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31 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Beman Dawes
74c6aadbf4 1.36.0
[SVN r48100]
2008-08-12 12:44:50 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
a1924a2a72 Merging all trunk changes in Boost.Python to release. The logs for
these changes follow.  r44807 is a merge from another branch; many of
those changes probably don't apply.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43423 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 14:22:01 -0500 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line

  Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43546 | rwgk | 2008-03-08 23:30:13 -0500 (Sat, 08 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  map std::invalid_argument -> Python ValueError
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43799 | grafik | 2008-03-22 18:53:35 -0400 (Sat, 22 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Remove svn exec property from files that should not be executable to fix permission problems in archives.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43845 | dave | 2008-03-24 14:27:22 -0400 (Mon, 24 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Work around vc9 bugs
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r43901 | bemandawes | 2008-03-27 22:11:13 -0400 (Thu, 27 Mar 2008) | 1 line

  Remove per email from Dave
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44041 | rwgk | 2008-04-04 14:57:27 -0400 (Fri, 04 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  bogus VC8 warning C4180 disabled
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44449 | djowel | 2008-04-15 23:07:06 -0400 (Tue, 15 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  Andreas patch
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44450 | djowel | 2008-04-15 23:07:11 -0400 (Tue, 15 Apr 2008) | 1 line

  Andreas indexing suite patch
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r44807 | danieljames | 2008-04-27 03:39:49 -0400 (Sun, 27 Apr 2008) | 78 lines

  Merge in documentation fixes.  Apart from the change to optional's documenation
  Jamfile, which I included by mistake.

  Fixes #1659, #1661, #1684, #1685, 1687, #1690, #1801

  I wrote about this at:

  http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php

  Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc

  ........
    r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs. Refs #1512
  ........
    r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs. Refs #1513
  ........
    r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library. Refs #1659
  ........
    r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive. Refs #1661
  ........
    r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in the python docs. Refs #1684.
  ........
    r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs. Refs #1684.
  ........
    r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs. Refs #1685
  ........
    r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix some links in the optional docs. Refs #1687
  ........
    r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap. Refs #1690
  ........
    r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a typo in the format library. Refs #1801
  ........
    r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line

    Initialise svnmerge.
  ........
    r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
  ........
    r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
  ........
    r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
  ........
    r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
  ........
    r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines

    Fix another typo in spirit docs.
  ........

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45283 | danieljames | 2008-05-11 09:49:20 -0400 (Sun, 11 May 2008) | 1 line

  Quote href values - our tools don't support unquoted values.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45359 | rwgk | 2008-05-14 15:38:08 -0400 (Wed, 14 May 2008) | 1 line

  braces added to resolve g++ 4.3.0 warning
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45918 | rwgk | 2008-05-29 15:48:55 -0400 (Thu, 29 May 2008) | 66 lines

  See Python C++-SIG thread: "object.attr(object& attrname) proposal"
  Started 2008-05-25 by hohehohe2@gmail.com.

  Excerpts:

  If char const* is passed to objecjt.attr(), it uses
  PyObject_GetAttrStrng() or PyObject_SetAttrStrng().  If object is
  passed to objecjt.attr(), it takes the object as a Python string
  object and uses PyObject_GetAttr() or PyObject_SetAttr().

  If attr() behaves like this, it can be useful when there are lots
  of objects which you know have the same attribute name. You can save
  time by first making a boost::python::object and passing it to every
  object's attr() inside a loop.

  I just made a bit of modification to boost:python locally and did a
  quick test, like

  test 1:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      omain.attr(attrname) = 444; //attrname is a char const*
    }

  test 2:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      object o = omain.attr(attrname); //attrname is a char const*
    }

  test 3:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      omain.attr(oaaaa) = 444; //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
    }

  test 4:
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
    {
      object o = omain.attr(oaaaa); //oaaaa is boost::python::object that represents a string
    }

  and it reasonably reflected the difference between PyObject_*Attr() and PyObject_*AttrString.

  test 1 :2783ms
  test 2 :2357ms
  test 3 :1882ms
  test 4 :1267ms

  test5: PyObject_SetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa", po_num444);
  test6: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttrString(po_main, "aaaa"));
  test7: PyObject_SetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa, po_num444);
  test8: Py_DECREF(PyObject_GetAttr(po_main, po_aaaa));
  (po_ prefixed variables are PyObject*),

  all inside each for loop, and the results were

  test 5 :2410ms
  test 6 :2277ms
  test 7 :1629ms
  test 8 :1094ms

  It's boost 1.35.0, Python 2.5 on linux(gcc4.1.2).
  I also did the same test on windows(vs8) and the tendency was not
  so different.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r45920 | rwgk | 2008-05-29 16:04:19 -0400 (Thu, 29 May 2008) | 1 line

  Projects using Boost.Python: PolyBoRi (text provided by Michael Brickenstein)
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46115 | schoepflin | 2008-06-04 11:11:05 -0400 (Wed, 04 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  Added missing ostream header file.
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46445 | dgregor | 2008-06-17 09:54:46 -0400 (Tue, 17 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  Add mime-type and eol-style properties as needed
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46721 | dave | 2008-06-26 12:41:34 -0400 (Thu, 26 Jun 2008) | 2 lines

  Compatibility with Apache STDCXX library.  Don't assume eh.h comes along with the other headers automatically.

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46808 | bemandawes | 2008-06-28 09:45:21 -0400 (Sat, 28 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  With his kind permission, change Jaakko "J<LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIARESIS>rvi" to "Jarvi"
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46817 | djowel | 2008-06-28 14:24:17 -0400 (Sat, 28 Jun 2008) | 1 line

  added note on removing targets
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
  r46844 | dave | 2008-06-29 08:26:17 -0400 (Sun, 29 Jun 2008) | 2 lines

  Make valid HTML

  ------------------------------------------------------------------------




[SVN r47459]
2008-07-15 21:05:24 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
c205cd86c6 added note on removing targets
[SVN r46900]
2008-06-30 12:14:28 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8d86dc199c merged valid HTML from trunk
[SVN r46845]
2008-06-29 12:55:50 +00:00
Beman Dawes
55e9ff14a1 With his kind permission, change Jaakko "Järvi" to "Jarvi"
[SVN r46809]
2008-06-28 13:57:20 +00:00
Daniel James
4fea58f634 Add minor documentation fixes to the release branch.
(I left out the changes to the hash library).

Merged via svnmerge from 
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

................
  r44807 | danieljames | 2008-04-27 08:39:49 +0100 (Sun, 27 Apr 2008) | 78 lines
  
  Merge in documentation fixes.  Apart from the change to optional's documenation
  Jamfile, which I included by mistake.
  
  I wrote about this at:
  
  http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2008/04/136405.php
  
  Merged revisions 44585-44806 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc
  
  ........
    r44585 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:25:27 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix broken link to vacpp in bjam docs.
  ........
    r44586 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:27:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix broken link to bcpp in bjam docs.
  ........
    r44587 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:33:58 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    DateTime documentation - Fix a link to the serialization library.
  ........
    r44588 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:35:36 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in interprocess & intrusive.
  ........
    r44589 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:37:39 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in the python docs.
  ........
    r44590 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:38:29 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Work around a quickbook bug which is affecting the python docs.
  ........
    r44591 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:39:34 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a broken link in the numeric conversion docs.
  ........
    r44592 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:40:45 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix some links in the optional docs.
  ........
    r44593 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 16:42:09 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix link to the hash documentation from bimap.
  ........
    r44599 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 18:07:33 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a typo in the format library.
  ........
    r44600 | danieljames | 2008-04-19 19:20:59 +0100 (Sat, 19 Apr 2008) | 1 line
    
    Initialise svnmerge.
  ........
    r44641 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 18:59:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix the lincense url in shared container iterator documentation.
  ........
    r44642 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:00 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix image link in the mpi documentation.
  ........
    r44643 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:11 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix a typo in the spirit docs.
  ........
    r44644 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:00:23 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Escape the slash so that quickbook doesn't think it the start of an italic section, and mess up the link. Refs #1844
  ........
    r44647 | danieljames | 2008-04-20 19:39:47 +0100 (Sun, 20 Apr 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Fix another typo in spirit docs.
  ........
................
  r45232 | danieljames | 2008-05-08 22:50:19 +0100 (Thu, 08 May 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix some invalid xml by replacing ampersands with character entities.
................
  r45576 | danieljames | 2008-05-20 16:39:25 +0100 (Tue, 20 May 2008) | 20 lines
  
  Merge some small documentation fixes from the doc branch, and mark some
  previously merged changes as merged.
  
  Merged revisions 44811,45129,45142,45154,45281-45282,45365 via svnmerge from 
  https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/branches/doc
  
  ........
    r45129 | danieljames | 2008-05-05 12:36:50 +0100 (Mon, 05 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Update navbar links in boostbook.
  ........
    r45282 | danieljames | 2008-05-11 14:15:31 +0100 (Sun, 11 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Group functions in the hash header - requires Frank's free-function-group fix.
    (not included in release branch).
  ........
    r45365 | danieljames | 2008-05-14 21:39:00 +0100 (Wed, 14 May 2008) | 2 lines
    
    Add boost.root to standalone hash documentation.
    (not included in release branch).
  ........
................


[SVN r45622]
2008-05-21 20:57:05 +00:00
Beman Dawes
694ae13063 Merge from trunk 43901 at Dave's request
[SVN r43902]
2008-03-28 02:16:12 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
5168895803 Added note about --preserve-test-targets
[SVN r43849]
2008-03-24 23:04:36 +00:00
Joel de Guzman
c8bf94663c Added note about --preserve-test-targets
[SVN r43848]
2008-03-24 23:02:57 +00:00
Daniel James
928a9389ce Rebuild a lot of documentation.
[SVN r43650]
2008-03-16 11:38:32 +00:00
Daniel James
7d22435994 Merged revisions 43211,43214-43219,43222-43225,43227-43238,43242,43244-43245,43249-43250,43257-43259,43261,43263,43265,43267-43268,43270-43271,43273,43275-43279,43284-43289,43291,43295,43297-43298,43304-43305,43307,43313,43315,43324,43326-43327,43331,43333,43339-43343,43345,43348,43350,43352-43353,43355-43356,43358,43360,43366-43367,43369-43370,43372-43376,43378-43389,43394,43396-43398,43400-43401,43403-43404,43406-43408,43413-43415,43417-43418,43420,43422-43423 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r43417 | danieljames | 2008-02-26 22:04:55 +0000 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Fix a link to Boost.Bimap.
........
  r43418 | danieljames | 2008-02-26 22:07:25 +0000 (Tue, 26 Feb 2008) | 2 lines
  
  Change another link that's no longer in the repository to link to the website.
........
  r43422 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 18:51:14 +0000 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix broken copyright urls. Fixes #1573.
........
  r43423 | danieljames | 2008-02-27 19:22:01 +0000 (Wed, 27 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix incorrect links to copyright of the form 'http:#www.boost.org
........


[SVN r43425]
2008-02-27 20:00:24 +00:00
Daniel James
96dd880146 Merged revisions 43206,43208-43213 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r43206 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 09:55:03 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix some broken links.
........
  r43209 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 14:56:22 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Link to people pages on the website, as they've been removed from the download.
........
  r43210 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 15:02:17 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Point links to the pages that used to be in 'more' to the site.
........
  r43212 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 16:10:16 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Fix links on the home page as well.
........
  r43213 | danieljames | 2008-02-10 16:21:22 +0000 (Sun, 10 Feb 2008) | 1 line
  
  Generated documentation which is no longer generated.
........


[SVN r43214]
2008-02-10 16:39:38 +00:00
Jürgen Hunold
63f8e9f3d7 Merged revisions 41544-41546,41549-41551,41558-41561,41564,41567,41570,41573,41576-41579,41581,41583-41586,41589,41591,41594-41612,41614-41620,41622-41624,41628,41630-41635,41637,41640-41641,41643,41649-41650 via svnmerge from
https://svn.boost.org/svn/boost/trunk

........
  r41544 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 20:27:06 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
........
  r41549 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 21:24:51 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence compiler by adding cosmetic virtual destructors.
........
  r41550 | jhunold | 2007-12-01 21:26:37 +0100 (Sa, 01 Dez 2007) | 3 lines
  
  Remove unused paramters.
  Add -Wextra to gcc flags to enable more warnings.
........
  r41577 | jhunold | 2007-12-02 12:51:08 +0100 (So, 02 Dez 2007) | 3 lines
  
  Revert revisions 41544 and 41549.
  See http://lists.boost.org/Archives/boost/2007/12/131116.php for details.
........
  r41649 | jhunold | 2007-12-03 19:47:17 +0100 (Mo, 03 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Silence unused paramter warning in release mode.
........
  r41650 | jhunold | 2007-12-03 19:51:26 +0100 (Mo, 03 Dez 2007) | 2 lines
  
  Add cosmetic virtual detructors to silence compile warnings.
........


[SVN r42094]
2007-12-16 10:12:07 +00:00
Beman Dawes
d9b4ada654 Full merge from trunk at revision 41356 of entire boost-root tree.
[SVN r41370]
2007-11-25 18:38:02 +00:00
Beman Dawes
f5df393360 Full merge from trunk at revision 41356 of entire boost-root tree.
[SVN r41369]
2007-11-25 18:07:19 +00:00
Rene Rivera
bf33b54638 Recreate release branch from fixed 1.34.1 tag.
[SVN r40341]
2007-10-23 06:42:50 +00:00
Douglas Gregor
87451007b9 Move Attic files back into their rightful places
[SVN r40311]
2007-10-23 01:47:48 +00:00
Beman Dawes
2392a6a3e2 Starting point for releases
[SVN r39706]
2007-10-05 14:25:06 +00:00
nobody
6c1e7decfa This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create tag
'Version_1_34_1'.

[SVN r38286]
2007-07-24 19:28:14 +00:00
Thomas Witt
2851325748 Doc and build fixes by Dave Abrahams.
[SVN r38154]
2007-07-06 19:47:17 +00:00
Thomas Witt
bd606e5017 Fix #583.
[SVN r37947]
2007-06-08 18:30:46 +00:00
Thomas Witt
a5706ec3b0 Fixes for #583.
[SVN r37929]
2007-06-07 18:08:54 +00:00
Rene Rivera
a346c577cf Fix the abolute reference to the Boost sources inserted by Dave.
[SVN r37837]
2007-05-31 22:03:06 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
217e4ca8f8 Repair auto-configuration and allow this project to work with --build-dir
[SVN r37829]
2007-05-31 13:49:45 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
f2f47f85c0 Enhance embedding python docs.
[SVN r37710]
2007-05-18 15:54:25 +00:00
Stefan Seefeld
b130c93af6 Backport new eval() function from HEAD.
[SVN r37693]
2007-05-15 13:43:52 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
13432b504f Jamfile had extra bogus tst executable target
Build/test instructions were outdated somehow; a checkin must've failed.


[SVN r37620]
2007-05-07 19:00:01 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
0739bb7df8 Added reference to Py++
[SVN r37586]
2007-05-04 01:08:54 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
c253c5cc9c Updated build-and-test howto
[SVN r37585]
2007-05-04 00:56:22 +00:00
Dave Abrahams
8f263e1fdb Progress on the build docs
[SVN r37551]
2007-05-01 16:14:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a6125a3632 merged from trunk
[SVN r37520]
2007-04-27 22:16:47 +00:00
386 changed files with 5582 additions and 4015 deletions

Binary file not shown.

