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39 Commits

Author SHA1 Message Date
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8824572893 get ready to move to trunk
[SVN r9818]
2001-04-17 19:37:40 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
4bb2668733 copyright
[SVN r9811]
2001-04-17 18:37:37 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
01aa63e5f1 Motivation: Assertion 'static_class_object == 0' failed.
[SVN r9809]
2001-04-17 02:22:39 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
237ae8a322 Use default python.
[SVN r9757]
2001-04-11 00:30:49 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
0183d777d2 Better comments.
[SVN r9756]
2001-04-11 00:29:24 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
176beb3b47 uniform python_import_extension_class_converters
[SVN r9755]
2001-04-10 23:04:02 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
77626967d6 unique sig, import
[SVN r9754]
2001-04-10 21:35:31 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
d2115b21d7 unique sig, export
[SVN r9753]
2001-04-10 19:30:21 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
38492e4e7e -all ld option removed.
[SVN r9721]
2001-04-05 14:35:06 +00:00
nobody
e2580e5c60 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch
'ralf_grosse_kunstleve'.

[SVN r9690]
2001-04-01 13:47:26 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e87c03643f meaningless const removed.
[SVN r9637]
2001-03-23 09:15:25 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
7367d79a09 build boost_python.lib
[SVN r9636]
2001-03-23 05:29:13 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
cd45d594aa Pointers to new examples.
[SVN r9627]
2001-03-21 22:34:00 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8771eded6d Minor fixes.
[SVN r9626]
2001-03-21 22:33:28 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
b96393a7e8 --broken-auto-ptr switch for VC++ 6.0
[SVN r9625]
2001-03-21 20:00:23 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
66e3c67398 Files renamed to *simple_vector*, *do_it_yourself_converters*
[SVN r9624]
2001-03-21 02:39:01 +00:00
nobody
34bc55e21a This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch
'ralf_grosse_kunstleve'.

[SVN r9622]
2001-03-21 02:33:28 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
61978881ba Much more extensive testing of import_converters.
[SVN r9620]
2001-03-21 01:22:21 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
8631427d4e Much more extensive testing of import_converters.
[SVN r9618]
2001-03-21 01:11:03 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
82edce6450 Now using BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT.
[SVN r9617]
2001-03-21 01:09:17 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
1c454c4116 Return type for smart ptr values fixed.
[SVN r9614]
2001-03-21 01:02:24 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
6dc5ef02b5 BOOST_PYTHON_TRU64_CXX_PROBLEM define
[SVN r9613]
2001-03-20 14:49:26 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
feadcfe0a2 New export_converters() interface.
[SVN r9604]
2001-03-20 02:44:20 +00:00
nobody
e21d518511 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch
'ralf_grosse_kunstleve'.

[SVN r9603]
2001-03-20 02:16:09 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
f2b763c2e1 VC++ 6.0 makefile; filemgr.py used by all ralf_grosse_kunstleve makefiles.
[SVN r9602]
2001-03-20 02:16:08 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
028a3b9750 VC++ 6.0 fixes and misc. other modifications.
[SVN r9601]
2001-03-20 02:13:28 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e8c9229704 Renamed to cross_module.cpp
[SVN r9598]
2001-03-20 02:03:44 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ffc29171e3 Renamed to cross_module.hpp
[SVN r9597]
2001-03-20 02:02:38 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
bc54113bef Revert to main reference.hpp. VC6 cannot handle, get<T>().
[SVN r9593]
2001-03-19 22:40:08 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ff3120a52c free getattr()
[SVN r9554]
2001-03-14 05:27:13 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
9e41737b68 More comments.
[SVN r9553]
2001-03-13 00:24:38 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
33aac2ec83 New pickle1,2,3 examples.
[SVN r9552]
2001-03-13 00:05:43 +00:00
nobody
fd563fbf3c This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch
'ralf_grosse_kunstleve'.

[SVN r9550]
2001-03-13 00:01:07 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
419a323483 reference.get<T>(); reference.getattr(attr_name);
[SVN r9548]
2001-03-12 23:54:18 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
a0ebc5f25e Mods to address David's remarks.
[SVN r9469]
2001-03-07 00:09:23 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
e1a600aba9 SPECIAL_PYCVTSOBJECT removed for now.
[SVN r9468]
2001-03-06 23:08:29 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
0561d5e363 x_class_builder rules etc. added to Makefiles.
[SVN r9461]
2001-03-06 02:52:30 +00:00
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
4d007528a7 (incomplete) adaptation to new vers of class python_extension_class_converters.
[SVN r9460]
2001-03-06 02:51:03 +00:00
nobody
667ec238a5 This commit was manufactured by cvs2svn to create branch
'ralf_grosse_kunstleve'.

[SVN r9458]
2001-03-06 02:44:33 +00:00
219 changed files with 402 additions and 34085 deletions

70
Jamfile
View File

@@ -1,70 +0,0 @@
subproject libs/python ;
# bring in the rules for python
SEARCH on <module@>python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
include <module@>python.jam ;
PYTHON_PROPERTIES
+= <metrowerks><*><cxxflags>"-inline deferred"
<cxx><*><include>$(BOOST_ROOT)/boost/compatibility/cpp_c_headers
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_DYNAMIC_LIB
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_V2
;
{
dll bpl
:
src/converter/from_python.cpp
src/converter/registry.cpp
src/converter/type_id.cpp
src/object/class.cpp
src/object/function.cpp
src/object/inheritance.cpp
src/object/life_support.cpp
src/errors.cpp
src/module.cpp
src/objects.cpp
src/converter/builtin_converters.cpp
:
$(PYTHON_PROPERTIES)
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
;
# -------- general test -------
extension m1 : test/m1.cpp <lib>bpl
:
: debug-python
;
extension m2 : test/m2.cpp <lib>bpl
:
: debug-python ;
boost-python-runtest try : test/newtest.py <lib>m1 <lib>m2 : : debug-python ;
# ----------- builtin converters -----------
extension builtin_converters_ext : test/test_builtin_converters.cpp <lib>bpl
:
: debug-python
;
boost-python-runtest test_builtin_converters : test/test_builtin_converters.py
<lib>builtin_converters_ext
:
: debug-python
;
# ----------- pointer adoption -----------
extension test_pointer_adoption_ext : test/test_pointer_adoption.cpp <lib>bpl
:
: debug-python
;
boost-python-runtest test_pointer_adoption : test/test_pointer_adoption.py
<lib>test_pointer_adoption_ext
:
: debug-python
;
}

View File

@@ -1,156 +0,0 @@
# (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
# distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
# in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
# warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
#
# Boost.Python build and test Jamfile
#
# To run all tests quietly: jam test
# To run all tests with verbose output: jam -sPYTHON_TEST_ARGS=-v test
#
# Declares the following targets:
# 1. libboost_python, a static link library to be linked with all
# Boost.Python modules
#
# 2. pairs of test targets of the form <name>.test and <name>.run
# <name>.test runs the test when it is out-of-date, and the "test"
# pseudotarget depends on it. <name>.run runs
# a test unconditionally, and can be used to force a test to run.. Each
# test target builds one or more Boost.Python modules and runs a Python
# script to test them. The test names are:
#
# from ../test
#
# comprehensive - a comprehensive test of Boost.Python features
#
# from ../example:
# abstract -
# getting_started1 -
# getting_started2 -
# simple_vector -
# do_it_yourself_convts -
# pickle1 -
# pickle2 -
# pickle3 -
#
# dvect1 -
# dvect2 -
# ivect1 -
# ivect2 -
# noncopyable -
#
# subproject-specific environment/command-line variables:
#
# PYTHON - How to invoke the Python interpreter. Defaults to "python"
#
# PYTHON_ROOT - Windows only: where Python is installed. Defaults to "c:/tools/python"
#
# PYTHON_VERSION - Version of Python. Defaults to "2.1" on Windows, "1.5" on Unix
#
# PYTHON_TEST_ARGS - specifies arguments to be passed to test scripts on
# the command line. "-v" can be useful if you want to
# see the output of successful tests.
#
# PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS - specifies the number of test iterations to use for
# the dvect and ivect tests above.
# declare the location of this subproject relative to the root
subproject libs/python/build ;
# bring in the rules for python
SEARCH on <module@>python.jam = $(BOOST_BUILD_PATH) ;
include <module@>python.jam ;
local PYTHON_PROPERTIES = $(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) <define>BOOST_PYTHON_DYNAMIC_LIB ;
#######################
rule bpl-test ( test-name : sources + )
{
boost-python-test $(test-name) : $(sources) <lib>libboost_python ;
}
#######################
#
# Declare the boost python static link library
#
# Base names of the source files for libboost_python
local CPP_SOURCES =
types classes conversions extension_class functions
init_function module_builder objects cross_module errors
;
lib libboost_python_static : ../src/$(CPP_SOURCES).cpp
# requirements
: $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
<shared-linkable>true
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB=1
$(PYTHON_PROPERTIES) ;
dll libboost_python
# $(SUFDLL[1])
: ../src/$(CPP_SOURCES).cpp
# requirements
: $(BOOST_PYTHON_INCLUDES)
<shared-linkable>true
<runtime-link>dynamic
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_HAS_DLL_RUNTIME=1
$(PYTHON_PROPERTIES)
;
############# comprehensive module and test ###########
bpl-test boost_python_test
: ../test/comprehensive.cpp ;
boost-python-runtest comprehensive
: ../test/comprehensive.py <lib>boost_python_test <lib>libboost_python ;
############# simple tests from ../example ############
rule boost-python-example-runtest ( name )
{
bpl-test $(name)
: ../example/$(name).cpp ;
boost-python-runtest $(name)
: ../example/test_$(name).py <lib>$(name) ;
}
boost-python-example-runtest abstract ;
boost-python-example-runtest getting_started1 ;
boost-python-example-runtest getting_started2 ;
boost-python-example-runtest simple_vector ;
boost-python-example-runtest do_it_yourself_convts ;
boost-python-example-runtest pickle1 ;
boost-python-example-runtest pickle2 ;
boost-python-example-runtest pickle3 ;
bpl-test ivect : ../example/ivect.cpp ;
bpl-test dvect : ../example/dvect.cpp ;
bpl-test noncopyable_export : ../example/noncopyable_export.cpp ;
bpl-test noncopyable_import : ../example/noncopyable_import.cpp ;
############## cross-module tests from ../example ##########
# A simple rule to build a test which depends on multiple modules in the PYTHONPATH
rule boost-python-multi-example-runtest ( test-name : modules + )
{
boost-python-runtest $(test-name)
: ../example/tst_$(test-name).py <lib>$(modules) <lib>libboost_python
: : : $(PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS) ;
}
PYTHON_VECT_ITERATIONS ?= 10 ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest dvect1 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest dvect2 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest ivect1 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest ivect2 : ivect dvect ;
boost-python-multi-example-runtest
noncopyable : noncopyable_import noncopyable_export ;

View File

@@ -1,241 +0,0 @@
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@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
# Revision History:
# 17 Apr 01 include cross-module support, compile getting_started1 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve) UNTESTED!
# 06 Mar 01 Fixed typo in use of "PYTHON_LIB" (Dave Abrahams)
# 04 Mar 01 Changed library name to libboost_python.a (David Abrahams)
LIBSRC = \
classes.cpp \
conversions.cpp \
cross_module.cpp \
errors.cpp \
extension_class.cpp \
functions.cpp \
init_function.cpp \
module_builder.cpp \
objects.cpp \
types.cpp
LIBOBJ = $(LIBSRC:.cpp=.o)
OBJ = $(LIBOBJ)
ifeq "$(OS)" "Windows_NT"
PYTHON_LIB=c:/tools/python/libs/python15.lib
INC = -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include/g++-3 -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include -Ic:/boost -Ic:/tools/python/include
MODULE_EXTENSION=dll
else
INC = -I/usr/local/include/python1.5
MODULE_EXTENSION=so
endif
%.o: ../src/%.cpp
como --pic $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
%.d: ../src/%.cpp
@echo creating $@
@set -e; como -M $(INC) -c $< \
| sed 's/\($*\)\.o[ :]*/\1.o $@ : /g' > $@; \
[ -s $@ ] || rm -f $@
getting_started1: getting_started1.o libboost_python.a
como-dyn-link -o ../example/getting_started1.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) $(PYTHON_LIB) getting_started1.o -L. -lboost_python
ln -s ../test/doctest.py ../example
python ../example/test_getting_started1.py
getting_started1.o: ../example/getting_started1.cpp
como --pic $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
clean:
rm -rf *.o *.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) *.a *.d *.pyc *.bak a.out
libboost_python.a: $(LIBOBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
ar cq libboost_python.a $(LIBOBJ)
DEP = $(OBJ:.o=.d)
ifneq "$(MAKECMDGOALS)" "clean"
include $(DEP)
endif

View File

@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
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View File

@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ bpl_exa = "/libs/python/example"
files = (
bpl_src + "/classes.cpp",
bpl_src + "/conversions.cpp",
bpl_src + "/errors.cpp",
bpl_src + "/extension_class.cpp",
bpl_src + "/functions.cpp",
bpl_src + "/init_function.cpp",
@@ -23,18 +22,18 @@ bpl_tst + "/doctest.py",
bpl_exa + "/abstract.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/getting_started1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/getting_started2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/getting_started3.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/simple_vector.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/do_it_yourself_convts.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/nested.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/do_it_yourself_converters.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/pickle3.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/test_abstract.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_getting_started3.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_simple_vector.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_do_it_yourself_convts.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_nested.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_do_it_yourself_converters.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_pickle3.py",
@@ -55,13 +54,6 @@ bpl_exa + "/tst_dvect2.py",
bpl_exa + "/tst_ivect1.py",
bpl_exa + "/tst_ivect2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_cross_module.py",
bpl_exa + "/vector_wrapper.h",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp1.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp2.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/richcmp3.cpp",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp1.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp2.py",
bpl_exa + "/test_richcmp3.py",
)
defs = (
@@ -69,9 +61,9 @@ defs = (
"abstract",
"getting_started1",
"getting_started2",
"getting_started3",
"simple_vector",
"do_it_yourself_convts",
"nested",
"do_it_yourself_converters",
"pickle1",
"pickle2",
"pickle3",
@@ -79,9 +71,6 @@ defs = (
"noncopyable_import",
"ivect",
"dvect",
"richcmp1",
"richcmp2",
"richcmp3",
)
if (__name__ == "__main__"):

View File

@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
# Revision History
# 17 Apr 01 include cross-module support, compile getting_started1 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# 17 Apr 01 build shared library (patch provided by Dan Nuffer)
# 04 Mar 01 Changed library name to libboost_python.a, various cleanups,
# attempted Cygwin compatibility. Still needs testing on Linux
# (David Abrahams)
LIBSRC = \
classes.cpp \
conversions.cpp \
cross_module.cpp \
errors.cpp \
extension_class.cpp \
functions.cpp \
init_function.cpp \
module_builder.cpp \
objects.cpp \
types.cpp
LIBOBJ = $(LIBSRC:.cpp=.o)
OBJ = $(LIBOBJ)
LIBNAME = libboost_python
# libpython2.0.dll
ifeq "$(OS)" "Windows_NT"
ROOT=c:/cygnus
INC = -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include/g++-3 -Ic:/cygnus/usr/include -Ic:/boost -I$(PYTHON_INC)
MODULE_EXTENSION=dll
PYTHON_LIB=c:/cygnus/usr/local/lib/python2.0/config/libpython2.0.dll.a
SHARED_LIB = $(LIBNAME).dll
else
PYTHON_INC=$(ROOT)/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
BOOST_INC=../../..
INC = -I$(BOOST_INC) -I$(PYTHON_INC)
MODULE_EXTENSION=so
VERSION=1
SHARED_LIB = $(LIBNAME).so.$(VERSION)
endif
%.o: ../src/%.cpp
g++ -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) $(CXXFLAGS) -o $*.o -c $<
%.d: ../src/%.cpp
@echo creating $@
@set -e; g++ -M $(INC) -c $< \
| sed 's/\($*\)\.o[ :]*/\1.o $@ : /g' > $@; \
[ -s $@ ] || rm -f $@
PYTHON = python
all: test $(SHARED_LIB) getting_started1
test: comprehensive.o $(LIBNAME).a $(SHARED_LIB)
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o ../test/boost_python_test.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) comprehensive.o -L. -lboost_python $(PYTHON_LIB)
$(PYTHON) ../test/comprehensive.py
comprehensive.o: ../test/comprehensive.cpp
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) --template-depth-32 -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
getting_started1: getting_started1.o $(LIBNAME).a
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o ../example/getting_started1.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) getting_started1.o -L. -lboost_python $(PYTHON_LIB)
ln -s ../test/doctest.py ../example
$(PYTHON) ../example/test_getting_started1.py
getting_started1.o: ../example/getting_started1.cpp
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) --template-depth-32 -fPIC -Wall -W $(INC) -o $*.o -c $<
clean:
rm -rf *.o *.$(MODULE_EXTENSION) *.a *.d *.pyc *.bak a.out
$(LIBNAME).a: $(LIBOBJ)
rm -f $@
ar cqs $@ $(LIBOBJ)
$(SHARED_LIB): $(LIBOBJ)
g++ $(CXXFLAGS) -shared -o $@ -Wl,--soname=$(LIBNAME).$(MODULE_EXTENSION)
DEP = $(OBJ:.o=.d)
ifneq "$(MAKECMDGOALS)" "clean"
include $(DEP)
endif

View File

@@ -1,136 +0,0 @@
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@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
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# PROP Output_Dir "Debug"
# PROP Intermediate_Dir "Debug"
# PROP Ignore_Export_Lib 0
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# ADD CPP /nologo /MDd /W3 /Gm- /GR /GX /Zi /Od /I "..\..\..\.." /I "c:\tools\python\include" /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /FR /YX /FD /GZ /c
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# ADD MTL /nologo /D "_DEBUG" /mktyplib203 /win32
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# ADD RSC /l 0x409 /d "_DEBUG"
BSC32=bscmake.exe
# ADD BASE BSC32 /nologo
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LINK32=xilink6.exe
# ADD BASE LINK32 kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib odbc32.lib odbccp32.lib /nologo /subsystem:windows /dll /debug /machine:I386 /pdbtype:sept
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# PROP BASE Use_MFC 0
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# ADD BASE CPP /nologo /MTd /W3 /Gm /GX /ZI /Od /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /YX /FD /GZ /c
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View File

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
STLPORTINC=-I$(BOOST)/boost/compatibility/cpp_c_headers
STDOPTS=
@@ -35,34 +35,30 @@ MAKEDEP=-M
LD=CC -LANG:std -n32 -mips4
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
comprehensive.o \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o getting_started3.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
nested.o \
do_it_yourself_converters.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
ivect.o dvect.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
all: libboost_python.a \
boost_python_test.so \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so getting_started3.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
nested.so \
do_it_yourself_converters.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
ivect.so dvect.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
@@ -80,14 +76,14 @@ getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
getting_started3.so: $(OBJ) getting_started3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started3.o -o getting_started3.so
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
do_it_yourself_converters.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o -o do_it_yourself_converters.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
@@ -112,15 +108,6 @@ ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
@@ -129,16 +116,13 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
@@ -146,9 +130,9 @@ clean:
rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f getting_started3.o getting_started3.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f nested.o nested.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
@@ -156,9 +140,6 @@ clean:
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
rm -rf ii_files

View File

@@ -17,14 +17,14 @@
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
PYEXE=/usr/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
STDOPTS=-fPIC -ftemplate-depth-21
STDOPTS=-ftemplate-depth-21
WARNOPTS=
OPTOPTS=-g
@@ -33,37 +33,33 @@ CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST) $(PYINC) \
$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS)
MAKEDEP=-M
LD=$(CPP)
LD=g++
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
comprehensive.o \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o getting_started3.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
nested.o \
do_it_yourself_converters.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
ivect.o dvect.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
all: libboost_python.a \
boost_python_test.so \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so getting_started3.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
nested.so \
do_it_yourself_converters.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
ivect.so dvect.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
@@ -81,14 +77,14 @@ getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
getting_started3.so: $(OBJ) getting_started3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started3.o -o getting_started3.so
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
do_it_yourself_converters.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o -o do_it_yourself_converters.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
@@ -113,15 +109,6 @@ ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
@@ -130,16 +117,13 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
@@ -147,9 +131,9 @@ clean:
rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f getting_started3.o getting_started3.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f nested.o nested.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
@@ -157,9 +141,6 @@ clean:
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
softlinks:

View File

@@ -30,16 +30,13 @@
# -fvtable-thunks eliminates the compiler warning, but
# "import boost_python_test" still causes a crash.
ROOT=R:
ROOT=L:
BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
PYINC=-I"C:\usr\include\python1.5"
PYLIB="C:\usr\lib\libpython15.a"
#PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
#PYINC=-I"C:\usr\include\python2.1"
#PYLIB="C:\usr\lib\libpython21.a"
STDOPTS=-ftemplate-depth-21
WARNOPTS=
@@ -52,7 +49,7 @@ CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
LD=g++
LDOPTS=-shared
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
@@ -60,17 +57,15 @@ OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
all: libboost_python.a \
abstract.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd getting_started3.pyd \
simple_vector.pyd \
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
nested.pyd \
do_it_yourself_converters.pyd \
pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
-del libboost_python.a
del libboost_python.a
ar r libboost_python.a $(OBJ)
DLLWRAPOPTS=-s --driver-name g++ -s \
@@ -100,23 +95,23 @@ getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
--def getting_started2.def \
$(OBJ) getting_started2.o $(PYLIB)
getting_started3.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started3.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname getting_started3.pyd \
--def getting_started3.def \
$(OBJ) getting_started3.o $(PYLIB)
simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname simple_vector.pyd \
--def simple_vector.def \
$(OBJ) simple_vector.o $(PYLIB)
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
do_it_yourself_converters.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
--def do_it_yourself_convts.def \
$(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o $(PYLIB)
nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname nested.pyd \
--def nested.def \
$(OBJ) nested.o $(PYLIB)
--dllname do_it_yourself_converters.pyd \
--def do_it_yourself_converters.def \
$(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o $(PYLIB)
pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
@@ -160,24 +155,6 @@ dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.o
--def dvect.def \
$(OBJ) dvect.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp1.pyd \
--def richcmp1.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp1.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp2.pyd \
--def richcmp2.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp2.o $(PYLIB)
richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
dllwrap $(DLLWRAPOPTS) \
--dllname richcmp3.pyd \
--def richcmp3.def \
$(OBJ) richcmp3.o $(PYLIB)
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
@@ -186,22 +163,19 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
-del *.o
-del *.a
-del *.pyd
-del *.pyc
del *.o
del *.a
del *.pyd
del *.pyc
softlinks:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks

View File

@@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
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!MESSAGE "rwgk1 - Win32 Debug" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE "rwgk1 - Win32 DebugPython" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE
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!MESSAGE Possible choices for configuration are:
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!MESSAGE "test - Win32 Release" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE "test - Win32 Debug" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE "test - Win32 DebugPython" (based on "Win32 (x86) Dynamic-Link Library")
!MESSAGE
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View File

