit is better than implicit"<br> "In
the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"<br>
</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Remember the Zen, Luke:</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
"Explicit is better than implicit"
</p>
<p>
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.overloading"></a>Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -306,8 +303,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
We have here our C++ class:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -331,11 +327,10 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We shall start by introducing some member
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some member
function pointer variables:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
@@ -343,14 +338,13 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
With these in hand, we can proceed to define and wrap this for Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.default_arguments"></a>Default Arguments</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -358,60 +352,55 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
pointers carry no default argument info. Take a function <code class="literal">f</code>
with default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3.14</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"hello"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
But the type of a pointer to the function <code class="literal">f</code> has no information
about its default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">(*</span><span class="identifier">g</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!</span>
</pre>
<p>
When we pass this function pointer to the <code class="literal">def</code> function,
there is no way to retrieve the default arguments:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// defaults lost!</span>
</pre>
<p>
Because of this, when wrapping C++ code, we had to resort to manual wrapping
as outlined in the <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
as outlined in the <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">previous section</a>,
or writing thin wrappers:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"
</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">// write "thin wrappers"</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="comment">// in module init
</span> <span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// all arguments
</span> <span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// two arguments
</span> <span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// one argument
</span></pre>
<span class="comment">// in module init</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// all arguments</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f2</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// two arguments</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f1</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// one argument</span>
</pre>
<p>
When you want to wrap functions (or member functions) that either:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
have default arguments, or
</li>
<li>
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
have default arguments, or
</li>
<li class="listitem">
are overloaded with a common sequence of initial arguments
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h3>
<a name="id3146300"></a>
<h3>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h3>
<p>
Boost.Python now has a way to make it easier. For instance, given a function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">unsigned</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -419,8 +408,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will automatically create the thin wrappers for us. This macro will create
@@ -430,11 +418,10 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
number of arguments is 1 and the maximum number of arguments is 4. The <code class="literal">def(...)</code>
function will automatically add all the foo variants for us:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h3>
<a name="id3146587"></a>
<h3>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h3>
<p>
@@ -449,8 +436,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
may be used to automatically create the thin wrappers for wrapping member
functions. Let's have an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">george</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span>
<span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'x'</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -462,8 +448,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
The macro invocation:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
will generate a set of thin wrappers for george's <code class="literal">wack_em</code>
@@ -472,15 +457,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
in a class named <code class="literal">george_overloads</code> that can then be used
as an argument to <code class="literal">def(...)</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"wack_em"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">george</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">wack_em</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">george_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
See the <a href="../../../../v2/overloads.html#BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS-spec" target="_top">overloads
reference</a> for details.
</p>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h3>
<a name="id3146923"></a>
<h3>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a>
init and optional
</h3>
<p>
@@ -488,8 +472,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
arguments or a sequence of overloads. Remember <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code>?
For example, given a class X with a constructor:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">struct</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">a</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="identifier">b</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"constructor"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
@@ -498,15 +481,14 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<p>
You can easily add this constructor to Boost.Python in one shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">optional</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">string</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice the use of <code class="literal">init&lt;...&gt;</code> and <code class="literal">optional&lt;...&gt;</code>
to signify the default (optional arguments).
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.auto_overloading"></a>Auto-Overloading</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -515,8 +497,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
used for overloaded functions and member functions with a common sequence
of initial arguments. Here is an example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">/*...*/</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
@@ -540,66 +521,66 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Like in the previous section, we can generate thin wrappers for these overloaded
functions in one-shot:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">void</span><span class="special">(*)(</span><span class="keyword">bool</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">))</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<p>
Notice though that we have a situation now where we have a minimum of zero
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
</p>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h3>
<a name="id3147627"></a>
<h3>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a>
Manual Wrapping
</h3>
<p>
It is important to emphasize however that <span class="bold"><strong>the overloaded
functions must have a common sequence of initial arguments</strong></span>. Otherwise,
our scheme above will not work. If this is not the case, we have to wrap
our functions <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
our functions <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">manually</a>.
</p>
<p>
Actually, we can mix and match manual wrapping of overloaded functions and
automatic wrapping through <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
and its sister, <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>. Following
up on our example presented in the section <a href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
up on our example presented in the section <a class="link" href="functions.html#python.overloading" title="Overloading">on
overloading</a>, since the first 4 overload functins have a common sequence
of initial arguments, we can use <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</code>
to automatically wrap the first three of the <code class="literal">def</code>s and
manually wrap just the last. Here's how we'll do this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">4</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Create a member function pointers as above for both X::f overloads:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">bool</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">char</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::*</span><span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)(</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Then...
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx1</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">xf_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">fx2</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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@@ -1,96 +1,89 @@
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.hello"></a> Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h3>
<a name="id3091224"></a>
<a name="python.hello"></a>Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<h3>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a>
From Start To Finish
</h3>
<p>
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we shall outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We shall use the build tool that comes bundled with
every boost distribution: <span class="bold"><strong>bjam</strong></span>.
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we will outline the steps necessary
to achieve that. We will use the build tool that comes bundled with every boost
distribution: <span class="bold"><strong>bjam</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Building without bjam</strong></span><br>
<br> Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module
built. What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only
way". There are of course other build tools apart from <code class="literal">bjam</code>.<br>
<br> Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python
is bjam. There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience
shows that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems
come from people who had to use a different tool. </td></tr></tbody>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Building without bjam</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built. What's
written here should not be taken as "the one and only way". There
are of course other build tools apart from <code class="literal">bjam</code>.
</p>
<p>
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from
people who had to use a different tool.
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
We shall skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the
hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to building
Boost.Python, check out: <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">building.html</a>.
After this brief <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> tutorial, we should have built two
DLLs:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
boost_python.dll
</li>
<li>
hello.pyd
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
if you are on Windows, and
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
libboost_python.so
</li>
<li>
hello.so
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
if you are on Unix.
We will skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the hello
world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to building Boost.Python,
check out: <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">building.html</a>. After
this brief <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> tutorial, we should have built the DLLs
and run a python program using the extension.
</p>
<p>
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>.
There, you can find:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
hello.cpp
</li>
<li>
Jamfile
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
hello.cpp
</li>
<li class="listitem">
hello.py
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Jamroot
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<code class="literal">Jamfile</code> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us.
<code class="literal">Jamroot</code> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us. Finally, <code class="literal">hello.py</code> is our Python
program that uses the extension in <code class="literal">hello.cpp</code>.
</p>
<p>
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost directory
@@ -98,59 +91,24 @@
in the command line. Pre-built Boost.Jam executables are available for most
platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found <a href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h3>
<a name="id3091427"></a>
<h3>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a>
Let's Jam!
</h3>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/jam.png" alt="jam"></span>
</p>
<p>
Here is our minimalist Jamfile:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"># This is the top of our own project tree
project-root ;
import python ;
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
&lt;template&gt;@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
</pre>
<p>
First, we need to specify our location. You may place your project anywhere.
<code class="literal">project-root</code> allows you to do that.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">project-root ;
</pre>
<p>
By doing so, you'll need a Jamrules file. Simply copy the one in the <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">example/tutorial directory</a>
and tweak the <code class="literal">path-global BOOST_ROOT</code> to where your boost
root directory is. The file has <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">detailed
instructions</a> you can follow.
<a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamroot" target="_top">Here</a> is our minimalist
Jamroot file. Simply copy the file and tweak <code class="literal">use-project boost</code>
to where your boost root directory is and your OK.
</p>
<p>
Then we will import the definitions needed by Python modules:
The comments contained in the Jamrules file above should be sufficient to get
you going.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">import python ;
</pre>
<p>
Finally we declare our <code class="literal">hello</code> extension:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
&lt;template&gt;@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
</pre>
<p>
The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
</p>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h3>
<a name="id3091556"></a>
<h3>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a>
Running bjam
</h3>
<p>
@@ -161,116 +119,59 @@ extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
Start it up.
</p></blockquote></div>
<p>
Make sure that the environment is set so that we can invoke the C++ compiler.
With MSVC, that would mean running the <code class="literal">Vcvars32.bat</code> batch
file. For instance:
A file called user-config.jam in your home directory is used to configure your
tools. In Windows, your home directory can be found by typing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\Tools\vsvars32.bat
<pre class="programlisting">ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
</pre>
<p>
Some environment variables will have to be setup for proper building of our
Python modules. Example:
into a command prompt window. Your file should at least have the rules for
your compiler and your python installation. A specific example of this on Windows
would be:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">set PYTHON_ROOT=c:/dev/tools/python
set PYTHON_VERSION=2.2
<pre class="programlisting"># MSVC configuration
using msvc : 8.0 ;
# Python configuration
using python : 2.4 : C:<span class="emphasis"><em>dev/tools/Python</em></span> ;
</pre>
<p>
The above assumes that the Python installation is in <code class="literal">c:/dev/tools/python</code>
and that we are using Python version 2.2. You'll have to tweak these appropriately.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <span class="bold"><strong>not</strong></span> "2.2.1", even if that's the version
you have.</td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<p>
Take note that you may also do that through the Jamrules file we put in our
project as detailed above. The file has <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">detailed
instructions</a> you can follow.
The first rule tells Bjam to use the MSVC 8.0 compiler and associated tools.
The second rule provides information on Python, its version and where it is
located. The above assumes that the Python installation is in <code class="literal">C:<span class="emphasis"><em>dev/tools\/Python</em></span></code>.
If you have one fairly "standard" python installation for your platform,
you might not need to do this.
</p>
<p>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <code class="literal">cd</code> to <code class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</code>
where the tutorial <code class="literal">"hello.cpp"</code> and the <code class="literal">"Jamfile"</code>
where the tutorial <code class="literal">"hello.cpp"</code> and the <code class="literal">"Jamroot"</code>
is situated.
</p>
<p>
Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">sTOOLS</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="identifier">_1</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">bjam</span>
</pre>
<p>
We are again assuming that we are using Microsoft Visual C++ version 7.1. If
not, then you will have to specify the appropriate tool. See <a href="../../../../../../../tools/build/index.html" target="_top">Building
Boost Libraries</a> for further details.
</p>
<p>
It should be building now:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">cd C:\dev\boost\libs\python\example\tutorial
bjam -sTOOLS=msvc
bjam
...patience...
...found 1703 targets...
...updating 40 targets...
...found 1101 targets...
...updating 35 targets...