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@@ -22,11 +22,12 @@ if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
}
}
if [ python.configured ] {
project boost/python
: source-location ../src
;
: source-location ../src
;
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
lib boost_python
: # sources
@@ -38,7 +39,6 @@ lib boost_python
str.cpp
slice.cpp
aix_init_module.cpp
converter/from_python.cpp
converter/registry.cpp
converter/type_id.cpp
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ lib boost_python
wrapper.cpp
import.cpp
exec.cpp
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
: # requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
@@ -75,19 +76,19 @@ lib boost_python
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
# import library, as usage requirements.
<library>/python//python_for_extensions
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
# we prevent building when there is no python available
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
# fail to build
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
: # default build
<link>shared
: # usage requirements
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
;
}
else
{
ECHO "warning: Python location is not configured" ;
ECHO "warning: the Boost.Python library won't be built" ;
}
boost-install boost_python ;

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@@ -1,910 +0,0 @@
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!MESSAGE NMAKE /f "boost_python.mak".
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!MESSAGE Possible choices for configuration are:
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!MESSAGE "boost_python - Win32 Release" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE "boost_python - Win32 Debug" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
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# Begin Project
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# PROP BASE Target_Dir ""
# PROP Use_MFC 0
# PROP Use_Debug_Libraries 0
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@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
|(logo)|__ Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO
==============================================
.. |(logo)| image:: ../boost.png
.. |(logo)| image:: ../../../boost.png
:alt: Boost C++ Libraries:
:class: boost-logo
__ ../index.htm
__ ../index.html
.. section-numbering::
@@ -31,36 +31,6 @@ Boost.Python requires `Python 2.2`_ [#2.2]_ *or* |newer|__.
.. _Python 2.2: http://www.python.org/2.2
__ http://www.python.org
No-Install Quickstart
=====================
There is no need to install Boost in order to get started using
Boost.Python. These instructions use Boost.Build_ projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
for a specific compiler configuration.
.. Note:: Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
officially supported by Boost. Moreover **99% of all “I can't
build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
build system**.
If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke ``bjam`` with the
``-a -o``\ *filename* option to dump the build commands it executes
to a file, so you can see what your build system needs to do.
1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 of the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
2. Get the ``bjam`` build driver. See sections 5.2.1-5.2.3 of the
Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
3. cd into the ``libs/python/test/example`` directory.
.. _Getting Started Guide: ../../../more/getting_started/index.html
Background
==========
@@ -81,7 +51,7 @@ There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:
.. _embedding: http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html
The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
of C++' ``main()`` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
of the C++ ``main()`` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
or in some other program, respectively. Note that even when
embedding Python in another program, `extension modules are often
the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
@@ -95,8 +65,254 @@ dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
modules or the executable containing ``main()``.
Getting Boost.Python Binaries
=============================
.. _quickstart:
No-Install Quickstart
=====================
There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
Boost.Python. These instructions use Boost.Build_ projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
for a specific compiler configuration and figuring out the right
compiler options to use yourself.
.. .. raw:: html
<div style="width:50%">
.. Note:: Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
officially supported by Boost. Moreover **99% of all “I can't
build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
build system** without first following these instructions.
If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke ``bjam`` with the
.. parsed-literal::
``-a -o``\ *filename*
options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so
you can see what your alternate build system needs to do.
.. .. raw:: html
</div>
.. _Boost.Build: ../../../tools/build/index.html
Basic Procedure
---------------
1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 [`Unix/Linux`__, `Windows`__\ ] of the
Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
__ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#get-boost
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#get-boost
2. Get the ``bjam`` build driver. See section 5 [`Unix/Linux`__,
`Windows`__\ ] of the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_.
__ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#prepare-to-use-a-boost-library-binary
3. cd into the ``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory of your
Boost installation, which contains a small example project.
4. Invoke ``bjam``. Replace the “\ ``stage``\ “ argument from the
example invocation from section 5 of the `Getting Started
Guide`_ with “\ ``test``\ ,“ to build all the test targets. Also add
the argument “\ ``--verbose-test``\ ” to see the output generated by
the tests when they are run.
On Windows, your ``bjam`` invocation might look something like:
.. parsed-literal::
C:\\boost_1_34_0\\…\\quickstart> **bjam toolset=msvc --verbose-test test**
and on Unix variants, perhaps,
.. parsed-literal::
~/boost_1_34_0/…/quickstart$ **bjam toolset=gcc --verbose-test test**
.. Admonition:: Note to Windows Users
For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use
unix-style forward slashes in pathnames instead of the
backslashes with which you may be more familiar. The forward
slashes should work everywhere except in `Command Prompt`_
windows, where you should use backslashes.
.. _Command Prompt: ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt
If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an
extension module called ``extending`` and tested it by running a
Python script called ``test_extending.py``. You will also have
built and run a simple application called ``embedding`` that embeds
python.
.. _Getting Started Guide: ../../../more/getting_started/index.html
In Case of Trouble
------------------
If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages,
it's probably because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your
Python installation. You might want to pass the
``--debug-configuration`` option to ``bjam`` the first few times
you invoke it, to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating
all the parts of your Python installation. If it isn't, consider
`Configuring Boost.Build`_ as detailed below.
If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
mailing lists may be able to help:
* The `Boost.Build mailing list`__ for issues related to Boost.Build
* The Python `C++ Sig`__ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#jamboost
__ http://www.boost.org/more/mailing_lists.htm#cplussig
In Case Everything Seemed to Work
---------------------------------
Rejoice! If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be
a good idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on
learning the library by going through the tutorial_ and perhaps
some of the `reference documentation`_, trying out what you've
learned about the API by modifying the quickstart project.
.. _reference documentation: v2/reference.html
.. _tutorial: tutorial/index.html
Modifying the Example Project
-----------------------------
If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one
source file called |extending.cpp|_, inside your Boost
distribution, and import it forever as ``extending``, then you can
stop here. However, it's likely that you will want to make a few
changes. There are a few things you can do without having to learn
Boost.Build_ in depth.
The project you just built is specified in two files in the current
directory: |boost-build.jam|_, which tells ``bjam`` where it can
find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
|Jamroot|_, which describes the targets you just built. These
files are heavily commented, so they should be easy to modify.
Take care, however, to preserve whitespace. Punctuation such as
``;`` will not be recognized as intended by ``bjam`` if it is not
surrounded by whitespace.
.. |boost-build.jam| replace:: ``boost-build.jam``
.. _boost-build.jam: ../example/quickstart/boost-build.jam
.. |Jamroot| replace:: ``Jamroot``
.. _Jamroot: ../example/quickstart/Jamroot
.. |extending.cpp| replace:: ``extending.cpp``
.. _extending.cpp: ../example/quickstart/extending.cpp
Relocate the Project
....................
You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can
change it without modifying your Boost distribution. To do that,
simply
a. copy the entire ``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory
into a new directory.
b. In the new copies of |boost-build.jam|_ and |Jamroot|_, locate
the relative path near the top of the file that is clearly
marked by a comment, and edit that path so that it refers to the
same directory your Boost distribution as it referred to when
the file was in its original location in the
``libs/python/example/quickstart/`` directory.
For example, if you moved the project from
``/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/libs/python/example/quickstart`` to
``/home/dave/my-project``, you could change the first path in
|boost-build.jam|_ from
.. parsed-literal::
**../../../..**\ /tools/build/v2
to
.. parsed-literal::
**/home/dave/boost_1_34_0**\ /tools/build/v2
and change the first path in |Jamroot|_ from
.. parsed-literal::
**../../../..**
to
.. parsed-literal::
**/home/dave/boost_1_34_0**
Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files
................................................
The names of additional source files involved in building your
extension module or embedding application can be listed in
|Jamroot|_ right alongside ``extending.cpp`` or ``embedding.cpp``
respectively. Just be sure to leave whitespace around each
filename::
… file1.cpp file2.cpp file3.cpp …
Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can
tell Boost.Build about it by editing the name in |Jamroot|_.
Change the Name of your Extension Module
........................................
The name of the extension module is determined by two things:
1. the name in |Jamroot|_ immediately following ``python-extension``, and
2. the name passed to ``BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE`` in |extending.cpp|_.
To change the name of the extension module from ``extending`` to
``hello``, you'd edit |Jamroot|_, changing
.. parsed-literal::
python-extension **extending** : extending.cpp ;
to
.. parsed-literal::
python-extension **hello** : extending.cpp ;
and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing
.. parsed-literal::
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(\ **extending**\ )
to
.. parsed-literal::
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(\ **hello**\ )
Installing Boost.Python on your System
======================================
Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
`header-only`_) library, its user relies on the services of a
@@ -104,25 +320,24 @@ Boost.Python library binary.
.. _header-only: ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries
Installing Boost.Python on your System
--------------------------------------
If you need a regular, installation of the Boost.Python library
If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library
binaries on your system, the Boost `Getting Started Guide`_ will
walk you through the steps of installing one. If building binaries
walk you through the steps of creating one. If building binaries
from source, you might want to supply the ``--with-python``
argument to ``bjam`` (or the ``--with-libraries=python`` argument
to ``configure``), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
rather than all the Boost binaries.
Configuring Boost.Build
=======================
As described in the `Boost.Build reference manual`__, a file called
``user-config.jam`` in your home
directory [#home-dir]_ is used to
describe the build resources available to the build system. You'll
need to tell it about your Python installation.
``user-config.jam`` in your home directory [#home-dir]_ is used to
specify the tools and libraries available to the build system. You
may need to create or edit ``user-config.jam`` to tell Boost.Build
how to invoke Python, ``#include`` its headers, and link with its
libraries.
__ http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration
@@ -135,66 +350,58 @@ __ http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration
were built, your ``user-config.jam`` file is probably already
correct.
If you have a fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, there's very little you need to do to describe it.
Simply having ::
If you have one fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, you might not need to do anything special to describe it. If
you haven't configured python in ``user-config.jam`` (and you don't
specify ``--without-python`` on the Boost.Build command line),
Boost.Build will automatically execute the equivalent of ::
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
in a ``user-config.jam`` file in your home directory [#home-dir]_
should be enough. [#user-config.jam]_ For more complicated setups,
see `Advanced Configuration`_.
which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the quickstart_
method). If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a ``user-config.jam`` file
with at least the minimal incantation above.
.. Note:: You might want to pass the ``--debug-configuration``
option to ``bjam`` the first few times you invoke it, to make
sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating all the parts of
your Python installation. If it isn't, consider passing some of
the optional `Python configuration parameters`_ detailed below.
Building an Extension Module
============================
Testing
=======
Advanced Configuration
======================
Python Configuration Parameters
-------------------------------
If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
the following optional parameters to ``using python``.
Python Configuration Parameters
-------------------------------
version
the version of Python to use. Should be in Major.Minor
format, for example, ``2.3``. Do not include the subminor
version (i.e. *not* ``2.5.1``). If you have multiple Python
versions installed, the version will usually be the only
additional argument required.
configuration argument required.
cmd-or-prefix
preferably, a command that invokes a Python
interpreter. Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python
libraries and header files. Use the alternative formulation if
there is no appropriate Python executable available.
preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter.
Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python libraries and
header files. Only use the alternative formulation if there is
no appropriate Python executable available.
includes
the ``#include`` path for Python headers.
the ``#include`` paths for Python headers. Normally the correct
path(s) will be automatically deduced from ``version`` and/or
``cmd-or-prefix``.
libraries
the path to Python library binaries. On MacOS/Darwin,
you can also pass the path of the Python framework.
you can also pass the path of the Python framework. Normally the
correct path(s) will be automatically deduced from ``version``
and/or ``cmd-or-prefix``.
condition
if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
properties that are matched against the build configuration when
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use. See examples
below for details.
extension-suffix
A string to append to the name of extension
@@ -202,10 +409,12 @@ extension-suffix
don't need to use this. Usually this suffix is only used when
targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
automatically for you based on the value of the
``<python-debugging>`` feature. However, at least one Linux
|python-debugging|_ feature. However, at least one Linux
distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has a specially configured
`python-dbg`__ package that claims to use such a suffix.
.. |python-debugging| replace:: ``<python-debugging>``
__ https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds
@@ -247,6 +456,17 @@ significant.
: <toolset>intel # condition
;
- If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the
normal and the “\ `python debugging`_\ ” builds from source on
Windows, you might see::
using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python ;
using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python_d
: # includes
: # libs
: <python-debugging>on ;
- You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows
can build/test both Windows and Cygwin_ python extensions. Just pass
``<target-os>cygwin`` in the ``condition`` parameter
@@ -290,7 +510,7 @@ __ http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection
Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary
======================================
If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link withthe right
If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right
libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
library, you'll need to think about which one to link with. The
Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors. Take
@@ -332,6 +552,64 @@ any of the following cases:
use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
modules (and vice-versa).
``#include`` Issues
===================
1. If you should ever have occasion to ``#include "python.h"``
directly in a translation unit of a program using Boost.Python,
use ``#include "boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp"`` instead.
It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python,
one of which is mentioned in the next section.
2. Be sure not to ``#include`` any system headers before
``wrap_python.hpp``. This restriction is actually imposed by
Python, or more properly, by Python's interaction with your
operating system. See
http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html for details.
.. _python-debugging:
.. _python debugging:
Python Debugging Builds
=======================
Python can be built in a special “python debugging” configuration
that adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful
for developers of extension modules. The data structures used by
the debugging configuration contain additional members, so **a
Python executable built with python debugging enabled cannot be
used with an extension module or library compiled without it, and
vice-versa.**
Since pre-built “python debugging” versions of the Python
executable and libraries are not supplied with most distributions
of Python, [#get-debug-build]_ and we didn't want to force our users
to build them, Boost.Build does not automatically enable python
debugging in its ``debug`` build variant (which is the default).
Instead there is a special build property called
``python-debugging`` that, when used as a build property, will
define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right
libraries to link with.
On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data
structures will only be used if the symbol ``Py_DEBUG`` is defined.
On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
the preprocessor symbol ``_DEBUG``, Python defaults to force
linking with a special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since
that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not present,
Boost.Python temporarily undefines _DEBUG when Python.h
is #included from ``boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp`` - unless
``BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON`` is defined. The upshot is that if you want
“python debugging”and you aren't using Boost.Build, you should make
sure ``BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON`` is defined, or python debugging will be
suppressed.
Testing Boost.Python
====================
To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke ``bjam`` in the
``libs/python/test`` subdirectory of your Boost distribution.
Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users
=======================================================
@@ -365,13 +643,9 @@ __ http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming
__ ../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming
Be sure to read this section even if your compiler supports
auto-linking, as Boost.Python does not yet take advantage of
that feature.
.. [#toolset-specific] Because of the way most \*nix platforms
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not
certainextension modules built with different compiler toolsets
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
when loaded into the same Python instance. Not using different
libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
@@ -391,14 +665,16 @@ __ http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html
toolset, and you might need handle both explicitly if you also
have a MinGW GCC installed.
.. [#user-config.jam] Create the ``user-config.jam`` file if you don't
already have one.
.. [#home-dir] Windows users, your home directory can be
found by typing::
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
into a `Windows command prompt`__
into a `command prompt`_ window.
__ ../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#or-build-from-the-command-prompt
.. [#get-debug-build] On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging
python and associated libraries are built by adding
``--with-pydebug`` when configuring the Python build. On
Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by
the "Win32 Debug" target of the Visual Studio project in the
PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.

View File

@@ -147,7 +147,9 @@
<dt><a href="v2/faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)</a></dt>
<dt><a href="../pyste/index.html">Pyste (Boost.Python code generator)</a></dt>
<dt><a href="http://www.language-binding.net/pyplusplus/pyplusplus.html">Py++ Boost.Python code generator</a></dt>
<dt><a href="../pyste/index.html">Pyste Boost.Python code generator (no longer maintained)</a></dt>
<dt><a href="internals.html">Internals Documentation</a></dt>
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

0
doc/internals.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

0
doc/internals.rst Executable file → Normal file
View File

View File

@@ -32,7 +32,43 @@
<hr>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt>Current CVS</dt>
<dt>Current SVN</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
<li>Pythonic signatures are now automatically appended to the
docstrings.
<li>Use <a href="v2/docstring_options.html"
><code>docstring_options.hpp</code></a> header
control the content of docstrings.
<li>This new feature increases the size of the modules by about 14%.
If this is not acceptable it can be turned off by defining the macro
BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES. Modules compiled with and without the macro
defined are compatible.
</li>
<li> If BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES is undefined, this version defines the
macro BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES. This allows writing code that will compile
with older version of Boost.Python (see <a href="v2/pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>).
</li>
<li>By defining BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE, and at a cost
of another 14% size increase, proper pythonic type is generated for the "self"
parameter of the __init__ methods.
</li>
<li> To support this new feature changes were made to the
<a href="v2/to_python_converter.html"><code>to_python_converter.hpp</code></a>,
<a href="v2/default_call_policies.html"><code>default_call_policies</code></a>,
<a href="v2/ResultConverter.html"><code>ResultConverter</code></a>,
<a href="v2/CallPolicies.html"><code>CallPolicies</code></a> and some others.
Efforts were made not to have interface breaking changes.
</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt>12 May 2007 - 1.34.0 release</dt>
<dd>
<ul>
@@ -293,7 +329,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
19 November 2004
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -375,6 +375,27 @@
application modules, including GUI and post-processing of results.</p>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://polybori.sourceforge.net/">PolyBoRi</a></b></dt>
<dd>
<p><a href="mailto:brickenstein@mfo.de"
>Michael Brickenstein</a> writes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The core of PolyBoRi is a C++ library, which provides
high-level data types for Boolean polynomials and monomials,
exponent vectors, as well as for the underlying polynomial
rings and subsets of the powerset of the Boolean variables. As
a unique approach, binary decision diagrams are used as
internal storage type for polynomial structures. On top of
this C++-library we provide a Python interface. This allows
parsing of complex polynomial systems, as well as sophisticated
and extendable strategies for Gr&ouml;bner basis computation.
Boost.Python has helped us to create this interface in a
very clean way.</p>
</blockquote>
</dd>
<dt><b><a href="http://www.rationaldiscovery.com">Rational Discovery
LLC</a></b></dt>
@@ -435,11 +456,11 @@
</dl>
<hr>
<p>Revised
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
15 July, 2003</p>
29 May, 2008</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
12 Sept, 2003 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -12,4 +12,5 @@ boostbook tutorial
:
<xsl:param>boost.root=../../../../../..
<xsl:param>boost.libraries=../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm
<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css
;