@@ -17,10 +17,10 @@
ROOT=$(HOME)
BOOST=$(ROOT)/boost
#PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
PYEXE=PYTHONPATH=. /usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local_cci/Python-2.1.1/include/python2.1
PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/bin/python
PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-1.5.2/include/python1.5
#PYEXE=/usr/local/Python-2.0/bin/python
#PYINC=-I/usr/local/Python-2.0/include/python2.0
#STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b3/stlport
#STLPORTINC=-I/usr/local/STLport-4.1b4/stlport
#STLPORTOPTS= \
@@ -46,34 +46,30 @@ LDOPTS=-shared -expect_unresolved 'Py*' -expect_unresolved '_Py*'
#HIDDEN=-hidden
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o errors.o extension_class.o functions.o \
OBJ=classes.o conversions.o extension_class.o functions.o \
init_function.o module_builder.o \
objects.o types.o cross_module.o
DEPOBJ=$(OBJ) \
comprehensive.o \
abstract.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o \
getting_started1.o getting_started2.o getting_started3.o \
simple_vector.o \
do_it_yourself_convts.o \
nested.o \
do_it_yourself_converters.o \
pickle1.o pickle2.o pickle3.o \
noncopyable_export.o noncopyable_import.o \
ivect.o dvect.o \
richcmp1.o richcmp2.o richcmp3.o
ivect.o dvect.o
.SUFFIXES: .o .cpp
all: libboost_python.a \
boost_python_test.so \
abstract.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so \
getting_started1.so getting_started2.so getting_started3.so \
simple_vector.so \
do_it_yourself_convts.so \
nested.so \
do_it_yourself_converters.so \
pickle1.so pickle2.so pickle3.so \
noncopyable_export.so noncopyable_import.so \
ivect.so dvect.so \
richcmp1.so richcmp2.so richcmp3.so
ivect.so dvect.so
libboost_python.a: $(OBJ)
rm -f libboost_python.a
@@ -95,14 +91,14 @@ getting_started1.so: $(OBJ) getting_started1.o
getting_started2.so: $(OBJ) getting_started2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.o -o getting_started2.so
getting_started3.so: $(OBJ) getting_started3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started3.o -o getting_started3.so
simple_vector.so: $(OBJ) simple_vector.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.o -o simple_vector.so
do_it_yourself_convts.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.o -o do_it_yourself_convts.so
nested.so: $(OBJ) nested.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.o -o nested.so
do_it_yourself_converters.so: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.o -o do_it_yourself_converters.so
pickle1.so: $(OBJ) pickle1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.o -o pickle1.so
@@ -127,15 +123,6 @@ ivect.so: $(OBJ) ivect.o
dvect.so: $(OBJ) dvect.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) $(HIDDEN) dvect.o -o dvect.so
richcmp1.so: $(OBJ) richcmp1.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.o -o richcmp1.so
richcmp2.so: $(OBJ) richcmp2.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.o -o richcmp2.so
richcmp3.so: $(OBJ) richcmp3.o
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.o -o richcmp3.so
.cpp.o:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
@@ -144,16 +131,13 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
rm -f $(OBJ) libboost_python.a libboost_python.a.input
@@ -161,9 +145,9 @@ clean:
rm -f abstract.o abstract.so
rm -f getting_started1.o getting_started1.so
rm -f getting_started2.o getting_started2.so
rm -f getting_started3.o getting_started3.so
rm -f simple_vector.o simple_vector.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_convts.o do_it_yourself_convts.so
rm -f nested.o nested.so
rm -f do_it_yourself_converters.o do_it_yourself_converters.so
rm -f pickle1.o pickle1.so
rm -f pickle2.o pickle2.so
rm -f pickle3.o pickle3.so
@@ -171,9 +155,6 @@ clean:
rm -f noncopyable_import.o noncopyable_import.so
rm -f ivect.o ivect.so
rm -f dvect.o dvect.so
rm -f richcmp1.o richcmp1.so
rm -f richcmp2.o richcmp2.so
rm -f richcmp3.o richcmp3.so
rm -f so_locations *.pyc
rm -rf cxx_repository

View File

@@ -10,18 +10,15 @@
# 12 Apr 01 new macro ROOT to simplify configuration (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
# Initial version: R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve
ROOT=R:
ROOT=L:
BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
#PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
#PYINC=/I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
#PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
PYINC=/I"C:\Python21\include"
PYLIB="C:\Python21\libs\python21.lib"
PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
PYINC=/I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
STDOPTS=/nologo /MD /GR /GX /Zm300 /DBOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
STDOPTS=/nologo /MD /GR /GX /Zm200
WARNOPTS=
OPTOPTS=
@@ -32,7 +29,7 @@ CPPOPTS=$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) /I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC) \
LD=link.exe
LDOPTS=/nologo /dll /incremental:no
OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj errors.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
init_function.obj module_builder.obj \
objects.obj types.obj cross_module.obj
@@ -41,14 +38,12 @@ OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj errors.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
all: boost_python.lib \
boost_python_test.pyd \
abstract.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd getting_started3.pyd \
simple_vector.pyd \
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
nested.pyd \
do_it_yourself_converters.pyd \
pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd
boost_python.lib: $(OBJ)
$(LD) -lib /nologo /out:boost_python.lib $(OBJ)
@@ -65,14 +60,14 @@ getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj
getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initgetting_started2 /out:"getting_started2.pyd"
getting_started3.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started3.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initgetting_started3 /out:"getting_started3.pyd"
simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initsimple_vector /out:"simple_vector.pyd"
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdo_it_yourself_convts /out:"do_it_yourself_convts.pyd"
nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initnested /out:"nested.pyd"
do_it_yourself_converters.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_converters.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdo_it_yourself_converters /out:"do_it_yourself_converters.pyd"
pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initpickle1 /out:"pickle1.pyd"
@@ -95,15 +90,6 @@ ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.obj
dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) dvect.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initdvect /out:"dvect.pyd"
richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp1 /out:"richcmp1.pyd"
richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp2 /out:"richcmp2.pyd"
richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj $(PYLIB) /export:initrichcmp3 /out:"richcmp3.pyd"
.cpp.obj:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) /c $*.cpp
@@ -112,24 +98,21 @@ test:
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started3.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_converters.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py --broken-auto-ptr
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
-del *.obj
-del *.lib
-del *.exp
-del *.idb
-del *.pyd
-del *.pyc
del *.obj
del *.lib
del *.exp
del *.idb
del *.pyd
del *.pyc
softlinks:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks

View File

@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
# Usage:
#
# make copy Copy the sources and tests
# make Compile all sources
# make test Run doctest tests
# make clean Remove all object files
# make del Remove the sources and tests
#
# Revision history:
# 14 Dec 01 derived from vc60.mak (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
ROOT=R:
BOOST_WIN="$(ROOT)\boost"
BOOST_UNIX=$(HOME)/boost
#PYEXE="C:\Program files\Python\python.exe"
#PYINC=-I"C:\Program files\Python\include"
#PYLIB="C:\Program files\Python\libs\python15.lib"
PYEXE="C:\Python21\python.exe"
PYINC=-I"C:\Python21\include"
PYLIB="C:\Python21\libs\python21.lib"
STDOPTS=-gccinc -prefix UseDLLPrefix.h -DBOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
WARNOPTS=-warn on,nounusedexpr,nounused
OPTOPTS=-O
CPP=mwcc
CPPOPTS=$(STDOPTS) $(WARNOPTS) $(OPTOPTS) \
$(STLPORTINC) $(STLPORTOPTS) -I$(BOOST_WIN) $(PYINC)
LD=mwld
LDOPTS=-export dllexport -shared
OBJ=classes.obj conversions.obj errors.obj extension_class.obj functions.obj \
init_function.obj module_builder.obj \
objects.obj types.obj cross_module.obj
.SUFFIXES: .obj .cpp
all: libboost_python.lib \
boost_python_test.pyd \
abstract.pyd \
getting_started1.pyd getting_started2.pyd \
simple_vector.pyd \
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd \
nested.pyd \
pickle1.pyd pickle2.pyd pickle3.pyd \
noncopyable_export.pyd noncopyable_import.pyd \
ivect.pyd dvect.pyd \
richcmp1.pyd richcmp2.pyd richcmp3.pyd
libboost_python.lib: $(OBJ)
$(LD) -library -o libboost_python.lib $(OBJ)
boost_python_test.pyd: $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) comprehensive.obj $(PYLIB) -o boost_python_test.pyd
abstract.pyd: $(OBJ) abstract.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) abstract.obj $(PYLIB) -o abstract.pyd
getting_started1.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started1.obj $(PYLIB) -o getting_started1.pyd
getting_started2.pyd: $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) getting_started2.obj $(PYLIB) -o getting_started2.pyd
simple_vector.pyd: $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) simple_vector.obj $(PYLIB) -o simple_vector.pyd
do_it_yourself_convts.pyd: $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) do_it_yourself_convts.obj $(PYLIB) -o do_it_yourself_convts.pyd
nested.pyd: $(OBJ) nested.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) nested.obj $(PYLIB) -o nested.pyd
pickle1.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle1.obj $(PYLIB) -o pickle1.pyd
pickle2.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle2.obj $(PYLIB) -o pickle2.pyd
pickle3.pyd: $(OBJ) pickle3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) pickle3.obj $(PYLIB) -o pickle3.pyd
noncopyable_export.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_export.obj $(PYLIB) -o noncopyable_export.pyd
noncopyable_import.pyd: $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) noncopyable_import.obj $(PYLIB) -o noncopyable_import.pyd
ivect.pyd: $(OBJ) ivect.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) ivect.obj $(PYLIB) -o ivect.pyd
dvect.pyd: $(OBJ) dvect.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) dvect.obj $(PYLIB) -o dvect.pyd
richcmp1.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp1.obj $(PYLIB) -o richcmp1.pyd
richcmp2.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp2.obj $(PYLIB) -o richcmp2.pyd
richcmp3.pyd: $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj
$(LD) $(LDOPTS) $(OBJ) richcmp3.obj $(PYLIB) -o richcmp3.pyd
.cpp.obj:
$(CPP) $(CPPOPTS) -c $*.cpp
test:
$(PYEXE) comprehensive.py
$(PYEXE) test_abstract.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started1.py
$(PYEXE) test_getting_started2.py
$(PYEXE) test_simple_vector.py
$(PYEXE) test_do_it_yourself_convts.py
$(PYEXE) test_nested.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle1.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle2.py
$(PYEXE) test_pickle3.py
$(PYEXE) test_cross_module.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp1.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp2.py
$(PYEXE) test_richcmp3.py
clean:
-del *.obj
-del *.lib
-del *.exp
-del *.idb
-del *.pyd
-del *.pyc
softlinks:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) softlinks
unlink:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) unlink
cp:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) cp
rm:
python $(BOOST_UNIX)/libs/python/build/filemgr.py $(BOOST_UNIX) rm
copy:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) copy
del:
$(PYEXE) $(BOOST_WIN)\libs\python\build\filemgr.py $(BOOST_WIN) del

View File

@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
call "c:\program files\metrowerks\codewarrior\other metrowerks tools\command line tools\cwenv.bat"
set MWWinx86LibraryFiles=MSL_All-DLL_x86.lib;gdi32.lib;user32.lib;kernel32.lib

View File

@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org">
<title>Building an Extension Module</title>
<div>
<h1><img width="277" height="86" align="center" src=
"../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Building an
Extension Module</h1>
<p>The build process for Boost is currently undergoing some evolution,
and, it is to be hoped, improvement. The following facts may help:
<hr>
Makefiles for various platforms and a Visual Studio project
reside in the Boost subdirectory <tt>libs/python/build</tt>.
Build targets include:
<ul>
<li>The <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static linking with your
extension module. On the various Unices, this library will be
called <tt>libboost_python.a</tt>. When using Visual C++, the
library will be called <tt>boost_python.lib</tt>.
<p>
<li>A comprehensive test of Boost.Python features. This test builds
a Boost.Python extension module, then runs Python to import the
module, and runs a series of tests on it using <tt><a href=
"../test/doctest.py">doctest</a></tt>. Source code for the module
and tests is available in the Boost subdirectory
<tt>libs/python/test</tt>.
<p>
<li>Various examples from the Boost subdirectory
<tt>libs/python/example</tt>.
All these examples include a doctest modeled
on the comprehensive test above.
</ul>
<hr>
There is a group of makefiles with support for simultaneous
compilation on multiple platforms and a consistent set of
features that build the <tt>boost_python</tt> library for static
linking, the comprehensive test, and all examples in
<tt>libs/python/example</tt>:
<ul>
<li><a href="../build/vc60.mak">vc60.mak</a>:
Visual C++ 6.0 Service Pack 4
<li><a href="../build/mingw32.mak">mingw32.mak</a>:
mingw32 (Win32-targeted) gcc 2.95.2
<li><a href="../build/linux_gcc.mak">linux_gcc.mak</a>:
gcc 2.95.2 on Linux/Unix
<li><a href="../build/tru64_cxx.mak">tru64_cxx.mak</a>:
Compaq Alpha using the Compaq cxx compiler
<li><a href="../build/irix_CC.mak">irix_CC.mak</a>:
Silicon Graphics IRIX 6.5 CC compiler
</ul>
<a href="http://cctbx.sourceforge.net/page_installation_adv.html#installation_boost_python"
>Usage of these makefiles is described here.</a>
<hr>
There is another group of makefiles for GNU make.
These makefiles are less redundant than the makefiles
in the group above,
but the list of compilation targets is not as complete
and there is no support for simultaneous compilation
on multiple platforms.
<ul>
<li><a href="../build/como.mak">como.mak</a>:
Comeau C++ on Linux
<li><a href="../build/gcc.mak">gcc.mak</a>:
GCC on Linux/Unix.
</ul>
<hr>
A project workspace for Microsoft Visual Studio is provided at <tt><a
href="../build/build.dsw">libs/python/build/build.dsw</a></tt>. The
include paths for this project may need to be changed for your
installation. They currently assume that python has been installed at
<tt>c:\tools\python</tt>. Three configurations of all targets are
supported:
<ul>
<li>Release (optimization, <tt>-DNDEBUG</tt>)
<li>Debug (no optimization <tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>)
<li>DebugPython (no optimization, <tt>-D_DEBUG
-DBOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>)
</ul>
<p>When extension modules are built with Visual C++ using
<tt>-D_DEBUG</tt>, Python defaults to <i>force</i> linking with a
special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since this debug DLL
isn't supplied with the default Python installation for Windows,
Boost.Python uses <tt><a href=
"../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a></tt>
to temporarily undefine <tt>_DEBUG</tt> when <tt>Python.h</tt> is
<tt>#include</tt>d.
<p>If you want the extra runtime checks available with the debugging
version of the library, <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt> to
re-enable library forcing, and link with the DebugPython version of
<tt>boost_python.lib</tt>. You'll need to get the debugging version
of the Python executable (<tt>python_d.exe</tt>) and DLL
(<tt>python20_d.dll</tt> or <tt>python15_d.dll</tt>). The Python
sources include project files for building these. If you <a href=
"http://www.python.org">download</a> them, change the name of the
top-level directory to <tt>src</tt>, and install it under
<tt>c:\tools\python</tt>, the workspace supplied by Boost.Python will
be able to use it without modification. Just open
<tt>c:\tools\python\src\pcbuild\pcbuild.dsw</tt> and invoke "build
all" to generate all the debugging targets.
<p>If you do not <tt>#define BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON</tt>, be sure that
any source files <tt>#include &lt;<a href=
"../../../boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp">boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp</a>&gt;</tt>
instead of the usual <tt>Python.h</tt>, or you will have link
incompatibilities.<br>
<hr>
If your platform isn't directly supported, you can build a static
library from the following source files (in the Boost subdirectory
<tt>libs/python/src</tt>), or compile them directly and link the
resulting objects into your extension module:
<ul>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/classes.cpp">classes.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/conversions.cpp">conversions.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/cross_module.cpp">cross_module.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/extension_class.cpp">extension_class.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/functions.cpp">functions.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/init_function.cpp">init_function.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/module_builder.cpp">module_builder.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/objects.cpp">objects.cpp</a>
<li><a href=
"../../../libs/python/src/types.cpp">types.cpp</a>
</ul>
<hr>
Next: <a href="enums.html">Wrapping Enums</a> Previous: <a href=
"under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a> Up: <a href=
"index.html">Top</a>
<hr>
<p>&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
any purpose.
<p>Updated: Apr 17, 2001 (R.W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
</div>

View File

@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>
Comparisons with Other Systems
</title>
<div>
<h1>
<img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"><br>
Comparisons with
Other Systems
</h1>
<h2>CXX</h2>
<p>
Like Boost.Python, <a href="http://cxx.sourceforge.net/">CXX</a> attempts to
provide a C++-oriented interface to Python. In most cases, as with the
boost library, it relieves the user from worrying about
reference-counts. Both libraries automatically convert thrown C++
exceptions into Python exceptions. As far as I can tell, CXX has no
support for subclassing C++ extension types in Python. An even
more significant difference is that a user's C++ code is still basically
``dealing with Python objects'', though they are wrapped in
C++ classes. This means such jobs as argument parsing and conversion are
still left to be done explicitly by the user.
<p>
CXX claims to interoperate well with the C++ Standard Library
(a.k.a. STL) by providing iterators into Python Lists and Dictionaries,
but the claim is unfortunately unsupportable. The problem is that in
general, access to Python sequence and mapping elements through
iterators requires the use of proxy objects as the return value of
iterator dereference operations. This usage conflicts with the basic
ForwardIterator requirements in <a
href="http://anubis.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n2356/lib-iterators.html#lib.forward.iterators">
section 24.1.3 of the standard</a> (dereferencing must produce a
reference). Although you may be able to use these iterators with some
operations in some standard library implementations, it is neither
guaranteed to work nor portable.
<p>
As far as I can tell, CXX enables one to write what is essentially
idiomatic Python code in C++, manipulating Python objects through the
same fully-generic interfaces we use in Python. While you're hardly
programming directly to the ``bare metal'' with CXX, it basically
presents a ``C++-ized'' version of the Python 'C' API. Some fraction of
that capability is available in Boost.Python through <tt><a
href="../../../boost/python/objects.hpp">boost/python/objects.hpp</a></tt>,
which provides C++ objects corresponding to Python lists, tuples,
strings, and dictionaries, and through <tt><a
href="../../../boost/python/callback.hpp">boost/python/callback.hpp</a></tt>,
which allows you to call back into python with C++ arguments.
<p>
<a href="mailto:dubois1@llnl.gov">Paul F. Dubois</a>, the original
author of CXX, has told me that what I've described is only half of the
picture with CXX, but I never understood his explanation well-enough to
fill in the other half. Here is his response to the commentary above:
<blockquote>
``My intention with CXX was not to do what you are doing. It was to enable a
person to write an extension directly in C++ rather than C. I figured others had
the wrapping business covered. I thought maybe CXX would provide an easier
target language for those making wrappers, but I never explored
that.''<br><i>-<a href="mailto:dubois1@llnl.gov">Paul Dubois</a></i>
</blockquote>
<h2>SWIG</h2>
<p>
<a href= "http://www.swig.org/">SWIG</a> is an impressively mature tool
for exporting an existing ANSI 'C' interface into various scripting
languages. Swig relies on a parser to read your source code and produce
additional source code files which can be compiled into a Python (or
Perl or Tcl) extension module. It has been successfully used to create
many Python extension modules. Like Boost.Python, SWIG is trying to allow an
existing interface to be wrapped with little or no change to the
existing code. The documentation says ``SWIG parses a form of ANSI C
syntax that has been extended with a number of special directives. As a
result, interfaces are usually built by grabbing a header file and
tweaking it a little bit.'' For C++ interfaces, the tweaking has often
proven to amount to more than just a little bit. One user
writes:
<blockquote> ``The problem with swig (when I used it) is that it
couldnt handle templates, didnt do func overloading properly etc. For
ANSI C libraries this was fine. But for usual C++ code this was a
problem. Simple things work. But for anything very complicated (or
realistic), one had to write code by hand. I believe Boost.Python doesn't have
this problem[<a href="#sic">sic</a>]... IMHO overloaded functions are very important to
wrap correctly.''<br><i>-Prabhu Ramachandran</i>
</blockquote>
<p>
By contrast, Boost.Python doesn't attempt to parse C++ - the problem is simply
too complex to do correctly. <a name="sic">Technically</a>, one does
write code by hand to use Boost.Python. The goal, however, has been to make
that code nearly as simple as listing the names of the classes and
member functions you want to expose in Python.
<h2>SIP</h2>
<p>
<a
href="http://www.thekompany.com/projects/pykde/background.php3?dhtml_ok=1">SIP</a>
is a system similar to SWIG, though seemingly more
C++-oriented. The author says that like Boost.Python, SIP supports overriding
extension class member functions in Python subclasses. It appears to
have been designed specifically to directly support some features of
PyQt/PyKDE, which is its primary client. Documentation is almost
entirely missing at the time of this writing, so a detailed comparison
is difficult.
<h2>ILU</h2>
<p>
<a
href="ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/ilu/ilu.html">ILU</a>
is a very ambitious project which tries to describe a module's interface
(types and functions) in terms of an <a
href="ftp://ftp.parc.xerox.com/pub/ilu/2.0b1/manual-html/manual_2.html">Interface
Specification Language</a> (ISL) so that it can be uniformly interfaced
to a wide range of computer languages, including Common Lisp, C++, C,
Modula-3, and Python. ILU can parse the ISL to generate a C++ language
header file describing the interface, of which the user is expected to
provide an implementation. Unlike Boost.Python, this means that the system
imposes implementation details on your C++ code at the deepest level. It
is worth noting that some of the C++ names generated by ILU are supposed
to be reserved to the C++ implementation. It is unclear from the
documentation whether ILU supports overriding C++ virtual functions in Python.
<h2>GRAD</h2>
<p>
<a
href="http://www.python.org/workshops/1996-11/papers/GRAD/html/GRADcover.html">GRAD</a>
is another very ambitious project aimed at generating Python wrappers for
interfaces written in ``legacy languages'', among which C++ is the first one
implemented. Like SWIG, it aims to parse source code and automatically
generate wrappers, though it appears to take a more sophisticated approach
to parsing in general and C++ in particular, so it should do a much better
job with C++. It appears to support function overloading. The
documentation is missing a lot of information I'd like to see, so it is
difficult to give an accurate and fair assessment. I am left with the
following questions:
<ul>
<li>Does it support overriding of virtual functions?
<li>What about overriding private or protected virtual functions (the documentation indicates
that only public interfaces are supported)?
<li>Which C++ language constructs are supportd?
<li>Does it support implicit conversions between wrapped C++ classes that have
an inheritance relationship?
<li>Does it support smart pointers?
</ul>
<p>
Anyone in the possession of the answers to these questions will earn my
gratitude for a write-up <code>;-)</code>
<h2>Zope ExtensionClasses</h2>
<p>
<a href="http:http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass">
ExtensionClasses in Zope</a> use the same underlying mechanism as Boost.Python
to support subclassing of extension types in Python, including
multiple-inheritance. Both systems support pickling/unpickling of
extension class instances in very similar ways. Both systems rely on the
same ``<a
href="http://www.python.org/workshops/1994-11/BuiltInClasses/Welcome.html">Don
Beaudry Hack</a>'' that also inspired Don's MESS System.
<p>
The major differences are:
<ul>
<li>Zope is entirely 'C' language-based. It doesn't require a C++
compiler, so it's much more portable than Boost.Python, which stresses
the limits of even some modern C++ implementations.
<li>
Boost.Python lifts the burden on the user to parse and convert function
argument types. Zope provides no such facility.
<li>
Boost.Python lifts the burden on the user to maintain Python
reference-counts.
<li>
Boost.Python supports function overloading; Zope does not.
<li>
Boost.Python supplies a simple mechanism for exposing read-only and
read/write access to data members of the wrapped C++ type as Python
attributes.
<li>
Writing a Zope ExtensionClass is significantly more complex than
exposing a C++ class to python using Boost.Python (mostly a summary of the
previous 4 items). <a href=
"http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass/MultiMapping.html">A
Zope Example</a> illustrates the differences.
<li>
Zope's ExtensionClasses are specifically motivated by ``the need for a
C-based persistence mechanism''. Boost.Python's are motivated by the desire
to simply reflect a C++ API into Python with as little modification as
possible.
<li>
The following Zope restriction does not apply to Boost.Python: ``At most one
base extension direct or indirect super class may define C data
members. If an extension subclass inherits from multiple base
extension classes, then all but one must be mix-in classes that
provide extension methods but no data.''
<li>
Zope requires use of the somewhat funky inheritedAttribute (search for
``inheritedAttribute'' on <a
href="http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass">this page</a>)
method to access base class methods. In Boost.Python, base class methods can
be accessed in the usual way by writing
``<code>BaseClass.method</code>''.
<li>
Zope supplies some creative but esoteric idioms such as <a href=
"http://www.digicool.com/releases/ExtensionClass/Acquisition.html">
Acquisition</a>. No specific support for this is built into Boost.Python.
<li>
Zope's ComputedAttribute support is designed to be used from Python.
<a href="special.html#getter_setter">The analogous feature of
Boost.Python</a> can be used from C++ or Python. The feature is arguably
easier to use in Boost.Python.
</ul>
<p>
Next: <a href="example1.html">A Simple Example Using Boost.Python</a>
Previous: <a href="extending.html">A Brief Introduction to writing Python Extension Modules</a>
Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Mar 6, 2001
</div>