</pre>
<p>
And so on... Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">Creating library bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_python.dll\vc-7_1\debug\th
reading-multi\boost_python.lib and object bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_pyth
on.dll\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\boost_python.exp
vc-C++ bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.obj
hello.cpp
vc-Link bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.pyd bin\tutori
al\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.lib
Creating library bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.li
b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
...updated 31 targets...
</pre>
<p>
If all is well, you should now have:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
boost_python.dll
</li>
<li>
hello.pyd
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
if you are on Windows, and
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
libboost_python.so
</li>
<li>
hello.so
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
if you are on Unix.
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">boost_python.dll</code> and <code class="literal">hello.pyd</code> can be
found somewhere in your project's <code class="literal">bin</code> directory. After a
successful build, you make it possible for the system to find boost_python.dll
or libboost_python.so (usually done with LD_LIBRARY_PATH, DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH,
or some other variable on *nix and with PATH on Windows) and for Python to
find the hello module (Done with PYTHONPATH on all systems.)
</p>
<p>
You may now fire up Python and run our hello module:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
<pre class="programlisting">Creating library <span class="emphasis"><em>path-to-boost_python.dll</em></span>
Creating library /path-to-hello_ext.exp/
**passed** ... hello.test
...updated 35 targets...
</pre>
<p>
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="bold"><strong>There you go... Have fun!</strong></span>
@@ -278,12 +179,17 @@ b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.iterators"></a>Iterators</h2></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -32,63 +32,56 @@
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>C++ iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input,
output)
</li>
<li>
There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access
</li>
<li>
A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
C++ has 5 type categories (random-access, bidirectional, forward, input,
output)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
There are 2 Operation categories: reposition, access
</li>
<li class="listitem">
A pair of iterators is needed to represent a (first/last) range.
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>Python Iterators:</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
1 category (forward)
</li>
<li>
1 operation category (next())
</li>
<li>
Raises StopIteration exception at end
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
1 category (forward)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
1 operation category (next())
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Raises StopIteration exception at end
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The typical Python iteration protocol: <code class="literal"><span class="bold"><strong>for y
in x...</strong></span></code> is as follows:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator
</span><span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">:</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__iter__</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get iterator</span>
<span class="keyword">try</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="number">1</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get each item
</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="comment"># process y
</span><span class="keyword">except</span> <span class="identifier">StopIteration</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span> <span class="comment"># iterator exhausted
</span></pre>
<span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="comment"># get each item</span>
<span class="special">...</span> <span class="comment"># process y</span>
<span class="keyword">except</span> <span class="identifier">StopIteration</span><span class="special">:</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span> <span class="comment"># iterator exhausted</span>
</pre>
<p>
Boost.Python provides some mechanisms to make C++ iterators play along nicely
as Python iterators. What we need to do is to produce appropriate <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">__iter__</span></code> function from C++ iterators that
is compatible with the Python iteration protocol. For example:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;();</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">get_iterator</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">first</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">iter</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">next</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Or for use in class_&lt;&gt;:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__iter__"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">vector</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>range</strong></span>
@@ -96,34 +89,34 @@
<p>
We can create a Python savvy iterator using the range function:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
range(start, finish)
</li>
<li>
range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
range(start, finish)
</li>
<li class="listitem">
range&lt;Policies,Target&gt;(start, finish)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
Here, start/finish may be one of:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
member data pointers
</li>
<li>
member function pointers
</li>
<li>
adaptable function object (use Target parameter)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
member data pointers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
member function pointers
</li>
<li class="listitem">
adaptable function object (use Target parameter)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>iterator</strong></span>
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem">
iterator&lt;T, Policies&gt;()
</li></ul></div>
<p>
Given a container <code class="literal">T</code>, iterator is a shortcut that simply
calls <code class="literal">range</code> with &amp;T::begin, &amp;T::end.
@@ -132,10 +125,7 @@
Let's put this into action... Here's an example from some hypothetical bogon
Particle accelerator code:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">f</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">Field</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">pions</span><span class="special">:</span>
<span class="identifier">smash</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">for</span> <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">bogons</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -144,10 +134,7 @@
<p>
Now, our C++ Wrapper:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Field"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"pions"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">p_end</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">property</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"bogons"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">range</span><span class="special">(&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">F</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">b_end</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
@@ -161,41 +148,40 @@
a Python iterator look like an STL iterator. For that, we use <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span></code>.
Consider how we might implement a function that exposes <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;::</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">()</span></code> to Python:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">template</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">typename</span> <span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">list_assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// Turn a Python sequence into an STL input range
</span> <span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// Turn a Python sequence into an STL input range</span>
<span class="identifier">stl_input_iterator</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">T</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">),</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">l</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">begin</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">end</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="comment">// Part of the wrapper for list&lt;int&gt;
</span><span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"list_int"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">// Part of the wrapper for list&lt;int&gt;</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">std</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">list</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;</span> <span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"list_int"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"assign"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">list_assign</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;)</span>
<span class="comment">// ...
</span> <span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// ...</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
<p>
Now in Python, we can assign any integer sequence to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">list_int</span></code>
objects:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">list_int</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">assign</span><span class="special">([</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">2</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">4</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">5</span><span class="special">])</span>
</pre>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.object"></a> Object Interface</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="python.object"></a>Object Interface</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.basic_interface">Basic Interface</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.derived_object_types">Derived Object types</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.extracting_c___objects">Extracting C++ objects</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.enums">Enums</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="object.html#python.creating_python_object">Creating <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span></code> from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span></code></a></span></dt>
</dl></div>
<p>
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python variables
may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc., among other
things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these Pythonic variables
are just instances of class <code class="literal">object</code>. We shall see in this
are just instances of class <code class="literal">object</code>. We will see in this
chapter how to deal with Python objects.
</p>
<p>
@@ -47,7 +48,7 @@
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/python.png" alt="python"></span>
</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.basic_interface"></a>Basic Interface</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -60,10 +61,7 @@
<p>
To illustrate, this Python code snippet:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">'foo'</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">:</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">'bar'</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span><span class="special">:</span>
@@ -76,10 +74,7 @@
<p>
Can be rewritten in C++ using Boost.Python facilities this way:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">slice</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">3</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"bar"</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="keyword">else</span>
@@ -95,54 +90,51 @@
in C++, the look and feel should be immediately apparent to the Python coder.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.derived_object_types"></a>Derived Object types</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Boost.Python comes with a set of derived <code class="literal">object</code> types
corresponding to that of Python's:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
list
</li>
<li>
dict
</li>
<li>
tuple
</li>
<li>
str
</li>
<li>
long_
</li>
<li>
enum
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
list
</li>
<li class="listitem">
dict
</li>
<li class="listitem">
tuple
</li>
<li class="listitem">
str
</li>
<li class="listitem">
long_
</li>
<li class="listitem">
enum
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
These derived <code class="literal">object</code> types act like real Python types.
For instance:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">1</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==&gt;</span> <span class="string">"1"</span>
</pre>
<p>
Wherever appropriate, a particular derived <code class="literal">object</code> has
corresponding Python type's methods. For instance, <code class="literal">dict</code>
has a <code class="literal">keys()</code> method:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">keys</span><span class="special">()</span>
</pre>
<p>
<code class="literal">make_tuple</code> is provided for declaring <span class="emphasis"><em>tuple literals</em></span>.
Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="number">123</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="char">'D'</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="string">"Hello, World"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">0.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
In C++, when Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>s are used as arguments
@@ -150,54 +142,51 @@
<code class="literal">f</code>, as declared below, is wrapped, it will only accept
instances of Python's <code class="literal">str</code> type and subtypes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">n2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"upper"</span><span class="special">)();</span> <span class="comment">// NAME = name.upper()
</span> <span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// better
</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">n2</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"upper"</span><span class="special">)();</span> <span class="comment">// NAME = name.upper()</span>
<span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="comment">// better</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
In finer detail:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">NAME</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">upper</span><span class="special">();</span>
</pre>
<p>
Illustrates that we provide versions of the str type's methods as C++ member
functions.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">msg</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="string">"%s is bigger than %s"</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="identifier">make_tuple</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">NAME</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Demonstrates that you can write the C++ equivalent of <code class="literal">"format"
% x,y,z</code> in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to
do that in std C++.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Beware</strong></span> the
common pitfall of forgetting that the constructors of most of Python's
mutable types make copies, just as in Python. </td></tr></tbody>
</table></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<div class="titlepage"></div>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>Beware</strong></span> the common pitfall
of forgetting that the constructors of most of Python's mutable types make
copies, just as in Python.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Python:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="comment"># modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__dict__</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="comment"># copies x.__dict__</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span> <span class="comment"># modifies the copy</span>
</pre>
<p>
C++:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__
</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h3>
<a name="id3149441"></a>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span> <span class="comment">// copies x.__dict__</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy</span>
</pre>
<h3>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a>
class_&lt;T&gt; as objects
</h3>
<p>
@@ -208,8 +197,7 @@
<p>
We can use this to create wrapped instances. Example:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">vec345</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="special">(</span>
<span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"Vec2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">init</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;())</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def_readonly</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"angle"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="special">&amp;</span><span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">angle</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -218,7 +206,7 @@
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">vec345</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="number">5.0</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.extracting_c___objects"></a>Extracting C++ objects</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -226,16 +214,14 @@
can be achieved with the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code> function. Consider
the following:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">);</span> <span class="comment">// compile error</span>
</pre>
<p>
In the code above, we got a compiler error because Boost.Python <code class="literal">object</code>
can't be implicitly converted to <code class="literal">double</code>s. Instead, what
we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">double</span> <span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">double</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"length"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">assert</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">l</span> <span class="special">==</span> <span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">length</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
@@ -252,8 +238,7 @@
be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">check</span><span class="special">())</span> <span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">Vec2</span><span class="special">&amp;</span> <span class="identifier">v</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">();</span> <span class="special">...</span>
</pre>
@@ -261,12 +246,11 @@
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> The astute reader might have noticed that the <code class="literal">extract&lt;T&gt;</code>
facility in fact solves the mutable copying problem:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"whatever"</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies x.__dict__ !