View File

@@ -1,511 +0,0 @@
/*=============================================================================
Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
Use, modification and distribution is subject to the Boost Software
License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
=============================================================================*/
/*=============================================================================
Body defaults
=============================================================================*/
body
{
margin: 1em;
font-family: sans-serif;
}
/*=============================================================================
Paragraphs
=============================================================================*/
p
{
text-align: left;
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.15;
}
/*=============================================================================
Program listings
=============================================================================*/
/* Code on paragraphs */
p tt.computeroutput
{
font-size: 9pt;
}
pre.synopsis
{
font-size: 90%;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
.programlisting,
.screen
{
font-size: 9pt;
display: block;
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
}
/* Program listings in tables don't get borders */
td .programlisting,
td .screen
{
margin: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
padding: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
}
/*=============================================================================
Headings
=============================================================================*/
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
{
text-align: left;
margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-weight: bold;
}
h1 { font: 140% }
h2 { font: bold 140% }
h3 { font: bold 130% }
h4 { font: bold 120% }
h5 { font: italic 110% }
h6 { font: italic 100% }
/* Top page titles */
title,
h1.title,
h2.title
h3.title,
h4.title,
h5.title,
h6.title,
.refentrytitle
{
font-weight: bold;
margin-bottom: 1pc;
}
h1.title { font-size: 140% }
h2.title { font-size: 140% }
h3.title { font-size: 130% }
h4.title { font-size: 120% }
h5.title { font-size: 110% }
h6.title { font-size: 100% }
.section h1
{
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
font-size: 140%;
}
.section h2 { font-size: 140% }
.section h3 { font-size: 130% }
.section h4 { font-size: 120% }
.section h5 { font-size: 110% }
.section h6 { font-size: 100% }
/* Code on titles */
h1 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h2 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
h3 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
h4 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 120% }
h5 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 110% }
h6 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 100% }
/*=============================================================================
Author
=============================================================================*/
h3.author
{
font-size: 100%
}
/*=============================================================================
Lists
=============================================================================*/
li
{
font-size: 10pt;
line-height: 1.3;
}
/* Unordered lists */
ul
{
text-align: left;
}
/* Ordered lists */
ol
{
text-align: left;
}
/*=============================================================================
Links
=============================================================================*/
a
{
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
}
a:hover
{
text-decoration: underline;
}
/*=============================================================================
Spirit style navigation
=============================================================================*/
.spirit-nav
{
text-align: right;
}
.spirit-nav a
{
color: white;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
.spirit-nav img
{
border-width: 0px;
}
/*=============================================================================
Table of contents
=============================================================================*/
.toc
{
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
padding: 0.1pc 1pc 0.1pc 1pc;
font-size: 80%;
line-height: 1.15;
}
.boost-toc
{
float: right;
padding: 0.5pc;
}
/*=============================================================================
Tables
=============================================================================*/
.table-title,
div.table p.title
{
margin-left: 4%;
padding-right: 0.5em;
padding-left: 0.5em;
}
.informaltable table,
.table table
{
width: 92%;
margin-left: 4%;
margin-right: 4%;
}
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@@ -1,26 +1,23 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
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<title>Chapter 1. python 1.0</title>
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<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="next" href="python/hello.html" title=" Building Hello World">
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<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%"><tr>
<td valign="top"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries" width="277" height="86" src="../../../../../../boost.png"></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../index.htm">Home</a></td>
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<div class="spirit-nav"><a accesskey="n" href="python/hello.html"><img src="../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a></div>
<div class="chapter" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div>
<div><h2 class="title">
@@ -34,7 +31,7 @@
<div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</p></div>
<div><div class="legalnotice">
<a name="id376848"></a><p>
<a name="id455921"></a><p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@
(IDL).
</p>
<a name="quickstart.hello_world"></a><h2>
<a name="id447173"></a>
<a name="id385276"></a>
Hello World
</h2>
<p>
@@ -115,10 +112,10 @@
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="preprocessor">#include</span> <span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">/</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">hpp</span><span class="special">&gt;</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">hello_ext</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">using</span> <span class="keyword">namespace</span> <span class="identifier">boost</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">python</span><span class="special">;</span>
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"greet"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
</pre>
@@ -129,23 +126,29 @@
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello_ext</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Next stop... Building your Hello World module
from start to finish...</b></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Next stop... Building your Hello World
module from start to finish...</b></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"><small><p>Last revised: August 31, 2006 at 05:59:58 GMT</p></small></td>
<td align="right"><small></small></td>
<td align="left"><p><small>Last revised: March 24, 2008 at 23:09:39 GMT</small></p></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer"></div></td>
</tr></table>
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@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title>Embedding</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../../../../doc/html/boostbook.css" type="text/css">
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.66.1">
<link rel="start" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
@@ -13,17 +10,17 @@
<link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Iterators">
</head>
<body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF">
<table cellpadding="2" width="100%">
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<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../libs/libraries.htm">Libraries</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../people/people.htm">People</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/faq.htm">FAQ</a></td>
<td align="center"><a href="../../../../../../../more/index.htm">More</a></td>
</table>
</tr></table>
<hr>
<div class="spirit-nav">
<a accesskey="p" href="object.html"><img src="../images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html"><img src="../images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
<a accesskey="p" href="object.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/prev.png" alt="Prev"></a><a accesskey="u" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/up.png" alt="Up"></a><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/home.png" alt="Home"></a><a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html"><img src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/next.png" alt="Next"></a>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
@@ -43,24 +40,22 @@
Python/C API at all. So stay tuned... <span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span>
</p>
<a name="embedding.building_embedded_programs"></a><h2>
<a name="id462650"></a>
<a name="id471330"></a>
Building embedded programs
</h2>
<p>
To be able to use embedding in your programs, they have to be linked to both
Boost.Python's and Python's static link library.
To be able to embed python into your programs, you have to link to both Boost.Python's
as well as Python's own runtime library.
</p>
<p>
Boost.Python's static link library comes in two variants. Both are located
in Boost's <tt class="literal">/libs/python/build/bin-stage</tt> subdirectory. On
Windows, the variants are called <tt class="literal">boost_python.lib</tt> (for release
builds) and <tt class="literal">boost_python_debug.lib</tt> (for debugging). If you
can't find the libraries, you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See
<a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">Building and Testing</a> on how to
do this.
Boost.Python's library comes in two variants. Both are located in Boost's
<tt class="literal">/libs/python/build/bin-stage</tt> subdirectory. On Windows, the
variants are called <tt class="literal">boost_python.lib</tt> (for release builds)
and <tt class="literal">boost_python_debug.lib</tt> (for debugging). If you can't
find the libraries, you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">Building and Testing</a> on how to do this.
</p>
<p>
Python's static link library can be found in the <tt class="literal">/libs</tt> subdirectory
Python's library can be found in the <tt class="literal">/libs</tt> subdirectory
of your Python directory. On Windows it is called pythonXY.lib where X.Y is
your major Python version number.
</p>
@@ -87,7 +82,7 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
&lt;find-library&gt;$(PYTHON_EMBEDDED_LIBRARY) ;
</pre>
<a name="embedding.getting_started"></a><h2>
<a name="id462747"></a>
<a name="id471435"></a>
Getting started
</h2>
<p>
@@ -96,28 +91,40 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
</p>
<div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1">
<li>
#include <tt class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</tt><br><br>
#include <tt class="literal">&lt;boost/python.hpp&gt;</tt>
</li>
<li>
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652" target="_top">Py_Initialize</a>()
to start the interpreter and create the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module.<br><br>
</li>
module.
</li>
<li>
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.<br><br>
</li>
<li>
Call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter and release its resources.
Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
</li>
</ol></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
<span class="bold"><b>Note that at this time you must not call <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656" target="_top">Py_Finalize</a>()
to stop the interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.</b></span>
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</b></span></em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="bold"><b>Now that we can embed the interpreter in
our programs, lets see how to put it to use...</b></span></em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.using_the_interpreter"></a>Using the interpreter</h3></div></div></div>
@@ -125,240 +132,106 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted. Naturally,
the <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully automatic
in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html" target="_top">by
hand</a>. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
in Python, the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API requires you to do it [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html
by hand]. This is messy and especially hard to get right in the presence
of C++ exceptions. Fortunately Boost.Python provides the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html" target="_top">handle</a>
and <a href="../../../../v2/object.html" target="_top">object</a> class templates to
automate the process.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.reference_counting_handles_and_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id462914"></a>
Reference-counting handles and objects
</h2>
<p>
There are two ways in which a function in the Python/C API can return a
<tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>: as a <span class="emphasis"><em>borrowed reference</em></span>
or as a <span class="emphasis"><em>new reference</em></span>. Which of these a function uses,
is listed in that function's documentation. The two require slightely different
approaches to reference-counting but both can be 'handled' by Boost.Python.
</p>
<p>
For a function returning a <span class="emphasis"><em>borrowed reference</em></span> we'll
have to tell the <tt class="literal">handle</tt> that the <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>
is borrowed with the aptly named <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html#borrowed-spec" target="_top">borrowed</a>
function. Two functions returning borrowed references are <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125" target="_top">PyImport_AddModule</a>
and <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/moduleObjects.html#l2h-594" target="_top">PyModule_GetDict</a>.
The former returns a reference to an already imported module, the latter
retrieves a module's namespace dictionary. Let's use them to retrieve the
namespace of the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">((</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125" target="_top">PyImport_AddModule</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">)))));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
For a function returning a <span class="emphasis"><em>new reference</em></span> we can just
create a <tt class="literal">handle</tt> out of the raw <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>
without wrapping it in a call to borrowed. One such function that returns
a new reference is <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
which we'll discuss in the next section.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Handle is a class <span class="emphasis"><em>template</em></span>,
so why haven't we been using any template parameters?</b></span><br> <br>
<tt class="literal">handle</tt> has a single template parameter specifying the
type of the managed object. This type is <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt> 99%
of the time, so the parameter was defaulted to <tt class="literal">PyObject</tt>
for convenience. Therefore we can use the shorthand <tt class="literal">handle&lt;&gt;</tt>
instead of the longer, but equivalent, <tt class="literal">handle&lt;PyObject&gt;</tt>.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.running_python_code"></a><h2>
<a name="id463241"></a>
<a name="id471598"></a>
Running Python code
</h2>
<p>
To run Python code from C++ there is a family of functions in the API starting
with the PyRun prefix. You can find the full list of these functions <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html" target="_top">here</a>. They
all work similarly so we will look at only one of them, namely:
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">PyObject</span><span class="special">*</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">start</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">PyObject</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">globals</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">PyObject</span> <span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">locals</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">expression</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">code</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">exec_file</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">filename</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">globals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">(),</span> <span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">locals</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">object</span><span class="special">())</span>
</pre>
<p>
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
takes the code to execute as a null-terminated (C-style) string in its <tt class="literal">str</tt>
parameter. The function returns a new reference to a Python object. Which
object is returned depends on the <tt class="literal">start</tt> paramater.
eval evaluates the given expression and returns the resulting value. exec
executes the given code (typically a set of statements) returning the result,
and exec_file executes the code contained in the given file.
</p>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">start</tt> parameter is the start symbol from the Python
grammar to use for interpreting the code. The possible values are:
</p>
<div class="informaltable">
<h4>
<a name="id463420"></a>
<span class="table-title">Start symbols</span>
</h4>
<table class="table">
<colgroup>
<col>
<col>
</colgroup>
<thead><tr>
<th><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a></th>
<th>for
interpreting isolated expressions</th>
</tr></thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a></td>
<td>for
interpreting sequences of statements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-60" target="_top">Py_single_input</a></td>
<td>for
interpreting a single statement</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<p>
When using <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>,
the input string must contain a single expression and its result is returned.
When using <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a>,
the string can contain an abitrary number of statements and None is returned.
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-60" target="_top">Py_single_input</a>
works in the same way as <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a>
but only accepts a single statement.
</p>
<p>
Lastly, the <tt class="literal">globals</tt> and <tt class="literal">locals</tt> parameters
are Python dictionaries containing the globals and locals of the context
in which to run the code. For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace
The <tt class="literal">globals</tt> and <tt class="literal">locals</tt> parameters are
Python dictionaries containing the globals and locals of the context in which
to run the code. For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace
dictionary of the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module for both parameters.
</p>
<p>
We have already seen how to get the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module's namespace so let's run some Python code in it:
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">((</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125" target="_top">PyImport_AddModule</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">)))));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span><span class="special">((</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
<span class="string">"hello.write('Hello world!')\n"</span>
<span class="string">"hello.close()"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span> <span class="identifier">name</span><span class="special">)</span>
</pre>
<p>
Because the Python/C API doesn't know anything about <tt class="literal">object</tt>s,
we used the object's <tt class="literal">ptr</tt> member function to retrieve the
<tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>.
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
first), and returns it.
</p>
<p>
Let's import the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module and run some Python code in its namespace:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"</span>
<span class="string">"hello.write('Hello world!')\n"</span>
<span class="string">"hello.close()"</span><span class="special">,</span>
<span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p>
This should create a file called 'hello.txt' in the current directory containing
a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Note</b></span> that we wrap
the return value of <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
in a (nameless) <tt class="literal">handle</tt> even though we are not interested
in it. If we didn't do this, the the returned object would be kept alive
unnecessarily. Unless you want to be a Dr. Frankenstein, always wrap <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt>s
in <tt class="literal">handle</tt>s.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.beyond_handles"></a><h2>
<a name="id463926"></a>
Beyond handles
<a name="using_the_interpreter.manipulating_python_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id472186"></a>
Manipulating Python objects
</h2>
<p>
It's nice that <tt class="literal">handle</tt> manages the reference counting details
for us, but other than that it doesn't do much. Often we'd like to have a
more useful class to manipulate Python objects. But we have already seen
such a class above, and in the <a href="object.html" target="_top">previous section</a>:
the aptly named <tt class="literal">object</tt> class and it's derivatives. We've
already seen that they can be constructed from a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>.
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects. But we have
already seen such a class above, and in the <a href="object.html" target="_top">previous
section</a>: the aptly named <tt class="literal">object</tt> class and its
derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>.
The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">((</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">borrowed</span><span class="special">(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-125" target="_top">PyImport_AddModule</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">)))));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">import</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__main__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">main_module</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">attr</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"__dict__"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span><span class="special">((</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59" target="_top">Py_file_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">())</span>
<span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">ignored</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">exec</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"result = 5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="string">"result"</span><span class="special">]);</span>
</pre>
<p>
Here we create a dictionary object for the <tt class="literal"><span class="underline">_main</span>_</tt>
module's namespace. Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read
this variable from the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result
is to let <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
return the result directly with <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>:
is to use eval instead, which returns the result directly:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span>
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()))</span>
<span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5 ** 2"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_squared</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
</pre>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Note</b></span> that <tt class="literal">object</tt>'s
member function to return the wrapped <tt class="literal">PyObject*</tt> is called
<tt class="literal">ptr</tt> instead of <tt class="literal">get</tt>. This makes sense
if you take into account the different functions that <tt class="literal">object</tt>
and <tt class="literal">handle</tt> perform.
</p>
<a name="using_the_interpreter.exception_handling"></a><h2>
<a name="id464549"></a>
<a name="id472558"></a>
Exception handling
</h2>
<p>
If an exception occurs in the execution of some Python code, the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a>
function returns a null pointer. Constructing a <tt class="literal">handle</tt>
out of this null pointer throws <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>,
so basically, the Python exception is automatically translated into a C++
exception when using <tt class="literal">handle</tt>:
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression, <a href="../../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec" target="_top">error_already_set</a>
is thrown:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">try</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="string">"5/0"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()))</span>
<span class="special">));</span>
<span class="identifier">object</span> <span class="identifier">result</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">eval</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"5/0"</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="comment">// execution will never get here:
</span> <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="identifier">five_divided_by_zero</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">extract</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">);</span>
<span class="special">}</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="comment">// handle the exception in some way
</span><span class="special">}</span>
@@ -367,14 +240,14 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
The <tt class="literal">error_already_set</tt> exception class doesn't carry any
information in itself. To find out more about the Python exception that occurred,
you need to use the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">exception
handling functions</a> of the Python/C API in your catch-statement. This
can be as simple as calling <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70" target="_top">PyErr_Print()</a>
to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type
of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
handling functions</a> of the Python<span class="emphasis"><em>C API in your catch-statement.
This can be as simple as calling [@http:</em></span>/www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-70
PyErr_Print()] to print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing
the type of the exception with those of the <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html" target="_top">standard
exceptions</a>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="keyword">catch</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">error_already_set</span> <span class="keyword">const</span> <span class="special">&amp;)</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyErr_ExceptionMatches</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">PyExc_ZeroDivisionError</span><span class="special">))</span>
<span class="special">{</span>
@@ -391,33 +264,21 @@ exe embedded_program # name of the executable
(To retrieve even more information from the exception you can use some of
the other exception handling functions listed <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html" target="_top">here</a>.)
</p>
<p>
If you'd rather not have <tt class="literal">handle</tt> throw a C++ exception
when it is constructed, you can use the <a href="../../../../v2/handle.html#allow_null-spec" target="_top">allow_null</a>
function in the same way you'd use borrowed:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">handle</span><span class="special">&lt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">((</span><span class="identifier">allow_null</span><span class="special">(</span><a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55" target="_top">PyRun_String</a><span class="special">(</span>
<span class="string">"5/0"</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58" target="_top">Py_eval_input</a>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">main_namespace</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">()))));</span>
<span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="special">(!</span><span class="identifier">result</span><span class="special">)</span>
<span class="comment">// Python exception occurred
</span><span class="keyword">else</span>
<span class="comment">// everything went okay, it's safe to use the result
</span></pre>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
<title> Exception Translation</title>
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@@ -13,17 +10,17 @@
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@@ -52,12 +49,17 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
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@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
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@@ -13,17 +10,17 @@
<link rel="next" href="functions.html" title="Functions">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
@@ -317,7 +314,7 @@
</li>
</ol></div>
<p>
Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions <tt class="literal">b</tt> and <tt class="literal">d</tt>
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions <tt class="literal">b</tt> and <tt class="literal">d</tt>
and <tt class="literal">factory</tt>:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -331,7 +328,7 @@
<tt class="literal">return_value_policy&lt;manage_new_object&gt;</tt> to instruct
Python to adopt the pointer to <tt class="literal">Base</tt> and hold the instance
in a new Python <tt class="literal">Base</tt> object until the the Python object
is destroyed. We shall see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
is destroyed. We will see more of Boost.Python <a href="functions.html#python.call_policies" title="Call Policies">call
policies</a> later.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -344,7 +341,7 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_virtual_functions"></a>Class Virtual Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<p>
In this section, we shall learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
In this section, we will learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our <tt class="literal">Base</tt> class:
</p>
@@ -382,10 +379,17 @@
The <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">wrapper</span></tt> template makes
the job of wrapping classes that are meant to overridden in Python, easier.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> as:<br> <br> <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.
<div class="sidebar">
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> as:
</p>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">int</span><span class="special">&gt;(</span><span class="keyword">this</span><span class="special">-&gt;</span><span class="identifier">get_override</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"f"</span><span class="special">).</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>
in effect calls the corresponding method of the Python object through <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">get_override</span></tt>.
@@ -403,10 +407,21 @@
that the function <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt> is a
pure virtual function.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>member function and methods</b></span><br>
<br> Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><b>methods</b></span>. Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><b>member functions</b></span>
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>member function and methods</b></span>
</p>
<p>
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term <span class="bold"><b>methods</b></span>.
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s <span class="bold"><b>member functions</b></span>
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
@@ -460,11 +475,18 @@
we have to check if there is an override for <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">f</span></tt>.
If none, then we call <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">Base</span><span class="special">::</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">()</span></tt>.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span><br>
<br> If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite
the line with the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></tt> as:<br> <br> <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.
<div class="sidebar">
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>MSVC6/7 Workaround</b></span>
</p>
<p>
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite the line
with the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="special">*</span><span class="identifier">note</span><span class="special">*</span></tt> as:
</p>
<p>
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="identifier">call</span><span class="special">&lt;</span><span class="keyword">char</span> <span class="keyword">const</span><span class="special">*&gt;(</span><span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">ptr</span><span class="special">());</span></tt>.
</p>
</div>
<p>
Finally, exposing:
</p>
@@ -511,7 +533,7 @@
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
<a name="python.class_operators_special_functions"></a>Class Operators/Special Functions</h3></div></div></div>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.python_operators"></a><h2>
<a name="id453009"></a>
<a name="id461482"></a>
Python Operators
</h2>
<p>
@@ -560,7 +582,7 @@
expressions".
</p>
<a name="class_operators_special_functions.special_methods"></a><h2>
<a name="id453761"></a>
<a name="id462239"></a>
Special Methods
</h2>
<p>
@@ -588,22 +610,31 @@
<p>
Need we say more?
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> What is the business of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>? Well, the method <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></tt>
requires the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>
to do its work (i.e. <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt> is used by the method defined by
<tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></tt>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
What is the business of <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>? Well, the method <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">str</span></tt> requires the <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt> to do its work (i.e. <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="keyword">operator</span><span class="special">&lt;&lt;</span></tt>
is used by the method defined by <tt class="computeroutput"><span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">str</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">self</span><span class="special">))</span></tt>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
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@@ -13,17 +10,17 @@
<link rel="next" href="object.html" title=" Object Interface">
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
@@ -36,14 +33,20 @@
</dl></div>
<p>
In this chapter, we'll look at Boost.Python powered functions in closer detail.
We shall see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to Python safe
from potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and references. We shall also
see facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions
that take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
We will see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to Python safe from
potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and references. We will also see
facilities that will make it even easier for us to expose C++ functions that
take advantage of C++ features such as overloading and default arguments.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
</p>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Read on...</em></span>
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<p>
But before you do, you might want to fire up Python 2.2 or later and type
<tt class="literal">&gt;&gt;&gt; import this</tt>.
@@ -93,9 +96,9 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
Here's an example where it didn't
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> # <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># x</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">some</span> <span class="identifier">C</span><span class="special">++</span> <span class="identifier">X</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">y</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> # <span class="identifier">CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">some_method</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
What's the problem?
@@ -169,9 +172,9 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
a raw pointer. Now we have a potential dangling pointer problem inside Y:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> # <span class="identifier">y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> # <span class="identifier">Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> # <span class="identifier">CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">x</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="identifier">f</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">z</span><span class="special">)</span> <span class="preprocessor"># y</span> <span class="identifier">refers</span> <span class="identifier">to</span> <span class="identifier">z</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">del</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="preprocessor"># Kill</span> <span class="identifier">the</span> <span class="identifier">z</span> <span class="identifier">object</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="identifier">y</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">z_value</span><span class="special">()</span> <span class="preprocessor"># CRASH</span><span class="special">!</span>
</pre>
<p>
For reference, here's the implementation of <tt class="literal">f</tt> again:
@@ -209,7 +212,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<li><span class="bold"><b>BOOM!</b></span></li>
</ol></div>
<a name="call_policies.call_policies"></a><h2>
<a name="id455614"></a>
<a name="id464236"></a>
Call Policies
</h2>
<p>
@@ -260,41 +263,48 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward</b></span><br> Ties lifetimes
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward</b></span>: Ties lifetimes
of the arguments
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</b></span><br>
Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
<span class="bold"><b>with_custodian_and_ward_postcall</b></span>: Ties
lifetimes of the arguments and results
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_internal_reference</b></span><br> Ties lifetime
<span class="bold"><b>return_internal_reference</b></span>: Ties lifetime
of one argument to that of result
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</b></span><br>
</li>
<span class="bold"><b>return_value_policy&lt;T&gt; with T one of:</b></span><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle">
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>reference_existing_object</b></span><br> naive
(dangerous) approach
</li>
<span class="bold"><b>reference_existing_object</b></span>: naive (dangerous)
approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_const_reference</b></span><br> Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_const_reference</b></span>: Boost.Python
v1 approach
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_non_const_reference</b></span><br>
</li>
<span class="bold"><b>copy_non_const_reference</b></span>:
</li>
<li>
<span class="bold"><b>manage_new_object</b></span><br> Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
<span class="bold"><b>manage_new_object</b></span>: Adopt a pointer
and hold the instance
</li>
</ul></div>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Remember the Zen, Luke:</b></span><br>
<br> "Explicit is better than implicit"<br> "In the face
of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"<br>
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="sidebar">
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/smiley.png" alt="smiley"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Remember the Zen, Luke:</b></span>
</p>
<p>
"Explicit is better than implicit"
</p>
<p>
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">
@@ -332,7 +342,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<span class="special">};</span>
</pre>
<p>
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We shall start by introducing some member
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some member
function pointer variables:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
@@ -405,7 +415,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</li>
</ul></div>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id457647"></a>
<a name="id466276"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
<p>
@@ -435,7 +445,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
<span class="identifier">def</span><span class="special">(</span><span class="string">"foo"</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">foo_overloads</span><span class="special">());</span>
</pre>
<a name="default_arguments.boost_python_member_function_overloads"></a><h2>
<a name="id457963"></a>
<a name="id466595"></a>
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS
</h2>
<p>
@@ -481,7 +491,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
reference</a> for details.
</p>
<a name="default_arguments.init_and_optional"></a><h2>
<a name="id458323"></a>
<a name="id466958"></a>
init and optional
</h2>
<p>
@@ -555,7 +565,7 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
(0) arguments and a maximum of 3 arguments.
</p>
<a name="auto_overloading.manual_wrapping"></a><h2>
<a name="id459095"></a>
<a name="id467740"></a>
Manual Wrapping
</h2>
<p>
@@ -595,12 +605,17 @@ Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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@@ -13,69 +10,59 @@
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
<a name="python.hello"></a> Building Hello World</h2></div></div></div>
<a name="hello.from_start_to_finish"></a><h2>
<a name="id377427"></a>
<a name="id386189"></a>
From Start To Finish
</h2>
<p>
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we shall outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We shall use the build tool that comes bundled with
every boost distribution: <span class="bold"><b>bjam</b></span>.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Building without bjam</b></span><br>
<br> Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from <tt class="literal">bjam</tt>.<br>
<br> Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is
bjam. There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we will outline the steps necessary
to achieve that. We will use the build tool that comes bundled with every boost
distribution: <span class="bold"><b>bjam</b></span>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<p>
We shall skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the
hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to building
Boost.Python, check out: <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">building.html</a>.
After this brief <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> tutorial, we should have built two
DLLs:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
boost_python.dll
</li>
<li>
hello.pyd
</li>
</ul></div>
<span class="bold"><b>Building without bjam</b></span>
</p>
<p>
if you are on Windows, and
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
libboost_python.so
</li>
<li>
hello.so
</li>
</ul></div>
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built. What's
written here should not be taken as "the one and only way". There
are of course other build tools apart from <tt class="literal">bjam</tt>.
</p>
<p>
if you are on Unix.
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from
people who had to use a different tool.
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
We will skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the hello
world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to building Boost.Python,
check out: <a href="../../../../building.html" target="_top">building.html</a>. After
this brief <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> tutorial, we should have built the DLLs
and run a python program using the extension.
</p>
<p>
The tutorial example can be found in the directory: <tt class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>.
@@ -86,13 +73,17 @@
hello.cpp
</li>
<li>
Jamfile
hello.py
</li>
<li>
Jamroot
</li>
</ul></div>
<p>
The <tt class="literal">hello.cpp</tt> file is our C++ hello world example. The
<tt class="literal">Jamfile</tt> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us.
<tt class="literal">Jamroot</tt> is a minimalist <span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> script
that builds the DLLs for us. Finally, <tt class="literal">hello.py</tt> is our Python
program that uses the extension in <tt class="literal">hello.cpp</tt>.
</p>
<p>
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost directory
@@ -101,190 +92,128 @@
platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found <a href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=7586" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<a name="hello.let_s_jam_"></a><h2>
<a name="id377613"></a>
<a name="id386347"></a>
Let's Jam!
</h2>
<p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/jam.png" alt="jam"></span>
</p>
<p>
Here is our minimalist Jamfile:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting"># This is the top of our own project tree
project-root ;
import python ;
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
&lt;template&gt;@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
</pre>
<p>
First, we need to specify our location. You may place your project anywhere.
<tt class="literal">project-root</tt> allows you to do that.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">project-root ;
</pre>
<p>
By doing so, you'll need a Jamrules file. Simply copy the one in the <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">example/tutorial directory</a>
and tweak the <tt class="literal">path-global BOOST_ROOT</tt> to where your boost
root directory is. The file has <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">detailed
instructions</a> you can follow.
<a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamroot" target="_top">Here</a> is our minimalist
Jamroot file. Simply copy the file and tweak <tt class="literal">use-project boost</tt>
to where your boost root directory is and your OK.
</p>
<p>
Then we will import the definitions needed by Python modules:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">import python ;
</pre>
<p>
Finally we declare our <tt class="literal">hello</tt> extension:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
&lt;template&gt;@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
</pre>
<p>
The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
The comments contained in the Jamrules file above should be sufficient to get
you going.
</p>
<a name="hello.running_bjam"></a><h2>
<a name="id377751"></a>
<a name="id386404"></a>
Running bjam
</h2>
<p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>bjam</em></span> is run using your operating system's command line
interpreter.
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
Start it up.
</p></blockquote></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
Make sure that the environment is set so that we can invoke the C++ compiler.
With MSVC, that would mean running the <tt class="literal">Vcvars32.bat</tt> batch
file. For instance:
</p>
<p>
Start it up.
</p>
<p>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
<p>
A file called user-config.jam in your home directory is used to configure your
tools. In Windows, your home directory can be found by typing:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\Tools\vsvars32.bat
<pre class="programlisting">ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
</pre>
<p>
Some environment variables will have to be setup for proper building of our
Python modules. Example:
into a command prompt window. Your file should at least have the rules for
your compiler and your python installation. A specific example of this on Windows
would be:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">set PYTHON_ROOT=c:/dev/tools/python
set PYTHON_VERSION=2.2
<pre class="programlisting"># MSVC configuration
using msvc : 8.0 ;
# Python configuration
using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools<span class="emphasis"><em>Python</em></span> ;
</pre>
<p>
The above assumes that the Python installation is in <tt class="literal">c:/dev/tools/python</tt>
and that we are using Python version 2.2. You'll have to tweak these appropriately.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/tip.png" alt="tip"></span> Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. <span class="bold"><b>not</b></span> "2.2.1", even if that's the version you
have.
</p>
<p>
Take note that you may also do that through the Jamrules file we put in our
project as detailed above. The file has <a href="../../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules" target="_top">detailed
instructions</a> you can follow.
The first rule tells Bjam to use the MSVC 8.0 compiler and associated tools.
The second rule provides information on Python, its version and where it is
located. The above assumes that the Python installation is in <tt class="literal">C:/dev/tools/Python/</tt>.
If you have one fairly "standard" python installation for your platform,
you might not need to do this.
</p>
<p>
Now we are ready... Be sure to <tt class="literal">cd</tt> to <tt class="literal">libs/python/example/tutorial</tt>
where the tutorial <tt class="literal">"hello.cpp"</tt> and the <tt class="literal">"Jamfile"</tt>
where the tutorial <tt class="literal">"hello.cpp"</tt> and the <tt class="literal">"Jamroot"</tt>
is situated.
</p>
<p>
Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="identifier">bjam</span> <span class="special">-</span><span class="identifier">sTOOLS</span><span class="special">=</span><span class="identifier">vc</span><span class="special">-</span><span class="number">7</span><span class="identifier">_1</span>
<span class="identifier">bjam</span>
</pre>
<p>
We are again assuming that we are using Microsoft Visual C++ version 7.1. If
not, then you will have to specify the appropriate tool. See <a href="../../../../../../../tools/build/index.html" target="_top">Building
Boost Libraries</a> for further details.
</p>
<p>
It should be building now:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">cd C:\dev\boost\libs\python\example\tutorial
bjam -sTOOLS=msvc
bjam
...patience...
...found 1703 targets...
...updating 40 targets...
...found 1101 targets...
...updating 35 targets...
</pre>
<p>
And so on... Finally:
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">Creating library bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_python.dll\vc-7_1\debug\th
reading-multi\boost_python.lib and object bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_pyth
on.dll\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\boost_python.exp
vc-C++ bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.obj
hello.cpp
vc-Link bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.pyd bin\tutori
al\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.lib
Creating library bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.li
b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
...updated 31 targets...
<pre class="programlisting">Creating library <span class="emphasis"><em>path-to-boost_python.dll</em></span>
Creating library <span class="emphasis"><em>path-to-'''hello_ext'''.exp</em></span>
**passed** ... hello.test
...updated 35 targets...
</pre>
<p>
If all is well, you should now have:
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
boost_python.dll
</li>
<li>
hello.pyd
</li>
</ul></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
Starting from Boost 1.35, bjam erases the generated executables (e.g. pyd
file) after the test has concluded to conserve disk space. To keep bjam from
doing that, pass --preserve-test-targets to bjam.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote">
<p>
if you are on Windows, and
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
<li>
libboost_python.so
</li>
<li>
hello.so
</li>
</ul></div>
</p>
<p>
if you are on Unix.
</p>
<span class="bold"><b>There you go... Have fun!</b></span>
</p>
<p>
<tt class="literal">boost_python.dll</tt> and <tt class="literal">hello.pyd</tt> can be
found somewhere in your project's <tt class="literal">bin</tt> directory. After a
successful build, you make it possible for the system to find boost_python.dll
or libboost_python.so (usually done with LD_LIBRARY_PATH, DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH,
or some other variable on *nix and with PATH on Windows) and for Python to
find the hello module (Done with PYTHONPATH on all systems.)
</p>
<p>
You may now fire up Python and run our hello module:
</p>
<p>
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">import</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span>
<span class="special">&gt;&gt;&gt;</span> <span class="keyword">print</span> <span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">.</span><span class="identifier">greet</span><span class="special">()</span>
<span class="identifier">hello</span><span class="special">,</span> <span class="identifier">world</span>
</pre>
<p>
</p>
<div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
<span class="bold"><b>There you go... Have fun!</b></span>
</p></blockquote></div>
</p>
</blockquote></div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
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<link rel="up" href="../index.html" title="Chapter 1. python 1.0">
@@ -13,17 +10,17 @@
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@@ -193,12 +190,17 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
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@@ -13,17 +10,17 @@
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<div class="section" lang="en">
<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
@@ -38,7 +35,7 @@
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python variables
may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc., among other
things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these Pythonic variables
are just instances of class <tt class="literal">object</tt>. We shall see in this
are just instances of class <tt class="literal">object</tt>. We will see in this
chapter how to deal with Python objects.
</p>
<p>
@@ -179,11 +176,11 @@
% x,y,z</tt> in Python, which is useful since there's no easy way to
do that in std C++.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Beware</b></span> the common
pitfall of forgetting that the constructors of most of Python's mutable types
make copies, just as in Python.
</p>
<div class="sidebar"><p>
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/alert.png" alt="alert"></span> <span class="bold"><b>Beware</b></span> the common pitfall
of forgetting that the constructors of most of Python's mutable types make
copies, just as in Python.
</p></div>
<p>
Python:
</p>
@@ -199,7 +196,7 @@
</span><span class="identifier">d</span><span class="special">[</span><span class="char">'whatever'</span><span class="special">]</span> <span class="special">=</span> <span class="number">3</span><span class="special">;</span> <span class="comment">// modifies the copy
</span></pre>
<a name="derived_object_types.class__lt_t_gt__as_objects"></a><h2>
<a name="id461067"></a>
<a name="id469745"></a>
class_&lt;T&gt; as objects
</h2>
<p>
@@ -297,12 +294,22 @@
above creates a Python class derived from Python's <tt class="literal">int</tt>
type which is associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> <span class="bold"><b>what is a scope?</b></span><br>
<br> The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found <a href="../../../../v2/scope.html" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
<p>
<span class="bold"><b>what is a scope?</b></span>
</p>
<p>
The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found <a href="../../../../v2/scope.html" target="_top">here</a>.
</p>
</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
You can access those values in Python as
</p>
@@ -334,12 +341,17 @@
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
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@@ -1,28 +1,25 @@
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<div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">
@@ -99,12 +96,18 @@
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions: <tt class="literal">core.pyd</tt>,
<tt class="literal">io.pyd</tt> and <tt class="literal">filters.pyd</tt>.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> The extension <tt class="literal">.pyd</tt> is used for python
extension modules, which are just shared libraries. Using the default for
your system, like <tt class="literal">.so</tt> for Unix and <tt class="literal">.dll</tt>
for Windows, works just as well.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
The extension <tt class="literal">.pyd</tt> is used for python extension modules,
which are just shared libraries. Using the default for your system, like
<tt class="literal">.so</tt> for Unix and <tt class="literal">.dll</tt> for Windows,
works just as well.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p>
Now, we create this directory structure for our Python package:
</p>
@@ -167,12 +170,12 @@
__init__.py
core/
__init__.py
_core.pyd
<span class="underline">core.pyd
filters/
__init__.py
_filters.pyd
\</span>_init__.py
<span class="underline">filters.pyd
io/
__init__.py
\</span>_init__.py
_io.pyd
</pre>
<p>
@@ -427,27 +430,43 @@
exporting it to Python at the same time: changes in a class will only demand
the compilation of a single cpp, instead of the entire wrapper code.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <tt class="literal">--multiple</tt> option, that generates the
wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.
</p>
<p class="blurb">
<span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="../images/note.png" alt="note"></span> This method is useful too if you are getting the error
message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure
overflow"</em></span> when compiling a large source file, as explained
in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.
</p>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
If you're exporting your classes with <a href="../../../../../pyste/index.html" target="_top">Pyste</a>,
take a look at the <tt class="literal">--multiple</tt> option, that generates
the wrappers in various files as demonstrated here.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
<div class="note"><table border="0" summary="Note">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25"><img alt="[Note]" src="../../../../../../../doc/html/images/note.png"></td>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top"><p>
This method is useful too if you are getting the error message <span class="emphasis"><em>"fatal
error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow"</em></span>
when compiling a large source file, as explained in the <a href="../../../../v2/faq.html#c1204" target="_top">FAQ</a>.
</p></td></tr>
</table></div>
</div>
</div>
<table xmlns:rev="http://www.cs.rpi.edu/~gregod/boost/tools/doc/revision" width="100%"><tr>
<td align="left"></td>
<td align="right"><small>Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams</small></td>
<td align="right"><div class="copyright-footer">Copyright © 2002-2005 Joel
de Guzman, David Abrahams<p>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt" target="_top">
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt </a>)
</p>
</div></td>
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@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@ Function:
can be exposed to Python by writing a Boost.Python wrapper:
#include <boost/python.hpp>
using namespace boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello_ext)
{
using namespace boost::python;
def("greet", greet);
}
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
[python]
>>> import hello
>>> import hello_ext
>>> print hello.greet()
hello, world
@@ -75,43 +75,39 @@ resulting DLL is now visible to Python. Here's a sample Python session:
[h2 From Start To Finish]
Now the first thing you'd want to do is to build the Hello World module and
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we shall outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We shall use the build tool that comes bundled
try it for yourself in Python. In this section, we will outline the steps
necessary to achieve that. We will use the build tool that comes bundled
with every boost distribution: [*bjam].
[blurb __note__ [*Building without bjam]\n\n
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from [^bjam].\n\n
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
[note [*Building without bjam]
Besides bjam, there are of course other ways to get your module built.
What's written here should not be taken as "the one and only way".
There are of course other build tools apart from [^bjam].
Take note however that the preferred build tool for Boost.Python is bjam.
There are so many ways to set up the build incorrectly. Experience shows
that 90% of the "I can't build Boost.Python" problems come from people
who had to use a different tool.
]
We shall skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create the
hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to
building Boost.Python, check out: [@../../../building.html building.html].
After this brief ['bjam] tutorial, we should have built two DLLs:
* boost_python.dll
* hello.pyd
if you are on Windows, and
* libboost_python.so
* hello.so
if you are on Unix.
We will skip over the details. Our objective will be to simply create
the hello world module and run it in Python. For a complete reference to
building Boost.Python, check out: [@../../../building.html
building.html]. After this brief ['bjam] tutorial, we should have built
the DLLs and run a python program using the extension.
The tutorial example can be found in the directory:
[^libs/python/example/tutorial]. There, you can find:
* hello.cpp
* Jamfile
* hello.py
* Jamroot
The [^hello.cpp] file is our C++ hello world example. The [^Jamfile] is a
minimalist ['bjam] script that builds the DLLs for us.
The [^hello.cpp] file is our C++ hello world example. The [^Jamroot] is
a minimalist ['bjam] script that builds the DLLs for us. Finally,
[^hello.py] is our Python program that uses the extension in
[^hello.cpp].
Before anything else, you should have the bjam executable in your boost
directory or somewhere in your path such that [^bjam] can be executed in
@@ -122,51 +118,12 @@ platforms. The complete list of Bjam executables can be found
[h2 Let's Jam!]
__jam__
Here is our minimalist Jamfile:
[@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamroot Here] is our minimalist Jamroot
file. Simply copy the file and tweak [^use-project boost] to where your
boost root directory is and your OK.
[pre
# This is the top of our own project tree
project-root ;
import python ;
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
<template>@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
]
First, we need to specify our location. You may place your project anywhere.
[^project-root] allows you to do that.
[pre
project-root ;
]
By doing so, you'll need a Jamrules file. Simply copy the one in the
[@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules example/tutorial directory] and tweak
the [^path-global BOOST_ROOT] to where your boost root directory is. The file
has [@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules detailed instructions] you can follow.
Then we will import the definitions needed by Python modules:
[pre
import python ;
]
Finally we declare our [^hello] extension:
[pre
extension hello # Declare a Python extension called hello
: hello.cpp # source
# requirements and dependencies for Boost.Python extensions
<template>@boost/libs/python/build/extension
;
]
The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
The comments contained in the Jamrules file above should be sufficient
to get you going.
[h2 Running bjam]
@@ -174,98 +131,64 @@ The last part tells BJam that we are depending on the Boost Python Library.
[:Start it up.]
Make sure that the environment is set so that we can invoke the C++
compiler. With MSVC, that would mean running the [^Vcvars32.bat] batch
file. For instance:
A file called user-config.jam in your home directory is used to
configure your tools. In Windows, your home directory can be found by
typing:
[pre
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003\Common7\Tools\vsvars32.bat
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
]
Some environment variables will have to be setup for proper building of our
Python modules. Example:
into a command prompt window. Your file should at least have the rules
for your compiler and your python installation. A specific example of
this on Windows would be:
[pre
set PYTHON_ROOT=c:/dev/tools/python
set PYTHON_VERSION=2.2
# MSVC configuration
using msvc : 8.0 ;
# Python configuration
using python : 2.4 : C:/dev/tools/Python/ ;
]
The above assumes that the Python installation is in [^c:/dev/tools/python]
and that we are using Python version 2.2. You'll have to tweak these
appropriately.
[blurb __tip__ Be sure not to include a third number, e.g. [*not] "2.2.1",
even if that's the version you have.]
Take note that you may also do that through the Jamrules file we put in
our project as detailed above. The file
has [@../../../../example/tutorial/Jamrules detailed instructions] you
can follow.
The first rule tells Bjam to use the MSVC 8.0 compiler and associated
tools. The second rule provides information on Python, its version and
where it is located. The above assumes that the Python installation is
in [^C:/dev/tools\/Python/]. If you have one fairly "standard" python
installation for your platform, you might not need to do this.
Now we are ready... Be sure to [^cd] to [^libs/python/example/tutorial]
where the tutorial [^"hello.cpp"] and the [^"Jamfile"] is situated.
where the tutorial [^"hello.cpp"] and the [^"Jamroot"] is situated.
Finally:
bjam -sTOOLS=vc-7_1
We are again assuming that we are using Microsoft Visual C++ version 7.1. If
not, then you will have to specify the appropriate tool. See
[@../../../../../../tools/build/index.html Building Boost Libraries] for
further details.
bjam
It should be building now:
[pre
cd C:\dev\boost\libs\python\example\tutorial
bjam -sTOOLS=msvc
bjam
...patience...
...found 1703 targets...
...updating 40 targets...
...found 1101 targets...
...updating 35 targets...
]
And so on... Finally:
[pre
Creating library bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_python.dll\vc-7_1\debug\th
reading-multi\boost_python.lib and object bin\boost\libs\python\build\boost_pyth
on.dll\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\boost_python.exp
vc-C++ bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.obj
hello.cpp
vc-Link bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.pyd bin\tutori
al\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.lib
Creating library bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.li
b and object bin\tutorial\hello.pyd\vc-7_1\debug\threading-multi\hello.exp
...updated 31 targets...
Creating library /path-to-boost_python.dll/
Creating library /path-to-'''hello_ext'''.exp/
'''**passed**''' ... hello.test
...updated 35 targets...
]
If all is well, you should now have:
Or something similar. If all is well, you should now have built the DLLs and
run the Python program.
* boost_python.dll
* hello.pyd
if you are on Windows, and
* libboost_python.so
* hello.so
if you are on Unix.
[^boost_python.dll] and [^hello.pyd] can be found somewhere in your project's
[^bin] directory. After a successful build, you make it possible for the system
to find boost_python.dll or libboost_python.so (usually done with LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, or some other variable on *nix and with PATH on Windows) and
for Python to find the hello module (Done with PYTHONPATH on all systems.)
You may now fire up Python and run our hello module:
[python]
>>> import hello
>>> print hello.greet()
hello, world
[c++]
[note Starting from Boost 1.35, bjam erases the generated executables
(e.g. pyd file) after the test has concluded to conserve disk space.
To keep bjam from doing that, pass --preserve-test-targets to bjam.]
[:[*There you go... Have fun!]]
@@ -495,7 +418,7 @@ Doing so, we get some things for free:
Python via a pointer or reference to [^Base] can be passed where a pointer
or reference to [^Derived] is expected.
Now, we shall expose the C++ free functions [^b] and [^d] and [^factory]:
Now, we will expose the C++ free functions [^b] and [^d] and [^factory]:
def("b", b);
def("d", d);
@@ -505,7 +428,7 @@ Note that free function [^factory] is being used to generate new
instances of class [^Derived]. In such cases, we use
[^return_value_policy<manage_new_object>] to instruct Python to adopt
the pointer to [^Base] and hold the instance in a new Python [^Base]
object until the the Python object is destroyed. We shall see more of
object until the the Python object is destroyed. We will see more of
Boost.Python [link python.call_policies call policies] later.
// Tell Python to take ownership of factory's result
@@ -516,7 +439,7 @@ Boost.Python [link python.call_policies call policies] later.
[section Class Virtual Functions]
In this section, we shall learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
In this section, we will learn how to make functions behave polymorphically
through virtual functions. Continuing our example, let us add a virtual function
to our [^Base] class:
@@ -526,13 +449,13 @@ to our [^Base] class:
virtual int f() = 0;
};
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing C++
design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for a 3rd
party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything to our class
`Base`. Yet, when you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in
Python and called polymorphically *from C++*, we'll need to add some
scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write a class
wrapper that derives from `Base` that will unintrusively hook into the virtual
One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be minimally intrusive on an existing C++
design. In principle, it should be possible to expose the interface for a 3rd
party library without changing it. It is not ideal to add anything to our class
`Base`. Yet, when you have a virtual function that's going to be overridden in
Python and called polymorphically *from C++*, we'll need to add some
scaffoldings to make things work properly. What we'll do is write a class
wrapper that derives from `Base` that will unintrusively hook into the virtual
functions so that a Python override may be called:
struct BaseWrap : Base, wrapper<Base>
@@ -548,8 +471,10 @@ inherited `wrapper<Base>` (See [@../../../v2/wrapper.html Wrapper]). The
`wrapper` template makes the job of wrapping classes that are meant to
overridden in Python, easier.
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]\n\n
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write `f` as:\n\n
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to write `f` as:
`return call<int>(this->get_override("f").ptr());`.]
BaseWrap's overridden virtual member function `f` in effect calls the
@@ -561,24 +486,25 @@ Finally, exposing `Base`:
.def("f", pure_virtual(&Base::f))
;
`pure_virtual` signals Boost.Python that the function `f` is a pure virtual
`pure_virtual` signals Boost.Python that the function `f` is a pure virtual
function.
[blurb __note__ [*member function and methods]\n\n Python, like
many object oriented languages uses the term [*methods]. Methods
correspond roughly to C++'s [*member functions]]
[note [*member function and methods]
Python, like many object oriented languages uses the term [*methods].
Methods correspond roughly to C++'s [*member functions]]
[endsect]
[section Virtual Functions with Default Implementations]
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions are
We've seen in the previous section how classes with pure virtual functions are
wrapped using Boost.Python's [@../../../v2/wrapper.html class wrapper]
facilities. If we wish to wrap [*non]-pure-virtual functions instead, the
facilities. If we wish to wrap [*non]-pure-virtual functions instead, the
mechanism is a bit different.
Recall that in the [link python.class_virtual_functions previous section], we
wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then implemented in C++, or
Recall that in the [link python.class_virtual_functions previous section], we
wrapped a class with a pure virtual function that we then implemented in C++, or
Python classes derived from it. Our base class:
struct Base
@@ -596,7 +522,7 @@ not declared as pure virtual:
};
We wrap it this way:
struct BaseWrap : Base, wrapper<Base>
{
int f()
@@ -608,24 +534,26 @@ We wrap it this way:
int default_f() { return this->Base::f(); }
};
Notice how we implemented `BaseWrap::f`. Now, we have to check if there is an
Notice how we implemented `BaseWrap::f`. Now, we have to check if there is an
override for `f`. If none, then we call `Base::f()`.
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]\n\n
[blurb __alert__ [*MSVC6/7 Workaround]
If you are using Microsoft Visual C++ 6 or 7, you have to rewrite the line
with the `*note*` as:\n\n
with the `*note*` as:
`return call<char const*>(f.ptr());`.]
Finally, exposing:
class_<BaseWrap, boost::noncopyable>("Base")
.def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::default_f)
;
Take note that we expose both `&Base::f` and `&BaseWrap::default_f`.
Boost.Python needs to keep track of 1) the dispatch function [^f] and 2) the
forwarding function to its default implementation [^default_f]. There's a
Take note that we expose both `&Base::f` and `&BaseWrap::default_f`.
Boost.Python needs to keep track of 1) the dispatch function [^f] and 2) the
forwarding function to its default implementation [^default_f]. There's a
special [^def] function for this purpose.
In Python, the results would be as expected:
@@ -715,7 +643,7 @@ that correspond to these Python ['special functions]. Example:
Need we say more?
[blurb __note__ What is the business of `operator<<`?
[note What is the business of `operator<<`?
Well, the method `str` requires the `operator<<` to do its work (i.e.
`operator<<` is used by the method defined by `def(str(self))`.]
@@ -725,9 +653,9 @@ Well, the method `str` requires the `operator<<` to do its work (i.e.
[section Functions]
In this chapter, we'll look at Boost.Python powered functions in closer
detail. We shall see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to
detail. We will see some facilities to make exposing C++ functions to
Python safe from potential pifalls such as dangling pointers and
references. We shall also see facilities that will make it even easier for
references. We will also see facilities that will make it even easier for
us to expose C++ functions that take advantage of C++ features such as
overloading and default arguments.
@@ -890,18 +818,21 @@ or more policies can be composed by chaining. Here's the general syntax:
Here is the list of predefined call policies. A complete reference detailing
these can be found [@../../../v2/reference.html#models_of_call_policies here].
* [*with_custodian_and_ward]\n Ties lifetimes of the arguments
* [*with_custodian_and_ward_postcall]\n Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
* [*return_internal_reference]\n Ties lifetime of one argument to that of result
* [*return_value_policy<T> with T one of:]\n
* [*reference_existing_object]\nnaive (dangerous) approach
* [*copy_const_reference]\nBoost.Python v1 approach
* [*copy_non_const_reference]\n
* [*manage_new_object]\n Adopt a pointer and hold the instance
* [*with_custodian_and_ward]: Ties lifetimes of the arguments
* [*with_custodian_and_ward_postcall]: Ties lifetimes of the arguments and results
* [*return_internal_reference]: Ties lifetime of one argument to that of result
* [*return_value_policy<T> with T one of:]
* [*reference_existing_object]: naive (dangerous) approach
* [*copy_const_reference]: Boost.Python v1 approach
* [*copy_non_const_reference]:
* [*manage_new_object]: Adopt a pointer and hold the instance
[blurb :-) [*Remember the Zen, Luke:]\n\n
"Explicit is better than implicit"\n
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"\n]
[blurb :-) [*Remember the Zen, Luke:]
"Explicit is better than implicit"
"In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess"
]
[endsect]
[section Overloading]
@@ -935,7 +866,7 @@ We have here our C++ class:
};
};
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We shall start by introducing some
Class X has 4 overloaded functions. We will start by introducing some
member function pointer variables:
bool (X::*fx1)(int) = &X::f;
@@ -1141,7 +1072,7 @@ Then...
Python is dynamically typed, unlike C++ which is statically typed. Python
variables may hold an integer, a float, list, dict, tuple, str, long etc.,
among other things. In the viewpoint of Boost.Python and C++, these
Pythonic variables are just instances of class [^object]. We shall see in
Pythonic variables are just instances of class [^object]. We will see in
this chapter how to deal with Python objects.
As mentioned, one of the goals of Boost.Python is to provide a
@@ -1290,14 +1221,14 @@ we wanted to do above can be achieved by writing:
Vec2& v = extract<Vec2&>(o);
assert(l == v.length());
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the Boost.Python
[^object]. The second line attempts to ['extract] the [^Vec2] object from held
The first line attempts to extract the "length" attribute of the Boost.Python
[^object]. The second line attempts to ['extract] the [^Vec2] object from held
by the Boost.Python [^object].
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python [^object]
does not really hold a [^Vec2] type? This is certainly a possibility considering
the dynamic nature of Python [^object]s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type
can't be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
Take note that we said "attempt to" above. What if the Boost.Python [^object]
does not really hold a [^Vec2] type? This is certainly a possibility considering
the dynamic nature of Python [^object]s. To be on the safe side, if the C++ type
can't be extracted, an appropriate exception is thrown. To avoid an exception,
we need to test for extractibility:
extract<Vec2&> x(o);
@@ -1335,10 +1266,12 @@ current [^scope()], which is usually the current module. The snippet above
creates a Python class derived from Python's [^int] type which is
associated with the C++ type passed as its first parameter.
[blurb __note__ [*what is a scope?]\n\n The scope is a class that has an
associated global Python object which controls the Python namespace in
which new extension classes and wrapped functions will be defined as
attributes. Details can be found [@../../../v2/scope.html here].]
[note [*what is a scope?]
The scope is a class that has an associated global Python object which
controls the Python namespace in which new extension classes and wrapped
functions will be defined as attributes. Details can be found
[@../../../v2/scope.html here].]
You can access those values in Python as
@@ -1365,11 +1298,6 @@ create a new scope around a class:
[def Py_Initialize [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-652 Py_Initialize]]
[def Py_Finalize [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/initialization.html#l2h-656 Py_Finalize]]
[def PyRun_String [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-55 PyRun_String]]
[def PyRun_File [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-56 PyRun_File]]
[def Py_eval_input [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-58 Py_eval_input]]
[def Py_file_input [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-59 Py_file_input]]
[def Py_single_input [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html#l2h-60 Py_single_input]]
[def Py_XINCREF [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/countingRefs.html#l2h-65 Py_XINCREF]]
[def Py_XDECREF [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/countingRefs.html#l2h-67 Py_XDECREF]]
[def PyImport_AppendInittab [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/importing.html#l2h-137 PyImport_AppendInittab]]
@@ -1396,17 +1324,17 @@ all. So stay tuned... :-)
[h2 Building embedded programs]
To be able to use embedding in your programs, they have to be linked to
both Boost.Python's and Python's static link library.
To be able to embed python into your programs, you have to link to
both Boost.Python's as well as Python's own runtime library.
Boost.Python's static link library comes in two variants. Both are located
Boost.Python's library comes in two variants. Both are located
in Boost's [^/libs/python/build/bin-stage] subdirectory. On Windows, the
variants are called [^boost_python.lib] (for release builds) and
[^boost_python_debug.lib] (for debugging). If you can't find the libraries,
you probably haven't built Boost.Python yet. See
[@../../../building.html Building and Testing] on how to do this.
Python's static link library can be found in the [^/libs] subdirectory of
Python's library can be found in the [^/libs] subdirectory of
your Python directory. On Windows it is called pythonXY.lib where X.Y is
your major Python version number.
@@ -1438,13 +1366,17 @@ Being able to build is nice, but there is nothing to build yet. Embedding
the Python interpreter into one of your C++ programs requires these 4
steps:
# '''#include''' [^<boost/python.hpp>]\n\n
# '''#include''' [^<boost/python.hpp>]
# Call Py_Initialize() to start the interpreter and create the [^__main__] module.\n\n
# Call Py_Initialize() to start the interpreter and create the [^__main__] module.
# Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.\n\n
# Call other Python C API routines to use the interpreter.
# Call Py_Finalize() to stop the interpreter and release its resources.
[/ # Call Py_Finalize() to stop the interpreter and release its resources.]
[note [*Note that at this time you must not call Py_Finalize() to stop the
interpreter. This may be fixed in a future version of boost.python.]
]
(Of course, there can be other C++ code between all of these steps.)
@@ -1453,179 +1385,84 @@ steps:
[section Using the interpreter]
As you probably already know, objects in Python are reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python/C API are also reference-counted.
Naturally, the [^PyObject]s of the Python\/C API are also reference-counted.
There is a difference however. While the reference-counting is fully
automatic in Python, the Python/C API requires you to do it
automatic in Python, the Python\/C API requires you to do it
[@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/refcounts.html by hand]. This is
messy and especially hard to get right in the presence of C++ exceptions.
Fortunately Boost.Python provides the [@../../../v2/handle.html handle] and
[@../../../v2/object.html object] class templates to automate the process.
[h2 Reference-counting handles and objects]
There are two ways in which a function in the Python/C API can return a
[^PyObject*]: as a ['borrowed reference] or as a ['new reference]. Which of
these a function uses, is listed in that function's documentation. The two
require slightely different approaches to reference-counting but both can
be 'handled' by Boost.Python.
For a function returning a ['borrowed reference] we'll have to tell the
[^handle] that the [^PyObject*] is borrowed with the aptly named
[@../../../v2/handle.html#borrowed-spec borrowed] function. Two functions
returning borrowed references are PyImport_AddModule and PyModule_GetDict.
The former returns a reference to an already imported module, the latter
retrieves a module's namespace dictionary. Let's use them to retrieve the
namespace of the [^__main__] module:
object main_module((
handle<>(borrowed(PyImport_AddModule("__main__")))));
object main_namespace = main_module.attr("__dict__");
For a function returning a ['new reference] we can just create a [^handle]
out of the raw [^PyObject*] without wrapping it in a call to borrowed. One
such function that returns a new reference is PyRun_String which we'll
discuss in the next section.
[blurb __note__ [*Handle is a class ['template], so why haven't we been using any template parameters?]\n
\n
[^handle] has a single template parameter specifying the type of the managed object. This type is [^PyObject] 99% of the time, so the parameter was defaulted to [^PyObject] for convenience. Therefore we can use the shorthand [^handle<>] instead of the longer, but equivalent, [^handle<PyObject>].
]
[h2 Running Python code]
To run Python code from C++ there is a family of functions in the API
starting with the PyRun prefix. You can find the full list of these
functions [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/veryhigh.html here]. They
all work similarly so we will look at only one of them, namely:
Boost.python provides three related functions to run Python code from C++.
PyObject* PyRun_String(char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
object eval(str expression, object globals = object(), object locals = object())
object exec(str code, object globals = object(), object locals = object())
object exec_file(str filename, object globals = object(), object locals = object())
PyRun_String takes the code to execute as a null-terminated (C-style)
string in its [^str] parameter. The function returns a new reference to a
Python object. Which object is returned depends on the [^start] paramater.
eval evaluates the given expression and returns the resulting value.
exec executes the given code (typically a set of statements) returning the result,
and exec_file executes the code contained in the given file.
The [^start] parameter is the start symbol from the Python grammar to use
for interpreting the code. The possible values are:
[table Start symbols
[[Py_eval_input] [for interpreting isolated expressions]]
[[Py_file_input] [for interpreting sequences of statements]]
[[Py_single_input] [for interpreting a single statement]]
]
When using Py_eval_input, the input string must contain a single expression
and its result is returned. When using Py_file_input, the string can
contain an abitrary number of statements and None is returned.
Py_single_input works in the same way as Py_file_input but only accepts a
single statement.
Lastly, the [^globals] and [^locals] parameters are Python dictionaries
The [^globals] and [^locals] parameters are Python dictionaries
containing the globals and locals of the context in which to run the code.
For most intents and purposes you can use the namespace dictionary of the
[^__main__] module for both parameters.
We have already seen how to get the [^__main__] module's namespace so let's
run some Python code in it:
Boost.python provides a function to import a module:
object main_module((
handle<>(borrowed(PyImport_AddModule("__main__")))));
object import(str name)
import imports a python module (potentially loading it into the running process
first), and returns it.
Let's import the [^__main__] module and run some Python code in its namespace:
object main_module = import("__main__");
object main_namespace = main_module.attr("__dict__");
handle<> ignored((PyRun_String(
"hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"
"hello.write('Hello world!')\n"
"hello.close()"
, Py_file_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr())
));
Because the Python/C API doesn't know anything about [^object]s, we used
the object's [^ptr] member function to retrieve the [^PyObject*].
object ignored = exec("hello = file('hello.txt', 'w')\n"
"hello.write('Hello world!')\n"
"hello.close()",
main_namespace);
This should create a file called 'hello.txt' in the current directory
containing a phrase that is well-known in programming circles.
[blurb
__note__ [*Note] that we wrap the return value of PyRun_String in a
(nameless) [^handle] even though we are not interested in it. If we didn't
do this, the the returned object would be kept alive unnecessarily. Unless
you want to be a Dr. Frankenstein, always wrap [^PyObject*]s in [^handle]s.
]
[h2 Manipulating Python objects]
[h2 Beyond handles]
It's nice that [^handle] manages the reference counting details for us, but
other than that it doesn't do much. Often we'd like to have a more useful
class to manipulate Python objects. But we have already seen such a class
above, and in the [@python/object.html previous section]: the aptly
named [^object] class and it's derivatives. We've already seen that they
can be constructed from a [^handle]. The following examples should further
illustrate this fact:
object main_module((
handle<>(borrowed(PyImport_AddModule("__main__")))));
Often we'd like to have a class to manipulate Python objects.
But we have already seen such a class above, and in the
[@python/object.html previous section]: the aptly named [^object] class
and its derivatives. We've already seen that they can be constructed from
a [^handle]. The following examples should further illustrate this fact:
object main_module = import("__main__");
object main_namespace = main_module.attr("__dict__");
handle<> ignored((PyRun_String(
"result = 5 ** 2"
, Py_file_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr())
));
object ignored = exec("result = 5 ** 2", main_namespace);
int five_squared = extract<int>(main_namespace["result"]);
Here we create a dictionary object for the [^__main__] module's namespace.
Then we assign 5 squared to the result variable and read this variable from
the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result is to let
PyRun_String return the result directly with Py_eval_input:
object result((handle<>(
PyRun_String("5 ** 2"
, Py_eval_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr()))
));
the dictionary. Another way to achieve the same result is to use eval instead,
which returns the result directly:
object result = eval("5 ** 2");
int five_squared = extract<int>(result);
[blurb
__note__ [*Note] that [^object]'s member function to return the wrapped
[^PyObject*] is called [^ptr] instead of [^get]. This makes sense if you
take into account the different functions that [^object] and [^handle]
perform.
]
[h2 Exception handling]
If an exception occurs in the execution of some Python code, the PyRun_String
function returns a null pointer. Constructing a [^handle] out of this null
pointer throws [@../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec error_already_set],
so basically, the Python exception is automatically translated into a
C++ exception when using [^handle]:
If an exception occurs in the evaluation of the python expression,
[@../../../v2/errors.html#error_already_set-spec error_already_set] is thrown:
try
{
object result((handle<>(PyRun_String(
"5/0"
, Py_eval_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr()))
));
object result = eval("5/0");
// execution will never get here:
int five_divided_by_zero = extract<int>(result);
}
catch(error_already_set)
catch(error_already_set const &)
{
// handle the exception in some way
}
@@ -1639,7 +1476,7 @@ print the exception's traceback to the console, or comparing the type of the
exception with those of the [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/standardExceptions.html
standard exceptions]:
catch(error_already_set)
catch(error_already_set const &)
{
if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError))
{
@@ -1655,21 +1492,6 @@ standard exceptions]:
(To retrieve even more information from the exception you can use some of the other
exception handling functions listed [@http://www.python.org/doc/api/exceptionHandling.html here].)
If you'd rather not have [^handle] throw a C++ exception when it is constructed, you
can use the [@../../../v2/handle.html#allow_null-spec allow_null] function in the same
way you'd use borrowed:
handle<> result((allow_null(PyRun_String(
"5/0"
, Py_eval_input
, main_namespace.ptr()
, main_namespace.ptr()))));
if (!result)
// Python exception occurred
else
// everything went okay, it's safe to use the result
[endsect]
[endsect] [/ Embedding]
@@ -1761,7 +1583,7 @@ So far, we have seen how to expose C++ iterators and ranges to Python.
Sometimes we wish to go the other way, though: we'd like to pass a
Python sequence to an STL algorithm or use it to initialize an STL
container. We need to make a Python iterator look like an STL iterator.
For that, we use `stl_input_iterator<>`. Consider how we might
For that, we use `stl_input_iterator<>`. Consider how we might
implement a function that exposes `std::list<int>::assign()` to
Python:
@@ -1865,7 +1687,7 @@ separately with Boost.Python, like this:
Compiling these files will generate the following Python extensions:
[^core.pyd], [^io.pyd] and [^filters.pyd].
[blurb __note__ The extension [^.pyd] is used for python extension modules, which
[note The extension [^.pyd] is used for python extension modules, which
are just shared libraries. Using the default for your system, like [^.so] for
Unix and [^.dll] for Windows, works just as well.]
@@ -2136,11 +1958,11 @@ This method is recommended too if you are developing the C++ library and
exporting it to Python at the same time: changes in a class will only demand
the compilation of a single cpp, instead of the entire wrapper code.
[blurb __note__ If you're exporting your classes with [@../../../../pyste/index.html Pyste],
[note If you're exporting your classes with [@../../../../pyste/index.html Pyste],
take a look at the [^--multiple] option, that generates the wrappers in
various files as demonstrated here.]
[blurb __note__ This method is useful too if you are getting the error message
[note This method is useful too if you are getting the error message
['"fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow"] when compiling
a large source file, as explained in the [@../../../v2/faq.html#c1204 FAQ].]