View File

@@ -1,192 +0,0 @@
Given a real Python class 'A', a wrapped C++ class 'B', and this definition:
class C(A, B):
def __init__(self):
B.__init__(self)
self.x = 1
...
c = C()
this diagram describes the internal structure of an instance of 'C', including
its inheritance relationships. Note that ExtensionClass<B> is derived from
Class<ExtensionInstance>, and is in fact identical for all intents and purposes.
MetaClass<ExtensionInstance>
+---------+ +---------+
types.ClassType: | | | |
| | | |
| | | |
+---------+ +---------+
^ ^ ^
PyClassObject | ExtensionClass<B> | |
A: +------------+ | B: +------------+ | |
| ob_type -+-+ | ob_type -+-----+ |
| | ()<--+- __bases__ | |
| | | __dict__ -+->{...} |
| | 'B'<-+- __name__ | |
+------------+ +------------+ |
^ ^ |
| | |
+-----+ +-------------+ |
| | |
| | Class<ExtensionInstance> |
| | C: +------------+ |
| | | ob_type -+------------+
tuple:(*, *)<--+- __bases__ |
| __dict__ -+->{__module__, <methods, etc.>}
'C' <-+- __name__ |
+------------+
^ (in case of inheritance from more than one
| extension class, this vector would contain
+---------------+ a pointer to an instance holder for the data
| of each corresponding C++ class)
| ExtensionInstance
| c: +---------------------+ std::vector<InstanceHolderBase>
+----+- __class__ | +---+--
| m_wrapped_objects -+->| * | ...
{'x': 1}<-+- __dict__ | +-|-+--
+---------------------+ | InstanceValueHolder<B>
| +--------------------------------+
+-->| (contains a C++ instance of B) |
+--------------------------------+
In our inheritance test cases in extclass_demo.cpp/test_extclass.py, we have the
following C++ inheritance hierarchy:
+-----+ +----+
| A1 | | A2 |
+-----+ +----+
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | |
+-----+ | +---------+-----+
| | | |
| +---+----------+
.......!...... | |
: A_callback : +-+--+ +-+--+
:............: | B1 | | B2 |
+----+ +----+
^
|
+-------+---------+
| |
+-+-+ ......!.......
| C | : B_callback :
+---+ :............:
A_callback and B_callback are used as part of the wrapping mechanism but not
represented in Python. C is also not represented in Python but is delivered
there polymorphically through a smart pointer.
This is the data structure in Python.
ExtensionClass<A1>
A1: +------------+
()<--+- __bases__ |
| __dict__ -+->{...}
+------------+
^
| ExtensionInstance
| a1: +---------------------+ vec InstanceValueHolder<A1,A_callback>
+---------+- __class__ | +---+ +---------------------+
| | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A_callback |
| +---------------------+ +---+ +---------------------+
|
| ExtensionInstance
| pa1_a1: +---------------------+ vec InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
+---------+- __class__ | +---+ +---+
| | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+ A1
| +---------------------+ +---+ +---+ | +---+
| +->| |
| ExtensionInstance +---+
| pb1_a1: +---------------------+ vec InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
+---------+- __class__ | +---+ +---+
| | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+ B1
| +---------------------+ +---+ +---+ | +---+
| +->| |
| ExtensionInstance +---+
| pb2_a1: +---------------------+ vec InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A1>,A1>
+---------+- __class__ | +---+ +---+
| | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+ B2
| +---------------------+ +---+ +---+ | +---+
| +->| |
| +---+
| ExtensionClass<A1>
| A2: +------------+
| ()<--+- __bases__ |
| | __dict__ -+->{...}
| +------------+
| ^
| | ExtensionInstance
| a2: | +---------------------+ vec InstanceValueHolder<A2>
| +-+- __class__ | +---+ +-------------+
| | | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A2 |
| | +---------------------+ +---+ +-------------+
| |
| | ExtensionInstance
| pa2_a2: | +---------------------+ vec InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A2>,A2>
| +-+- __class__ | +---+ +---+
| | | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+ A2
| | +---------------------+ +---+ +---+ | +---+
| | +->| |
| | ExtensionInstance +---+
| pb1_a2: | +---------------------+ vec InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<A2>,A2>
| +-+- __class__ | +---+ +---+
| | | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+ B1
| | +---------------------+ +---+ +---+ | +---+
| | +->| |
| | +---+
| |
| +---------------+------------------------------+
| | |
+------+-------------------------+-|----------------------------+ |
| | | | |
| Class<ExtensionInstance> | | ExtensionClass<B1> | | ExtensionClass<B1>
| DA1: +------------+ | | B1: +------------+ | | B2: +------------+
(*,)<---+- __bases__ | (*,*)<---+- __bases__ | (*,*)<---+- __bases__ |
| __dict__ -+->{...} | __dict__ -+->{...} | __dict__ -+->{...}
+------------+ +------------+ +------------+
^ ^ ^
| ExtensionInstance | |
| da1: +---------------------+ | vec InstanceValueHolder<A1,A_callback>
+-------+- __class__ | | +---+ +---------------------+ |
| m_wrapped_objects -+--|-->| *-+-->| contains A_callback | |
+---------------------+ | +---+ +---------------------+ |
+--------------------------------------+ |
| ExtensionInstance |
b1: | +---------------------+ vec InstanceValueHolder<B1,B_callback> |
+-+- __class__ | +---+ +---------------------+ |
| | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains B_callback | |
| +---------------------+ +---+ +---------------------+ |
| |
| ExtensionInstance |
pb1_b1: | +---------------------+ vec InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<B1>,B1> |
+-+- __class__ | +---+ +---+ |
| | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+ B1 |
| +---------------------+ +---+ +---+ | +---+ |
| +->| | |
| ExtensionInstance +---+ |
pc_b1: | +---------------------+ vec InstancePtrHolder<auto_ptr<B1>,B1> |
+-+- __class__ | +---+ +---+ |
| | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| *-+-+ C |
| +---------------------+ +---+ +---+ | +---+ |
| +->| | |
| +---+ |
| |
| Class<ExtensionInstance> +---------------------------------------+
| DB1: +------------+ | ExtensionInstance
(*,)<---+- __bases__ | a2: | +---------------------+ vec InstanceValueHolder<A2>
| __dict__ -+->{...} +-+- __class__ | +---+ +-------------+
+------------+ | m_wrapped_objects -+->| *-+-->| contains A2 |
^ +---------------------+ +---+ +-------------+
| ExtensionInstance
db1: | +---------------------+ vec InstanceValueHolder<B1,B_callback>
+-+- __class__ | +---+ +----------------------+
| m_wrapped_objects -+-->| *-+-->| contains B1_callback |
+---------------------+ +---+ +----------------------+

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>
Wrapping enums
</title>
<div>
<h1>
<img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"><br>
Wrapping enums
</h1>
<p>Because there is in general no way to deduce that a value of arbitrary type T
is an enumeration constant, the Boost Python Library cannot automatically
convert enum values to and from Python. To handle this case, you need to decide
how you want the enum to show up in Python (since Python doesn't have
enums). Once you have done that, you can write some simple
<code>from_python()</code> and <code>to_python()</code> functions.
<p>If you are satisfied with a Python int as a way to represent your enum
values, we provide a shorthand for these functions. You just need to cause
<code>boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;EnumType&gt;</code> to be
instantiated, where
<code>EnumType</code> is your enumerated type. There are two convenient ways to do this:
<ol>
<li>Explicit instantiation:
<blockquote><pre>
template class boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;my_enum&gt;;
</blockquote></pre>
Some buggy C++ implementations require a class to be instantiated in the same
namespace in which it is defined. In that case, the simple incantation above becomes:
<blockquote>
<pre>
...
} // close my_namespace
// drop into namespace python and explicitly instantiate
namespace boost { namespace python {
template class enum_as_int_converters&lt;my_enum_type&gt;;
}} // namespace boost::python
namespace my_namespace { // re-open my_namespace
...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<li>If you have such an implementation, you may find this technique more convenient
<blockquote><pre>
// instantiate as base class in any namespace
struct EnumTypeConverters
: boost::python::enum_as_int_converters&lt;EnumType&gt;
{
};
</blockquote></pre>
</ol>
<p>Either of the above is equivalent to the following declarations:
<blockquote><pre>
BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
MyEnumType from_python(PyObject* x, boost::python::type&lt;MyEnumType&gt;)
{
return static_cast&lt;MyEnum&gt;(
from_python(x, boost::python::type&lt;long&gt;()));
}
MyEnumType from_python(PyObject* x, boost::python::type&lt;const MyEnumType&amp;&gt;)
{
return static_cast&lt;MyEnum&gt;(
from_python(x, boost::python::type&lt;long&gt;()));
}
PyObject* to_python(MyEnumType x)
{
return to_python(static_cast&lt;long&gt;(x));
}
BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
</pre></blockquote>
<p>This technique defines the conversions of
<code>MyEnumType</code> in terms of the conversions for the built-in
<code>long</code> type.
You may also want to add a bunch of lines like this to your module
initialization. These bind the corresponding enum values to the appropriate
names so they can be used from Python:
<blockquote><pre>
mymodule.add(boost::python::make_ref(enum_value_1), "enum_value_1");
mymodule.add(boost::python::make_ref(enum_value_2), "enum_value_2");
...
</pre></blockquote>
You can also add these to an extension class definition, if your enum happens to
be local to a class and you want the analogous interface in Python:
<blockquote><pre>
my_class_builder.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_1), "enum_value_1");
my_class_builder.add(boost::python::to_python(enum_value_2), "enum_value_2");
...
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Next: <a href="pointers.html">Pointers and Smart Pointers</a>
Previous: <a href="building.html">Building an Extension Module</a>
Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as
is'' without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to
its suitability for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Mar 6, 2001
</div>

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@@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>
A Simple Example
</title>
<div>
<h1>
<img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt=
"c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">
</h1>
<h1>
A Simple Example
</h1>
<p>
Suppose we have the following C++ API which we want to expose in
Python:
<blockquote>
<pre>
#include &lt;string&gt;
namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
// A couple of simple C++ functions that we want to expose to Python.
std::string greet() { return "hello, world"; }
int square(int number) { return number * number; }
}
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>
Here is the C++ code for a python module called <tt>getting_started1</tt>
which exposes the API.
<blockquote>
<pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/class_builder.hpp&gt;
namespace python = boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
// Add regular functions to the module.
this_module.def(greet, "greet");
this_module.def(square, "square");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>
That's it! If we build this shared library and put it on our <code>
PYTHONPATH</code> we can now access our C++ functions from
Python.
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; import getting_started1
&gt;&gt;&gt; print getting_started1.greet()
hello, world
&gt;&gt;&gt; number = 11
&gt;&gt;&gt; print number, '*', number, '=', getting_started1.square(number)
11 * 11 = 121
</pre>
<p>
Next: <a href="exporting_classes.html">Exporting Classes</a>
Previous: <a href="comparisons.html">Comparisons with other systems</a> Up:
<a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Mar 6, 2000
</div>

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@@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>
Exporting Classes
</title>
<div>
<h1>
<img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt=
"c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">
</h1>
<h1>
Exporting Classes
</h1>
<p>
Now let's expose a C++ class to Python:
<blockquote><pre>
#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;string&gt;
namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
// A friendly class.
class hello
{
public:
hello(const std::string&amp; country) { this-&gt;country = country; }
std::string greet() const { return "Hello from " + country; }
private:
std::string country;
};
// A function taking a hello object as an argument.
std::string invite(const hello&amp; w) {
return w.greet() + "! Please come soon!";
}
}
</blockquote></pre> <p>
To expose the class, we use a <tt>class_builder</tt> in addition to the
<tt>module_builder</tt> from the previous example. Class member functions
are exposed by using the <tt>def()</tt> member function on the
<tt>class_builder</tt>:
<blockquote><pre>
#include &lt;boost/python/class_builder.hpp&gt;
namespace python = boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
// Create the Python type object for our extension class.
python::class_builder&lt;hello&gt; hello_class(this_module, "hello");
// Add the __init__ function.
hello_class.def(python::constructor&lt;std::string&gt;());
// Add a regular member function.
hello_class.def(&amp;hello::greet, "greet");
// Add invite() as a regular function to the module.
this_module.def(invite, "invite");
// Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}
</blockquote></pre>
<p>
Now we can use the class normally from Python:
<blockquote><pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from getting_started2 import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; hi = hello('California')
&gt;&gt;&gt; hi.greet()
'Hello from California'
&gt;&gt;&gt; invite(hi)
'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
&gt;&gt;&gt; hi.invite()
'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
</blockquote></pre>
Notes:<ul>
<li> We expose the class' constructor by calling <tt>def()</tt> on the
<tt>class_builder</tt> with an argument whose type is
<tt>constructor&lt;</tt><i>params</i><tt>&gt;</tt>, where <i>params</i>
matches the list of constructor argument types:
<li>Regular member functions are defined by calling <tt>def()</tt> with a
member function pointer and its Python name:
<li>Any function added to a class whose initial argument matches the class (or
any base) will act like a member function in Python.
<li>To define a nested class, just pass the enclosing
<tt>class_builder</tt> (instead of a <tt>module_builder</tt>) as the
first argument to the nested <tt>class_builder</tt>'s constructor.
</ul>
<p>
We can even make a subclass of <code>hello.world</code>:
<blockquote><pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; class wordy(hello):
... def greet(self):
... return hello.greet(self) + ', where the weather is fine'
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2 = wordy('Florida')
&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2.greet()
'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine'
&gt;&gt;&gt; invite(hi2)
'Hello from Florida! Please come soon!'
</blockquote></pre>
<p>
Pretty cool! You can't do that with an ordinary Python extension type!
Of course, you may now have a slightly empty feeling in the pit of
your little pythonic stomach. Perhaps you wanted to see the following
<tt>wordy</tt> invitation:
<blockquote><pre>
'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine! Please come soon!'
</blockquote></pre>
After all, <tt>invite</tt> calls <tt>hello::greet()</tt>, and you
reimplemented that in your Python subclass, <tt>wordy</tt>. If so, <a
href= "overriding.html">read on</a>...
<p>
Next: <a href="overriding.html">Overridable virtual functions</a>
Previous: <a href="example1.html">A Simple Example</a> Up:
<a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Mar 6, 2001
</div>

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@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>
A Brief Introduction to writing Python extension modules
</title>
<h1>
<img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="center"
width="277" height="86">
</h1>
<h1>
A Brief Introduction to writing Python extension modules
</h1>
<p>
Interfacing any language to Python involves building a module which can
be loaded by the Python interpreter, but which isn't written in Python.
This is known as an <em>extension module</em>. Many of the <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/lib.html">built-in Python
libraries</a> are constructed in 'C' this way; Python even supplies its
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/types.html">fundamental
types</a> using the same mechanism. An extension module can be statically
linked with the Python interpreter, but it more commonly resides in a
shared library or DLL.
<p>
As you can see from <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/ext.html"> The Python Extending
and Embedding Tutorial</a>, writing an extension module normally means
worrying about
<ul>
<li>
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/refcounts.html">
maintaining reference counts</a>
<li>
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/callingPython.html"> how
to call back into Python</a>
<li>
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/parseTuple.html">
function argument parsing and typechecking</a>
</ul>
This last item typically occupies a great deal of code in an extension
module. Remember that Python is a completely dynamic language. A callable
object receives its arguments in a tuple; it is up to that object to extract
those arguments from the tuple, check their types, and raise appropriate
exceptions. There are numerous other tedious details that need to be
managed; too many to mention here. The Boost Python Library is designed to
lift most of that burden.<br>
<br>
<p>
Another obstacle that most people run into eventually when extending
Python is that there's no way to make a true Python class in an extension
module. The typical solution is to create a new Python type in the
extension module, and then write an additional module in 100% Python. The
Python module defines a Python class which dispatches to an instance of
the extension type, which it contains. This allows users to write
subclasses of the class in the Python module, almost as though they were
sublcassing the extension type. Aside from being tedious, it's not really
the same as having a true class, because there's no way for the user to
override a method of the extension type which is called from the
extension module. Boost.Python solves this problem by taking advantage of <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/essays/metaclasses/">Python's metaclass
feature</a> to provide objects which look, walk, and hiss almost exactly
like regular Python classes. Boost.Python classes are actually cleaner than
Python classes in some subtle ways; a more detailed discussion will
follow (someday).</p>
<p>Next: <a href="comparisons.html">Comparisons with Other Systems</a> Up: <a
href="index.html">Top</a> </p>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
any purpose.</p>

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>
The Boost Python Library (Boost.Python)
</title>
<h1>
<img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" width="277"
align="center" height="86"><br>The Boost Python Library (Boost.Python)
</h1>
<h2>Synopsis</h2>
<p>
Use the Boost Python Library to quickly and easily export a C++ library to <a
href="http://www.python.org">Python</a> such that the Python interface is
very similar to the C++ interface. It is designed to be minimally
intrusive on your C++ design. In most cases, you should not have to alter
your C++ classes in any way in order to use them with Boost.Python. The system
<em>should</em> simply ``reflect'' your C++ classes and functions into
Python. The major features of Boost.Python include support for:
<ul>
<li><a href="inheritance.html">Subclassing extension types in Python</a>
<li><a href="overriding.html">Overriding virtual functions in Python</a>
<li><a href="overloading.html">[Member] function Overloading</a>
<li><a href="special.html#numeric_auto">Automatic wrapping of numeric operators</a>
</ul>
among others.
<h2>Supported Platforms</h2>
<p>Boost.Python is known to have been tested in the following configurations:
<ul>
<li>Against Python 2.0 using the following compiler/library combinations:
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>
with the native library.
<li>An upcoming release of <a
href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks
CodeWarrior Pro6 for Windows</a> with the native library (the first
release has a bug that's fatal to Boost.Python)
<li><a
href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/c50/">Intel
C++ 5.0</a>. Compilation succeeds, but tests <font
color="#FF0000"><b>FAILED at runtime</b></font> due to a bug in its
exception-handling implementation.
</ul>
<li>Against Python 1.5.2 using the following compiler/library:
<ul>
<li><a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>
<li><a
href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/sp/vs6sp4/dnldoverview.asp">MSVC++6sp4</a>/<a
href="http://www.stlport.org">STLport 4.0</a>
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC 2.95.2</a> [by <a href="mailto:koethe@informatik.uni-hamburg.de">Ullrich
Koethe</a>]
<li><a href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">GCC 2.95.2</a>/<a href="http://www.stlport.org">STLport 4.0</a>
<li>Compaq C++ V6.2-024 for Digital UNIX V5.0 Rev. 910 (an <a
href="http://www.edg.com/">EDG</a>-based compiler) with <a
href="http://www.stlport.org/beta.html">STLport-4.1b3</a> [by <a
href="mailto:rwgk@cci.lbl.gov">Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve</a>]
<li>An upcoming release of <a href="http://www.metrowerks.com/products/windows/">Metrowerks CodeWarrior
Pro6 for Windows</a> (the first release has a bug that's fatal to Boost.Python)
</ul>
</ul>
<h2>Credits</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">David Abrahams</a> originated
and wrote most of the library, and continues to coordinate development.
<li><a href="mailto:koethe@informatik.uni-hamburg.de">Ullrich Koethe</a>
had independently developed a similar system. When he discovered Boost.Python,
he generously contributed countless hours of coding and much insight into
improving it. He is responsible for an early version of the support for <a
href="overloading.html">function overloading</a> and wrote the support for
<a href="inheritance.html#implicit_conversion">reflecting C++ inheritance
relationships</a>. He has helped to improve error-reporting from both
Python and C++, and has designed an extremely easy-to-use way of
exposing <a href="special.html#numeric">numeric operators</a>, including
a way to avoid explicit coercion by means of overloading.
<li><a href="http://cci.lbl.gov/staff/ralf_grosse-kunstleve.html">Ralf W.
Grosse-Kunstleve</a> contributed <a href="pickle.html">pickle support</a>
and numerous other small improvements. He's working on a way to allow
types exported by multiple modules to interact.
<li>The members of the boost mailing list and the Python community
supplied invaluable early feedback. In particular, Ron Clarke, Mark Evans,
Anton Gluck, Chuck Ingold, Prabhu Ramachandran, and Barry Scott took the
brave step of trying to use Boost.Python while it was still in early
stages of development.
<li>The development of Boost.Python wouldn't have been possible without
the generous support of <a href="http://www.dragonsys.com/">Dragon
Systems/Lernout and Hauspie, Inc</a> who supported its development as an
open-source project.
</ul>
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ol>
<li><a href="extending.html">A Brief Introduction to writing Python
extension modules</a>
<li><a href="comparisons.html">Comparisons between Boost.Python and other
systems for extending Python</a>
<li><a href="example1.html">A Simple Example</a>
<li><a href="exporting_classes.html">Exporting Classes</a>
<li><a href="overriding.html">Overridable Virtual Functions</a>
<li><a href="overloading.html">Function Overloading</a>
<li><a href="inheritance.html">Inheritance</a>
<li><a href="special.html">Special Method and Operator Support</a>
<li><a href="under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a>
<li><a href="building.html">Building an Extension Module</a>
<li><a href="pickle.html">Pickle Support</a>
<li><a href="cross_module.html">Cross-Extension-Module Dependencies</a>
<li><a href="enums.html">Wrapping Enums</a>
<li><a href="pointers.html">Pointers and Smart Pointers</a>
<li><a href="data_structures.txt">Internal Data Structures</a>
</ol>
<p>
Documentation is a major ongoing project; assistance is greatly
appreciated! In the meantime, useful examples of every Boost.Python feature should
be evident in the regression test files <code>test/comprehensive.[<a
href="../test/comprehensive.py">py</a>/<a
href="../test/comprehensive.hpp">hpp</a>/<a
href="../test/comprehensive.cpp">cpp</a>]</code>
<p>
Questions should be directed to <a href=
"http://www.yahoogroups.com/list/boost">the boost mailing list</a>.
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as is'' without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Mar 6, 2001