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">dict</span> <span class="identifier">d</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"whatever"</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies x.__dict__ !</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.enums"></a>Enums</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -277,14 +261,12 @@
typing to C++'s strong static typing (in C++, ints cannot be implicitly converted
to enums). To illustrate, given a C++ enum:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">enum</span> <span class="identifier">choice</span> <span class="special">{</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span> <span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
the construct:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"choice"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"red"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"blue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
@@ -295,51 +277,84 @@
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <code class="literal">int</code>
type which is associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><strong>what is a scope?</strong></span><br>
<br> The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object
which controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes
and wrapped functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be
found <a href="../../../../v2/scope.html" target="_top">here</a>.</td></tr></tbody>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>what is a scope?</strong></span>
</p>
<p>
The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found <a href="../../../../v2/scope.html" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
You can access those values in Python as
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
<span class="identifier">my_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">choice</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">red</span>
</pre>
<p>
where my_module is the module where the enum is declared. You can also create
a new scope around a class:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">scope</span> <span class="identifier">in_X</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">class_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"X"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span> <span class="special">...</span> <span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
<span class="comment">// Expose X::nested as X.nested
</span><span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">nested</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"nested"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">// Expose X::nested as X.nested</span>
<span class="identifier">enum_</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">X</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">nested</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="string">"nested"</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"red"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">red</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">value</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"blue"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">blue</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">;</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.creating_python_object"></a>Creating <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span></code> from <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
When you want a <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span></code> to manage a pointer to <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span></code>
pyobj one does:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">pyobj</span><span class="special">));</span>
</pre>
<p>
In this case, the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">o</span></code> object,
manages the <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pyobj</span></code>, it won&#8217;t
increase the reference count on construction.
</p>
<p>
Otherwise, to use a borrowed reference:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">o</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">pyobj</span><span class="special">)));</span>
</pre>
<p>
In this case, <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Py_INCREF</span></code> is
called, so <code class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">pyobj</span></code> is not destructed
when object o goes out of scope.
</p>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
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</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.techniques"></a> General Techniques</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="python.techniques"></a>General Techniques</h2></div></div></div>
<div class="toc"><dl>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages">Creating Packages</a></span></dt>
<dt><span class="section"><a href="techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">Extending Wrapped Objects in Python</a></span></dt>
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
Here are presented some useful techniques that you can use while wrapping code
with Boost.Python.
</p>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.creating_packages"></a>Creating Packages</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -53,8 +53,7 @@
<code class="literal">sounds</code>. Our library already has a neat C++ namespace hierarchy,
like so:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
</pre>
@@ -62,16 +61,14 @@
We would like to present this same hierarchy to the Python user, allowing
him to write code like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span> <span class="comment"># echo is a C++ function
</span></pre>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span> <span class="comment"># echo is a C++ function</span>
</pre>
<p>
The first step is to write the wrapping code. We have to export each module
separately with Boost.Python, like this:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">file</span> <span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">cpp</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">/*</span> <span class="identifier">export</span> <span class="identifier">everything</span> <span class="keyword">in</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">core</span> <span class="identifier">namespace</span> <span class="special">*/</span>
@@ -96,12 +93,17 @@
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <code class="literal">core.pyd</code>,
<code class="literal">io.pyd</code> and <code class="literal">filters.pyd</code>.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> The extension <code class="literal">.pyd</code> is used
for python extension modules, which are just shared libraries. Using
the default for your system, like <code class="literal">.so</code> for Unix and
<code class="literal">.dll</code> for Windows, works just as well.</td></tr></tbody>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
The extension <code class="literal">.pyd</code> is used for python extension modules,
which are just shared libraries. Using the default for your system, like
<code class="literal">.so</code> for Unix and <code class="literal">.dll</code> for Windows,
works just as well.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
Now, we create this directory structure for our Python package:
@@ -122,10 +124,7 @@
into his <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/node8.html#SECTION008110000000000000000" target="_top">PYTHONPATH</a>
and fire up the interpreter:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">io</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">open</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">'file.mp3'</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">new_sound</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="number">1.0</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -145,10 +144,7 @@
If we want this flexibility, we will have to complicate our package hierarchy
a little. First, we will have to change the name of the extension modules:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file core.cpp */</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="special">...</span>
@@ -165,12 +161,12 @@
__init__.py
core/
__init__.py
_core.pyd
<span class="underline">core.pyd
filters/
__init__.py
_filters.pyd
\</span>_init__.py
<span class="underline">filters.pyd
io/
__init__.py
\</span>_init__.py
_io.pyd
</pre>
<p>
@@ -178,10 +174,7 @@
to each one. But if we leave it that way, the user will have to access the
functions in the core module with this syntax:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">_core</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -189,17 +182,15 @@
magic: everything that is brought to the <code class="literal">__init__.py</code> namespace
can be accessed directly by the user. So, all we have to do is bring the
entire namespace from <code class="literal">_core.pyd</code> to <code class="literal">core/__init__.py</code>.
So add this line of code to <code class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>core</em></span>__init__.py</code>:
So add this line of code to <code class="literal">sounds/core/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_core</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
</pre>
<p>
We do the same for the other packages. Now the user accesses the functions
and classes in the extension modules like before:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
<p>
@@ -212,43 +203,39 @@
a file named <code class="literal">sounds/filters/echo_noise.py</code> and code our
function:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">s</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">_filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">noise</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">sound</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">s</span>
</pre>
<p>
Next, we add this line to <code class="literal">sounds<span class="emphasis"><em>filters</em></span>__init__.py</code>:
Next, we add this line to <code class="literal">sounds/filters/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">echo_noise</span>
</pre>
<p>
And that's it. The user now accesses this function like any other function
from the <code class="literal">filters</code> package:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">sounds</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">filters</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">echo_noise</span><span class="special">(...)</span>
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"></a>Extending Wrapped Objects in Python</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
Thanks to Python's flexibility, you can easily add new methods to a class,
even after it was already created:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">pass</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'A C instance!'</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># a regular function</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'A C instance!'</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># now we turn it in a member function
</span><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="comment"># now we turn it in a member function</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">C_str</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">c</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">c</span>
@@ -263,10 +250,7 @@
We can do the same with classes that were wrapped with Boost.Python. Suppose
we have a class <code class="literal">point</code> in C++:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">point</span> <span class="special">{...};</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -274,48 +258,44 @@
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
<p>
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
If we are using the technique from the previous session, <a class="link" href="techniques.html#python.creating_packages" title="Creating Packages">Creating
Packages</a>, we can code directly into <code class="literal">geom/__init__.py</code>:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">from</span> <span class="identifier">_geom</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="special">*</span>
<span class="comment"># a regular function
</span><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="comment"># a regular function</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="comment"># now we turn it into a member function
</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span>
<span class="comment"># now we turn it into a member function</span>
<span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__str__</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point_str</span>
</pre>
<p>
<span class="bold"><strong>All</strong></span> point instances created from C++ will
also have this member function! This technique has several advantages:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
Cut down compile times to zero for these additional functions
</li>
<li>
Reduce the memory footprint to virtually zero
</li>
<li>
Minimize the need to recompile
</li>
<li>
Rapid prototyping (you can move the code to C++ if required without changing
the interface)
</li>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc">
<li class="listitem">
Cut down compile times to zero for these additional functions
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Reduce the memory footprint to virtually zero
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Minimize the need to recompile
</li>
<li class="listitem">
Rapid prototyping (you can move the code to C++ if required without changing
the interface)
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
You can even add a little syntactic sugar with the use of metaclasses. Let's
create a special metaclass that "injects" methods in other classes.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.
</span><span class="comment"># You can use here any class exported by Boost instead of "point"
</span><span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__class__</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment"># The one Boost.Python uses for all wrapped classes.</span>
<span class="comment"># You can use here any class exported by Boost instead of "point"</span>
<span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__class__</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">injector</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">__metaclass__</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">BoostPythonMetaclass</span><span class="special">):</span>
@@ -326,8 +306,8 @@
<span class="identifier">setattr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">b</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">k</span><span class="special">,</span><span class="identifier">v</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">type</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">__init__</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">bases</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">dict</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment"># inject some methods in the point foo
</span><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">more_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">injector</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="comment"># inject some methods in the point foo</span>
<span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="identifier">more_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">injector</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">__repr__</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">'Point(x=%s, y=%s)'</span> <span class="special">%</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">):</span>
@@ -336,8 +316,7 @@
<p>
Now let's see how it got:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">Point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">10</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">().</span><span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">!</span>
@@ -345,8 +324,7 @@
<p>
Another useful idea is to replace constructors with factory functions:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="identifier">_point</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">point</span>
<span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="number">0</span><span class="special">):</span>
<span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">_point</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -358,7 +336,7 @@
support.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="section">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.reducing_compiling_time"></a>Reducing Compiling Time</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
@@ -367,10 +345,7 @@
can easily become too high. If this is causing you problems, you can split
the class_ definitions in multiple files:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="comment">/* file point.cpp */</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -392,8 +367,7 @@
Now you create a file <code class="literal">main.cpp</code>, which contains the <code class="literal">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</code>
macro, and call the various export functions inside it.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_point</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="identifier">export_triangle</span><span class="special">();</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">_geom</span><span class="special">)</span>
@@ -406,8 +380,7 @@
Compiling and linking together all this files produces the same result as
the usual approach:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<pre class="programlisting"><span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">point</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">triangle</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">h</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
@@ -425,29 +398,43 @@
exporting it to Python at the same time: changes in a class will only demand
the compilation of a single cpp, instead of the entire wrapper code.
</p>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <code class="literal">--multiple</code> option, that generates
the wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.</td></tr></tbody>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <code class="literal">--multiple</code> option, that generates
the wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="informaltable"><table class="table">
<colgroup><col></colgroup>
<tbody><tr><td class="blurb"> <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> This method is useful too if you are getting the
error message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal
structure overflow"</em></span> when compiling a large source file,
as explained in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.</td></tr></tbody>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/src/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
This method is useful too if you are getting the error message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal
error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow"</em></span>
when compiling a large source file, as explained in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright &#169; 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
</tr></table>
<hr>
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View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[library python
[version 1.0]
[version 2.0]
[authors [de Guzman, Joel], [Abrahams, David]]
[copyright 2002 2003 2004 2005 Joel de Guzman, David Abrahams]
[category inter-language support]
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ Function:
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
#include <boost/python.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello_ext)
{
using namespace boost::python;
def("greet", greet);
}
@@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
[python]
>>> import hello
>>> print hello.greet()
>>> import hello_ext
>>> print hello_ext.greet()
hello, world
[c++]
@@ -75,43 +75,39 @@ resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
[h2 From Start To Finish]
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we shall outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We shall use the build tool that comes bundled
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we will outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We will use the build tool that comes bundled
with every boost distribution: [*bjam].
[blurb __note__ [*Building without bjam]\n\n
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from [^bjam].\n\n
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
[note [*Building without bjam]
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from [^bjam].