View File

@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@
<a href="doc/html/index.html">link</a> &nbsp;<hr>
<p>© Copyright Beman Dawes, 2001</p>
<p>Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See
accompanying file <a href="../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
accompanying file <a href="../../../../LICENSE_1_0.txt">
LICENSE_1_0.txt</a> or copy at
<a href="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</a>)</p>
</body>
</html>
</html>

View File

@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ documentation).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
<meta name="generator" content=
"HTML Tidy for Windows (vers 1st August 2002), see www.w3.org">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - CallPolicies Concept</title>
</head>
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
<li><code>postcall</code> - Python argument tuple and result management
after the wrapped object is invoked</li>
<li><code>extract_return_type</code> - metafunction for extracting the return type from a given signature type sequence</li>
</ol>
<h2><a name="composition"></a>CallPolicies Composition</h2>
@@ -132,7 +133,16 @@
reference count must be decremented; if another existing object is
returned, its reference count must be incremented.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>P::extract_return_type</code></td>
<td>A model of <a href=
"../../../doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a>.</td>
<td>An MPL unary <a href=
"../../../mpl/doc/refmanual/metafunction.html">Metafunction</a> used extract the return type from a given signature. By default it is derived from mpl::front.</td>
</tr>
</table>
Models of CallPolicies are required to be <a href=
"../../../utility/CopyConstructible.html">CopyConstructible</a>.
<hr>
@@ -144,7 +154,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this software is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This

View File

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Dereferenceable Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type <code>T</code>. In addition, all pointers are Dereferenceable.
18 December, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2003. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Extractor Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ are layout-compatible with PyObject.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

4
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@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - Holder Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ type.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ you'll just have to wait till next month (hopefully the beginning).
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ worth doing anything about it.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ to these issues will probably have to be formalized before long.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ instances of the associated Python type will be considered a match.
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=../../../../boost.css>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python - ResultConverter Concept</title>
</head>
<body link="#0000ff" vlink="#800080">
@@ -24,10 +26,12 @@
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#concept-requirements">Concept Requirements</a></dt>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter Concept</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#ResultConverterGenerator-concept">ResultConverterGenerator Concept</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<h2><a name="introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
@@ -79,6 +83,13 @@ denotes an object of type <code><b>R</b></code>.
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html#l2h-71">PyErr_Occurred</a>
should return non-zero.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>c.get_pytype()</code></td>
<td><code>PyTypeObject const*</code></td>
<td>A pointer to a Python Type object corresponding to result of the conversion,
or <code>0</code>. Used for documentation generation. If <code>0</code> is returned
the generated type in the documentation will be <b>object</b> .</td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="ResultConverterGenerator-concept"></a>ResultConverterGenerator Concept</h3>
@@ -102,7 +113,7 @@ C++ function return type.
09 May, 2002 <!--Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i>
<p>Permission to copy, use, modify, sell