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>
Inheritance
</title>
<div>
<h1>
<img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Inheritance
</h1>
<h2>Inheritance in Python</h2>
<p>
Boost.Python extension classes support single and multiple-inheritance in
Python, just like regular Python classes. You can arbitrarily mix
built-in Python classes with extension classes in a derived class'
tuple of bases. Whenever a Boost.Python extension class is among the bases for a
new class in Python, the result is an extension class:
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; class MyPythonClass:
... def f(): return 'MyPythonClass.f()'
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; import my_extension_module
&gt;&gt;&gt; class Derived(my_extension_module.MyExtensionClass, MyPythonClass):
... '''This is an extension class'''
... pass
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; x = Derived()
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.f()
'MyPythonClass.f()'
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.g()
'MyExtensionClass.g()'
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="implicit_conversion">Reflecting C++ Inheritance Relationships</a></h2>
<p>
Boost.Python also allows us to represent C++ inheritance relationships so that
wrapped derived classes may be passed where values, pointers, or
references to a base class are expected as arguments. The
<code>declare_base</code> member function of
<code>class_builder&lt;&gt;</code> is used to establish the relationship
between base and derived classes:
<blockquote>
<pre>
#include &lt;memory&gt; // for std::auto_ptr&lt;&gt;
struct Base {
virtual ~Base() {}
virtual const char* name() const { return "Base"; }
};
struct Derived : Base {
Derived() : x(-1) {}
virtual const char* name() const { return "Derived"; }
int x;
};
std::auto_ptr&lt;Base&gt; derived_as_base() {
return std::auto_ptr&lt;Base&gt;(new Derived);
}
const char* get_name(const Base& b) {
return b.name();
}
int get_derived_x(const Derived& d) {
return d.x;
}
<hr>
#include &lt;boost/python/class_builder.hpp&gt;
// namespace alias for code brevity
namespace python = boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(my_module)
{
    try
    {
       python::module_builder my_module("my_module");
       python::class_builder&lt;Base&gt; base_class(my_module, "Base");
       base_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
       python::class_builder&lt;Derived&gt; derived_class(my_module, "Derived");
       derived_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
<b>// Establish the inheritance relationship between Base and Derived
derived_class.declare_base(base_class);</b>
my_module.def(derived_as_base, "derived_as_base");
my_module.def(get_name, "get_name");
my_module.def(get_derived_x, "get_derived_x");
    }
    catch(...)
    {
       python::handle_exception();    // Deal with the exception for Python
    }
}
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>
Then, in Python:
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from my_module import *
&gt;&gt;&gt; base = Base()
&gt;&gt;&gt; derived = Derived()
&gt;&gt;&gt; get_name(base)
'Base'
</pre>
</blockquote>
<i>objects of wrapped class Derived may be passed where Base is expected</i>
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; get_name(derived)
'Derived'
</pre>
</blockquote>
<i>objects of wrapped class Derived can be passed where Derived is
expected but where type information has been lost.</i>
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; get_derived_x(derived_as_base())
-1
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h2>Inheritance Without Virtual Functions</h2>
<p>
If for some reason your base class has no virtual functions but you still want
to represent the inheritance relationship between base and derived classes,
pass the special symbol <code>boost::python::without_downcast</code> as the 2nd parameter
to <code>declare_base</code>:
<blockquote>
<pre>
struct Base2 {};
struct Derived2 { int f(); };
<hr>
...
   python::class_builder&lt;Base&gt; base2_class(my_module, "Base2");
   base2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
   python::class_builder&lt;Derived2&gt; derived2_class(my_module, "Derived2");
   derived2_class.def(python::constructor&lt;void&gt;());
derived_class.declare_base(base_class, <b>python::without_downcast</b>);
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>This approach will allow <code>Derived2</code> objects to be passed where
<code>Base2</code> is expected, but does not attempt to implicitly convert (downcast)
smart-pointers to <code>Base2</code> into <code>Derived2</code> pointers,
references, or values.
<p>
Next: <a href="special.html">Special Method and Operator Support</a>
Previous: <a href="overloading.html">Function Overloading</a>
Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Nov 26, 2000
</div>

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<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>A New Type Conversion Mechanism for Boost.Python</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
<p><img border="0" src="../../../c++boost.gif" width="277" height="86"
alt="boost logo"></p>
<h1>A New Type Conversion Mechanism for Boost.Python</h1>
<p>By <a href="../../../people/dave_abrahams.htm">David Abrahams</a>.
<h2>Introduction</h2>
This document describes a redesign of the mechanism for automatically
converting objects between C++ and Python. The current implementation
uses two functions for any type <tt>T</tt>:
<blockquote><pre>
U from_python(PyObject*, type&lt;T&gt;);
void to_python(V);
</pre></blockquote>
where U is convertible to T and T is convertible to V. These functions
are at the heart of C++/Python interoperability in Boost.Python, so
why would we want to change them? There are many reasons:
<h3>Bugs</h3>
<p>Firstly, the current mechanism relies on a common C++ compiler
bug. This is not just embarrassing: as compilers get to be more
conformant, the library stops working. The issue, in detail, is the
use of inline friend functions in templates to generate
conversions. It is a very powerful, and legal technique as long as
it's used correctly:
<blockquote><pre>
template &lt;class Derived&gt;
struct add_some_functions
{
friend <i>return-type</i> some_function1(..., Derived <i>cv-*-&amp;-opt</i>, ...);
friend <i>return-type</i> some_function2(..., Derived <i>cv-*-&amp;-opt</i>, ...);
};
template &lt;class T&gt;
struct some_template : add_some_functions&lt;some_template&lt;T&gt; &gt;
{
};
</pre></blockquote>
The <tt>add_some_functions</tt> template generates free functions
which operate on <tt>Derived</tt>, or on related types. Strictly
speaking the related types are not just cv-qualified <tt>Derived</tt>
values, pointers and/or references. Section 3.4.2 in the standard
describes exactly which types you must use as parameters to these
functions if you want the functions to be found
(there is also a less-technical description in section 11.5.1 of
C++PL3 <a href="#ref_1">[1]</a>). Suffice it to say that
with the current design, the <tt>from_python</tt> and
<tt>to_python</tt> functions are not supposed to be callable under any
conditions!
<h3>Compilation and Linking Time</h3>
The conversion functions generated for each wrapped class using the
above technique are not function templates, but regular functions. The
upshot is that they must <i>all</i> be generated regardless of whether
they are actually used. Generating all of those functions can slow
down module compilation, and resolving the references can slow down
linking.
<h3>Efficiency</h3>
The conversion functions are primarily used in (member) function
wrappers to convert the arguments and return values. Being functions,
converters have no interface which allows us to ask &quot;will the
conversion succeed?&quot; without calling the function. Since the
return value of the function must be the object to be passed as an
argument, Boost.Python currently uses C++ exception-handling to detect
an unsuccessful conversion. It's not a particularly good use of
exception-handling, since the failure is not handled very far from
where it occurred. More importantly, it means that C++ exceptions are
thrown during overload resolution as we seek an overload that matches
the arguments passed. Depending on the implementation, this approach
can result in significant slowdowns.
<p>It is also unclear that the current library generates a minimal
amount of code for any type conversion. Many of the conversion
functions are nontrivial, and partly because of compiler limitations,
they are declared <tt>inline</tt>. Also, we could have done a better
job separating the type-specific conversion code from the code which
is type-independent.
<h3>Cross-module Support</h3>
The current strategy requires every module to contain the definition
of conversions it uses. In general, a new module can never supply
conversion code which is used by another module. Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve
designed a clever system which imports conversions directly from one
library into another using some explicit declarations, but it has some
disadvantages also:
<ol>
<li>The system Ullrich Koethe designed for implicit conversion between
wrapped classes related through inheritance does not currently work if
the classes are defined in separate modules.
<li>The writer of the importing module is required to know the name of
the module supplying the imported conversions.
<li>There can be only one way to extract any given C++ type from a
Python object in a given module.
</ol>
The first item might be addressed by moving Boost.Python into a shared
library, but the other two cannot. Ralf turned the limitation in item
two into a feature: the required module is loaded implicitly when a
conversion it defines is invoked. We will probably want to provide
that functionality anyway, but it's not clear that we should require
the declaration of all such conversions. The final item is a more
serious limitation. If, for example, new numeric types are defined in
separate modules, and these types can all be converted to
<tt>double</tt>s, we have to choose just one conversion method.
<h3>Ease-of-use</h3>
One persistent source of confusion for users of Boost.Python has been
the fact that conversions for a class are not be visible at
compile-time until the declaration of that class has been seen. When
the user tries to expose a (member) function operating on or returning
an instance of the class in question, compilation fails...even though
the user goes on to expose the class in the same translation unit!
<p>
The new system lifts all compile-time checks for the existence of
particular type conversions and replaces them with runtime checks, in
true Pythonic style. While this might seem cavalier, the compile-time
checks are actually not much use in the current system if many classes
are wrapped in separate modules, since the checks are based only on
the user's declaration that the conversions exist.
<h2>The New Design</h2>
<h3>Motivation</h3>
The new design was heavily influenced by a desire to generate as
little code as possible in extension modules. Some of Boost.Python's
clients are enormous projects where link time is proportional to the
amount of object code, and there are many Python extension modules. As
such, we try to keep type-specific conversion code out of modules
other than the one the converters are defined in, and rely as much as
possible on centralized control through a shared library.
<h3>The Basics</h3>
The library contains a <tt>registry</tt> which maps runtime type
identifiers (actually an extension of <tt>std::type_info</tt> which
preserves references and constness) to entries containing type
converters. An <tt>entry</tt> can contain only one converter from C++ to Python
(<tt>wrapper</tt>), but many converters from Python to C++
(<tt>unwrapper</tt>s). <font color="#ff0000">What should happen if
multiple modules try to register wrappers for the same type?</font>. Wrappers
and unwrappers are known as <tt>body</tt> objects, and are accessed
by the user and the library (in its function-wrapping code) through
corresponding <tt>handle</tt> (<tt>wrap&lt;T&gt;</tt> and
<tt>unwrap&lt;T&gt;</tt>) objects. The <tt>handle</tt> objects are
extremely lightweight, and delegate <i>all</i> of their operations to
the corresponding <tt>body</tt>.
<p>
When a <tt>handle</tt> object is constructed, it accesses the
registry to find a corresponding <tt>body</tt> that can convert the
handle's constructor argument. Actually the registry record for any
type
<tt>T</tt>used in a module is looked up only once and stored in a
static <tt>registration&lt;T&gt;</tt> object for efficiency. For
example, if the handle is an <tt>unwrap&lt;Foo&amp;&gt;</tt> object,
the <tt>entry</tt> for <tt>Foo&amp;</tt> is looked up in the
<tt>registry</tt>, and each <tt>unwrapper</tt> it contains is queried
to determine if it can convert the
<tt>PyObject*</tt> with which the <tt>unwrap</tt> was constructed. If
a body object which can perform the conversion is found, a pointer to
it is stored in the handle. A body object may at any point store
additional data in the handle to speed up the conversion process.
<p>
Now that the handle has been constructed, the user can ask it whether
the conversion can be performed. All handles can be tested as though
they were convertible to <tt>bool</tt>; a <tt>true</tt> value
indicates success. If the user forges ahead and tries to do the
conversion without checking when no conversion is possible, an
exception will be thrown as usual. The conversion itself is performed
by the body object.
<h3>Handling complex conversions</h3>
<p>Some conversions may require a dynamic allocation. For example,
when a Python tuple is converted to a <tt>std::vector&lt;double&gt;
const&amp;</tt>, we need some storage into which to construct the
vector so that a reference to it can be formed. Furthermore, multiple
conversions of the same type may need to be &quot;active&quot;
simultaneously, so we can't keep a single copy of the storage
anywhere. We could keep the storage in the <tt>body</tt> object, and
have the body clone itself in case the storage is used, but in that
case the storage in the body which lives in the registry is never
used. If the storage was actually an object of the target type (the
safest way in C++), we'd have to find a way to construct one for the
body in the registry, since it may not have a default constructor.
<p>
The most obvious way out of this quagmire is to allocate the object using a
<i>new-expression</i>, and store a pointer to it in the handle. Since
the <tt>body</tt> object knows everything about the data it needs to
allocate (if any), it is also given responsibility for destroying that
data. When the <tt>handle</tt> is destroyed it asks the <tt>body</tt>
object to tear down any data it may have stored there. In many ways,
you can think of the <tt>body</tt> as a &quot;dynamically-determined
vtable&quot; for the handle.
<h3>Eliminating Redundancy</h3>
If you look at the current Boost.Python code, you'll see that there
are an enormous number of conversion functions generated for each
wrapped class. For a given class <tt>T</tt>, functions are generated
to extract the following types <tt>from_python</tt>:
<blockquote><pre>
T*
T const*
T const* const&amp;
T* const&amp;
T&amp;
T const&amp;
T
std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;&amp;
std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;
std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt; const&amp;
boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;&amp;
boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt;
boost::shared_ptr&lt;T&gt; const&amp;
</pre></blockquote>
Most of these are implemented in terms of just a few conversions, and
<t>if you're lucky</t>, they will be inlined and cause no extra
overhead. In the new system, however, a significant amount of data
will be associated with each type that needs to be converted. We
certainly don't want to register a separate unwrapper object for all
of the above types.
<p>Fortunately, much of the redundancy can be eliminated. For example,
if we generate an unwrapper for <tt>T&</tt>, we don't need an
unwrapper for <tt>T const&</tt> or <tt>T</tt>. Accordingly, the user's
request to wrap/unwrap a given type is translated at compile-time into
a request which helps to eliminate redundancy. The rules used to
<tt>unwrap</tt> a type are:
<ol>
<li> Treat built-in types specially: when unwrapping a value or
constant reference to one of these, use a value for the target
type. It will bind to a const reference if neccessary, and more
importantly, avoids having to dynamically allocate room for
an lvalue of types which can be cheaply copied.
<li>
Reduce everything else to a reference to an un-cv-qualified type
where possible. Since cv-qualification is lost on Python
anyway, there's no point in trying to convert to a
<tt>const&amp;</tt>. <font color="#ff0000">What about conversions
to values like the tuple-&gt;vector example above? It seems to me
that we don't want to make a <tt>vector&lt;double&gt;&amp;</tt>
(non-const) converter available for that case. We may need to
rethink this slightly.</font>
</ol>
<p>To handle the problem described above in item 2, we modify the
procedure slightly. To unwrap any non-scalar <tt>T</tt>, we seek an
unwrapper for <tt>add_reference&lt;T&gt;::type</tt>. Unwrappers for
<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> always return <tt>T&amp;</tt>, and are
registered under both <tt>T&nbsp;&amp;</tt> and
<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt>.
<p>For compilers not supporting partial specialization, unwrappers for
<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> must return <tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt>
(since constness can't be stripped), but a separate unwrapper object
need to be registered for <tt>T&nbsp;&amp;</tt> and
<tt>T&nbsp;const&amp;</tt> anyway, for the same reasons.
<font color="#ff0000">We may want to make it possible to compile as
though partial specialization were unavailable even on compilers where
it is available, in case modules could be compiled by different
compilers with compatible ABIs (e.g. Intel C++ and MSVC6).</font>
<h3>Efficient Argument Conversion</h3>
Since type conversions are primarily used in function wrappers, an
optimization is provided for the case where a group of conversions are
used together. Each <tt>handle</tt> class has a corresponding
&quot;<tt>_more</tt>&quot; class which does the same job, but has a
trivial destructor. Instead of asking each &quot;<tt>_more</tt>&quot;
handle to destroy its own body, it is linked into an endogenous list
managed by the first (ordinary) handle. The <tt>wrap</tt> and
<tt>unwrap</tt> destructors are responsible for traversing that list
and asking each <tt>body</tt> class to tear down its
<tt>handle</tt>. This mechanism is also used to determine if all of
the argument/return-value conversions can succeed with a single
function call in the function wrapping code. <font color="#ff0000">We
might need to handle return values in a separate step for Python
callbacks, since the availablility of a conversion won't be known
until the result object is retrieved.</font>
<br>
<hr>
<h2>References</h2>
<p><a name="ref_1">[1]</a>B. Stroustrup, The C++ Programming Language
Special Edition Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-70073-5.
<hr>
<p>Revised <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" s-type="EDITED" s-format="%d %B %Y" startspan -->19 December 2001<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="31283" --></p>
<p>© Copyright David Abrahams, 2001</p>
</body>
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This hierarchy contains converter handle classes.
+-------------+
| noncopyable |
+-------------+
^
| A common base class used so that
+--------+--------+ conversions can be linked into a
| conversion_base | chain for efficient argument
+-----------------+ conversion
^
|
+---------+-----------+
| |
+-----------+----+ +------+-------+ only used for
| unwrap_more<T> | | wrap_more<T> | chaining, and don't manage any
+----------------+ +--------------+ resources.
^ ^
| |
+-----+-----+ +-------+-+ These converters are what users
| unwrap<T> | | wrap<T> | actually touch, but they do so
+-----------+ +---------+ through a type generator which
minimizes the number of converters
that must be generated, so they
Each unwrap<T>, unwrap_more<T>, wrap<T>, wrap_more<T> converter holds
a reference to an appropriate converter object
This hierarchy contains converter body classes
Exposes use/release which
are needed in case the converter
+-----------+ in the registry needs to be
| converter | cloned. That occurs when a
+-----------+ unwrap target type is not
^ contained within the Python object.
|
+------------------+-----+
| |
+--------+-------+ Exposes |
| unwrapper_base | convertible() |
+----------------+ |
^ |
| |
+--------+----+ +-----+-----+
| unwrapper<T>| | wrapper<T>|
+-------------+ +-----------+
Exposes T convert(PyObject*) Exposes PyObject* convert(T)
unwrap:
constructed with a PyObject*, whose reference count is
incremented.
find the registry entry for the target type
look in the collection of converters for one which claims to be
able to convert the PyObject to the target type.
stick a pointer to the unwrapper in the unwrap object
when unwrap is queried for convertibility, it checks to see
if it has a pointer to an unwrapper.
on conversion, the unwrapper is asked to allocate an
implementation if the unwrap object isn't already holding
one. The unwrap object "takes ownership" of the unwrapper's
implementation. No memory allocation will actually take place
unless this is a value conversion.
on destruction, the unwrapper is asked to free any implementation
held by the unwrap object. No memory deallocation actually
takes place unless this is a value conversion
on destruction, the reference count on the held PyObject is
decremented.
We need to make sure that by default, you can't instantiate
callback<> for reference and pointer return types: although the
unwrappers may exist, they may convert by-value, which would cause
the referent to be destroyed upon return.
wrap:
find the registry entry for the source type
see if there is a converter. If found, stick a pointer to it in
the wrap object.
when queried for convertibility, it checks to see if it has a
pointer to a converter.
on conversion, a reference to the target PyObject is held by the
converter. Generally, the PyObject will have been created by the
converter, but in certain cases it may be a pre-existing object,
whose reference count will have been incremented.
when a wrap<T> x is used to return from a C++ function,
x.release() is returned so that x no longer holds a reference to
the PyObject when destroyed.
Otherwise, on destruction, any PyObject still held has its
reference-count decremented.
When a converter is created by the user, the appropriate element must
be added to the registry; when it is destroyed, it must be removed
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>
Function Overloading
</title>
<div>
<h1>
<img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Function Overloading
</h1>
<h2>An Example</h2>
<p>
To expose overloaded functions in Python, simply <code>def()</code> each
one with the same Python name:
<blockquote>
<pre>
inline int f1() { return 3; }
inline int f2(int x) { return x + 1; }
class X {
public:
X() : m_value(0) {}
X(int n) : m_value(n) {}
int value() const { return m_value; }
void value(int v) { m_value = v; }
private:
int m_value;
};
...
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(overload_demo)
{
    try
    {
boost::python::module_builder overload_demo("overload_demo");
// Overloaded functions at module scope
overload_demo.def(f1, "f");
overload_demo.def(f2, "f");
boost::python::class_builder&lt;X&gt; x_class(overload_demo, "X");
// Overloaded constructors
x_class.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
x_class.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;int&gt;());
// Overloaded member functions
x_class.def((int (X::*)() const)&amp;X::value, "value");
x_class.def((void (X::*)(int))&amp;X::value, "value");
...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>
Now in Python:
<blockquote>
<pre>
>>> from overload_demo import *
>>> x0 = X()
>>> x1 = X(1)
>>> x0.value()
0
>>> x1.value()
1
>>> x0.value(3)
>>> x0.value()
3
>>> X('hello')
TypeError: No overloaded functions match (X, string). Candidates are:
void (*)()
void (*)(int)
>>> f()
3
>>> f(4)
5
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h2>Discussion</h2>
<p>
Notice that overloading in the Python module was produced three ways:<ol>
<li>by combining the non-overloaded C++ functions <code>int f1()</code>
and <code>int f2(int)</code> and exposing them as <code>f</code> in Python.
<li>by exposing the overloaded constructors of <code>class X</code>
<li>by exposing the overloaded member functions <code>X::value</code>.
</ol>
<p>
Techniques 1. and 3. above are really alternatives. In case 3, you need
to form a pointer to each of the overloaded functions. The casting
syntax shown above is one way to do that in C++. Case 1 does not require
complicated-looking casts, but may not be viable if you can't change
your C++ interface. N.B. There's really nothing unsafe about casting an
overloaded (member) function address this way: the compiler won't let
you write it at all unless you get it right.
<h2>An Alternative to Casting</h2>
<p>
This approach is not neccessarily better, but may be preferable for some
people who have trouble writing out the types of (member) function
pointers or simply prefer to avoid all casts as a matter of principle:
<blockquote>
<pre>
// Forwarding functions for X::value
inline void set_x_value(X&amp; self, int v) { self.value(v); }
inline int get_x_value(X&amp; self) { return self.value(); }
...
// Overloaded member functions
x_class.def(set_x_value, "value");
x_class.def(get_x_value, "value");
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>Here we are taking advantage of the ability to expose C++ functions at
namespace scope as Python member functions.
<h2>Overload Resolution</h2>
<p>
The function overload resolution mechanism works as follows:
<ul>
<li>Attribute lookup for extension classes proceeds in <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/tut/node11.html#SECTION0011510000000000000000">the
usual Python way</a> using a depth-first, left-to-right search. When a
class is found which has a matching attribute, only functions overloaded
in the context of that class are candidates for overload resolution. In
this sense, overload resolution mirrors the C++ mechanism, where a name
in a derived class ``hides'' all functions with the same name from a base
class.
<p>
<li>Within a name-space context (extension class or module), overloaded
functions are tried in the same order they were
<code>def()</code>ed. The first function whose signature can be made to
match each argument passed is the one which is ultimately called.
This means in particular that you cannot overload the same function on
both ``<code>int</code>'' and ``<code>float</code>'' because Python
automatically converts either of the two types into the other one.
If the ``<code>float</code>'' overload is found first, it is used
also used for arguments of type ``<code>int</code>'' as well, and the
``<code>int</code>'' version of the function is never invoked.
</ul>
<p>
Next: <a href="inheritance.html">Inheritance</a>
Previous: <a href="overriding.html">Overridable Virtual Functions</a>
Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided ``as
is'' without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to
its suitability for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Mar 6, 2001
</div>