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
]
We shall skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the
hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to
building Boost.Python, check out: [@../../../building.html building.html].
After this brief ['bjam] tutorial, we should have built two DLLs:
* boost_python.dll
* hello.pyd
if you are on Windows, and
* libboost_python.so
* hello.so
if you are on Unix.
We will skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create
the hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to
building Boost.Python, check out: [@../../../building.html
building.html]. After this brief ['bjam] tutorial, we should have built
the DLLs and run a python program using the extension.
The tutorial example can be found in the directory:
[^libs/python/example/tutorial]. There, you can find:
* hello.cpp
* Jamfile
* hello.py
* Jamroot
The [^hello.cpp] file is our C++ hello world example. The [^Jamfile] is a
minimalist ['bjam] script that builds the DLLs for us.
The [^hello.cpp] file is our C++ hello world example. The [^Jamroot] is
a minimalist ['bjam] script that builds the DLLs for us. Finally,
[^hello.py] is our Python program that uses the extension in
[^hello.cpp].
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost
directory or somewhere in your path such that [^bjam] can be executed in
@@ -122,51 +118,12 @@ platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found
[h2 Let's Jam!]
__jam__
Here is our minimalist Jamfile:
[@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamroot Here] is our minimalist Jamroot
file. Simply copy the file and tweak [^use-project boost] to where your
boost root directory is and your OK.
[pre
# This is the top of our own project tree
project-root ;
import python ;
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
<template>@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
]
First, we need to specify our location. You may place your project anywhere.
[^project-root] allows you to do that.
[pre
project-root ;
]
By doing so, you'll need a Jamrules file. Simply copy the one in the
[@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules example/tutorial directory] and tweak
the [^path-global BOOST_ROOT] to where your boost root directory is. The file
has [@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules detailed instructions] you can follow.
Then we will import the definitions needed by Python modules:
[pre
import python ;
]
Finally we declare our [^hello] extension:
[pre
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
<template>@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
]
The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
The comments contained in the Jamrules file above should be sufficient
to get you going.
[h2 Running bjam]
@@ -174,98 +131,60 @@ The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
[:Start it up.]
Make sure that the environment is set so that we can invoke the C++
compiler. With MSVC, that would mean running the [^Vcvars32.bat] batch
file. For instance:
A file called user-config.jam in your home directory is used to
configure your tools. In Windows, your home directory can be found by
typing:
[pre
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\Tools\vsvars32.bat
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
]
Some environment variables will have to be setup for proper building of our
Python modules. Example:
into a command prompt window. Your file should at least have the rules
for your compiler and your python installation. A specific example of
this on Windows would be:
[pre
set PYTHON_ROOT=c:/dev/tools/python
set PYTHON_VERSION=2.2
# MSVC configuration
using msvc : 8.0 ;
# Python configuration
using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools/Python/ ;
]
The above assumes that the Python installation is in [^c:/dev/tools/python]
and that we are using Python version 2.2. You'll have to tweak these
appropriately.
[blurb __tip__ Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. [*not] "2.2.1",
even if that's the version you have.]
Take note that you may also do that through the Jamrules file we put in
our project as detailed above. The file
has [@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules detailed instructions] you
can follow.
The first rule tells Bjam to use the MSVC 8.0 compiler and associated
tools. The second rule provides information on Python, its version and
where it is located. The above assumes that the Python installation is
in [^C:/dev/tools\/Python/]. If you have one fairly "standard" python
installation for your platform, you might not need to do this.
Now we are ready... Be sure to [^cd] to [^libs/python/example/tutorial]
where the tutorial [^"hello.cpp"] and the [^"Jamfile"] is situated.
where the tutorial [^"hello.cpp"] and the [^"Jamroot"] is situated.
Finally:
bjam -sTOOLS=vc-7_1
We are again assuming that we are using Microsoft Visual C++ version 7.1. If
not, then you will have to specify the appropriate tool. See
[@../../../../../../tools/build/index.html Building Boost Libraries] for
further details.
bjam
It should be building now:
[pre
cd C:\dev\boost\libs\python\example\tutorial
bjam -sTOOLS=msvc
bjam
...patience...
...found 1703 targets...
...updating 40 targets...
...found 1101 targets...
...updating 35 targets...
]
And so on... Finally:
[pre
Creating library bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_python.dll\vc-7_1\debug\th
reading-multi\boost_python.lib and object bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_pyth
on.dll\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\boost_python.exp
vc-C++ bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.obj
hello.cpp
vc-Link bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.pyd bin\tutori
al\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.lib
Creating library bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.li
b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
...updated 31 targets...
Creating library /path-to-boost_python.dll/
Creating library /path-to-'''hello_ext'''.exp/
'''**passed**''' ... hello.test
...updated 35 targets...
]
If all is well, you should now have:
* boost_python.dll
* hello.pyd
if you are on Windows, and
* libboost_python.so
* hello.so
if you are on Unix.
[^boost_python.dll] and [^hello.pyd] can be found somewhere in your project's
[^bin] directory. After a successful build, you make it possible for the system
to find boost_python.dll or libboost_python.so (usually done with LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, or some other variable on *nix and with PATH on Windows) and
for Python to find the hello module (Done with PYTHONPATH on all systems.)
You may now fire up Python and run our hello module:
[python]
>>> import hello
>>> print hello.greet()
hello, world
[c++]
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
[:[*There you go... Have fun!]]
@@ -495,7 +414,7 @@ Doing so, we get some things for free:
Python via a pointer or reference to [^Base] can be passed where a pointer
or reference to [^Derived] is expected.
Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions [^b] and [^d] and [^factory]:
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions [^b] and [^d] and [^factory]:
def("b", b);
def("d", d);
@@ -505,7 +424,7 @@ Note that free function [^factory] is being used to generate new
instances of class [^Derived]. In such cases, we use
[^return_value_policy<manage_new_object>] to instruct Python to adopt
the pointer to [^Base] and hold the instance in a new Python [^Base]
object until the the Python object is destroyed. We shall see more of
object until the the Python object is destroyed. We will see more of
Boost.Python [link python.call_policies call policies] later.
// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
@@ -516,7 +435,7 @@ Boost.Python [link python.call_policies call policies] later.
[section Class Virtual Functions]
In this section, we shall learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
In this section, we will learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our [^Base] class:
@@ -526,13 +445,13 @@ to our [^Base] class:
virtual int f() = 0;
};
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing C++
design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for a 3rd
party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything to our class
`Base`. Yet, when you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in
Python and called polymorphically *from C++*, we'll need to add some
scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write a class
wrapper that derives from `Base` that will unintrusively hook into the virtual
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing C++
design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for a 3rd
party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything to our class
`Base`. Yet, when you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in
Python and called polymorphically *from C++*, we'll need to add some
scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write a class
wrapper that derives from `Base` that will unintrusively hook into the virtual
functions so that a Python override may be called:
struct BaseWrap : Base, wrapper<Base>
@@ -548,8 +467,10 @@ inherited `wrapper<Base>` (See [@../../../v2/wrapper.html Wrapper]). The
`wrapper` template makes the job of wrapping classes that are meant to
overridden in Python, easier.
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]\n\n
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write `f` as:\n\n
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write `f` as:
`return call<int>(this->get_override("f").ptr());`.]
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function `f` in effect calls the
@@ -561,24 +482,25 @@ Finally, exposing `Base`:
.def("f", pure_virtual(&Base::f))
;
`pure_virtual` signals Boost.Python that the function `f` is a pure virtual
`pure_virtual` signals Boost.Python that the function `f` is a pure virtual
function.
[blurb __note__ [*member function and methods]\n\n Python, like
many object oriented languages uses the term [*methods]. Methods
correspond roughly to C++'s [*member functions]]
[note [*member function and methods]
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term [*methods].
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s [*member functions]]
[endsect]
[section Virtual Functions with Default Implementations]
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions are
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions are
wrapped using Boost.Python's [@../../../v2/wrapper.html class wrapper]
facilities. If we wish to wrap [*non]-pure-virtual functions instead, the
facilities. If we wish to wrap [*non]-pure-virtual functions instead, the
mechanism is a bit different.
Recall that in the [link python.class_virtual_functions previous section], we
wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then implemented in C++, or
Recall that in the [link python.class_virtual_functions previous section], we
wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then implemented in C++, or
Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
struct Base
@@ -596,7 +518,7 @@ not declared as pure virtual:
};
We wrap it this way:
struct BaseWrap : Base, wrapper<Base>
{
int f()
@@ -608,24 +530,26 @@ We wrap it this way:
int default_f() { return this->Base::f(); }
};
Notice how we implemented `BaseWrap::f`. Now, we have to check if there is an
Notice how we implemented `BaseWrap::f`. Now, we have to check if there is an
override for `f`. If none, then we call `Base::f()`.
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]\n\n
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite the line
with the `*note*` as:\n\n
with the `*note*` as:
`return call<char const*>(f.ptr());`.]
Finally, exposing:
class_<BaseWrap, boost::noncopyable>("Base")
.def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::default_f)
;
Take note that we expose both `&Base::f` and `&BaseWrap::default_f`.
Boost.Python needs to keep track of 1) the dispatch function [^f] and 2) the
forwarding function to its default implementation [^default_f]. There's a
Take note that we expose both `&Base::f` and `&BaseWrap::default_f`.
Boost.Python needs to keep track of 1) the dispatch function [^f] and 2) the
forwarding function to its default implementation [^default_f]. There's a
special [^def] function for this purpose.
In Python, the results would be as expected:
@@ -715,7 +639,7 @@ that correspond to these Python ['special functions]. Example:
Need we say more?
[blurb __note__ What is the business of `operator<<`?
[note What is the business of `operator<<`?
Well, the method `str` requires the `operator<<` to do its work (i.e.
`operator<<` is used by the method defined by `def(str(self))`.]
@@ -725,9 +649,9 @@ Well, the method `str` requires the `operator<<` to do its work (i.e.
[section Functions]
In this chapter, we'll look at Boost.Python powered functions in closer
detail. We shall see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to
detail. We will see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to
Python safe from potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and
references. We shall also see facilities that will make it even easier for
references. We will also see facilities that will make it even easier for
us to expose C++ functions that take advantage of C++ features such as
overloading and default arguments.
@@ -890,18 +814,21 @@ or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
Here is the list of predefined call policies. A complete reference detailing
these can be found [@../../../v2/reference.html#models_of_call_policies here].