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@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
</table>
<hr>
<p><a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> is
the architect, designer, and implementor of <b>Boost.Python</b>.</p>
<p><a href="mailto:brett.calcott@paradise.net.nz">Brett Calcott</a>
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
argument support</a> and wrote the excellent <a href=
"../tutorial/index.html">tutorial documentation</a>.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> implemented the <a href="pickle.html">pickle
support</a>, and has enthusiastically supported the library since its
birth, contributing to design decisions and providing invaluable
@@ -59,15 +59,15 @@
C++ and Python for solving the problems of large-scale software
construction.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/aleksey_gurtovoy.htm">Aleksey Gurtovoy</a>
wrote an incredible C++ <a href="http://www.mywikinet.com/mpl">Template
Metaprogramming Library</a> which allows Boost.Python to perform much of
its compile-time magic. In addition, Aleksey very generously contributed
his time and deep knowledge of the quirks of various buggy compilers to
help us get around problems at crucial moments.</p>
<p><a href="../../../../people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="../../../../people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
<p><a href="http://www.boost.org/people/paul_mensonides.htm">Paul Mensonides</a>,
building on the work <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/vesa_karvonen.htm">Vesa
Karvonen</a>, wrote a similarly amazing <a href=
"../../../preprocessor/doc/index.html">Preprocessor Metaprogramming
Library</a>, and generously contributed the time and expertise to get it
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(xxx)
<p>Revised 01 August, 2003</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2003.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ double apply2(PyObject* func, double x, double y)
9 May, 2002 <!-- Luann's birthday! -->
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
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@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -248,7 +248,7 @@ void apply(PyObject* callable, X&amp; x)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ class_&lt;Derived, bases&lt;Base&gt; &gt;("Derived");
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
1 November, 2005 <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -139,6 +139,41 @@
compares <code>typeid(T).name()</code> instead of using and comparing
the <code>std::type_info</code> objects directly.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined for a module no pythonic signatures are generated
for the docstrings of the module functions, and no python type is associated with any
of the converters registered by the module. This also reduces the binary size of the
module by about 14% (gcc compiled).<br>
If defined for the boost_python runtime library, the default for the
<code>docstring_options.enable_py_signatures()</code> is set to <code>false</code>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>defined if <code>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES</code> is undefined</i></td>
<td valign="top">This macro is defined to enable a smooth transition from older Boost.Python versions
which do not support pythonic signatures. For example usage see
<a href="pytype_function.html#examples">here</a>.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top"><code>BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE</code></td>
<td valign="top" align="center"><i>not&nbsp;defined</i></td>
<td valign="top">If defined the python type of <code>__init__</code> method "self" parameters
is properly generated, otherwise <code><b>object</b></code> is used. It is undefined
by default because it increases the binary size of the module by about 14% (gcc compiled).</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
@@ -149,7 +184,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(data_members_example)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(def_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
typedef <a href=
"#default_result_converter-spec">default_result_converter</a> result_converter;
template &lt;class Sig&gt; struct extract_return_type : mpl::front&lt;Sig&gt;{};
};
}}
</pre>
@@ -161,11 +162,11 @@ struct return_value_policy : Base
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 November, 2002
11 June, 2007
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002.</i> Distributed under the Boost Software License,
Version 1.0. (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

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@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
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@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ dict swap_object_dict(object target, dict d)
<p>Revised 30 September, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -103,6 +103,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_signatures);
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_py_signatures, bool show_cpp_signatures);
~docstring_options();
void
@@ -117,6 +119,18 @@ namespace boost { namespace python {
void
enable_signatures();
void
disable_py_signatures();
void
enable_py_signatures();
void
disable_cpp_signatures();
void
enable_cpp_signatures();
void
disable_all();
@@ -139,7 +153,7 @@ docstring_options(bool show_all=true);
object which controls the appearance of function and
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows. If
<code>show_all</code> is <code>true</code>, both the
user-defined docstrings and the automatically generated C++
user-defined docstrings and the automatically generated Python and C++
signatures are shown. If <code>show_all</code> is
<code>false</code> the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
@@ -154,12 +168,29 @@ docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_signatures);
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows.
Iff <code>show_user_defined</code> is <code>true</code>, the
user-defined docstrings are shown. Iff
<code>show_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, C++
<code>show_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, Python and C++
signatures are automatically added. If both
<code>show_user_defined</code> and <code>show_signatures</code>
are <code>false</code>, the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
docstring_options(bool show_user_defined, bool show_py_signatures, bool show_cpp_signatures);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b> Constructs a <code>docstring_options</code>
object which controls the appearance of function and
member-function docstrings defined in the code that follows.
Iff <code>show_user_defined</code> is <code>true</code>, the
user-defined docstrings are shown. Iff
<code>show_py_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, Python
signatures are automatically added. Iff
<code>show_cpp_signatures</code> is <code>true</code>, C++
signatures are automatically added. If all parameters are
<code>false</code>, the <code>__doc__</code> attributes are
<code>None</code>.</dt>
</dl>
<h4><a name="docstring_options-spec-dtors" id=
"docstring_options-spec-dtors"></a>Class
@@ -186,6 +217,10 @@ void disable_user_defined();
void enable_user_defined();
void disable_signatures();
void enable_signatures();
void disable_py_signatures();
void enable_py_signatures();
void disable_cpp_signatures();
void enable_cpp_signatures();
void disable_all();
void enable_all();
</pre>
@@ -196,7 +231,7 @@ void enable_all();
<code>*_user_defined()</code> and <code>*_signatures()</code>
member functions are provided for fine-grained control. The
<code>*_all()</code> member functions are convenient shortcuts
to manipulate both settings simultaneously.</dt>
to manipulate all settings simultaneously.</dt>
</dl>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
@@ -219,7 +254,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import demo
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo.__doc__
foo doc
foo() -&gt; None : foo doc
C++ signature:
foo(void) -&gt; void
</pre>If compiled with
@@ -253,21 +288,33 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
def("foo3", foo3, arg("f"), "foo3 doc");
doc_options.enable_user_defined();
def("foo4", foo4, arg("d"), "foo4 doc");
doc_options.enable_py_signatures();
def("foo5", foo4, arg("d"), "foo5 doc");
doc_options.disable_py_signatures();
doc_options.enable_cpp_signatures();
def("foo6", foo4, arg("d"), "foo6 doc");
}
</pre>Python code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import demo
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo1.__doc__
foo1 doc
foo1( (int)i) -&gt; int : foo1 doc
C++ signature:
foo1(int i) -&gt; int
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo2.__doc__
foo2( (int)l) -&gt; int :
C++ signature:
foo2(long l) -&gt; int
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo3.__doc__
None
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo4.__doc__
foo4 doc
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo5.__doc__
foo5( (float)d) -&gt; int : foo5 doc
&gt;&gt;&gt; print demo.foo6.__doc__
foo6 doc
C++ signature:
foo6(double d) -&gt; int
</pre>
<h4>Wrapping from multiple C++ scopes</h4>
@@ -333,7 +380,7 @@ bar2 doc
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" --></p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
"http://www.boost.org/people/ralf_w_grosse_kunstleve.htm">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> 2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
template &lt;class T&gt;
class enum_ : public <a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a>
{
enum_(char const* name);
enum_(char const* name, char const* doc = 0);
enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T);
enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
};
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
<h4><a name="enum_-spec-ctors"></a>Class template <code>enum_</code>
constructors</h4>
<pre>
enum_(char const* name);
enum_(char const* name, char const* doc=0);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; value(char const* name, T x);
<dt><b>Effects:</b> adds an instance of the wrapped enumeration
type with value <code>x</code> to the type's dictionary as the
<code>name</code>d attribute</dt>.
<code>name</code>d attribute.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ inline enum_&lt;T&gt;&amp; export_values();
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets attributes in the current <a
href="scope.html#scope-spec"><code>scope</code></a> with the
same names and values as all enumeration values exposed so far
by calling <code>value()</code></dt>.
by calling <code>value()</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> <code>*this</code></dt>
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -283,7 +283,7 @@ same_name2(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(exception_translator_ext)
<p>Revised 03 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#eval-spec"><code>eval</code></a></dt>
<dt><a href="#exec-spec"><code>exec</code></a></dt>
<dt><a href="#exec_file-spec"><code>exec_file</code></a></dt>
</dl>
@@ -52,6 +53,23 @@
<h2><a name="functions"></a>Functions</h2>
<h3><a name="eval-spec"></a><code>eval</code></h3>
<pre>
object eval(str expression,
object globals = object(),
object locals = object());
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Effects:</b>
Evaluate Python expression from <code>expression</code> in the context
specified by the dictionaries <code>globals</code> and <code>locals</code>.
</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b>
An instance of <a href="object.html#object-spec">object</a>
which holds the value of the expression.
</dt>
</dl>
<h3><a name="exec-spec"></a><code>exec</code></h3>
<pre>
object exec(str code,
@@ -109,7 +127,7 @@ void greet()
// Define greet function in Python.
object result = exec(
"def greet(self): \n"
"def greet(): \n"
" return 'Hello from Python!' \n",
global, global);
@@ -126,7 +144,7 @@ void greet()
we could also store it in an a file...</para>
<pre>
def greet(self):
def greet():
return 'Hello from Python!'
</pre>
<para>... and execute that instead.</para>

View File

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extract_ext)
<p>Revised 15 November, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -856,6 +856,6 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002. Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright Nikolay Mladenov 2007. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/doobject/function_doc_signature.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border=
"0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href=
"../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/object/function_doc_signature.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function_doc_signature_generator-spec">Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>Boost.Python supports docstrings with automatic
appending of Pythonic and C++ signatures. This feature is implemented
by <code>class function_doc_signature_generator</code>
The class uses all of the overloads, supplied arg names and default values, as well as
the user-defined docstrings, to generate documentation for a given function.</p>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="function_doc_signature_generator-spec" id=
"function_doc_signature_generator-spec"></a>Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></h3>
<p>
The class has only one public function which returns a list of strings documenting the
overloads of a function.
</p>
<h4><a name="function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis" id=
"function_doc_signature_generator-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>function_doc_signature_generator</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace objects {
class function_doc_signature_generator
{
public:
static list function_doc_signatures(function const *f);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
<h4>Docstrings generated with <code>function_doc_signature_generator</code></h4>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/args.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/tuple.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/overloads.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/raw_function.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
tuple f(int x = 1, double y = 4.25, char const* z = "wow")
{
return make_tuple(x, y, z);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS(f_overloads, f, 0, 3)
struct X
{
tuple f(int x = 1, double y = 4.25, char const* z = "wow")
{
return make_tuple(x, y, z);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MEMBER_FUNCTION_OVERLOADS(X_f_overloads, X::f, 0, 3)
tuple raw_func(tuple args, dict kw)
{
return make_tuple(args, kw);
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
{
def("f", f, (arg("x")=1, arg("y")=4.25, arg("z")="wow")
, "This is f's docstring"
);
def("raw", raw_function(raw_func));
def("f1", f, f_overloads("f1's docstring", args("x", "y", "z")));
class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring", init&lt;&gt;(args("self")))
.def("f", &amp;X::f
, "This is X.f's docstring"
, args("self","x", "y", "z"))
;
}
</pre>
Python code:
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import args_ext
&gt;&gt;&gt; help(args_ext)
Help on module args_ext:
NAME
args_ext
FILE
args_ext.pyd
CLASSES
Boost.Python.instance(__builtin__.object)
X
class X(Boost.Python.instance)
| This is X's docstring
|
| Method resolution order:
| X
| Boost.Python.instance
| __builtin__.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(...)
| __init__( (object)self) -> None :
| C++ signature:
| void __init__(struct _object *)
|
| f(...)
| f( (X)self, (int)x, (float)y, (str)z) -> tuple : This is X.f's docstring
| C++ signature:
| class boost::python::tuple f(struct X {lvalue},int,double,char const *)
|
| .................
|
FUNCTIONS
f(...)
f([ (int)x=1 [, (float)y=4.25 [, (str)z='wow']]]) -> tuple : This is f's docstring
C++ signature:
class boost::python::tuple f([ int=1 [,double=4.25 [,char const *='wow']]])
f1(...)
f1([ (int)x [, (float)y [, (str)z]]]) -> tuple : f1's docstring
C++ signature:
class boost::python::tuple f1([ int [,double [,char const *]]])
raw(...)
object raw(tuple args, dict kwds) :
C++ signature:
object raw(tuple args, dict kwds)
</pre>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="mailto:nickm at sitius dot com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> 2007.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ null_ok&lt;T&gt;* allow_null(T* p)
</p>
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(back_references)
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(implicit_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ class_&lt;X&gt;("X", "This is X's docstring.",
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
doc/v2/instance_holder.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ struct pointer_holder : instance_holder
<p class="c4">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ long zeroes(list l)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ python::long_ fact(long n)
<p>Revised 1 October, 2002</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
doc/v2/lvalue_from_pytype.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(noddy_cache)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(make_function_test)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ RuntimeError: Unidentifiable C++ Exception
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ void set_first_element(numeric::array&amp; y, double value)
<p>Revised 07 October, 2006</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002-2006.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -74,6 +74,32 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#objattribute_policies-spec-statics">Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#const_item_policies-spec">Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></a></dt>
@@ -328,6 +354,102 @@ static void del(object const&amp;target, char const* key);
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a <code>const&nbsp;object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct const_objattribute_policies
{
typedef object const& key_type;
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="const_objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>const_objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object get(object const&amp; target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> An <code>object</code> managing the result of the
attribute access.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<h3><a name="objattribute_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code></h3>
<p>The policies which are used for proxies representing an attribute
access to a mutable <code>object</code> when the attribute name is
given as a <code>const&nbsp;object</code>.</p>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
{
struct objattribute_policies : const_objattribute_policies
{
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
};
}}}
</pre>
<h4><a name="objattribute_policies-spec-statics"></a>Class
<code>objattribute_policies</code> static functions</h4>
<pre>
static object const&amp; set(object const&amp; target, object const& key, object const&amp; value);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> sets the attribute of <code>target</code> named by
<code>key</code> to <code>value</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
static void del(object const&amp;target, object const& key);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> <code>key</code> is an <code>object</code>
holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> deletes the attribute of <code>target</code> named
by <code>key</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Throws:</b> <code><a href=
"errors.html#error_already_set-spec">error_already_set</a></code> if a
Python exception is raised.</dt>
</dl>
<!-- end -->
<!-- begin -->
<h3><a name="const_item_policies-spec"></a>Class
<code>const_item_policies</code></h3>
@@ -542,6 +664,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace api
//
proxy&lt;const_object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*) const;
proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const*);
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(object const&);
// item access
//
@@ -608,6 +732,21 @@ proxy&lt;object_attribute&gt; attr(char const* name);
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
proxy&lt;const_object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name) const;
proxy&lt;object_objattribute&gt; attr(const object& name);
</pre>
<dl class="function-semantics">
<dt><b>Requires:</b> name is a <code>object</code> holding a string.</dt>
<dt><b>Effects:</b> accesses the named attribute of
<code>*this</code>.</dt>
<dt><b>Returns:</b> a proxy object which binds
<code>object(*static_cast&lt;U*&gt;(this))</code> as its target, and
<code>name</code> as its key.</dt>
</dl>
<pre>
template &lt;class T&gt;
proxy&lt;const_object_item&gt; operator[](T const&amp; key) const;
template &lt;class T&gt;
@@ -938,11 +1077,11 @@ object sum_items(object seq)
</pre>
<p>Revised
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d %B, %Y" startspan -->
13 January, 2006
27 May, 2008
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2006.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2008.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