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@@ -1,215 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>Overridable Virtual Functions</title>
<img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<h1>Overridable Virtual Functions</h1>
<p>
In the <a href="exporting_classes.html">previous example</a> we exposed a simple
C++ class in Python and showed that we could write a subclass. We even
redefined one of the functions in our derived class. Now we will learn
how to make the function behave virtually <em>when called from C++</em>.
<h2><a name="overriding_example">Example</a></h2>
<p>In this example, it is assumed that <code>hello::greet()</code> is a virtual
member function:
<blockquote><pre>
class hello
{
public:
hello(const std::string&amp; country) { this-&gt;country = country; }
<b>virtual</b> std::string greet() const { return "Hello from " + country; }
    virtual ~hello(); // Good practice
...
};
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
We'll need a derived class<a href="#why_derived">*</a> to help us
dispatch the call to Python. In our derived class, we need the following
elements:
<ol>
<li><a name="derived_1">A</a> <code>PyObject*</code> data member (usually
called <tt>self</tt>) that holds a pointer to the Python object corresponding
to our C++ <tt>hello</tt> instance.
<li><a name="derived_2">For</a> each exposed constructor of the
base class <tt>T</tt>, a constructor which takes the same parameters preceded by an initial
<code>PyObject*</code> argument. The initial argument should be stored in the <tt>self</tt> data
member described above.
<li><a name="derived_3">If</a> the class being wrapped is ever returned <i>by
value</i> from a wrapped function, be sure you do the same for the
<tt>T</tt>'s copy constructor: you'll need a constructor taking arguments
<tt>(PyObject*,&nbsp;const&nbsp;T&amp;)</tt>.
<li><a name="derived_4">An</a> implementation of each virtual function you may
wish to override in Python which uses
<tt>callback&lt</tt><i>return-type</i><tt>&gt;::call_method(self,&nbsp;&quot;</tt><i>name</i><tt>&quot;,&nbsp;</tt><i>args...</i><tt>)</tt> to call
the Python override.
<li><a name="derived_5">For</a> each non-pure virtual function meant to be
overridable from Python, a static member function (or a free function) taking
a reference or pointer to the <tt>T</tt> as the first parameter and which
forwards any additional parameters neccessary to the <i>default</i>
implementation of the virtual function. See also <a href="#private">this
note</a> if the base class virtual function is private.
</ol>
<blockquote><pre>
struct hello_callback : hello
{
// hello constructor storing initial self_ parameter
hello_callback(PyObject* self_, const std::string&amp; x) // <a href="#derived_2">2</a>
: hello(x), self(self_) {}
// In case hello is returned by-value from a wrapped function
hello_callback(PyObject* self_, const hello&amp; x) // <a href="#derived_3">3</a>
: hello(x), self(self_) {}
// Override greet to call back into Python
std::string greet() const // <a href="#derived_4">4</a>
{ return boost::python::callback&lt;std::string&gt;::call_method(self, "greet"); }
// Supplies the default implementation of greet
static std::string <a name= "default_implementation">default_greet</a>(const hello& self_) const // <a href="#derived_5">5</a>
{ return self_.hello::greet(); }
private:
PyObject* self; // <a href="#derived_1">1</a>
};
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Finally, we add <tt>hello_callback</tt> to the <tt>
class_builder&lt;&gt;</tt> declaration in our module initialization
function, and when we define the function, we must tell Boost.Python about the default
implementation:
<blockquote><pre>
// Create the <a name=
"hello_class">Python type object</a> for our extension class
boost::python::class_builder&lt;hello<strong>,hello_callback&gt;</strong> hello_class(hello, "hello");
// Add a virtual member function
hello_class.def(&amp;hello::greet, "greet", &amp;<b>hello_callback::default_greet</b>);
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Now our Python subclass of <tt>hello</tt> behaves as expected:
<blockquote><pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; class wordy(hello):
... def greet(self):
... return hello.greet(self) + ', where the weather is fine'
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2 = wordy('Florida')
&gt;&gt;&gt; hi2.greet()
'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine'
&gt;&gt;&gt; invite(hi2)
'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine! Please come soon!'
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
<a name="why_derived">*</a>You may ask, "Why do we need this derived
class? This could have been designed so that everything gets done right
inside of <tt>hello</tt>." One of the goals of Boost.Python is to be
minimally intrusive on an existing C++ design. In principle, it should be
possible to expose the interface for a 3rd party library without changing
it. To unintrusively hook into the virtual functions so that a Python
override may be called, we must use a derived class.
<h2>Pure Virtual Functions</h2>
<p>
A pure virtual function with no implementation is actually a lot easier to
deal with than a virtual function with a default implementation. First of
all, you obviously don't need to <a href="#default_implementation"> supply
a default implementation</a>. Secondly, you don't need to call
<tt>def()</tt> on the <tt>extension_class&lt;&gt;</tt> instance
for the virtual function. In fact, you wouldn't <em>want</em> to: if the
corresponding attribute on the Python class stays undefined, you'll get an
<tt>AttributeError</tt> in Python when you try to call the function,
indicating that it should have been implemented. For example:
<blockquote>
<pre>
struct baz {
<strong>virtual</strong> int pure(int) = 0;
int calls_pure(int x) { return pure(x) + 1000; }
};
struct baz_callback {
int pure(int x) { boost::python::callback&lt;int&gt;::call_method(m_self, "pure", x); }
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(foobar)
{
try
{
boost::python::module_builder foobar("foobar");
boost::python::class_builder&lt;baz,baz_callback&gt; baz_class("baz");
baz_class.def(&amp;baz::calls_pure, "calls_pure");
}
catch(...)
{
boost::python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>
Now in Python:
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; from foobar import baz
&gt;&gt;&gt; x = baz()
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.pure(1)
Traceback (innermost last):
File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: pure
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.calls_pure(1)
Traceback (innermost last):
File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
AttributeError: pure
&gt;&gt;&gt; class mumble(baz):
... def pure(self, x): return x + 1
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; y = mumble()
&gt;&gt;&gt; y.pure(99)
100
&gt;&gt;&gt; y.calls_pure(99)
1100
</pre></blockquote>
<a name="private"><h2>Private Non-Pure Virtual Functions</h2></a>
<p>This is one area where some minor intrusiveness on the wrapped library is
required. Once it has been overridden, the only way to call the base class
implementation of a private virtual function is to make the derived class a
friend of the base class. You didn't hear it from me, but most C++
implementations will allow you to change the declaration of the base class in
this limited way without breaking binary compatibility (though it will certainly
break the <a
href="http://cs.calvin.edu/c++/C++Standard-Nov97/basic.html#basic.def.odr">ODR</a>).
<hr>
<p>
Next: <a href="overloading.html">Function Overloading</a>
Previous: <a href="exporting_classes.html">Exporting Classes</a>
Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Mar 21, 2001

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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>
Pointers
</title>
<div>
<h1>
<img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="center"
src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt= "c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Pointers
</h1>
<h2><a name="problem">The Problem With Pointers</a></h2>
<p>
In general, raw pointers passed to or returned from functions are problematic
for Boost.Python because pointers have too many potential meanings. Is it an iterator?
A pointer to a single element? An array? When used as a return value, is the
caller expected to manage (delete) the pointed-to object or is the pointer
really just a reference? If the latter, what happens to Python references to the
referent when some C++ code deletes it?
<p>
There are a few cases in which pointers are converted automatically:
<ul>
<li>Both const- and non-const pointers to wrapped class instances can be passed
<i>to</i> C++ functions.
<li>Values of type <code>const char*</code> are interpreted as
null-terminated 'C' strings and when passed to or returned from C++ functions are
converted from/to Python strings.
</ul>
<h3>Can you avoid the problem?</h3>
<p>My first piece of advice to anyone with a case not covered above is
``find a way to avoid the problem.'' For example, if you have just one
or two functions that return a pointer to an individual <code>const
T</code>, and <code>T</code> is a wrapped class, you may be able to write a ``thin
converting wrapper'' over those two functions as follows:
<blockquote><pre>
const Foo* f(); // original function
const Foo& f_wrapper() { return *f(); }
...
my_module.def(f_wrapper, "f");
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Foo must have a public copy constructor for this technique to work, since Boost.Python
converts <code>const T&</code> values <code>to_python</code> by copying the <code>T</code>
value into a new extension instance.
<h2>Dealing with the problem</h2>
<p>The first step in handling the remaining cases is to figure out what the pointer
means. Several potential solutions are provided in the examples that follow:
<h3>Returning a pointer to a wrapped type</h3>
<h4>Returning a const pointer</h4>
<p>If you have lots of functions returning a <code>const T*</code> for some
wrapped <code>T</code>, you may want to provide an automatic
<code>to_python</code> conversion function so you don't have to write lots of
thin wrappers. You can do this simply as follows:
<blockquote><pre>
BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
PyObject* to_python(const Foo* p) {
return to_python(*p); // convert const Foo* in terms of const Foo&
}
BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
</pre></blockquote>
<h4>If you can't (afford to) copy the referent, or the pointer is non-const</h4>
<p>If the wrapped type doesn't have a public copy constructor, if copying is
<i>extremely</i> costly (remember, we're dealing with Python here), or if the
pointer is non-const and you really need to be able to modify the referent from
Python, you can use the following dangerous trick. Why dangerous? Because python
can not control the lifetime of the referent, so it may be destroyed by your C++
code before the last Python reference to it disappears:
<blockquote><pre>
BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
PyObject* to_python(Foo* p)
{
return boost::python::python_extension_class_converters&lt;Foo&gt;::smart_ptr_to_python(p);
}
PyObject* to_python(const Foo* p)
{
return to_python(const_cast&lt;Foo*&gt;(p));
}
BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
</pre></blockquote>
This will cause the Foo* to be treated as though it were an owning smart
pointer, even though it's not. Be sure you don't use the reference for anything
from Python once the pointer becomes invalid, though. Don't worry too much about
the <code>const_cast&lt;&gt;</code> above: Const-correctness is completely lost
to Python anyway!
<h3>[In/]Out Parameters and Immutable Types</h3>
<p>If you have an interface that uses non-const pointers (or references) as
in/out parameters to types which in Python are immutable (e.g. int, string),
there simply is <i>no way</i> to get the same interface in Python. You must
resort to transforming your interface with simple thin wrappers as shown below:
<blockquote><pre>
const void f(int* in_out_x); // original function
const int f_wrapper(int in_x) { f(in_x); return in_x; }
...
my_module.def(f_wrapper, "f");
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Of course, [in/]out parameters commonly occur only when there is already a
return value. You can handle this case by returning a Python tuple:
<blockquote><pre>
typedef unsigned ErrorCode;
const char* f(int* in_out_x); // original function
...
#include &lt;boost/python/objects.hpp&gt;
const boost::python::tuple f_wrapper(int in_x) {
const char* s = f(in_x);
return boost::python::tuple(s, in_x);
}
...
my_module.def(f_wrapper, "f");
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Now, in Python:
<blockquote><pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; str,out_x = f(3)
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Previous: <a href="enums.html">Enums</a>
Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability
for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Nov 26, 2000
</div>

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@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/strict.dtd">
<title>Rich Comparisons</title>
<div>
<img src="../../../c++boost.gif"
alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)"
align="center"
width="277" height="86">
<hr>
<h1>Rich Comparisons</h1>
<hr>
In Python versions up to and including Python 2.0, support for
implementing comparisons on user-defined classes and extension types
was quite simple. Classes could implement a <tt>__cmp__</tt> method
that was given two instances of a class as arguments, and could only
return <tt>0</tt> if they were equal or <tt>+1</tt> or <tt>-1</tt> if
they were not. The method could not raise an exception or return
anything other than an integer value.
In Python 2.1, <b>Rich Comparisons</b> were added (see
<a href="http://python.sourceforge.net/peps/pep-0207.html">PEP 207</a>).
Python classes can now individually overload each of the &lt;, &lt;=,
&gt;, &gt;=, ==, and != operations.
<p>
For more detailed information, search for "rich comparison"
<a href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/customization.html"
>here</a>.
<p>
Boost.Python supports both automatic overloading and manual overloading
of the Rich Comparison operators. The <b>compile-time</b> support is
independent of the Python version that is used when compiling
Boost.Python extension modules. That is, <tt>op_lt</tt> for example can
always be used, and the C++ <tt>operator&lt;</tt> will always be bound
to the Python method <tt>__lt__</tt>. However, the <b>run-time</b>
behavior will depend on the Python version.
<p>
With Python versions before 2.1, the Rich Comparison operators will not
be called by Python when any of the six comparison operators
(<tt>&lt;</tt>, <tt>&lt;=</tt>, <tt>==</tt>, <tt>!=</tt>,
<tt>&gt;</tt>, <tt>&gt;=</tt>) is used in an expression. The only way
to access the corresponding methods is to call them explicitly, e.g.
<tt>a.__lt__(b)</tt>. Only with Python versions 2.1 or higher will
expressions like <tt>a &lt; b</tt> work as expected.
<p>
To support Rich Comparisions, the Python C API was modified between
Python versions 2.0 and 2.1. A new slot was introduced in the
<tt>PyTypeObject</tt> structure: <tt>tp_richcompare</tt>. For backwards
compatibility, a flag (<tt>Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_RICHCOMPARE</tt>) has to be
set to signal to the Python interpreter that Rich Comparisions are
supported by a particular type.
There is only one flag for all the six comparison operators.
When any of the six operators is wrapped automatically or
manually, Boost.Python will set this flag. Attempts to use comparison
operators at the Python level that are not defined at the C++ level
will then lead to an <tt>AttributeError</tt> when the Python 2.1
(or higher) interpreter tries, e.g., <tt>a.__lt__(b)</tt>. That
is, in general all six operators should be supplied. Automatically
wrapped operators and manually wrapped operators can be mixed. For
example:<pre>
boost::python::class_builder&lt;code&gt; py_code(this_module, "code");
py_code.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
py_code.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;int&gt;());
py_code.def(boost::python::operators&lt;( boost::python::op_eq
| boost::python::op_ne)&gt;());
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__lt__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__le__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__gt__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__ge__");
</pre>
<tt>NotImplemented</tt> is a simple free function that (currently) has
to be provided by the user. For example:<pre>
boost::python::ref
NotImplemented(const code&amp;, const code&amp;) {
return
boost::python::ref(Py_NotImplemented, boost::python::ref::increment_count);
}
</pre>
See also:
<ul>
<li><a href="../example/richcmp1.cpp"><tt>../example/richcmp1.cpp</tt></a>
<li><a href="../example/richcmp2.cpp"><tt>../example/richcmp2.cpp</tt></a>
<li><a href="../example/richcmp3.cpp"><tt>../example/richcmp3.cpp</tt></a>
</ul>
<hr>
&copy; Copyright Nicholas K. Sauter &amp; Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2001.
Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This
document is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty, and
with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: July 2001
</div>