* [*with_custodian_and_ward]\n Ties lifetimes of the arguments
* [*with_custodian_and_ward_postcall]\n Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
* [*return_internal_reference]\n Ties lifetime of one argument to that of result
* [*return_value_policy<T> with T one of:]\n
* [*reference_existing_object]\nnaive (dangerous) approach
* [*copy_const_reference]\nBoost.Python v1 approach
* [*copy_non_const_reference]\n
* [*manage_new_object]\n Adopt a pointer and hold the instance
* [*with_custodian_and_ward]: Ties lifetimes of the arguments
* [*with_custodian_and_ward_postcall]: Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
* [*return_internal_reference]: Ties lifetime of one argument to that of result
* [*return_value_policy<T> with T one of:]
* [*reference_existing_object]: naive (dangerous) approach
* [*copy_const_reference]: Boost.Python v1 approach
* [*copy_non_const_reference]:
* [*manage_new_object]: Adopt a pointer and hold the instance
[blurb :-) [*Remember the Zen, Luke:]\n\n
"Explicit is better than implicit"\n
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"\n]
[blurb :-) [*Remember the Zen, Luke:]
"Explicit is better than implicit"
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"
]
[endsect]
[section Overloading]
@@ -935,7 +862,7 @@ We have here our C++ class:
};
};
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We shall start by introducing some
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some
member function pointer variables:
bool (X::*fx1)(int) = &X::f;
@@ -974,8 +901,8 @@ wrapping as outlined in the [link python.overloading previous section], or
writing thin wrappers:
// write "thin wrappers"
int f1(int x) { f(x); }
int f2(int x, double y) { f(x,y); }
int f1(int x) { return f(x); }
int f2(int x, double y) { return f(x,y); }
/*...*/
@@ -1141,7 +1068,7 @@ Then...
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python
variables may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc.,
among other things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these
Pythonic variables are just instances of class [^object]. We shall see in
Pythonic variables are just instances of class [^object]. We will see in
this chapter how to deal with Python objects.
As mentioned, one of the goals of Boost.Python is to provide a
@@ -1290,14 +1217,14 @@ we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
Vec2& v = extract<Vec2&>(o);
assert(l == v.length());
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the Boost.Python
[^object]. The second line attempts to ['extract] the [^Vec2] object from held
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the Boost.Python
[^object]. The second line attempts to ['extract] the [^Vec2] object from held
by the Boost.Python [^object].
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python [^object]
does not really hold a [^Vec2] type? This is certainly a possibility considering
the dynamic nature of Python [^object]s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type
can't be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python [^object]
does not really hold a [^Vec2] type? This is certainly a possibility considering
the dynamic nature of Python [^object]s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type
can't be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
extract<Vec2&> x(o);
@@ -1335,10 +1262,12 @@ current [^scope()], which is usually the current module. The snippet above
creates a Python class derived from Python's [^int] type which is
associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
[blurb __note__ [*what is a scope?]\n\n The scope is a class that has an
associated global Python object which controls the Python namespace in
which new extension classes and wrapped functions will be defined as
attributes. Details can be found [@../../../v2/scope.html here].]
[note [*what is a scope?]
The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found
[@../../../v2/scope.html here].]
You can access those values in Python as
@@ -1373,6 +1302,23 @@ create a new scope around a class:
[def PyModule_GetDict [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/moduleObjects.html#l2h-594 PyModule_GetDict]]
[endsect]
[section:creating_python_object Creating `boost::python::object` from `PyObject*`]
When you want a `boost::python::object` to manage a pointer to `PyObject*` pyobj one does:
boost::python::object o(boost::python::handle<>(pyobj));
In this case, the `o` object, manages the `pyobj`, it wont increase the reference count on construction.
Otherwise, to use a borrowed reference:
boost::python::object o(boost::python::handle<>(boost::python::borrowed(pyobj)));
In this case, `Py_INCREF` is called, so `pyobj` is not destructed when object o goes out of scope.
[endsect] [/ creating_python_object ]
[endsect] [/ Object Interface]
[section Embedding]
@@ -1433,15 +1379,15 @@ Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding
the Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4
steps:
# '''#include''' [^<boost/python.hpp>]\n\n
# '''#include''' [^<boost/python.hpp>]
# Call Py_Initialize() to start the interpreter and create the [^__main__] module.\n\n
# Call Py_Initialize() to start the interpreter and create the [^__main__] module.
# Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.\n\n
# Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
[/ # Call Py_Finalize() to stop the interpreter and release its resources.]
[blurb __note__ [*Note that at this time you must not call Py_Finalize() to stop the
[note [*Note that at this time you must not call Py_Finalize() to stop the
interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
]
@@ -1452,10 +1398,10 @@ interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
[section Using the interpreter]
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully
automatic in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html by hand]. This is
automatic in Python, the Python C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/c-api/refcounting.html by hand]. This is
messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
Fortunately Boost.Python provides the [@../../../v2/handle.html handle] and
[@../../../v2/object.html object] class templates to automate the process.
@@ -1499,10 +1445,10 @@ containing a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
[h2 Manipulating Python objects]
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects.
But we have already seen such a class above, and in the
[@python/object.html previous section]: the aptly named [^object] class
and its derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects.
But we have already seen such a class above, and in the
[@python/object.html previous section]: the aptly named [^object] class
and its derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from
a [^handle]. The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
object main_module = import("__main__");
@@ -1537,7 +1483,7 @@ If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression,
The [^error_already_set] exception class doesn't carry any information in itself.
To find out more about the Python exception that occurred, you need to use the
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html exception handling functions]
of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
of the Python C API in your catch-statement. This can be as simple as calling
[@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70 PyErr_Print()] to
print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the
exception with those of the [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html
@@ -1650,7 +1596,7 @@ So far, we have seen how to expose C++ iterators and ranges to Python.
Sometimes we wish to go the other way, though: we'd like to pass a
Python sequence to an STL algorithm or use it to initialize an STL
container. We need to make a Python iterator look like an STL iterator.
For that, we use `stl_input_iterator<>`. Consider how we might
For that, we use `stl_input_iterator<>`. Consider how we might
implement a function that exposes `std::list<int>::assign()` to
Python:
@@ -1754,7 +1700,7 @@ separately with Boost.Python, like this:
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions:
[^core.pyd], [^io.pyd] and [^filters.pyd].
[blurb __note__ The extension [^.pyd] is used for python extension modules, which
[note The extension [^.pyd] is used for python extension modules, which
are just shared libraries. Using the default for your system, like [^.so] for
Unix and [^.dll] for Windows, works just as well.]
@@ -2025,11 +1971,11 @@ This method is recommended too if you are developing the C++ library and
exporting it to Python at the same time: changes in a class will only demand
the compilation of a single cpp, instead of the entire wrapper code.
[blurb __note__ If you're exporting your classes with [@../../../../pyste/index.html Pyste],
[note If you're exporting your classes with [@../../../../pyste/index.html Pyste],
take a look at the [^--multiple] option, that generates the wrappers in
various files as demonstrated here.]
[blurb __note__ This method is useful too if you are getting the error message
[note This method is useful too if you are getting the error message
['"fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow"] when compiling
a large source file, as explained in the [@../../../v2/faq.html#c1204 FAQ].]

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@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
<a href="doc/html/index.html">link</a> &nbsp;<hr>
<p>© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2001</p>
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
accompanying file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
accompanying file <a href="../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
</body>
</html>
</html>

View File

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ documentation).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
<meta name="generator" content=
"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - CallPolicies Concept</title>
</head>
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
<li><code>postcall</code> - Python argument tuple and result management
after the wrapped object is invoked</li>
<li><code>extract_return_type</code> - metafunction for extracting the return type from a given signature type sequence</li>
</ol>
<h2><a name="composition"></a>CallPolicies Composition</h2>
@@ -132,7 +133,16 @@
reference count must be decremented; if another existing object is
returned, its reference count must be incremented.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>P::extract_return_type</code></td>
<td>A model of <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
<td>An MPL unary <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a> used extract the return type from a given signature. By default it is derived from mpl::front.</td>
</tr>
</table>
Models of CallPolicies are required to be <a href=
"../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html">CopyConstructible</a>.
<hr>
@@ -144,7 +154,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This

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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type <code>T</code>. In addition, all pointers are Dereferenceable.
18 December, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
doc/v2/Extractor.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ are layout-compatible with PyObject.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
doc/v2/HolderGenerator.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ worth doing anything about it.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ instances of the associated Python type will be considered a match.
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - ResultConverter Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -24,10 +26,12 @@
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
@@ -79,6 +83,13 @@ denotes an object of type <code><b>R</b></code>.
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>
should return non-zero.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>c.get_pytype()</code></td>
<td><code>PyTypeObject const*</code></td>
<td>A pointer to a Python Type object corresponding to result of the conversion,
or <code>0</code>. Used for documentation generation. If <code>0</code> is returned
the generated type in the documentation will be <b>object</b> .</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="ResultConverterGenerator-concept"></a>ResultConverterGenerator Concept</h3>
@@ -102,7 +113,7 @@ C++ function return type.