14
doc/v2/operators.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -214,6 +214,9 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace self_ns {
<a href=
"#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; str(self_t);
<a href=
"#operator_-spec">operator_</a>&lt;<i>unspecified</i>&gt; repr(self_t);
}}};
</pre>
The tables below describe the methods generated when the results of the
@@ -765,6 +768,15 @@ namespace boost { namespace python { namespace self_ns {
<td><code><a href=
"../../../conversion/lexical_cast.htm#lexical_cast">lexical_cast</a>&lt;std::string&gt;(x)</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>repr</code></td>
<td><code>__repr__</code></td>
<td><code><a href=
"../../../conversion/lexical_cast.htm#lexical_cast">lexical_cast</a>&lt;std::string&gt;(x)</code></td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="other-spec"></a>Class Template <code>other</code></h3>
@@ -903,7 +915,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(demo)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(args_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -1,112 +1,93 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Boost.Python Pickle Support</title>
</head>
<div>
<body>
<div>
<img src="../../../../boost.png" alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)" align=
"center" width="277" height="86" />
<hr />
<img src="../../../../boost.png"
alt="boost.png (6897 bytes)"
align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>Pickle is a Python module for object
serialization, also known as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<hr>
<h1>Boost.Python Pickle Support</h1>
<p>It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions that
read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that can
be written to a file.</p>
Pickle is a Python module for object serialization, also known
as persistence, marshalling, or flattening.
<p>The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module through the
interface as described in detail in the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html">Python Library
Reference for pickle.</a> This interface involves the special methods
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt>, <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
as described in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully
compatible with Python's cPickle module.</p>
<hr />
<p>
It is often necessary to save and restore the contents of an object to
a file. One approach to this problem is to write a pair of functions
that read and write data from a file in a special format. A powerful
alternative approach is to use Python's pickle module. Exploiting
Python's ability for introspection, the pickle module recursively
converts nearly arbitrary Python objects into a stream of bytes that
can be written to a file.
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>At the user level, the
Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special methods:
<p>
The Boost Python Library supports the pickle module
through the interface as described in detail in the
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html"
>Python Library Reference for pickle.</a> This interface
involves the special methods <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>,
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> as described
in the following. Note that Boost.Python is also fully compatible
with Python's cPickle module.
<dl>
<dt><strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong></dt>
<hr>
<h2>The Boost.Python Pickle Interface</h2>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
At the user level, the Boost.Python pickle interface involves three special
methods:
<p>If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.</p>
</dd>
<dl>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getinitargs__</tt></strong>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method.
This method must return a Python tuple (it is most convenient to use
a boost::python::tuple). When the instance is restored by the
unpickler, the contents of this tuple are used as the arguments for
the class constructor.
<dt><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<p>
If <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> is not defined, <tt>pickle.load</tt>
will call the constructor (<tt>__init__</tt>) without arguments;
i.e., the object must be default-constructible.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method. This
method should return a Python object representing the state of the
instance.</dd>
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__getstate__</tt></strong>
<dt><strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong></dt>
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is pickled, the
pickler tests if the instance has a <tt>__getstate__</tt> method.
This method should return a Python object representing the state of
the instance.
<dd>When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by
the unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above).
Subsequently the unpickler tests if the new instance has a
<tt>__setstate__</tt> method. If so, this method is called with the
result of <tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.</dd>
</dl>The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr />
<p>
<dt>
<strong><tt>__setstate__</tt></strong>
<h2>Examples</h2>There are three files in <tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt>
that show how to provide pickle support.
<hr />
<dd>
When an instance of a Boost.Python extension class is restored by the
unpickler (<tt>pickle.load</tt>), it is first constructed using the
result of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> as arguments (see above). Subsequently
the unpickler tests if the new instance has a <tt>__setstate__</tt>
method. If so, this method is called with the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt> (a Python object) as the argument.
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example can be fully restored by passing the appropriate
argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient to define the
pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This is done in the
following way:
</dl>
The three special methods described above may be <tt>.def()</tt>'ed
individually by the user. However, Boost.Python provides an easy to use
high-level interface via the
<strong><tt>boost::python::pickle_suite</tt></strong> class that also
enforces consistency: <tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt>
must be defined as pairs. Use of this interface is demonstrated by the
following examples.
<hr>
<h2>Examples</h2>
There are three files in
<tt>boost/libs/python/test</tt> that show how to
provide pickle support.
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle1.cpp"><tt>pickle1.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The C++ class in this example can be fully restored by passing the
appropriate argument to the constructor. Therefore it is sufficient
to define the pickle interface method <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>.
This is done in the following way:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle function:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -117,26 +98,28 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python binding:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a></h3>The C++
class in this example contains member data that cannot be restored by any
of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to provide the
<tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of pickle interface
methods:
The C++ class in this example contains member data that cannot be
restored by any of the constructors. Therefore it is necessary to
provide the <tt>__getstate__</tt>/<tt>__setstate__</tt> pair of
pickle interface methods:
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
<ul>
<li>1. Definition of the C++ pickle functions:
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
static
@@ -161,92 +144,76 @@ provide pickle support.
}
};
</pre>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
</li>
<li>2. Establishing the Python bindings for the entire suite:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.def_pickle(world_pickle_suite())
// ...
</pre>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>
For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result
of <tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a
valid approach if it is anticipated that the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> will always be empty. Note that the safety guard
described below will catch the cases where this assumption is violated.
<p>For simplicity, the <tt>__dict__</tt> is not included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This is not generally recommended, but a valid
approach if it is anticipated that the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> will
always be empty. Note that the safety guard described below will catch
the cases where this assumption is violated.</p>
<hr />
<hr>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a></h3>This
example is similar to <a href=
"../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of <tt>__getstate__</tt>.
This requires a little more code but is unavoidable if the object's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<hr />
This example is similar to <a
href="../../test/pickle2.cpp"><tt>pickle2.cpp</tt></a>. However, the
object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is included in the result of
<tt>__getstate__</tt>. This requires a little more code but is
unavoidable if the object's <tt>__dict__</tt> is not always empty.
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>The pickle protocol described above has
an important pitfall that the end user of a Boost.Python extension module
might not be aware of:
<hr>
<h2>Pitfall and Safety Guard</h2>
<p><strong><tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty.</strong></p>
The pickle protocol described above has an important pitfall that the
end user of a Boost.Python extension module might not be aware of:
<p>
<strong>
<tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt>
is not empty.
</strong>
<p>
<p>The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:</p>
The author of a Boost.Python extension class might provide a
<tt>__getstate__</tt> method without considering the possibilities
that:
<ul>
<li>his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be pickled
in order to restore the instances correctly.</li>
<p>
<ul>
<li>
his class is used in Python as a base class. Most likely the
<tt>__dict__</tt> of instances of the derived class needs to be
pickled in order to restore the instances correctly.
<li>the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.</li>
</ul>
<p>
<li>
the user adds items to the instance's <tt>__dict__</tt> directly.
Again, the <tt>__dict__</tt> of the instance then needs to be
pickled.
</ul>
<p>
To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has
an attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is
raised if this attribute is not defined:
<pre>
<p>To alert the user to this highly unobvious problem, a safety guard is
provided. If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is defined and the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> is not empty, Boost.Python tests if the class has an
attribute <tt>__getstate_manages_dict__</tt>. An exception is raised if
this attribute is not defined:</p>
<pre>
RuntimeError: Incomplete pickle support (__getstate_manages_dict__ not set)
</pre>
To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the
<tt>__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard
should intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from
<a href="../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
</pre>To resolve this problem, it should first be established that the <tt>
__getstate__</tt> and <tt>__setstate__</tt> methods manage the
instances's <tt>__dict__</tt> correctly. Note that this can be done
either at the C++ or the Python level. Finally, the safety guard should
intentionally be overridden. E.g. in C++ (from <a href=
"../../test/pickle3.cpp"><tt>pickle3.cpp</tt></a>):
<pre>
struct world_pickle_suite : boost::python::pickle_suite
{
// ...
static bool getstate_manages_dict() { return true; }
};
</pre>
Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
</pre>Alternatively in Python:
<pre>
import your_bpl_module
class your_class(your_bpl_module.your_class):
__getstate_manages_dict__ = 1
@@ -255,54 +222,41 @@ is not empty.
def __setstate__(self, state):
# your code here
</pre>
<hr />
<hr>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<h2>Practical Advice</h2>
<ul>
<li>
In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should
only be implemented for extension classes that will eventually
be pickled.
<ul>
<li>In Boost.Python extension modules with many extension classes,
providing complete pickle support for all classes would be a
significant overhead. In general complete pickle support should only be
implemented for extension classes that will eventually be pickled.</li>
<p>
<li>
Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.
<li>Avoid using <tt>__getstate__</tt> if the instance can also be
reconstructed by way of <tt>__getinitargs__</tt>. This automatically
avoids the pitfall described above.</li>
<p>
<li>
If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.
<li>If <tt>__getstate__</tt> is required, include the instance's
<tt>__dict__</tt> in the Python object that is returned.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
</ul>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<hr>
<h2>Light-weight alternative: pickle support implemented in Python</h2>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>
The <tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique
for implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via
the <tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only
the basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
<h3><a href="../../test/pickle4.cpp"><tt>pickle4.cpp</tt></a></h3>The
<tt>pickle4.cpp</tt> example demonstrates an alternative technique for
implementing pickle support. First we direct Boost.Python via the
<tt>class_::enable_pickling()</tt> member function to define only the
basic attributes required for pickling:
<pre>
class_&lt;world&gt;("world", args&lt;const std::string&amp;&gt;())
// ...
.enable_pickling()
// ...
</pre>
This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described
in the Python documentation. By &quot;injecting&quot; a
<tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into the definition of the wrapped
class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
</pre>This enables the standard Python pickle interface as described in the
Python documentation. By "injecting" a <tt>__getinitargs__</tt> method into
the definition of the wrapped class we make all instances pickleable:
<pre>
# import the wrapped world class
from pickle4_ext import world
@@ -312,18 +266,15 @@ class we make all instances pickleable:
# now inject __getinitargs__ (Python is a dynamic language!)
world.__getinitargs__ = world_getinitargs
</pre>
</pre>See also the <a href=
"../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python">
tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr />
© Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under the
Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
See also the
<a href="../tutorial/doc/html/python/techniques.html#python.extending_wrapped_objects_in_python"
>tutorial section</a> on injecting additional methods from Python.
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001-2004. Distributed under
the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
<p>
Updated: Feb 2004.
</div>
<p>Updated: Feb 2004.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pointee_demo)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ design decisions and links to relevant discussions.
13 November, 2002
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ void pass_as_arg(expensive_to_copy* x, PyObject* f)
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave
Abrahams</a> 2002. </i> Distributed
under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file
LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)</p>

View File

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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@@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<!-- Copyright Nikolay Mladenov 2007. Distributed under the Boost -->
<!-- Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying -->
<!-- file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
"text/html; charset=us-ascii">
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../boost.css">
<title>Boost.Python -
&lt;boost/python/doobject/pytype_function.hpp&gt;</title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="0" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" width="100%"
summary="header">
<tr>
<td valign="top" width="300">
<h3><a href="../../../../index.htm"><img height="86" width=
"277" alt="C++ Boost" src="../../../../boost.png" border=
"0"></a></h3>
</td>
<td valign="top">
<h1 align="center"><a href=
"../index.html">Boost.Python</a></h1>
<h2 align="center">Header
&lt;boost/python/converter/pytype_function.hpp&gt;</h2>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<hr>
<h2>Contents</h2>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></dt>
<dt><a href="#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#wrap_pytype-spec">Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#registered_pytype-spec">Class
<code>registered_pytype</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#registered_pytype-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>registered_pytype</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#expected_from_python_type-spec">Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_target_type-spec">Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code></a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="page-index">
<dt><a href="#to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis">Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code> synopsis</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt><a href="#examples">Examples</a></dt>
</dl>
<hr>
<h2><a name="introduction" id=
"introduction"></a>Introduction</h2>
<p>To support Pythonic signatures the converters should supply a <code>get_pytype</code> function
returning a pointer to the associated <code>PyTypeObject</code>. See for example
<a href="ResultConverter.html#ResultConverter-concept">ResultConverter</a> or
<a href="to_python_converter.html#to_python_converter-spec">to_python_converter</a>.
The classes in this header file are meant to be used when implmenting <code>get_pytype</code>.
There are also <code>_direct</code> versions of the templates of <code>class T</code> which
should be used with undecorated type parameter, expected to be in the conversion registry when the module loads.
</p>
<h2><a name="classes" id="classes"></a>Classes</h2>
<h3><a name="wrap_pytype-spec" id=
"wrap_pytype-spec"></a>Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member returning the template parameter.
</p>
<h4><a name="wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis" id=
"wrap_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>wrap_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; PyTypeObject const *pytype &gt;
class wrap_pytype
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype(){return pytype; }
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="registered_pytype-spec" id=
"registered_pytype-spec"></a>Class
<code>registered_pytype</code></h3>
<p>
This template should be used with template parameters which are (possibly decorated)
types exported to python using <a href="class.html"><code>class_</code></a>.
The generated a static <code>get_pytype</code> member
returns the corresponding python type.
</p>
<h4><a name="registered_pytype-spec-synopsis" id=
"registered_pytype-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>registered_pytype</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class registered_pytype
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="expected_from_python_type-spec" id=
"expected_from_python_type-spec"></a>Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member which inspects the registered
<code>from_python</code> converters for the type <code>T</code> and returns a matching python type.
</p>
<h4><a name="expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis" id=
"expected_from_python_type-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class expected_from_python_type
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h3><a name="to_python_target_type-spec" id=
"to_python_target_type-spec"></a>Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code></h3>
<p>
This template generates a static <code>get_pytype</code> member returning the
python type to which T can be converted.
</p>
<h4><a name="to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis" id=
"to_python_target_type-spec-synopsis"></a>Class
<code>to_python_target_type</code> synopsis</h4>
<pre>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter{
template &lt; class T &gt;
class to_python_target_type
{
public:
static PyTypeObject const *get_pytype();
};
}}}
</pre>
<h2><a name="examples" id="examples"></a>Examples</h2>
This example presumes that someone has implemented the standard <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/2.2/ext/dnt-basics.html">noddy example
module</a> from the Python documentation, and placed the corresponding
declarations in <code>"noddy.h"</code>. Because
<code>noddy_NoddyObject</code> is the ultimate trivial extension type,
the example is a bit contrived: it wraps a function for which all
information is contained in the <i>type</i> of its return value.
<h3>C++ module definition</h3>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/reference.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include "noddy.h"
struct tag {};
tag make_tag() { return tag(); }
using namespace boost::python;
struct tag_to_noddy
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //unnecessary overhead if py signatures are not supported
: wrap_pytype<&amp;noddy_NoddyType> //inherits get_pytype from wrap_pytype
#endif
{
static PyObject* convert(tag const&amp; x)
{
return PyObject_New(noddy_NoddyObject, &amp;noddy_NoddyType);
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(to_python_converter)
{
def("make_tag", make_tag);
to_python_converter&lt;tag, tag_to_noddy
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
, true
#endif
&gt;(); //"true" because tag_to_noddy has member get_pytype
}
</pre>
<p>The following example registers to and from python converters using the templates
<code>expected_from_python_type</code> and <code>to_pyhton_target_type</code>.
</p>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/module.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/def.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/extract.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp&gt;
#include &lt;boost/python/class.hpp&gt;
using namespace boost::python;
struct A
{
};
struct B
{
A a;
B(const A& a_):a(a_){}
};
// Converter from A to python int
struct BToPython
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //unnecessary overhead if py signatures are not supported
: converter::to_python_target_type&lt;A&gt; //inherits get_pytype
#endif
{
static PyObject* convert(const B& b)
{
return incref(object(b.a).ptr());
}
};
// Conversion from python int to A
struct BFromPython
{
BFromPython()
{
boost::python::converter::registry::push_back
( &amp;convertible
, &amp;construct
, type_id&lt; B &gt;()
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
, &amp;converter::expected_from_python_type&lt;A&gt;::get_pytype//convertible to A can be converted to B
#endif
);
}
static void* convertible(PyObject* obj_ptr)
{
extract&lt;const A&&gt; ex(obj_ptr);
if (!ex.check()) return 0;
return obj_ptr;
}
static void construct(
PyObject* obj_ptr,
converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
{
void* storage = (
(converter::rvalue_from_python_storage&lt; B &gt;*)data)-&gt; storage.bytes;
extract&lt;const A&&gt; ex(obj_ptr);
new (storage) B(ex());
data->convertible = storage;
}
};
B func(const B& b) { return b ; }
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(pytype_function_ext)
{
to_python_converter&lt; B , BToPython
#if defined BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES //invalid if py signatures are not supported
,true
#endif
&gt;(); //has get_pytype
BFromPython();
class_&lt;A&gt;("A") ;
def("func", &amp;func);
}
&gt;&gt;&gt; from pytype_function_ext import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; print func.__doc__
func( (A)arg1) -> A :
C++ signature:
struct B func(struct B)
</pre>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="mailto:nickm at sitius dot com">Nikolay Mladenov</a> 2007.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

2
doc/v2/raw_function.html Executable file → Normal file
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@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ Python:
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -609,6 +609,66 @@
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<a name="function_documentation"></a>
<h3>Function documentation</h3>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html">function_doc_signature.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"function_doc_signature.html#function_doc_signature_generator-spec">function_doc_signature_generator</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html">pytype_function.hpp</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#classes">Classes</a></dt>
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#wrap_pytype-spec">wrap_pytype</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#expected_from_python_type-spec">expected_from_python_type</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#to_python_target_type-spec">to_python_target_type</a></dt>
</dl>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href=
"pytype_function.html#registered_pytype-spec">registered_pytype</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
</dl>
</dd>
<dd>
<a name="models_of_call_policies"></a>
@@ -977,6 +1037,7 @@
<dd>
<dl class="index">
<dt><a href="exec.html#eval-spec">eval</a></dt>
<dt><a href="exec.html#exec-spec">exec</a></dt>
<dt><a href="exec.html#exec_file-spec">exec_file</a></dt>
</dl>
@@ -1124,7 +1185,7 @@
</p>
<p class="c3">&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002
.</p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(singleton)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ TypeError: No to_python (by-value) converter found for C++ type: class boost::sh
24 Jun, 2003
<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="39359" -->
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href="http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a>
2002. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

4
doc/v2/return_arg.html Executable file → Normal file
View File

@@ -125,6 +125,8 @@ namespace boost { namespace python
{
static PyObject* postcall(PyObject*, PyObject* result);
struct result_converter{ template &lt;class T&gt; struct apply; };
template &lt;class Sig&gt; struct extract_return_type : mpl::at_c&lt;Sig, arg_pos&gt;{};
};
}}
</pre>
@@ -215,7 +217,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(return_self_ext)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> and Nikolay
Mladenov 2003. </i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(internal_refs)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

View File

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
</p>
<p><i>&copy; Copyright <a href=
"../../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
"http://www.boost.org/people/dave_abrahams.htm">Dave Abrahams</a> 2002.</i></p>
</body>
</html>

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