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@@ -1,973 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<title>
Special Method and Operator Support
</title>
<div>
<h1>
<img width="277" height="86" id="_x0000_i1025" align="middle" src=
"../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)">Special Method and
Operator Support
</h1>
<h2>
Overview
</h2>
<p>
Boost.Python supports all of the standard <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/specialnames.html">
special method names</a> supported by real Python class instances <em>
except</em> <code>__complex__</code> (more on the reasons <a href=
"#reasons">below</a>). In addition, it can quickly and easily expose
suitable C++ functions and operators as Python operators. The following
categories of special method names are supported:
<ul>
<li><a href="#general">Basic Customization</a>
<li><a href="#numeric">Numeric Operators</a>
<li><a href="#sequence_and_mapping">Sequence and Mapping protocols</a>
<li><a href="#getter_setter">Attribute Getters and Setters</a>
</ul>
<h2><a name="general">Basic Customization</a></h2>
<p>
Python provides a number of special operators for basic customization of a
class. Only a brief description is provided below; more complete
documentation can be found <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/customization.html">here</a>.
<dl>
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__init__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
<dd>
Initialize the class instance. For extension classes not subclassed in
Python, <code> __init__</code> is defined by
<pre> my_class.def(boost::python::constructor<...>())</pre>
(see section <a href="example1.html">"A Simple Example Using Boost.Python"</a>).<p>
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__del__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
<dd>
Called when the extension instance is about to be destroyed. For extension classes
not subclassed in Python, <code> __del__</code> is always defined automatically by
means of the class' destructor.
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__repr__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
<dd>
Create a string representation from which the object can be
reconstructed.
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__str__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
<dd>
Create a string representation which is suitable for printing.
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__lt__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__le__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__eq__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__ne__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__gt__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__ge__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dd>
Rich Comparison methods.
New in Python 2.1.
See <a href="richcmp.html">Rich Comparisons</a>.
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__cmp__</tt></b>(<i>self, other</i>)
<dd>
Three-way compare function.
See <a href="richcmp.html">Rich Comparisons</a>.
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__hash__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
<dd>
Called for the key object for dictionary operations, and by the
built-in function hash(). Should return a 32-bit integer usable as a
hash value for dictionary operations (only allowed if __cmp__ is also
defined)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__nonzero__</tt></b>(<i>self</i>)
<dd>
called if the object is used as a truth value (e.g. in an if
statement)
<dt>
<b><tt class='method'>__call__</tt></b> (<var>self</var><big>[</big><var>, args...</var><big>]</big>)
<dd>
Called when the instance is ``called'' as a function; if this method
is defined, <code><var>x</var>(arg1, arg2, ...)</code> is a shorthand for
<code><var>x</var>.__call__(arg1, arg2, ...)</code>.
</dl>
If we have a suitable C++ function that supports any of these features,
we can export it like any other function, using its Python special name.
For example, suppose that class <code>Foo</code> provides a string
conversion function:
<blockquote><pre>
std::string to_string(Foo const&amp; f)
{
std::ostringstream s;
s &lt;&lt; f;
return s.str();
}
</pre></blockquote>
This function would be wrapped like this:
<blockquote><pre>
boost::python::class_builder&lt;Foo&gt; foo_class(my_module, "Foo");
foo_class.def(&amp;to_string, "__str__");
</pre></blockquote>
Note that Boost.Python also supports <em>automatic wrapping</em> of
<code>__str__</code> and <code>__cmp__</code>. This is explained in the <a
href="#numeric">next section</a> and the <a href="#numeric_table">Table of
Automatically Wrapped Methods</a>.
<h2><a name="numeric">Numeric Operators</a></h2>
<p>
Numeric operators can be exposed manually, by <code>def</code>ing C++
[member] functions that support the standard Python <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/numeric-types.html">numeric
protocols</a>. This is the same basic technique used to expose
<code>to_string()</code> as <code>__str__()</code> above, and is <a
href="#numeric_manual">covered in detail below</a>. Boost.Python also supports
<i>automatic wrapping</i> of numeric operators whenever they have already
been defined in C++.
<h3><a name="numeric_auto">Exposing C++ Operators Automatically</a></h3>
<p>
Supose we wanted to expose a C++ class
<code>BigNum</code> which supports addition. That is, in C++ we can write:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum a, b, c;
...
c = a + b;
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
To enable the same functionality in Python, we first wrap the <code>
BigNum</code> class as usual:
<blockquote><pre>
boost::python::class_builder&lt;BigNum&gt; bignum_class(my_module, "BigNum");
bignum_class.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
...
</pre></blockquote>
Then we export the addition operator like this:
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;boost::python::op_add&gt;());
</pre></blockquote>
Since BigNum also supports subtraction, multiplication, and division, we
want to export those also. This can be done in a single command by
``or''ing the operator identifiers together (a complete list of these
identifiers and the corresponding operators can be found in the <a href=
"#numeric_table">Table of Automatically Wrapped Methods</a>):
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;(boost::python::op_sub | boost::python::op_mul | boost::python::op_div)&gt;());
</pre></blockquote>
[Note that the or-expression must be enclosed in parentheses.]
<p>This form of operator definition can be used to wrap unary and
homogeneous binary operators (a <i>homogeneous</i> operator has left and
right operands of the same type). Now suppose that our C++ library also
supports addition of BigNums and plain integers:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum a, b;
int i;
...
a = b + i;
a = i + b;
</pre></blockquote>
To wrap these heterogeneous operators, we need to specify a different type for
one of the operands. This is done using the <code>right_operand</code>
and <code>left_operand</code> templates:
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;boost::python::op_add&gt;(), boost::python::right_operand&lt;int&gt;());
bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;boost::python::op_add&gt;(), boost::python::left_operand&lt;int&gt;());
</pre></blockquote>
Boost.Python uses overloading to register several variants of the same
operation (more on this in the context of <a href="#coercion">
coercion</a>). Again, several operators can be exported at once:
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;(boost::python::op_sub | boost::python::op_mul | boost::python::op_div)&gt;(),
boost::python::right_operand&lt;int&gt;());
bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;(boost::python::op_sub | boost::python::op_mul | boost::python::op_div)&gt;(),
boost::python::left_operand&lt;int&gt;());
</pre></blockquote>
The type of the operand not mentioned is taken from the class being wrapped. In
our example, the class object is <code>bignum_class</code>, and thus the
other operand's type is ``<code>BigNum const&amp;</code>''. You can override
this default by explicitly specifying a type in the <code>
operators</code> template:
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def(boost::python::operators&lt;boost::python::op_add, BigNum&gt;(), boost::python::right_operand&lt;int&gt;());
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Note that automatic wrapping uses the <em>expression</em>
``<code>left + right</code>'' and can be used uniformly
regardless of whether the C++ operators are supplied as free functions
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum operator+(BigNum, BigNum)
</pre></blockquote>
or as member functions
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum::operator+(BigNum).
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
For the Python built-in functions <code>pow()</code> and
<code>abs()</code>, there is no corresponding C++ operator. Instead,
automatic wrapping attempts to wrap C++ functions of the same name. This
only works if those functions are known in namespace
<code>python</code>. On some compilers (e.g. MSVC) it might be
necessary to add a using declaration prior to wrapping:
<blockquote><pre>
namespace boost { namespace python {
using my_namespace::pow;
using my_namespace::abs;
}
</pre></blockquote>
<h3><a name="numeric_manual">Wrapping Numeric Operators Manually</a></h3>
<p>
In some cases, automatic wrapping of operators may be impossible or
undesirable. Suppose, for example, that the modulo operation for BigNums
is defined by a set of functions called <code>mod()</code>:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum mod(BigNum const&amp; left, BigNum const&amp; right);
BigNum mod(BigNum const&amp; left, int right);
BigNum mod(int left, BigNum const&amp; right);
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
For automatic wrapping of the modulo function, <code>operator%()</code> would be needed.
Therefore, the <code>mod()</code>-functions must be wrapped manually. That is, we have
to export them explicitly with the Python special name "__mod__":
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def((BigNum (*)(BigNum const&amp;, BigNum const&amp;))&amp;mod, "__mod__");
bignum_class.def((BigNum (*)(BigNum const&amp;, int))&amp;mod, "__mod__");
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
The third form of <code>mod()</code> (with <code>int</code> as left operand) cannot
be wrapped directly. We must first create a function <code>rmod()</code> with the
operands reversed:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum rmod(BigNum const&amp; right, int left)
{
return mod(left, right);
}
</pre></blockquote>
This function must be wrapped under the name "__rmod__" (standing for "reverse mod"):
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def(&amp;rmod, "__rmod__");
</pre></blockquote>
Many of the possible operator names can be found in the <a href=
"#numeric_table">Table of Automatically Wrapped Methods</a>. Special treatment is
necessary to export the <a href="#ternary_pow">ternary pow</a> operator.
<p>
Automatic and manual wrapping can be mixed arbitrarily. Note that you
cannot overload the same operator for a given extension class on both
``<code>int</code>'' and ``<code>float</code>'', because Python implicitly
converts these types into each other. Thus, the overloaded variant
found first (be it ``<code>int</code>`` or ``<code>float</code>'') will be
used for either of the two types.
<h3><a name="inplace">Inplace Operators</a></h3>
<p>
Boost.Python can also be used to expose inplace numeric operations
(i.e., <code>+=</code> and so forth). These operators must be wrapped
manually, as described in the previous section. For example, suppose
the class BigNum has an <code>operator+=</code>:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum& operator+= (BigNum const&amp; right);
</pre></blockquote>
This can be exposed by first writing a wrapper function:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum& iadd (BigNum&amp; self, const BigNum&amp; right)
{
return self += right;
}
</pre></blockquote>
and then exposing the wrapper with
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def(&amp;iadd, "__iadd__");
</pre></blockquote>
<h3><a name="coercion">Coercion</a></h3>
Plain Python can only execute operators with identical types on the left
and right hand side. If it encounters an expression where the types of
the left and right operand differ, it tries to coerce these types to a
common type before invoking the actual operator. Implementing good
coercion functions can be difficult if many type combinations must be
supported.
<p>
Boost.Python solves this problem the same way that C++ does: with <em><a
href="overloading.html">overloading</a></em>. This technique drastically
simplifies the code neccessary to support operators: you just register
operators for all desired type combinations, and Boost.Python automatically
ensures that the correct function is called in each case; there is no
need for user-defined coercion functions. To enable operator
overloading, Boost.Python provides a standard coercion which is <em>implicitly
registered</em> whenever automatic operator wrapping is used.
<p>
If you wrap all operator functions manually, but still want to use
operator overloading, you have to register the standard coercion
function explicitly:
<blockquote><pre>
// this is not necessary if automatic operator wrapping is used
bignum_class.def_standard_coerce();
</pre></blockquote>
If you encounter a situation where you absolutely need a customized
coercion, you can still define the "__coerce__" operator manually. The signature
of a coercion function should look like one of the following (the first is
the safest):
<blockquote><pre>
boost::python::tuple custom_coerce(boost::python::reference left, boost::python::reference right);
boost::python::tuple custom_coerce(PyObject* left, PyObject* right);
PyObject* custom_coerce(PyObject* left, PyObject* right);
</pre></blockquote>
The resulting <code>tuple</code> must contain two elements which
represent the values of <code>left</code> and <code>right</code>
converted to the same type. Such a function is wrapped as usual:
<blockquote><pre>
// this must be called before any use of automatic operator
// wrapping or a call to some_class.def_standard_coerce()
some_class.def(&amp;custom_coerce, "__coerce__");
</pre></blockquote>
Note that the standard coercion (defined by use of automatic
operator wrapping on a <code>class_builder</code> or a call to
<code>class_builder::def_standard_coerce()</code>) will never be applied if
a custom coercion function has been registered. Therefore, in
your coercion function you should call
<blockquote><pre>
boost::python::standard_coerce(left, right);
</pre></blockquote>
for all cases that you don't want to handle yourself.
<h3><a name="ternary_pow">The Ternary <code>pow()</code> Operator</a></h3>
<p>
In addition to the usual binary <code>pow(x, y)</code> operator (meaning
<i>x<sup>y</sup></i>), Python also provides a ternary variant that implements
<i>x<sup>y</sup> <b>mod</b> z</i>, presumably using a more efficient algorithm than
concatenation of power and modulo operators. Automatic operator wrapping
can only be used with the binary variant. Ternary <code>pow()</code> must
always be wrapped manually. For a homgeneous ternary <code>pow()</code>,
this is done as usual:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum power(BigNum const&amp; first, BigNum const&amp; second, BigNum const&amp; modulus);
typedef BigNum (ternary_function1)(const BigNum&amp;, const BigNum&amp;, const BigNum&amp;);
...
bignum_class.def((ternary_function1)&amp;power, "__pow__");
</pre></blockquote>
If you want to support this function with non-uniform argument
types, wrapping is a little more involved. Suppose you have to wrap:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum power(BigNum const&amp; first, int second, int modulus);
BigNum power(int first, BigNum const&amp; second, int modulus);
BigNum power(int first, int second, BigNum const&amp; modulus);
</pre></blockquote>
The first variant can be wrapped as usual:
<blockquote><pre>
typedef BigNum (ternary_function2)(const BigNum&amp;, int, int);
bignum_class.def((ternary_function2)&amp;power, "__pow__");
</pre></blockquote>
In the second variant, however, <code>BigNum</code> appears only as second
argument, and in the last one it's the third argument. These functions
must be presented to Boost.Python such that that the <code>BigNum</code>
argument appears in first position:
<blockquote><pre>
BigNum rpower(BigNum const&amp; second, int first, int modulus)
{
return power(first, second, modulus);
}
BigNum rrpower(BigNum const&amp; modulus, int first, int second)
{
return power(first, second, modulus);
}
</pre></blockquote>
<p>These functions must be wrapped under the names "__rpow__" and "__rrpow__"
respectively:
<blockquote><pre>
bignum_class.def((ternary_function2)&amp;rpower, "__rpow__");
bignum_class.def((ternary_function2)&amp;rrpower, "__rrpow__");
</pre></blockquote>
Note that "__rrpow__" is an extension not present in plain Python.
<h2><a name="numeric_table">Table of Automatically Wrapped Methods</a></h2>
<p>
Boost.Python can automatically wrap the following <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/specialnames.html">
special methods</a>:
<p>
<table summary="special numeric methods" cellpadding="5" border="1"
width="100%">
<tr>
<td align="center">
<b>Python Operator Name</b>
<td align="center">
<b>Python Expression</b>
<td align="center">
<b>C++ Operator Id</b>
<td align="center">
<b>C++ Expression Used For Automatic Wrapping</b><br>
with <code>cpp_left = from_python(left,
type&lt;Left&gt;())</code>,<br>
<code>cpp_right = from_python(right,
type&lt;Right&gt;())</code>,<br>
and <code>cpp_oper = from_python(oper, type&lt;Oper&gt;())</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__add__, __radd__</code>
<td>
<code>left + right</code>
<td>
<code>op_add</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left + cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__sub__, __rsub__</code>
<td>
<code>left - right</code>
<td>
<code>op_sub</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left - cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__mul__, __rmul__</code>
<td>
<code>left * right</code>
<td>
<code>op_mul</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left * cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__div__, __rdiv__</code>
<td>
<code>left / right</code>
<td>
<code>op_div</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left / cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__mod__, __rmod__</code>
<td>
<code>left % right</code>
<td>
<code>op_mod</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left % cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__divmod__, __rdivmod__</code>
<td>
<code>(quotient, remainder)<br>
= divmod(left, right)</code>
<td>
<code>op_divmod</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left / cpp_right</code>
<br><code>cpp_left % cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__pow__, __rpow__</code>
<td>
<code>pow(left, right)</code><br>
(binary power)
<td>
<code>op_pow</code>
<td>
<code>pow(cpp_left, cpp_right)</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__rrpow__</code>
<td>
<code>pow(left, right, modulo)</code><br>
(ternary power modulo)
<td colspan="2">
no automatic wrapping, <a href="#ternary_pow">special treatment</a>
required
<tr>
<td>
<code>__lshift__, __rlshift__</code>
<td>
<code>left &lt;&lt; right</code>
<td>
<code>op_lshift</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left &lt;&lt; cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__rshift__, __rrshift__</code>
<td>
<code>left &gt;&gt; right</code>
<td>
<code>op_rshift</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left &gt;&gt; cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__and__, __rand__</code>
<td>
<code>left &amp; right</code>
<td>
<code>op_and</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left &amp; cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__xor__, __rxor__</code>
<td>
<code>left ^ right</code>
<td>
<code>op_xor</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left ^ cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__or__, __ror__</code>
<td>
<code>left | right</code>
<td>
<code>op_or</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left | cpp_right</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__cmp__, __rcmp__</code>
<td>
<code>cmp(left, right)</code><br>
<br>See <a href="richcmp.html">Rich Comparisons</a>.
<td>
<code>op_cmp</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left &lt; cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_right &lt; cpp_left</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__lt__</code>
<br><code>__le__</code>
<br><code>__eq__</code>
<br><code>__ne__</code>
<br><code>__gt__</code>
<br><code>__ge__</code>
<td>
<code>left &lt; right</code>
<br><code>left &lt;= right</code>
<br><code>left == right</code>
<br><code>left != right</code>
<br><code>left &gt; right</code>
<br><code>left &gt;= right</code>
<br>See <a href="richcmp.html">Rich Comparisons</a>
<td>
<code>op_lt</code>
<br><code>op_le</code>
<br><code>op_eq</code>
<br><code>op_ne</code>
<br><code>op_gt</code>
<br><code>op_ge</code>
<td>
<code>cpp_left &lt; cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left &lt;= cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left == cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left != cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left &gt; cpp_right </code>
<br><code>cpp_left &gt;= cpp_right </code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__neg__</code>
<td>
<code>-oper </code> (unary negation)
<td>
<code>op_neg</code>
<td>
<code>-cpp_oper</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__pos__</code>
<td>
<code>+oper </code> (identity)
<td>
<code>op_pos</code>
<td>
<code>+cpp_oper</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__abs__</code>
<td>
<code>abs(oper) </code> (absolute value)
<td>
<code>op_abs</code>
<td>
<code>abs(cpp_oper)</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__invert__</code>
<td>
<code>~oper </code> (bitwise inversion)
<td>
<code>op_invert</code>
<td>
<code>~cpp_oper</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__int__</code>
<td>
<code>int(oper) </code> (integer conversion)
<td>
<code>op_int</code>
<td>
<code>long(cpp_oper)</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__long__</code>
<td>
<code>long(oper) </code><br>
(infinite precision integer conversion)
<td>
<code>op_long</code>
<td>
<code>PyLong_FromLong(cpp_oper)</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__float__</code>
<td>
<code>float(oper) </code> (float conversion)
<td>
<code>op_float</code>
<td>
<code>double(cpp_oper)</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__str__</code>
<td>
<code>str(oper) </code> (string conversion)
<td>
<code>op_str</code>
<td>
<code>std::ostringstream s; s &lt;&lt; oper;</code>
<tr>
<td>
<code>__coerce__</code>
<td>
<code>coerce(left, right)</code>
<td colspan="2">
usually defined automatically, otherwise <a href="#coercion">
special treatment</a> required
</table>
<h2><a name="sequence_and_mapping">Sequence and Mapping Operators</a></h2>
<p>
Sequence and mapping operators let wrapped objects behave in accordance
to Python's iteration and access protocols. These protocols differ
considerably from the ones found in C++. For example, Python's typical
iteration idiom looks like
<blockquote><pre>
for i in S:
</pre></blockquote>
while in C++ one writes
<blockquote><pre>
for (iterator i = S.begin(), end = S.end(); i != end; ++i)
</pre></blockquote>
<p>One could try to wrap C++ iterators in order to carry the C++ idiom into
Python. However, this does not work very well because
<ol>
<li>It leads to
non-uniform Python code (wrapped sequences support a usage different from
Python built-in sequences) and
<li>Iterators (e.g. <code>std::vector::iterator</code>) are often implemented as plain C++
pointers which are <a href="pointers.html#problem">problematic</a> for any automatic
wrapping system.
</ol>
<p>
It is a better idea to support the standard <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/sequence-types.html">Python
sequence and mapping protocols</a> for your wrapped containers. These
operators have to be wrapped manually because there are no corresponding
C++ operators that could be used for automatic wrapping. The Python
documentation lists the relevant <a href=
"http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/sequence-types.html">
container operators</a>. In particular, expose __getitem__, __setitem__
and remember to raise the appropriate Python exceptions
(<code>PyExc_IndexError</code> for sequences,
<code>PyExc_KeyError</code> for mappings) when the requested item is not
present.
<p>
In the following example, we expose <code>std::map&lt;std::size_t,std::string&gt;</code>:
<blockquote>
<pre>
typedef std::map&lt;std::size_t, std::string&gt; StringMap;
// A helper function for dealing with errors. Throw a Python exception
// if p == m.end().
void throw_key_error_if_end(
const StringMap&amp; m,
StringMap::const_iterator p,
std::size_t key)
{
if (p == m.end())
{
PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_KeyError, boost::python::converters::to_python(key));
throw boost::python::error_already_set();
}
}
// Define some simple wrapper functions which match the Python protocol
// for __getitem__, __setitem__, and __delitem__. Just as in Python, a
// free function with a ``self'' first parameter makes a fine class method.
const std::string&amp; get_item(const StringMap&amp; self, std::size_t key)
{
const StringMap::const_iterator p = self.find(key);
throw_key_error_if_end(self, p, key);
return p-&gt;second;
}
// Sets the item corresponding to key in the map.
void StringMapPythonClass::set_item(StringMap&amp; self, std::size_t key, const std::string&amp; value)
{
self[key] = value;
}
// Deletes the item corresponding to key from the map.
void StringMapPythonClass::del_item(StringMap&amp; self, std::size_t key)
{
const StringMap::iterator p = self.find(key);
throw_key_error_if_end(self, p, key);
self.erase(p);
}
class_builder&lt;StringMap&gt; string_map(my_module, "StringMap");
string_map.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
string_map.def(&amp;StringMap::size, "__len__");
string_map.def(get_item, "__getitem__");
string_map.def(set_item, "__setitem__");
string_map.def(del_item, "__delitem__");
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>
Then in Python:
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; m = StringMap()
&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1]
Traceback (innermost last):
File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
KeyError: 1
&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1] = 'hello'
&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1]
'hello'
&gt;&gt;&gt; del m[1]
&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1] # prove that it's gone
Traceback (innermost last):
File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
KeyError: 1
&gt;&gt;&gt; del m[2]
Traceback (innermost last):
File "&lt;stdin&gt;", line 1, in ?
KeyError: 2
&gt;&gt;&gt; len(m)
0
&gt;&gt;&gt; m[0] = 'zero'
&gt;&gt;&gt; m[1] = 'one'
&gt;&gt;&gt; m[2] = 'two'
&gt;&gt;&gt; m[3] = 'three'
&gt;&gt;&gt; len(m)
4
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="getter_setter">Customized Attribute Access</a></h2>
<p>
Just like built-in Python classes, Boost.Python extension classes support <a
href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/attribute-access.html">special
the usual attribute access methods</a> <code>__getattr__</code>,
<code>__setattr__</code>, and <code>__delattr__</code>.
Because writing these functions can
be tedious in the common case where the attributes being accessed are
known statically, Boost.Python checks the special names
<ul>
<li>
<code>__getattr__<em>&lt;name&gt;</em>__</code>
<li>
<code>__setattr__<em>&lt;name&gt;</em>__</code>
<li>
<code>__delattr__<em>&lt;name&gt;</em>__</code>
</ul>
to provide functional access to the attribute <em>&lt;name&gt;</em>. This
facility can be used from C++ or entirely from Python. For example, the
following shows how we can implement a ``computed attribute'' in Python:
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; class Range(AnyBoost.PythonExtensionClass):
... def __init__(self, start, end):
... self.start = start
... self.end = end
... def __getattr__length__(self):
... return self.end - self.start
...
&gt;&gt;&gt; x = Range(3, 9)
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.length
6
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h4>
Direct Access to Data Members
</h4>
<p>
Boost.Python uses the special <code>
__xxxattr__<em>&lt;name&gt;</em>__</code> functionality described above
to allow direct access to data members through the following special
functions on <code>class_builder&lt;&gt;</code> and <code>
extension_class&lt;&gt;</code>:
<ul>
<li>
<code>def_getter(<em>pointer-to-member</em>, <em>name</em>)</code> //
read access to the member via attribute <em>name</em>
<li>
<code>def_setter(<em>pointer-to-member</em>, <em>name</em>)</code> //
write access to the member via attribute <em>name</em>
<li>
<code>def_readonly(<em>pointer-to-member</em>, <em>name</em>)</code>
// read-only access to the member via attribute <em>name</em>
<li>
<code>def_read_write(<em>pointer-to-member</em>, <em>
name</em>)</code> // read/write access to the member via attribute
<em>name</em>
</ul>
<p>
Note that the first two functions, used alone, may produce surprising
behavior. For example, when <code>def_getter()</code> is used, the
default functionality for <code>setattr()</code> and <code>
delattr()</code> remains in effect, operating on items in the extension
instance's name-space (i.e., its <code>__dict__</code>). For that
reason, you'll usually want to stick with <code>def_readonly</code> and
<code>def_read_write</code>.
<p>
For example, to expose a <code>std::pair&lt;int,long&gt;</code> we
might write:
<blockquote>
<pre>
typedef std::pair&lt;int,long&gt; Pil;
int first(const Pil&amp; x) { return x.first; }
long second(const Pil&amp; x) { return x.second; }
...
my_module.def(first, "first");
my_module.def(second, "second");
class_builder&lt;Pil&gt; pair_int_long(my_module, "Pair");
pair_int_long.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;&gt;());
pair_int_long.def(boost::python::constructor&lt;int,long&gt;());
pair_int_long.def_read_write(&amp;Pil::first, "first");
pair_int_long.def_read_write(&amp;Pil::second, "second");
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>
Now your Python class has attributes <code>first</code> and <code>
second</code> which, when accessed, actually modify or reflect the
values of corresponding data members of the underlying C++ object. Now
in Python:
<blockquote>
<pre>
&gt;&gt;&gt; x = Pair(3,5)
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.first
3
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.second
5
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.second = 8
&gt;&gt;&gt; x.second
8
&gt;&gt;&gt; second(x) # Prove that we're not just changing the instance __dict__
8
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h2>
<a name="reasons">And what about <code>__complex__</code>?</a>
</h2>
<p>
That, dear reader, is one problem we don't know how to solve. The
Python source contains the following fragment, indicating the
special-case code really is hardwired:
<blockquote>
<pre>
/* XXX Hack to support classes with __complex__ method */
if (PyInstance_Check(r)) { ...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>
Next: <a href="under-the-hood.html">A Peek Under the Hood</a>
Previous: <a href="inheritance.html">Inheritance</a>
Up: <a href= "index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams and Ullrich K&ouml;the 2000.
Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and distribute this document is
granted provided this copyright notice appears in all copies. This
document is provided ``as is'' without express or implied
warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Nov 26, 2000
</div>

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@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>
A Peek Under the Hood
</title>
<h1>
<img src="../../../c++boost.gif" alt="c++boost.gif (8819 bytes)" align="center"
width="277" height="86">
</h1>
<h1>
A Peek Under the Hood
</h1>
<p>
Declaring a <code>class_builder&lt;T&gt;</code> causes the instantiation
of an <code>extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code> to which it forwards all
member function calls and which is doing most of the real work.
<code>extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code> is a subclass of <code>
PyTypeObject</code>, the <code> struct</code> which Python's 'C' API uses
to describe a type. <a href="example1.html#world_class">An instance of the
<code>extension_class&lt;&gt;</code></a> becomes the Python type object
corresponding to <code>hello::world</code>. When we <a href=
"example1.html#add_world_class">add it to the module</a> it goes into the
module's dictionary to be looked up under the name "world".
<p>
Boost.Python uses C++'s template argument deduction mechanism to determine the
types of arguments to functions (except constructors, for which we must
<a href="example1.html#Constructor_example">provide an argument list</a>
because they can't be named in C++). Then, it calls the appropriate
overloaded functions <code>PyObject*
to_python(</code><em>S</em><code>)</code> and <em>
S'</em><code>from_python(PyObject*,
type&lt;</code><em>S</em><code>&gt;)</code> which convert between any C++
type <em>S</em> and a <code>PyObject*</code>, the type which represents a
reference to any Python object in its 'C' API. The <a href=
"example1.html#world_class"><code>extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code></a>
template defines a whole raft of these conversions (for <code>T, T*,
T&amp;, std::auto_ptr&lt;T&gt;</code>, etc.), using the same inline
friend function technique employed by <a href="../../utility/operators.htm">the boost operators
library</a>.
<p>
Because the <code>to_python</code> and <code>from_python</code> functions
for a user-defined class are defined by <code>
extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code>, it is important that an instantiation of
<code> extension_class&lt;T&gt;</code> is visible to any code which wraps
a C++ function with a <code>T, T*, const T&amp;</code>, etc. parameter or
return value. In particular, you may want to create all of the classes at
the top of your module's init function, then <code>def</code> the member
functions later to avoid problems with inter-class dependencies.
<p>
Next: <a href="building.html">Building a Module with Boost.Python</a>
Previous: <a href="special.html">Special Method and Operator Support</a>
Up: <a href="index.html">Top</a>
<p>
&copy; Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify,
sell and distribute this document is granted provided this copyright
notice appears in all copies. This document is provided "as is" without
express or implied warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for
any purpose.
<p>
Updated: Nov 26, 2000

View File

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
To get started with the Boost Python Library, use the examples
getting_started1.cpp and getting_started2.cpp.
Examples for providing pickle support can be found in:
pickle1.cpp
pickle2.cpp
pickle3.cpp
See also: libs/python/doc/pickle.html
Other advanced concepts are introduced by:
abstract.cpp
simple_vector.cpp
do_it_yourself_convts.cpp
Examples for the cross-module support are provided by:
noncopyable_export.cpp
noncopyable_import.cpp
dvect.cpp
ivect.cpp
See also: libs/python/doc/cross_module.html
The files example1.cpp and rwgk1.cpp are obsolete. They are only
included because the Visual Studio project in the build directory still
refers to them.