09 May, 2002 <!--Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
</table>
<hr>
<p><a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
the architect, designer, and implementor of <b>Boost.Python</b>.</p>
<p><a href="mailto:brett.calcott@paradise.net.nz">Brett Calcott</a>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
argument support</a> and wrote the excellent <a href=
"../tutorial/index.html">tutorial documentation</a>.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> implemented the <a href="pickle.html">pickle
support</a>, and has enthusiastically supported the library since its
birth, contributing to design decisions and providing invaluable
@@ -59,15 +59,15 @@
C++ and Python for solving the problems of large-scale software
construction.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
wrote an incredible C++ <a href="http://www.mywikinet.com/mpl">Template
Metaprogramming Library</a> which allows Boost.Python to perform much of
its compile-time magic. In addition, Aleksey very generously contributed
his time and deep knowledge of the quirks of various buggy compilers to
help us get around problems at crucial moments.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="../../../../people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
Karvonen</a>, wrote a similarly amazing <a href=
"../../../preprocessor/doc/index.html">Preprocessor Metaprogramming
Library</a>, and generously contributed the time and expertise to get it
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
struct arg
{
template &lt;class T&gt;
arg &amp;perator = (T const &amp;value);
arg &amp;operator = (T const &amp;value);
explicit arg (char const *name){elements[0].name = name;}
};
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(xxx)
<p>Revised 01 August, 2003</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt; &gt;("Derived");
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
1 November, 2005 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -106,6 +106,33 @@
function from being treated as an exported symbol on platforms which
support that distinction in-code</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__cdecl
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__stdcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined, allows functions using the <code>__fastcall
</code> calling convention to be wrapped.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h2><a name="lib-defined-impl"></a>Library Defined Implementation
@@ -139,6 +166,41 @@
compares <code>typeid(T).name()</code> instead of using and comparing
the <code>std::type_info</code> objects directly.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined for a module no pythonic signatures are generated
for the docstrings of the module functions, and no python type is associated with any
of the converters registered by the module. This also reduces the binary size of the
module by about 14% (gcc compiled).<br>
If defined for the boost_python runtime library, the default for the
<code>docstring_options.enable_py_signatures()</code> is set to <code>false</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>defined if <code>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</code> is undefined</i></td>
<td valign="top">This macro is defined to enable a smooth transition from older Boost.Python versions
which do not support pythonic signatures. For example usage see
<a href="pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined the python type of <code>__init__</code> method "self" parameters
is properly generated, otherwise <code><b>object</b></code> is used. It is undefined
by default because it increases the binary size of the module by about 14% (gcc compiled).</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
@@ -149,7 +211,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(def_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
typedef <a href=
"#default_result_converter-spec">default_result_converter</a> result_converter;
template &lt;class Sig&gt; struct extract_return_type : mpl::front&lt;Sig&gt;{};
};
}}
</pre>
@@ -161,11 +162,11 @@ struct return_value_policy : Base
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 November, 2002
11 June, 2007
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dict swap_object_dict(object target, dict d)
<p>Revised 30 September, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_signatures);
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_py_signatures, bool show_cpp_signatures);
~docstring_options();
void
@@ -117,6 +119,18 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
void
enable_signatures();
void
disable_py_signatures();
void
enable_py_signatures();
void
disable_cpp_signatures();
void
enable_cpp_signatures();
void
disable_all();
@@ -139,7 +153,7 @@ docstring_options(bool show_all=true);
object which controls the appearance of function and
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows. If
<code>show_all</code> is <code>true</code>, both the
user-defined docstrings and the automatically generated C++
user-defined docstrings and the automatically generated Python and C++
signatures are shown. If <code>show_all</code> is
<code>false</code> the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
@@ -154,12 +168,29 @@ docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_signatures);
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows.
Iff <code>show_user_defined</code> is <code>true</code>, the
user-defined docstrings are shown. Iff
<code>show_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, C++
<code>show_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, Python and C++
signatures are automatically added. If both
<code>show_user_defined</code> and <code>show_signatures</code>
are <code>false</code>, the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_py_signatures, bool show_cpp_signatures);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>docstring_options</code>
object which controls the appearance of function and
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows.
Iff <code>show_user_defined</code> is <code>true</code>, the
user-defined docstrings are shown. Iff
<code>show_py_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, Python
signatures are automatically added. Iff
<code>show_cpp_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, C++
signatures are automatically added. If all parameters are
<code>false</code>, the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<h4><a name="docstring_options-spec-dtors" id=
"docstring_options-spec-dtors"></a>Class
@@ -186,6 +217,10 @@ void disable_user_defined();
void enable_user_defined();
void disable_signatures();
void enable_signatures();
void disable_py_signatures();
void enable_py_signatures();
void disable_cpp_signatures();
void enable_cpp_signatures();
void disable_all();
void enable_all();
</pre>
@@ -196,7 +231,7 @@ void enable_all();
<code>*_user_defined()</code> and <code>*_signatures()</code>
member functions are provided for fine-grained control. The
<code>*_all()</code> member functions are convenient shortcuts
to manipulate both settings simultaneously.</dt>
to manipulate all settings simultaneously.</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
@@ -219,7 +254,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import demo
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo.__doc__
foo doc
foo() -&gt; None : foo doc
C++ signature:
foo(void) -&gt; void
</pre>If compiled with
@@ -253,21 +288,33 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
def("foo3", foo3, arg("f"), "foo3 doc");
doc_options.enable_user_defined();
def("foo4", foo4, arg("d"), "foo4 doc");
doc_options.enable_py_signatures();
def("foo5", foo4, arg("d"), "foo5 doc");
doc_options.disable_py_signatures();
doc_options.enable_cpp_signatures();
def("foo6", foo4, arg("d"), "foo6 doc");
}
</pre>Python code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import demo
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo1.__doc__
foo1 doc
foo1( (int)i) -&gt; int : foo1 doc
C++ signature:
foo1(int i) -&gt; int
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo2.__doc__
foo2( (int)l) -&gt; int :
C++ signature:
foo2(long l) -&gt; int
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo3.__doc__
None
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo4.__doc__
foo4 doc
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo5.__doc__
foo5( (float)d) -&gt; int : foo5 doc
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo6.__doc__
foo6 doc
C++ signature:
foo6(double d) -&gt; int
</pre>
<h4>Wrapping from multiple C++ scopes</h4>
@@ -333,7 +380,7 @@ bar2 doc
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
template &lt;class T&gt;
class enum_ : public <a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a>
{
enum_(char const* name);
enum_(char const* name, char const* doc = 0);
enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T);
enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
};
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
<h4><a name="enum_-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>enum_</code>
constructors</h4>
<pre>
enum_(char const* name);
enum_(char const* name, char const* doc=0);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T x);
<dt><b>Effects:</b> adds an instance of the wrapped enumeration
type with value <code>x</code> to the type's dictionary as the
<code>name</code>d attribute</dt>.
<code>name</code>d attribute.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets attributes in the current <a
href="scope.html#scope-spec"><code>scope</code></a> with the
same names and values as all enumeration values exposed so far
by calling <code>value()</code></dt>.
by calling <code>value()</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(exception_translator_ext)
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ void greet()
// Define greet function in Python.
object result = exec(
"def greet(self): \n"
"def greet(): \n"
" return 'Hello from Python!' \n",
global, global);
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ void greet()
we could also store it in an a file...</para>
<pre>
def greet(self):
def greet():
return 'Hello from Python!'
</pre>
<para>... and execute that instead.</para>

View File

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extract_ext)
<p>Revised 15 November, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -856,6 +856,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright Nikolay Mladenov 2007. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/doobject/function_doc_signature.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border=
"0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href=
"../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/object/function_doc_signature.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function_doc_signature_generator-spec">Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Boost.Python supports docstrings with automatic
appending of Pythonic and C++ signatures. This feature is implemented
by <code>class function_doc_signature_generator</code>
The class uses all of the overloads, supplied arg names and default values, as well as
the user-defined docstrings, to generate documentation for a given function.</p>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="function_doc_signature_generator-spec" id=
"function_doc_signature_generator-spec"></a>Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></h3>
<p>
The class has only one public function which returns a list of strings documenting the
overloads of a function.
</p>
<h4><a name="function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis" id=
"function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace objects {
class function_doc_signature_generator
{
public:
static list function_doc_signatures(function const *f);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
<h4>Docstrings generated with <code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></h4>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/args.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/tuple.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/overloads.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/raw_function.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
tuple f(int x = 1, double y = 4.25, char const* z = "wow")
{
return make_tuple(x, y, z);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS(f_overloads, f, 0, 3)
struct X
{
tuple f(int x = 1, double y = 4.25, char const* z = "wow")
{
return make_tuple(x, y, z);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS(X_f_overloads, X::f, 0, 3)
tuple raw_func(tuple args, dict kw)
{
return make_tuple(args, kw);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
{
def("f", f, (arg("x")=1, arg("y")=4.25, arg("z")="wow")
, "This is f's docstring"
);
def("raw", raw_function(raw_func));
def("f1", f, f_overloads("f1's docstring", args("x", "y", "z")));
class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring", init&lt;&gt;(args("self")))
.def("f", &amp;X::f
, "This is X.f's docstring"
, args("self","x", "y", "z"))
;
}
</pre>
Python code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import args_ext
&gt;&gt;&gt; help(args_ext)
Help on module args_ext:
NAME
args_ext
FILE
args_ext.pyd
CLASSES
Boost.Python.instance(__builtin__.object)
X
class X(Boost.Python.instance)
| This is X's docstring
|
| Method resolution order:
| X
| Boost.Python.instance
| __builtin__.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(...)
| __init__( (object)self) -> None :
| C++ signature:
| void __init__(struct _object *)
|
| f(...)
| f( (X)self, (int)x, (float)y, (str)z) -> tuple : This is X.f's docstring
| C++ signature:
| class boost::python::tuple f(struct X {lvalue},int,double,char const *)
|
| .................
|
FUNCTIONS
f(...)
f([ (int)x=1 [, (float)y=4.25 [, (str)z='wow']]]) -> tuple : This is f's docstring
C++ signature:
class boost::python::tuple f([ int=1 [,double=4.25 [,char const *='wow']]])
f1(...)
f1([ (int)x [, (float)y [, (str)z]]]) -> tuple : f1's docstring
C++ signature:
class boost::python::tuple f1([ int [,double [,char const *]]])
raw(...)
object raw(tuple args, dict kwds) :
C++ signature:
object raw(tuple args, dict kwds)
</pre>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="mailto:nickm at sitius dot com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> 2007.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ null_ok&lt;T&gt;* allow_null(T* p)
</p>
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(back_references)
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(implicit_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring.",
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ struct pointer_holder : instance_holder
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ long zeroes(list l)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ python::long_ fact(long n)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(noddy_cache)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -96,10 +96,10 @@ template &lt;class F, class Policies, class Keywords, class Signature&gt;
to <code>f</code>. <ul>
<li> If <code>policies</code> are supplied, it
will be applied to the function as described <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
"CallPolicies.html">here</a>.
<li>If <code>keywords</code> are
supplied, the keywords will be applied in order to the final
arguments of the resulting function.
arguments of the resulting function.
<li>If <code>Signature</code>
is supplied, it should be an instance of an <a
href="../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/front-extensible-sequence.html">MPL front-extensible
@@ -125,36 +125,33 @@ template &lt;class F, class Policies, class Keywords, class Signature&gt;
</dl>
<pre>
<a name=
"make_constructor-spec"></a>template &lt;class T, class ArgList, class Generator&gt;
<a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor();
template &lt;class ArgList, class Generator, class Policies&gt;
<a name="make_constructor-spec">template &lt;class F&gt;</a>
<a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(F f)
template &lt;class F, class Policies&gt;
<a href=
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(Policies const&amp; policies)
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(F f, Policies const&amp; policies)
template &lt;class F, class Policies, class KeywordsOrSignature&gt;
<a href=
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(F f, Policies const&amp; policies, KeywordsOrSignature const&amp; ks)
template &lt;class F, class Policies, class Keywords, class Signature&gt;
<a href=
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> make_constructor(F f, Policies const&amp; policies, Keywords const&amp; kw, Signature const&amp; sig)
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>T</code> is a class type.
<code>Policies</code> is a model of <a href=
"CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>. <code>ArgList</code> is an <a
href="../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/forward-sequence.html">MPL sequence</a> of C++ argument
types (<i>A1,&nbsp;A2,...&nbsp;AN</i>) such that if
<code>a1,&nbsp;a2</code>...&nbsp;<code>aN</code> are objects of type
<i>A1,&nbsp;A2,...&nbsp;AN</i> respectively, the expression <code>new
Generator::apply&lt;T&gt;::type(a1,&nbsp;a2</code>...&nbsp;<code>aN</code>)
is valid. Generator is a model of <a href=
"HolderGenerator.html">HolderGenerator</a>.</dt>
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>F</code> is a
function pointer type. If <code>policies</code> are supplied, it must
be a model of <a href="CallPolicies.html">CallPolicies</a>. If
<code>kewords</code> are supplied, it must be the result of a <a href=
"args.html#keyword-expression"><em>keyword-expression</em></a>
specifying no more arguments than the <a href=
"definitions.html#arity">arity</a> of <code>f</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Creates a Python callable object which, when called
from Python, expects its first argument to be a Boost.Python extension
class object. It converts its remaining its arguments to C++ and passes
them to the constructor of a dynamically-allocated
<code>Generator::apply&lt;T&gt;::type</code> object, which is then
installed in the extension class object. In the second form, the
<code>policies</code> are applied to the arguments and result (<a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/bltin-null-object.html">None</a>)
of the Python callable object</dt>
from Python, converts its arguments to C++ and calls <code>f</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> An instance of <a href=
"object.html#object-spec">object</a> which holds the new Python
@@ -186,7 +183,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(make_function_test)
def("choose_function", choose_function);
}
</pre>
It can be used this way in Python:
It can be used this way in Python:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from make_function_test import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; f = choose_function(1)
@@ -204,7 +201,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(make_function_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ RuntimeError: Unidentifiable C++ Exception
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ void set_first_element(numeric::array&amp; y, double value)
<p>Revised 07 October, 2006</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -74,6 +74,32 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></a></dt>
@@ -328,6 +354,102 @@ static void del(object const&amp;target, char const* key);
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct const_objattribute_policies
{
typedef object const& key_type;
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the
attribute access.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<h3><a name="objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a mutable <code>object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct objattribute_policies : const_objattribute_policies
{
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by
<code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_item_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></h3>
@@ -533,6 +655,11 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
template &lt;class A0, class A1,...class An&gt;
object operator()(A0 const&amp;, A1 const&amp;,...An const&amp;) const;
detail::args_proxy operator* () const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
// truth value testing
//
typedef unspecified bool_type;
@@ -542,6 +669,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
//
proxy&lt;const_object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*) const;
proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*);
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&);
// item access
//
@@ -580,6 +709,25 @@ object operator()(A0 const&amp; a1, A1 const&amp; a2,...An const&amp; aN) const;
call&lt;object&gt;(object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this)).ptr(), a1,
a2,...aN)</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
object operator()(detail::args_proxy const &amp;args,
detail::kwds_proxy const &amp;kwds) const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
call object with arguments given by the tuple <varname>args</varname>, and named
arguments given by the dictionary <varname>kwds</varname></dt>
</dl>
<pre>
operator bool_type() const;
</pre>
@@ -608,6 +756,21 @@ proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const* name);
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> name is a <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of
<code>*this</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds
<code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt;
proxy&lt;const_object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key) const;
template &lt;class T&gt;
@@ -672,6 +835,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
object&amp; operator=(object const&amp;);
PyObject* ptr() const;
bool is_none() const;
};
}}}
</pre>
@@ -732,6 +897,14 @@ PyObject* ptr() const;
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a pointer to the internally-held Python
object.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
bool is_none() const;
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Returns:</b> result of (ptr() == Py_None)</dt>
</dl>
<!-- -->
<h3><a name="proxy-spec"></a>Class template <code>proxy</code></h3>
@@ -938,11 +1111,11 @@ object sum_items(object seq)
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 January, 2006
15 March, 2010
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -214,6 +214,9 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace self_ns {
<a href=
"#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; str(self_t);
<a href=
"#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; repr(self_t);
}}};
</pre>
The tables below describe the methods generated when the results of the
@@ -765,6 +768,15 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace self_ns {
<td><code><a href=
"../../../conversion/lexical_cast.htm#lexical_cast">lexical_cast</a>&lt;std::string&gt;(x)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>repr</code></td>
<td><code>__repr__</code></td>
<td><code><a href=
"../../../conversion/lexical_cast.htm#lexical_cast">lexical_cast</a>&lt;std::string&gt;(x)</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="other-spec"></a>Class Template <code>other</code></h3>
@@ -903,7 +915,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,112 +1,93 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
</head>
<div>
<body>
<div>
<img src="../../../../boost.png" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" align=
"center" width="277" height="86" />
<hr />
<img src="../../../../boost.png"
alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)"
align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>Pickle is a Python module for object
serialization, also known as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<hr>
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>
<p>It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions that
read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that can
be written to a file.</p>
Pickle is a Python module for object serialization, also known
as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<p>The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module through the
interface as described in detail in the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html">Python Library
Reference for pickle.</a> This interface involves the special methods
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt>, <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
as described in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully
compatible with Python's cPickle module.</p>
<hr />
<p>
It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions
that read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that
can be written to a file.
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>At the user level, the
Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special methods:
<p>
The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module
through the interface as described in detail in the
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html"
>Python Library Reference for pickle.</a> This interface
involves the special methods <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>,
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> as described
in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully compatible
with Python's cPickle module.
<dl>
<dt><strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong></dt>
<hr>
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
At the user level, the Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special
methods:
<p>If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.</p>
</dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
<dt><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<p>
If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method. This
method should return a Python object representing the state of the
instance.</dd>
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong>
<dt><strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method.
This method should return a Python object representing the state of
the instance.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by
the unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above).
Subsequently the unpickler tests if the new instance has a
<tt>__setstate__</tt> method. If so, this method is called with the
result of <tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.</dd>
</dl>The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr />
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong>
<h2>Examples</h2>There are three files in <tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt>
that show how to provide pickle support.
<hr />
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by the
unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above). Subsequently
the unpickler tests if the new instance has a <tt>__setstate__</tt>
method. If so, this method is called with the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example can be fully restored by passing the appropriate
argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient to define the
pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This is done in the
following way:
</dl>
The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr>
<h2>Examples</h2>
There are three files in
<tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt> that show how to
provide pickle support.
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The C++ class in this example can be fully restored by passing the
appropriate argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient
to define the pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>.
This is done in the following way:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -117,26 +98,28 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example contains member data that cannot be restored by any
of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to provide the
<tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of pickle interface
methods:
The C++ class in this example contains member data that cannot be
restored by any of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to
provide the <tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of
pickle interface methods:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -161,92 +144,76 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result
of <tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a
valid approach if it is anticipated that the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> will always be empty. Note that the safety guard
described below will catch the cases where this assumption is violated.
<p>For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a valid
approach if it is anticipated that the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> will
always be empty. Note that the safety guard described below will catch
the cases where this assumption is violated.</p>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>This
example is similar to <a href=
"../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of <tt>__getstate__</tt>.
This requires a little more code but is unavoidable if the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<hr />
This example is similar to <a
href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the
object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This requires a little more code but is
unavoidable if the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>The pickle protocol described above has
an important pitfall that the end user of a Boost.Python extension module
might not be aware of:
<hr>
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>
<p><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty.</strong></p>
The pickle protocol described above has an important pitfall that the
end user of a Boost.Python extension module might not be aware of:
<p>
<strong>
<tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt>
is not empty.
</strong>
<p>
<p>The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:</p>
The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:
<ul>
<li>his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be pickled
in order to restore the instances correctly.</li>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be
pickled in order to restore the instances correctly.
<li>the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<li>
the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.
</ul>
<p>
To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has
an attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is
raised if this attribute is not defined:
<pre>
<p>To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has an
attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is raised if
this attribute is not defined:</p>
<pre>
RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__getstate_manages_dict__ not set)
</pre>
To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard
should intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from
<a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
</pre>To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the <tt>
__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard should
intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from <a href=
"../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
// ...
static bool getstate_manages_dict() { return true; }
};
</pre>
Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
</pre>Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
import your_bpl_module
class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
__getstate_manages_dict__ = 1
@@ -255,54 +222,41 @@ is not empty.
def __setstate__(self, state):
# your code here
</pre>
<hr />
<hr>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<ul>
<li>
In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should
only be implemented for extension classes that will eventually
be pickled.
<ul>
<li>In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should only be
implemented for extension classes that will eventually be pickled.</li>
<p>
<li>
Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.
<li>Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.</li>
<p>
<li>
If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.
<li>If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</ul>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<hr>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The <tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique
for implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via
the <tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only
the basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>The
<tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique for
implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via the
<tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only the
basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.enable_pickling()
// ...
</pre>
This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described
in the Python documentation. By &quot;injecting&quot; a
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into the definition of the wrapped
class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
</pre>This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described in the
Python documentation. By "injecting" a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into
the definition of the wrapped class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
# import the wrapped world class
from pickle4_ext import world
@@ -312,18 +266,15 @@ class we make all instances pickleable:
# now inject __getinitargs__ (Python is a dynamic language!)
world.__getinitargs__ = world_getinitargs
</pre>
</pre>See also the <a href=
"../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">
tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr />
© Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under the
Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
See also the
<a href="../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"
>tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under
the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
<p>
Updated: Feb 2004.
</div>
<p>Updated: Feb 2004.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pointee_demo)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ design decisions and links to relevant discussions.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright Nikolay Mladenov 2007. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/doobject/pytype_function.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border=
"0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href=
"../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/converter/pytype_function.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#wrap_pytype-spec">Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#registered_pytype-spec">Class
<code>registered_pytype</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#registered_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>registered_pytype</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#expected_from_python_type-spec">Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_target_type-spec">Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>To support Pythonic signatures the converters should supply a <code>get_pytype</code> function
returning a pointer to the associated <code>PyTypeObject</code>. See for example
<a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a> or
<a href="to_python_converter.html#to_python_converter-spec">to_python_converter</a>.