View File

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
// Example by Ullrich Koethe
#include "boost/python/class_builder.hpp"
#include <string>
struct Abstract
{
virtual std::string test() = 0;
};
struct Abstract_callback: Abstract
{
Abstract_callback(PyObject * self)
: m_self(self)
{}
std::string test()
{
return boost::python::callback<std::string>::call_method(m_self, "test");
}
PyObject * m_self;
};
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(abstract)
{
boost::python::module_builder a("abstract");
boost::python::class_builder<Abstract, Abstract_callback>
a_class(a, "Abstract");
a_class.def(boost::python::constructor<>()); // wrap a constructor
a_class.def(&Abstract::test, "test");
}

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
/*
This example shows how to convert a class from and to native
Python objects, such as tuples.
@@ -105,10 +103,12 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(do_it_yourself_convts)
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(do_it_yourself_converters)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("do_it_yourself_convts");
python::module_builder this_module("do_it_yourself_converters");
// Create the Python type object for our extension class.
python::class_builder<IndexingSet> ixset_class(this_module, "IndexingSet");
@@ -118,4 +118,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(do_it_yourself_convts)
// Add the member functions.
ixset_class.def(&IndexingSet::add, "add");
ixset_class.def(&IndexingSet::get, "get");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
// See root/libs/python/doc/cross_module.html for an introduction.
#include "dvect.h"
#include "ivect.h"
#include <boost/python/cross_module.hpp>
@@ -20,18 +17,10 @@ namespace {
}
}
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC // fixes for JIT debugging
# include <windows.h>
extern "C" void structured_exception_translator(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
{
throw;
}
extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
= _set_se_translator(structured_exception_translator);
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(dvect)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("dvect");
python::class_builder<vects::dvect> dvect_class(this_module, "dvect");
@@ -45,4 +34,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(dvect)
# include "dvect_defs.cpp"
# include "ivect_defs.cpp"
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace vects {
struct dvect : public std::vector<double>
{
dvect() : std::vector<double>() {}
dvect(std::size_t n) : std::vector<double>(n) {}
dvect(size_t n) : std::vector<double>(n) {}
dvect(boost::python::tuple tuple) : std::vector<double>(tuple.size())
{
std::vector<double>::iterator v_it = begin();

View File

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
#include <string.h>
namespace hello {
class world
{
public:
world(int) {}
~world() {}
const char* get() const { return "hi, world"; }
};
size_t length(const world& x) { return strlen(x.get()); }
}
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
// Python requires an exported function called init<module-name> in every
// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(hello)
{
// create an object representing this extension module
boost::python::module_builder hello("hello");
// Create the Python type object for our extension class
boost::python::class_builder<hello::world> world_class(hello, "world");
// Add the __init__ function
world_class.def(boost::python::constructor<int>());
// Add a regular member function
world_class.def(&hello::world::get, "get");
// Add a regular function to the module
hello.def(hello::length, "length");
}
// Win32 DLL boilerplate
#if defined(_WIN32)
#include <windows.h>
extern "C" BOOL WINAPI DllMain(HINSTANCE, DWORD, LPVOID)
{
return 1;
}
#endif // _WIN32

View File

@@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
#include <string>
namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
// A couple of simple C++ functions that we want to expose to Python.
std::string greet() { return "hello, world"; }
int square(int number) { return number * number; }
}
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
namespace python = boost::python;
// Python requires an exported function called init<module-name> in every
// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started1)
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("getting_started1");
// Add regular functions to the module.
this_module.def(greet, "greet");
this_module.def(square, "square");
}

View File

@@ -1,45 +0,0 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
// A friendly class.
class hello
{
public:
hello(const std::string& country) { this->country = country; }
std::string greet() const { return "Hello from " + country; }
private:
std::string country;
};
// A function taking a hello object as an argument.
std::string invite(const hello& w) {
return w.greet() + "! Please come soon!";
}
}
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
namespace python = boost::python;
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(getting_started2)
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("getting_started2");
// Create the Python type object for our extension class.
python::class_builder<hello> hello_class(this_module, "hello");
// Add the __init__ function.
hello_class.def(python::constructor<std::string>());
// Add a regular member function.
hello_class.def(&hello::greet, "greet");
// Add invite() as a regular function to the module.
this_module.def(invite, "invite");
// Even better, invite() can also be made a member of hello_class!!!
hello_class.def(invite, "invite");
}

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
// See root/libs/python/doc/cross_module.html for an introduction.
#include "dvect.h"
#include "ivect.h"
#include <boost/python/cross_module.hpp>
@@ -20,18 +17,10 @@ namespace {
}
}
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC // fixes for JIT debugging
# include <windows.h>
extern "C" void structured_exception_translator(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
{
throw;
}
extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
= _set_se_translator(structured_exception_translator);
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(ivect)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("ivect");
python::class_builder<vects::ivect> ivect_class(this_module, "ivect");
@@ -45,5 +34,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(ivect)
# include "dvect_defs.cpp"
# include "ivect_defs.cpp"
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace vects {
struct ivect : public std::vector<int>
{
ivect() : std::vector<int>() {}
ivect(std::size_t n) : std::vector<int>(n) {}
ivect(size_t n) : std::vector<int>(n) {}
ivect(boost::python::tuple tuple) : std::vector<int>(tuple.size())
{
std::vector<int>::iterator v_it = begin();

View File

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
/*
This example shows how convert a nested Python tuple.
*/
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
#include <stdio.h>
namespace {
boost::python::list
show_nested_tuples(boost::python::tuple outer)
{
boost::python::list result;
for (int i = 0; i < outer.size(); i++) {
boost::python::tuple inner(
BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(outer[i].get(),
boost::python::type<boost::python::tuple>()));
for (int j = 0; j < inner.size(); j++) {
double x = BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(inner[j].get(),
boost::python::type<double>());
char buf[128];
sprintf(buf, "(%d,%d) %.6g", i, j, x);
result.append(BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(std::string(buf)));
}
}
return result;
}
}
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(nested)
{
boost::python::module_builder this_module("nested");
this_module.def(show_nested_tuples, "show_nested_tuples");
}

View File

@@ -1,23 +1,12 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
// See root/libs/python/doc/cross_module.html for an introduction.
#include <boost/python/cross_module.hpp>
namespace python = boost::python;
#include "noncopyable.h"
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC // fixes for JIT debugging
# include <windows.h>
extern "C" void structured_exception_translator(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
{
throw;
}
extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
= _set_se_translator(structured_exception_translator);
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_export)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("noncopyable_export");
python::class_builder<store> store_class(this_module, "store");
@@ -25,4 +14,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_export)
store_class.def(python::constructor<int>());
store_class.def(&store::recall, "recall");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
// See root/libs/python/doc/cross_module.html for an introduction.
#include <boost/python/cross_module.hpp>
namespace python = boost::python;
@@ -19,18 +16,10 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
}
}
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC // fixes for JIT debugging
# include <windows.h>
extern "C" void structured_exception_translator(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
{
throw;
}
extern "C" void (*old_translator)(unsigned int, EXCEPTION_POINTERS*)
= _set_se_translator(structured_exception_translator);
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_import)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("noncopyable_import");
python::import_converters<store>
@@ -42,4 +31,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(noncopyable_import)
// However, to keep this example simple, we only define a
// module-level function.
this_module.def(add_stores, "add_stores");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
/*
This example shows how to make an Extension Class "pickleable".
@@ -41,6 +39,8 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle1)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("pickle1");
@@ -54,4 +54,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle1)
// Support for pickle.
world_class.def(world_getinitargs, "__getinitargs__");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
/*
This example shows how to make an Extension Class "pickleable".
@@ -73,6 +71,8 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle2)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("pickle2");
@@ -90,4 +90,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle2)
world_class.def(world_getinitargs, "__getinitargs__");
world_class.def(world_getstate, "__getstate__");
world_class.def(world_setstate, "__setstate__");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
/*
This example shows how to make an Extension Class "pickleable".
@@ -65,6 +63,8 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle3)
{
try
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("pickle3");
@@ -83,6 +83,11 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(pickle3)
world_class.def_raw(world_getstate, "__getstate__");
world_class.def_raw(world_setstate, "__setstate__");
world_class.getstate_manages_dict();
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}
namespace {
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@ namespace {
{
if(args.size() != 1 || keywords.size() != 0) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "wrong number of arguments");
throw boost::python::error_already_set();
throw boost::python::argument_error();
}
const world& w = from_python(args[0].get(), type<const world&>());
ref mydict = getattr(args[0], "__dict__");
@@ -115,7 +120,7 @@ namespace {
{
if(args.size() != 2 || keywords.size() != 0) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "wrong number of arguments");
throw boost::python::error_already_set();
throw boost::python::argument_error();
}
world& w = from_python(args[0].get(), type<world&>());
ref mydict = getattr(args[0], "__dict__");

View File

@@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve & Nicholas K. Sauter
// This example shows how to use rich comparisons for a vector type.
// It also shows how to template the entire wrapping of a std::vector.
// See vector_wrapper.h.
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
#include "vector_wrapper.h"
namespace vects {
struct dvect : public std::vector<double>
{
dvect() : std::vector<double>() {}
dvect(size_t n) : std::vector<double>(n) {}
dvect(boost::python::tuple tuple) : std::vector<double>(tuple.size())
{
std::vector<double>::iterator v_it = begin();
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < tuple.size(); i++)
v_it[i] = BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(tuple[i].get(),
boost::python::type<double>());
}
boost::python::tuple as_tuple() const
{
boost::python::tuple t(size());
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size(); i++)
t.set_item(i,
boost::python::ref(BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python((*this)[i])));
return t;
}
# define DVECT_BINARY_OPERATORS(oper) \
friend std::vector<bool> \
operator##oper(const dvect& lhs, const dvect& rhs) \
{ \
if (lhs.size() != rhs.size()) { \
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "vectors have different sizes"); \
throw boost::python::error_already_set(); \
} \
std::vector<bool> result(lhs.size()); \
for (std::size_t i=0; i<lhs.size(); i++) { \
result[i] = (lhs[i] ##oper rhs[i]); \
} \
return result; \
}
DVECT_BINARY_OPERATORS(<)
DVECT_BINARY_OPERATORS(<=)
DVECT_BINARY_OPERATORS(==)
DVECT_BINARY_OPERATORS(!=)
DVECT_BINARY_OPERATORS(>)
DVECT_BINARY_OPERATORS(>=)
# undef VECTOR_BINARY_OPERATORS
};
} // namespace <anonymous>
namespace {
void init_module(boost::python::module_builder& this_module)
{
(void) example::wrap_vector(this_module, "vector_of_bool", bool());
boost::python::class_builder<vects::dvect> py_dvect(this_module, "dvect");
py_dvect.def(boost::python::constructor<boost::python::tuple>());
py_dvect.def(&vects::dvect::as_tuple, "as_tuple");
const long
comp_operators = ( boost::python::op_lt | boost::python::op_le
| boost::python::op_eq | boost::python::op_ne
| boost::python::op_gt | boost::python::op_ge);
py_dvect.def(boost::python::operators<comp_operators>());
}
} // namespace <anonymous>
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(richcmp1)
{
boost::python::module_builder this_module("richcmp1");
// The actual work is done in a separate function in order
// to suppress a bogus VC60 warning.
init_module(this_module);
}

View File

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
// This example shows how to use rich comparisons for a type that
// does not support all six operators (<, <=, ==, !=, >, >=).
// To keep the example simple, we are using a "code" type does
// not really require rich comparisons. __cmp__ would be sufficient.
// However, with a more complicated type the main point of this
// example would be in danger of getting lost.
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
namespace {
// suppose operator< and operator> are not meaningful for code
class code {
public:
code(int c = 0) : m_code(c) {}
inline friend bool operator==(const code& lhs, const code& rhs) {
return lhs.m_code == rhs.m_code;
}
inline friend bool operator!=(const code& lhs, const code& rhs) {
return lhs.m_code != rhs.m_code;
}
private:
int m_code;
};
#if PYTHON_API_VERSION >= 1010
boost::python::ref
NotImplemented(const code&, const code&) {
return
boost::python::ref(Py_NotImplemented, boost::python::ref::increment_count);
}
#endif
}
namespace {
void init_module(boost::python::module_builder& this_module)
{
boost::python::class_builder<code> py_code(this_module, "code");
py_code.def(boost::python::constructor<>());
py_code.def(boost::python::constructor<int>());
py_code.def(boost::python::operators<( boost::python::op_eq
| boost::python::op_ne)>());
#if PYTHON_API_VERSION >= 1010
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__lt__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__le__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__gt__");
py_code.def(NotImplemented, "__ge__");
#endif
}
} // namespace <anonymous>
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(richcmp2)
{
boost::python::module_builder this_module("richcmp2");
// The actual work is done in a separate function in order
// to suppress a bogus VC60 warning.
init_module(this_module);
}

View File

@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve & Nicholas K. Sauter.
// Comprehensive operator overloading for two vector types and scalars.
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
#include "vector_wrapper.h"
#include "dvect.h"
#include "ivect.h"
#define VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type1, oper, vect_type2) \
namespace vects { \
result_type \
operator##oper (const vect_type1& lhs, const vect_type2& rhs) { \
if (lhs.size() != rhs.size()) { \
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "vectors have different sizes"); \
throw boost::python::error_already_set(); \
} \
result_type result(lhs.size()); \
for (std::size_t i=0; i<lhs.size(); i++) { \
result[i] = (lhs[i] ##oper rhs[i]); \
} \
return result; \
} \
}
#define VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type, oper, scalar_type) \
namespace vects { \
result_type \
operator##oper (const vect_type& lhs, const scalar_type& rhs) { \
result_type result(lhs.size()); \
for (std::size_t i=0; i<lhs.size(); i++) { \
result[i] = (lhs[i] ##oper rhs ); \
} \
return result; \
} \
}
#define SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, scalar_type, oper, vect_type) \
namespace vects { \
result_type \
operator##oper (const scalar_type& lhs, const vect_type& rhs) { \
result_type result(rhs.size()); \
for (std::size_t i=0; i<rhs.size(); i++) { \
result[i] = (lhs ##oper rhs[i]); \
} \
return result; \
} \
}
#define MATH_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type1, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type1, +, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type1, -, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type1, *, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type1, /, vect_type2)
#define COMP_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(vect_type1, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type1, <, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type1, <=, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type1, ==, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type1, !=, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type1, >, vect_type2) \
VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type1, >=, vect_type2)
#define MATH_VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type, +, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type, -, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type, *, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(result_type, vect_type, /, scalar_type)
#define COMP_VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(vect_type, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type, <, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type, <=, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type, ==, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type, !=, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type, >, scalar_type) \
VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(std::vector<bool>, vect_type, >=, scalar_type)
#define MATH_SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, scalar_type, vect_type) \
SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, scalar_type, +, vect_type) \
SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, scalar_type, -, vect_type) \
SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, scalar_type, *, vect_type) \
SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS(result_type, scalar_type, /, vect_type)
MATH_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(dvect, dvect, dvect)
COMP_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS( dvect, dvect)
MATH_VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(dvect, dvect, double)
COMP_VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS( dvect, double)
MATH_SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS(dvect, double, dvect)
// comparison operators not needed since Python uses reflection
MATH_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(ivect, ivect, ivect)
COMP_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS( ivect, ivect)
MATH_VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS(ivect, ivect, int)
COMP_VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS( ivect, int)
MATH_SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS(ivect, int, ivect)
// comparison operators not needed since Python uses reflection
MATH_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(dvect, dvect, ivect)
COMP_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS( dvect, ivect)
MATH_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS(dvect, ivect, dvect)
COMP_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS( ivect, dvect)
#undef VECT_VECT_OPERATORS
#undef SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS
#undef VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS
#undef MATH_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS
#undef COMP_VECT_VECT_OPERATORS
#undef MATH_VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS
#undef COMP_VECT_SCALAR_OPERATORS
#undef MATH_SCALAR_VECT_OPERATORS
namespace {
void init_module(boost::python::module_builder& this_module)
{
(void) example::wrap_vector(this_module, "vector_of_bool", bool());
const long
math_operators ( boost::python::op_mul | boost::python::op_add
| boost::python::op_div | boost::python::op_sub);
const long
comp_operators = ( boost::python::op_lt | boost::python::op_le
| boost::python::op_eq | boost::python::op_ne
| boost::python::op_gt | boost::python::op_ge);
boost::python::class_builder<vects::dvect>
dvect_class(this_module, "dvect");
boost::python::class_builder<vects::ivect>
ivect_class(this_module, "ivect");
dvect_class.def(boost::python::constructor<boost::python::tuple>());
dvect_class.def(&vects::dvect::as_tuple,"as_tuple");
dvect_class.def(boost::python::operators<math_operators>());
dvect_class.def(boost::python::operators<math_operators>(),
boost::python::right_operand<double>() );
dvect_class.def(boost::python::operators<math_operators>(),
boost::python::left_operand<double>() );
dvect_class.def(boost::python::operators<math_operators>(),
boost::python::right_operand<vects::ivect>() );
dvect_class.def(boost::python::operators<comp_operators>());
dvect_class.def(boost::python::operators<comp_operators>(),
boost::python::right_operand<double>() );
// left_operand not needed since Python uses reflection
dvect_class.def(boost::python::operators<comp_operators>(),
boost::python::right_operand<vects::ivect>() );
ivect_class.def(boost::python::constructor<boost::python::tuple>());
ivect_class.def(&vects::ivect::as_tuple,"as_tuple");
ivect_class.def(boost::python::operators<math_operators>());
ivect_class.def(boost::python::operators<math_operators>(),
boost::python::right_operand<int>() );
ivect_class.def(boost::python::operators<math_operators>(),
boost::python::left_operand<int>() );
ivect_class.def(boost::python::operators<math_operators>(),
boost::python::right_operand<vects::dvect>() );
ivect_class.def(boost::python::operators<comp_operators>());
ivect_class.def(boost::python::operators<comp_operators>(),
boost::python::right_operand<int>() );
// left_operand not needed since Python uses reflection
ivect_class.def(boost::python::operators<comp_operators>(),
boost::python::right_operand<vects::dvect>() );
}
} // namespace <anonymous>
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(richcmp3)
{
boost::python::module_builder this_module("richcmp3");
// The actual work is done in a separate function in order
// to suppress a bogus VC60 warning.
init_module(this_module);
}

View File

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
#include <string>
namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
// A couple of simple C++ functions that we want to expose to Python.
std::string greet() { return "hello, world"; }
int square(int number) { return number * number; }
}
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
namespace python = boost::python;
// Python requires an exported function called init<module-name> in every
// extension module. This is where we build the module contents.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(rwgk1)
{
// Create an object representing this extension module.
python::module_builder this_module("rwgk1");
// Add regular functions to the module.
this_module.def(greet, "greet");
this_module.def(square, "square");
}

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
// Example by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
namespace python = boost::python;
@@ -30,26 +28,18 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
}
};
void raise_vector_IndexError() {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "vector index out of range");
throw python::error_already_set();
}
double getitem(const std::vector<double>& vd, std::size_t key) {
if (key >= vd.size()) raise_vector_IndexError();
return vd[key];
}
void setitem(std::vector<double>& vd, std::size_t key, double d) {
if (key >= vd.size()) raise_vector_IndexError();
std::vector<double>::iterator vditer = vd.begin();
vditer[key] = d;
}
void delitem(std::vector<double>& vd, std::size_t key) {
if (key >= vd.size()) raise_vector_IndexError();
std::vector<double>::iterator vditer = vd.begin();
vd.erase(vditer + key);
vd.erase(&vditer[key]);
}
// Convert vector_double to a regular Python tuple.
@@ -85,13 +75,15 @@ namespace { // Avoid cluttering the global namespace.
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(simple_vector)
{
try
{
python::module_builder this_module("simple_vector");
python::class_builder<std::vector<double>, vector_double_wrapper>
vector_double(this_module, "vector_double");
vector_double.def(python::constructor<>());
vector_double.def(python::constructor<int>());
vector_double.def(python::constructor<const int>());
vector_double.def(python::constructor<python::tuple>());
vector_double.def(&std::vector<double>::size, "__len__");
vector_double.def(getitem, "__getitem__");
@@ -101,4 +93,9 @@ BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE_INIT(simple_vector)
this_module.def(foo, "foo");
this_module.def(bar, "bar");
}
catch(...)
{
python::handle_exception(); // Deal with the exception for Python
}
}

1
example/swap_iv_dv.sh Normal file
View File

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
sed 's/iv/xv/g' $1 | sed 's/dv/iv/g' | sed 's/xv/dv/g'

View File

@@ -1,24 +0,0 @@
# Example by Ullrich Koethe
r'''>>> from abstract import *
>>> class A(Abstract):
... def __init__(self, text):
... Abstract.__init__(self) # call the base class constructor
... self.text = text
... def test(self): # implement abstract function
... return self.text
...
>>> a = A("Hello")
>>> a.test()
'Hello'
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_abstract
return doctest.testmod(test_abstract)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])

View File

@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
r'''>>> import tst_noncopyable
>>> tst_noncopyable.f()
1
2
3
>>> import tst_dvect1
>>> tst_dvect1.f()
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> import tst_ivect1
>>> tst_ivect1.f()
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
>>> import sys
>>> if ("--broken-auto-ptr" in sys.argv):
... broken_auto_ptr = 1
... else:
... broken_auto_ptr = 0
>>> import tst_dvect2
>>> tst_dvect2.f(broken_auto_ptr)
1. auto_ptr_value_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. auto_ptr_value_ivect_as_tuple
None
1. auto_ptr_value_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. auto_ptr_value_dvect_as_tuple
None
1. shared_ptr_value_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. shared_ptr_value_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. shared_ptr_value_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. shared_ptr_value_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. auto_ptr_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. auto_ptr_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. auto_ptr_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. auto_ptr_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. shared_ptr_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. shared_ptr_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. shared_ptr_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. shared_ptr_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. auto_ptr_const_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. auto_ptr_const_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. auto_ptr_const_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. auto_ptr_const_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. shared_ptr_const_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. shared_ptr_const_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. shared_ptr_const_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. shared_ptr_const_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
>>> import tst_ivect2
>>> tst_ivect2.f(broken_auto_ptr)
1. auto_ptr_value_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. auto_ptr_value_dvect_as_tuple
None
1. auto_ptr_value_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. auto_ptr_value_ivect_as_tuple
None
1. shared_ptr_value_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. shared_ptr_value_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. shared_ptr_value_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. shared_ptr_value_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. auto_ptr_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. auto_ptr_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. auto_ptr_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. auto_ptr_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. shared_ptr_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. shared_ptr_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. shared_ptr_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. shared_ptr_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. auto_ptr_const_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. auto_ptr_const_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. auto_ptr_const_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. auto_ptr_const_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
1. shared_ptr_const_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
2. shared_ptr_const_reference_dvect_as_tuple
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)
1. shared_ptr_const_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
2. shared_ptr_const_reference_ivect_as_tuple
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_cross_module
return doctest.testmod(test_cross_module)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])

View File

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
r'''>>> import do_it_yourself_convts
>>> ixset = do_it_yourself_convts.IndexingSet()
r'''>>> import do_it_yourself_converters
>>> ixset = do_it_yourself_converters.IndexingSet()
>>> ixset.add((1,2,3))
>>> ixset.add((4,5,6))
>>> ixset.add((7,8,9))
@@ -15,9 +15,8 @@ def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_do_it_yourself_convts
return doctest.testmod(test_do_it_yourself_convts)
import doctest, test_do_it_yourself_converters
doctest.testmod(test_do_it_yourself_converters)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])
run()