The classes in this header file are meant to be used when implmenting <code>get_pytype</code>.
There are also <code>_direct</code> versions of the templates of <code>class T</code> which
should be used with undecorated type parameter, expected to be in the conversion registry when the module loads.
</p>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="wrap_pytype-spec" id=
"wrap_pytype-spec"></a>Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member returning the template parameter.
</p>
<h4><a name="wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis" id=
"wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; PyTypeObject const *pytype &gt;
class wrap_pytype
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype(){return pytype; }
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="registered_pytype-spec" id=
"registered_pytype-spec"></a>Class
<code>registered_pytype</code></h3>
<p>
This template should be used with template parameters which are (possibly decorated)
types exported to python using <a href="class.html"><code>class_</code></a>.
The generated a static <code>get_pytype</code> member
returns the corresponding python type.
</p>
<h4><a name="registered_pytype-spec-synopsis" id=
"registered_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>registered_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class registered_pytype
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="expected_from_python_type-spec" id=
"expected_from_python_type-spec"></a>Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member which inspects the registered
<code>from_python</code> converters for the type <code>T</code> and returns a matching python type.
</p>
<h4><a name="expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis" id=
"expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class expected_from_python_type
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="to_python_target_type-spec" id=
"to_python_target_type-spec"></a>Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member returning the
python type to which T can be converted.
</p>
<h4><a name="to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis" id=
"to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class to_python_target_type
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
This example presumes that someone has implemented the standard <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-basics.html">noddy example
module</a> from the Python documentation, and placed the corresponding
declarations in <code>"noddy.h"</code>. Because
<code>noddy_NoddyObject</code> is the ultimate trivial extension type,
the example is a bit contrived: it wraps a function for which all
information is contained in the <i>type</i> of its return value.
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include "noddy.h"
struct tag {};
tag make_tag() { return tag(); }
using namespace boost::python;
struct tag_to_noddy
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //unnecessary overhead if py signatures are not supported
: wrap_pytype<&amp;noddy_NoddyType> //inherits get_pytype from wrap_pytype
#endif
{
static PyObject* convert(tag const&amp; x)
{
return PyObject_New(noddy_NoddyObject, &amp;noddy_NoddyType);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
{
def("make_tag", make_tag);
to_python_converter&lt;tag, tag_to_noddy
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
, true
#endif
&gt;(); //"true" because tag_to_noddy has member get_pytype
}
</pre>
<p>The following example registers to and from python converters using the templates
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> and <code>to_pyhton_target_type</code>.
</p>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/extract.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
struct A
{
};
struct B
{
A a;
B(const A& a_):a(a_){}
};
// Converter from A to python int
struct BToPython
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //unnecessary overhead if py signatures are not supported
: converter::to_python_target_type&lt;A&gt; //inherits get_pytype
#endif
{
static PyObject* convert(const B& b)
{
return incref(object(b.a).ptr());
}
};
// Conversion from python int to A
struct BFromPython
{
BFromPython()
{
boost::python::converter::registry::push_back
( &amp;convertible
, &amp;construct
, type_id&lt; B &gt;()
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
, &amp;converter::expected_from_python_type&lt;A&gt;::get_pytype//convertible to A can be converted to B
#endif
);
}
static void* convertible(PyObject* obj_ptr)
{
extract&lt;const A&&gt; ex(obj_ptr);
if (!ex.check()) return 0;
return obj_ptr;
}
static void construct(
PyObject* obj_ptr,
converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
{
void* storage = (
(converter::rvalue_from_python_storage&lt; B &gt;*)data)-&gt; storage.bytes;
extract&lt;const A&&gt; ex(obj_ptr);
new (storage) B(ex());
data->convertible = storage;
}
};
B func(const B& b) { return b ; }
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pytype_function_ext)
{
to_python_converter&lt; B , BToPython
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
,true
#endif
&gt;(); //has get_pytype
BFromPython();
class_&lt;A&gt;("A") ;
def("func", &amp;func);
}
&gt;&gt;&gt; from pytype_function_ext import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; print func.__doc__
func( (A)arg1) -> A :
C++ signature:
struct B func(struct B)
</pre>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="mailto:nickm at sitius dot com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> 2007.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Python:
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -609,6 +609,66 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<a name="function_documentation"></a>
<h3>Function documentation</h3>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html">function_doc_signature.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html#function_doc_signature_generator-spec">function_doc_signature_generator</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html">pytype_function.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#wrap_pytype-spec">wrap_pytype</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#expected_from_python_type-spec">expected_from_python_type</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#to_python_target_type-spec">to_python_target_type</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#registered_pytype-spec">registered_pytype</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<a name="models_of_call_policies"></a>
@@ -1125,7 +1185,7 @@
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(singleton)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ TypeError: No to_python (by-value) converter found for C++ type: class boost::sh
24 Jun, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
{
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
struct result_converter{ template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply; };
template &lt;class Sig&gt; struct extract_return_type : mpl::at_c&lt;Sig, arg_pos&gt;{};
};
}}
</pre>
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(return_self_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
Mladenov 2003. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -167,12 +167,13 @@ PyObject* postcall(PyObject* args, PyObject* result);
class Bar
{
public:
Bar(int x) : x(x) {}
int get_x() const { return x; }
void set_x(int x) { this-&gt;x = x; }
private:
int x;
}
};
class Foo
{
@@ -189,7 +190,7 @@ class Foo
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
{
class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar")
class_&lt;Bar&gt;("Bar", init&lt;int&gt;())
.def("get_x", &amp;Bar::get_x)
.def("set_x", &amp;Bar::set_x)
;
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(nested)
<p>Revised 09 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
object stop();
object step();
// The return type of slice::get_indicies()
// The return type of slice::get_indices()
template &lt;typename RandomAccessIterator&gt;
struct range
{
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
template &lt;typename RandomAccessIterator&gt;
range&lt;RandomAccessIterator&gt;
get_indicies(
get_indices(
RandomAccessIterator const&amp; begin,
RandomAccessIterator const&amp; end);
};
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ slice object, but in practice they are usually integers.</dt>
<pre>
template &lt;typename RandomAccessIterator&gt;
slice::range&lt;RandomAccessIterator&gt;
slice::get_indicies(
slice::get_indices(
RandomAccessIterator const&amp; begin,
RandomAccessIterator const&amp; end) const;
</pre>
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ slice::get_indicies(
Iterators that form a half-open range.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Create a RandomAccessIterator pair that defines a
fully-closed range within the [begin,end) range of its arguments.&nbsp;
This function translates this slice's indicies while accounting for the
effects of any PyNone or negative indicies, and non-singular step sizes.</dt>
This function translates this slice's indices while accounting for the
effects of any PyNone or negative indices, and non-singular step sizes.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a slice::range
that has been initialized with a non-zero value of step and a pair of
RandomAccessIterators that point within the range of this functions
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ arguments and define a closed interval.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <a href="definitions.html#raise">Raises</a> a Python <code>TypeError</code> exception if any of this slice's arguments
are neither references to <code>PyNone</code> nor convertible to <code>int</code>.&nbsp; Throws
<code>std::invalid_argument</code> if the resulting range would be empty.&nbsp; You
should always wrap calls to <code>slice::get_indicies()</code>
should always wrap calls to <code>slice::get_indices()</code>
within <code>try { ...; } catch (std::invalid_argument) {}</code> to
handle this case and take appropriate action.</dt>
<dt><b>Rationale</b>: closed-interval: If
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ double partial_sum(std::vector&lt;double&gt; const&amp; Foo, const slice index)
{
slice::range&lt;std::vector&lt;double&gt;::const_iterator&gt; bounds;
try {
bounds = index.get_indicies&lt;&gt;(Foo.begin(), Foo.end());
bounds = index.get_indices&lt;&gt;(Foo.begin(), Foo.end());
}
catch (std::invalid_argument) {
return 0.0;

View File

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ ssize_t const ssize_t_min = INT_MIN;
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ str remove_angle_brackets(str x)
<p>Revised 3 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -108,6 +108,23 @@
<td>A class type whose static member function <code>convert</code>
does the real work of the conversion.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>bool has_get_pytype = false</code></td>
<td>
<code>PyTypeObject const * p = Conversion::get_pytype() </code>.</td>
<td><b>Optional member</b> - if <code>Conversion</code> has <code>get_pytype</code> member supply
<code>true</code> for this parameters.
If present <code>get_pytype</code> is used to document the return type
of functions using this conversion. The <code>get_pytype</code> may be implemented
using the classes and functions
from <a href="pytype_function.html"><code>pytype_function.hpp</code></a>
<b>NOTE :</b> For backward compatibility this parameter may be passed after
checking if <code>BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES</code> is defined (see
<a href="pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>).
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h4><a name="to_python_converter-spec-synopsis"></a>Class template
@@ -115,7 +132,7 @@
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python
{
template &lt;class T, class Conversion&gt;
template &lt;class T, class Conversion, bool convertion_has_get_pytype_member=false&gt;
struct to_python_converter
{
to_python_converter();
@@ -160,12 +177,16 @@ struct tag_to_noddy
{
return PyObject_New(noddy_NoddyObject, &amp;noddy_NoddyType);
}
static PyTypeObject const* get_pytype()
{
return &amp;noddy_NoddyType;
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
{
def("make_tag", make_tag);
to_python_converter&lt;tag, tag_to_noddy&gt;();
to_python_converter&lt;tag, tag_to_noddy, true&gt;(); //"true" because tag_to_noddy has member get_pytype
}
</pre>
@@ -195,12 +216,12 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 November, 2002
11 June, 2007
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ struct reference_existing_object
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ PyObject* operator()(argument_type x) const;
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ tuple head_and_tail(object sequence)
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ bool is_int(T x)
</p>
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed under the Boost Software License,
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)<

View File

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
<hr>
<h2>
<a name="introduction">Introduction</a>
</h2>This header provides faciliites for establishing a lifetime
</h2>This header provides facilities for establishing a lifetime
dependency between two of a function's Python argument or result objects.
The <i>ward</i> object will not be destroyed until after the custodian as
long as the <i>custodian</i> object supports <a href=
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ struct return_internal_reference
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p>
<i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
</p>
</body>

View File

@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(polymorphism)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2004</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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