View File

@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
r'''
// (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
// distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
// in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
// warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
//
// The author gratefully acknowleges the support of Dragon Systems, Inc., in
// producing this work.
That's it! If we build this shared library and put it on our PYTHONPATH we can
now access our C++ class and function from Python.
>>> import hello
>>> hi_world = hello.world(3)
>>> hi_world.get()
'hi, world'
>>> hello.length(hi_world)
9
We can even make a subclass of hello.world:
>>> class my_subclass(hello.world):
... def get(self):
... return 'hello, world'
...
>>> y = my_subclass(2)
>>> y.get()
'hello, world'
Pretty cool! You can't do that with an ordinary Python extension type!
>>> hello.length(y)
9
Of course, you may now have a slightly empty feeling in the pit of your little
pythonic stomach. Perhaps you feel your subclass deserves to have a length() of
12? If so, read on...
'''
from hello import *
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_example1
return doctest.testmod(test_example1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])

View File

@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
r'''>>> import getting_started1
>>> print getting_started1.greet()
hello, world
>>> number = 11
>>> print number, '*', number, '=', getting_started1.square(number)
11 * 11 = 121
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_getting_started1
return doctest.testmod(test_getting_started1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])

View File

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
r'''>>> from getting_started2 import *
>>> hi = hello('California')
>>> hi.greet()
'Hello from California'
>>> invite(hi)
'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
>>> hi.invite()
'Hello from California! Please come soon!'
>>> class wordy(hello):
... def greet(self):
... return hello.greet(self) + ', where the weather is fine'
...
>>> hi2 = wordy('Florida')
>>> hi2.greet()
'Hello from Florida, where the weather is fine'
>>> invite(hi2)
'Hello from Florida! Please come soon!'
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_getting_started2
return doctest.testmod(test_getting_started2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])

View File

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
r'''>>> import nested
>>> s = nested.show_nested_tuples(((1,2,3), (4,5,6,7)))
>>> for l in s:
... print l
(0,0) 1
(0,1) 2
(0,2) 3
(1,0) 4
(1,1) 5
(1,2) 6
(1,3) 7
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_nested
return doctest.testmod(test_nested)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])

View File

@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ def run(args = None):
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_pickle1
return doctest.testmod(test_pickle1)
doctest.testmod(test_pickle1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])
run()

View File

@@ -39,9 +39,7 @@ def run(args = None):
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_pickle2
return doctest.testmod(test_pickle2)
doctest.testmod(test_pickle2)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])
run()

View File

@@ -19,12 +19,12 @@ r'''>>> import pickle3
... wd.z = 3. * number
... pstr = pickle.dumps(wd)
... wl = pickle.loads(pstr)
... print wd.greet(), wd.get_secret_number(), wd.x, wd.y, wd.z
... print wl.greet(), wl.get_secret_number(), wl.x, wl.y, wl.z
Hello from California! 24 48 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy 72.0
Hello from California! 24 48 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy 72.0
Hello from California! 42 84 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy 126.0
Hello from California! 0 84 yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy 126.0
... print wd.greet(), wd.get_secret_number(), wd.__dict__
... print wl.greet(), wl.get_secret_number(), wl.__dict__
Hello from California! 24 {'z': 72.0, 'x': 48, 'y': 'yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'}
Hello from California! 24 {'z': 72.0, 'x': 48, 'y': 'yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'}
Hello from California! 42 {'z': 126.0, 'x': 84, 'y': 'yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'}
Hello from California! 0 {'z': 126.0, 'x': 84, 'y': 'yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'}
'''
def run(args = None):
@@ -32,8 +32,7 @@ def run(args = None):
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_pickle3
return doctest.testmod(test_pickle3)
doctest.testmod(test_pickle3)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])
run()

View File

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
r'''>>> import richcmp1
>>> d1 = richcmp1.dvect((0, 1, 3, 3, 6, 7))
>>> d2 = richcmp1.dvect((1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))
>>> print d1.as_tuple()
(0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 3.0, 6.0, 7.0)
>>> print d2.as_tuple()
(1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0)
>>> print (d1 < d2).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0)
>>> print (d1 <= d2).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0)
>>> print (d1 == d2).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0)
>>> print (d1 != d2).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1)
>>> print (d1 > d2).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1)
>>> print (d1 >= d2).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1)
>>> try: d1 == richcmp1.dvect((1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
... except ValueError, e: print str(e)
...
vectors have different sizes
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_richcmp1
return doctest.testmod(test_richcmp1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
if ( hasattr(sys, 'version_info')
and ( (sys.version_info[0] == 2 and sys.version_info[1] >= 1)
or sys.version_info[0] > 2)):
sys.exit(run()[0])
else:
print "Python version 2.1 or higher required. Test skipped."

View File

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
r'''>>> import richcmp2
>>> c1 = richcmp2.code(1)
>>> c2 = richcmp2.code(2)
>>> c3 = richcmp2.code(2)
>>> print c1 == c2
0
>>> print c1 != c2
1
>>> print c2 == c3
1
>>> print c2 != c3
0
>>> print c1 < c2
1
>>> print c1 <= c2
1
>>> print c1 == c2
0
>>> print c1 != c2
1
>>> print c1 > c2
0
>>> print c1 >= c2
0
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_richcmp1
return doctest.testmod(test_richcmp1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
if ( hasattr(sys, 'version_info')
and ( (sys.version_info[0] == 2 and sys.version_info[1] >= 1)
or sys.version_info[0] > 2)):
sys.exit(run()[0])
else:
print "Python version 2.1 or higher required. Test skipped."

View File

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
r'''>>> import richcmp3
>>>
>>> iv = richcmp3.ivect((1,2,3,4,5))
>>> print iv.as_tuple()
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
>>> dv = richcmp3.dvect((2,-2,3,8,-5))
>>> print dv.as_tuple()
(2.0, -2.0, 3.0, 8.0, -5.0)
>>>
>>> print (iv+dv).as_tuple()
(3.0, 0.0, 6.0, 12.0, 0.0)
>>> print (iv+3).as_tuple()
(4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
>>> print (3+iv).as_tuple()
(4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
>>>
>>> print "vect vs. vect Comparisons:"
vect vs. vect Comparisons:
>>> print (iv < dv).as_tuple()
(1, 0, 0, 1, 0)
>>> print (iv <= dv).as_tuple()
(1, 0, 1, 1, 0)
>>> print (iv == dv).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
>>> print (iv != dv).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 0, 1, 1)
>>> print (iv > dv).as_tuple()
(0, 1, 0, 0, 1)
>>> print (iv >= dv).as_tuple()
(0, 1, 1, 0, 1)
>>>
>>> print "vect vs. scalar Comparisons:"
vect vs. scalar Comparisons:
>>> print (iv < 3).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
>>> print (iv <= 3).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 1, 0, 0)
>>> print (iv == 3).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
>>> print (iv != 3).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 0, 1, 1)
>>> print (iv > 3).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 0, 1, 1)
>>> print (iv >= 3).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 1, 1, 1)
>>>
>>> print "scalar vs. vect Comparisons:"
scalar vs. vect Comparisons:
>>> print (3 < iv).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 0, 1, 1)
>>> print (3 <= iv).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 1, 1, 1)
>>> print (3 == iv).as_tuple()
(0, 0, 1, 0, 0)
>>> print (3 != iv).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 0, 1, 1)
>>> print (3 > iv).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 0, 0, 0)
>>> print (3 >= iv).as_tuple()
(1, 1, 1, 0, 0)
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_richcmp3
return doctest.testmod(test_richcmp3)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
if ( hasattr(sys, 'version_info')
and ( (sys.version_info[0] == 2 and sys.version_info[1] >= 1)
or sys.version_info[0] > 2)):
sys.exit(run()[0])
else:
print "Python version 2.1 or higher required. Test skipped."

View File

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
r'''>>> import rwgk1
>>> print rwgk1.greet()
hello, world
>>> number = 11
>>> print number, '*', number, '=', rwgk1.square(number)
11 * 11 = 121
'''
def run(args = None):
if args is not None:
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_rwgk1
return doctest.testmod(test_rwgk1)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])

View File

@@ -15,11 +15,6 @@ r'''>>> import simple_vector
>>> v[1] = 40
>>> print v.as_tuple()
(3.0, 40.0, 5.0)
>>> for e in v:
... print e
3.0
40.0
5.0
>>> del v[1]
>>> print v.as_tuple()
(3.0, 5.0)
@@ -34,9 +29,7 @@ def run(args = None):
import sys
sys.argv = args
import doctest, test_simple_vector
return doctest.testmod(test_simple_vector)
doctest.testmod(test_simple_vector)
if __name__ == '__main__':
import sys
sys.exit(run()[0])
run()

View File

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
def f():
import dvect
print dvect.dvect.__converters__
dv = dvect.dvect((1,2,3,4,5))
print dv
print dv.as_tuple()
iv = dv.as_ivect()
print iv
print iv.as_tuple()
print dvect.const_ivect_reference_as_tuple(iv)
aiv = dvect.ivect_as_auto_ptr(iv)

View File

@@ -87,18 +87,12 @@ if (__name__ == "__main__"):
import sys, string
broken_auto_ptr = 0
n = 1
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
argv = []
for x in sys.argv:
if x != '--broken-auto-ptr':
argv.append(x)
broken_auto_ptr = argv != sys.argv
sys.argv = argv
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
n = string.atoi(sys.argv[1])
if (len(sys.argv) > 1):
if (sys.argv[1] == "--broken-auto-ptr"):
broken_auto_ptr = 1
if (len(sys.argv) > 2):
n = string.atoi(sys.argv[2])
else:
n = string.atoi(sys.argv[1])
for i in xrange(n):
f(broken_auto_ptr)

View File

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
def f():
import ivect
print ivect.ivect.__converters__
iv = ivect.ivect((1,2,3,4,5))
print iv
print iv.as_tuple()
dv = iv.as_dvect()
print dv
print dv.as_tuple()
print ivect.const_dvect_reference_as_tuple(dv)
adv = ivect.dvect_as_auto_ptr(dv)

View File

@@ -87,18 +87,12 @@ if (__name__ == "__main__"):
import sys, string
broken_auto_ptr = 0
n = 1
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
argv = []
for x in sys.argv:
if x != '--broken-auto-ptr':
argv.append(x)
broken_auto_ptr = argv != sys.argv
sys.argv = argv
if len(sys.argv) > 1:
n = string.atoi(sys.argv[1])
if (len(sys.argv) > 1):
if (sys.argv[1] == "--broken-auto-ptr"):
broken_auto_ptr = 1
if (len(sys.argv) > 2):
n = string.atoi(sys.argv[2])
else:
n = string.atoi(sys.argv[1])
for i in xrange(n):
f(broken_auto_ptr)

View File

@@ -1,16 +1,8 @@
def f():
import noncopyable_export
import noncopyable_import
s1 = noncopyable_export.store(1)
print s1.recall()
s2 = noncopyable_export.store(2)
print s2.recall()
s3 = noncopyable_import.add_stores(s1, s2)
print s3.recall()
if (__name__ == "__main__"):
import sys, string
n = 1
if (len(sys.argv) > 1): n = string.atoi(sys.argv[1])
for i in xrange(n):
f()
import noncopyable_export
import noncopyable_import
s1 = noncopyable_export.store(1)
print s1.recall()
s2 = noncopyable_export.store(2)
print s2.recall()
s3 = noncopyable_import.add_stores(s1, s2)
print s3.recall()

View File

@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
// Based on wrapVector.hh by Mike Owen and Jeff Johnson.
// http://cvs.sourceforge.net/cgi-bin/viewcvs.cgi/spheral/src/src/BPLWraps/CXXWraps/
#ifndef BOOST_PYTHON_EXAMPLE_VECTOR_WRAPPER_H
#define BOOST_PYTHON_EXAMPLE_VECTOR_WRAPPER_H
#include <boost/python/class_builder.hpp>
namespace example {
// A wrapper is used to define additional constructors. This wrapper
// is templated on the template parameter for its corresponding vector.
template <typename T>
struct vector_wrapper: std::vector<T>
{
// Tell the compiler how to convert a base class object to
// this wrapper object.
vector_wrapper(PyObject*,
const std::vector<T>& vec):
std::vector<T>(vec) {}
vector_wrapper(PyObject* self):
std::vector<T>() {}
vector_wrapper(PyObject* self,
std::size_t n):
std::vector<T>(n) {}
vector_wrapper(PyObject* self,
boost::python::tuple tuple):
std::vector<T>(tuple.size())
{
std::vector<T>::iterator vec = begin();
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < tuple.size(); i++)
vec[i] = BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::from_python(tuple[i].get(),
boost::python::type<T>());
}
};
void raise_vector_IndexError() {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_IndexError, "vector index out of range");
throw boost::python::error_already_set();
}
template <typename T>
struct vector_access
{
static
T
getitem(const std::vector<T>& vec,
std::size_t key)
{
if (key >= vec.size()) raise_vector_IndexError();
return vec[key];
}
static
void
setitem(std::vector<T>& vec,
std::size_t key,
const T &value)
{
if (key >= vec.size()) raise_vector_IndexError();
vec[key] = value;
}
static
void
delitem(std::vector<T>& vec,
std::size_t key)
{
if (key >= vec.size()) raise_vector_IndexError();
vec.erase(vec.begin() + key);
}
// Convert vector<T> to a regular Python tuple.
static
boost::python::tuple
as_tuple(const std::vector<T>& vec)
{
// Create a python type of size vec.size().
boost::python::tuple t(vec.size());
for (std::size_t i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
t.set_item(i,
boost::python::ref(BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(vec[i])));
}
return t;
}
};
// This function will build a vector<T> and add it to the given
// module with the given name.
template <typename T>
boost::python::class_builder<std::vector<T>, vector_wrapper<T> >
wrap_vector(boost::python::module_builder& module,
const std::string& vector_name,
const T&)
{
// Add the vector<T> to the module.
boost::python::class_builder<std::vector<T>, vector_wrapper<T> >
py_vector(module, vector_name.c_str());
// Define constructors and methods for the vector<T>.
py_vector.def(boost::python::constructor<>());
py_vector.def(boost::python::constructor<std::size_t>());
py_vector.def(boost::python::constructor<boost::python::tuple>());
py_vector.def(&std::vector<T>::size, "__len__");
py_vector.def(&vector_access<T>::getitem, "__getitem__");
py_vector.def(&vector_access<T>::setitem, "__setitem__");
py_vector.def(&vector_access<T>::delitem, "__delitem__");
py_vector.def(&vector_access<T>::as_tuple, "as_tuple");
return py_vector;
}
}
#endif // BOOST_PYTHON_EXAMPLE_VECTOR_WRAPPER_H

View File

@@ -1,210 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
//
// This work was funded in part by Lawrence Berkeley National Labs
//
// This file generated for 5-argument member functions and 6-argument free
// functions by gen_call.py
#ifndef CALL_DWA20011214_HPP
# define CALL_DWA20011214_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/returning.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python {
template <class R>
inline PyObject* call(R (*f)(), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0>
inline PyObject* call(R (*f)(A0), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1>
inline PyObject* call(R (*f)(A0, A1), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2>
inline PyObject* call(R (*f)(A0, A1, A2), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3>
inline PyObject* call(R (*f)(A0, A1, A2, A3), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
inline PyObject* call(R (*f)(A0, A1, A2, A3, A4), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
inline PyObject* call(R (*f)(A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
// Member functions
template <class R, class A0>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3, A4), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5), PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)() const, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1) const, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2) const, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3) const, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3, A4) const, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5) const, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)() volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1) volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2) volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3) volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3, A4) volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5) volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)() const volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1) const volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2) const volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3) const volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3, A4) const volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
template <class R, class A0, class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
inline PyObject* call(R (A0::*f)(A1, A2, A3, A4, A5) const volatile, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
return detail::returning<R>::call(f, args, keywords);
}
}} // namespace boost::python
#endif // CALL_DWA20011214_HPP

View File

@@ -1,829 +0,0 @@
// (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
// distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
// in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
// warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
//
// The author gratefully acknowleges the support of Dragon Systems, Inc., in
// producing this work.
//
// This file was generated for 10-argument python callbacks by gen_callback.python
#ifndef CALLBACK_DWA_052100_H_
# define CALLBACK_DWA_052100_H_
# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
# include <boost/python/conversions.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python {
namespace detail {
template <class T>
inline void callback_adjust_refcount(PyObject*, type<T>) {}
inline void callback_adjust_refcount(PyObject* p, type<PyObject*>)
{ Py_INCREF(p); }
}
// Calling Python from C++
template <class R>
struct callback
{
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name)
{
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("()")));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
static R call(PyObject* self)
{
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("()")));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(O)"),
p1.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(O)"),
p1.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8, class A9>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref p9(to_python(a9));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get(),
p9.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8, class A9>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref p9(to_python(a9));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get(),
p9.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8, class A9, class A10>
static R call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9, const A10& a10)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref p9(to_python(a9));
ref p10(to_python(a10));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get(),
p9.get(),
p10.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8, class A9, class A10>
static R call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9, const A10& a10)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref p9(to_python(a9));
ref p10(to_python(a10));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get(),
p9.get(),
p10.get()));
detail::callback_adjust_refcount(result.get(), type<R>());
return from_python(result.get(), type<R>());
}
};
// This specialization wouldn't be needed, but MSVC6 doesn't correctly allow the following:
// void g();
// void f() { return g(); }
template <>
struct callback<void>
{
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name)
{
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("()")));
}
static void call(PyObject* self)
{
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("()")));
}
template <class A1>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(O)"),
p1.get()));
}
template <class A1>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(O)"),
p1.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8, class A9>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref p9(to_python(a9));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get(),
p9.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8, class A9>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref p9(to_python(a9));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get(),
p9.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8, class A9, class A10>
static void call_method(PyObject* self, const char* name, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9, const A10& a10)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref p9(to_python(a9));
ref p10(to_python(a10));
ref result(PyEval_CallMethod(self, const_cast<char*>(name),
const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get(),
p9.get(),
p10.get()));
}
template <class A1, class A2, class A3, class A4, class A5, class A6, class A7, class A8, class A9, class A10>
static void call(PyObject* self, const A1& a1, const A2& a2, const A3& a3, const A4& a4, const A5& a5, const A6& a6, const A7& a7, const A8& a8, const A9& a9, const A10& a10)
{
ref p1(to_python(a1));
ref p2(to_python(a2));
ref p3(to_python(a3));
ref p4(to_python(a4));
ref p5(to_python(a5));
ref p6(to_python(a6));
ref p7(to_python(a7));
ref p8(to_python(a8));
ref p9(to_python(a9));
ref p10(to_python(a10));
ref result(PyEval_CallFunction(self, const_cast<char*>("(OOOOOOOOOO)"),
p1.get(),
p2.get(),
p3.get(),
p4.get(),
p5.get(),
p6.get(),
p7.get(),
p8.get(),
p9.get(),
p10.get()));
}
};
// Make it a compile-time error to try to return a const char* from a virtual
// function. The standard conversion
//
// from_python(PyObject* string, boost::python::type<const char*>)
//
// returns a pointer to the character array which is internal to string. The
// problem with trying to do this in a standard callback function is that the
// Python string would likely be destroyed upon return from the calling function
// (boost::python::callback<const char*>::call[_method]) when its reference count is
// decremented. If you absolutely need to do this and you're sure it's safe (it
// usually isn't), you can use
//
// boost::python::string result(boost::python::callback<boost::python::string>::call[_method](...args...));
// ...result.c_str()... // access the char* array
template <>
struct callback<const char*>
{
// Try hard to generate a readable error message
typedef struct unsafe_since_python_string_may_be_destroyed {} call, call_method;
};
}} // namespace boost::python
#endif // CALLBACK_DWA_052100_H_

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@@ -1,202 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef CLASS_DWA200216_HPP
# define CLASS_DWA200216_HPP
# include <boost/python/class_fwd.hpp>
# include <boost/python/reference.hpp>
# include <boost/python/object/class.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/type_id.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_function.hpp>
# include <boost/mpl/type_list.hpp>
# include <boost/python/object/class_converters.hpp>
# include <boost/mpl/size.hpp>
# include <boost/mpl/for_each.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/type_list.hpp>
namespace // put some convenience classes into the unnamed namespace for the user
{
// A type list for specifying bases
template < BOOST_MPL_LIST_DEFAULT_PARAMETERS(typename B, ::boost::mpl::null_argument) >
struct bases : ::boost::mpl::type_list< BOOST_MPL_LIST_PARAMETERS(B) >::type
{};
// A type list for specifying arguments
template < BOOST_MPL_LIST_DEFAULT_PARAMETERS(typename A, ::boost::mpl::null_argument) >
struct args : ::boost::mpl::type_list< BOOST_MPL_LIST_PARAMETERS(A) >::type
{};
}
namespace boost { namespace python {
// Forward declarations
namespace objects
{
struct value_holder_generator;
}
namespace detail
{
// This is an mpl BinaryMetaFunction object with a runtime behavior,
// which is to write the id of the type which is passed as its 2nd
// compile-time argument into the iterator pointed to by its runtime
// argument
struct write_type_id
{
// The first argument is Ignored because mpl::for_each is still
// currently an accumulate (reduce) implementation.
template <class Ignored, class T> struct apply
{
// also an artifact of accumulate-based for_each
typedef void type;
// Here's the runtime behavior
static void execute(converter::undecorated_type_id_t** p)
{
*(*p)++ = converter::undecorated_type_id<T>();
}
};
};
}
//
// class_<T,Bases,HolderGenerator>
//
// This is the primary mechanism through which users will expose
// C++ classes to Python. The three template arguments are:
//
// T - The class being exposed to Python
//
// Bases - An MPL sequence of base classes
//
// HolderGenerator -
// An optional type generator for the "holder" which
// maintains the C++ object inside the Python instance. The
// default just holds the object "by-value", but other
// holders can be substituted which will hold the C++ object
// by smart pointer, for example.
//
template <
class T // class being wrapped
, class Bases
, class HolderGenerator
>
class class_ : private objects::class_base
{
typedef class_<T,Bases,HolderGenerator> self;
public:
// Automatically derive the class name - only works on some
// compilers because type_info::name is sometimes mangled (gcc)
class_();
// Construct with the class name. [ Would have used a default
// argument but gcc-2.95.2 choked on typeid(T).name() as a default
// parameter value]
class_(char const* name);
// Wrap a member function or a non-member function which can take
// a T, T cv&, or T cv* as its first parameter, or a callable
// python object.
template <class F>
self& def(char const* name, F f)
{
// Use function::add_to_namespace to achieve overloading if
// appropriate.
objects::function::add_to_namespace(
this->object(), name, ref(detail::wrap_function(f)));
return *this;
}
template <class Fn, class CallPolicy>
self& def(char const* name, Fn fn, CallPolicy policy)
{
this->def(name, boost::python::make_function(fn, policy));
return *this;
}
// Define the constructor with the given Args, which should be an
// MPL sequence of types.
template <class Args>
self& def_init(Args const& = Args())
{
def("__init__", make_constructor<T,Args,HolderGenerator>());
return *this;
}
// Define the default constructor.
self& def_init()
{
this->def_init(mpl::type_list<>::type());
return *this;
}
// return the underlying object
ref object() const;
private: // types
typedef objects::class_id class_id;
// A helper class which will contain an array of id objects to be
// passed to the base class constructor
struct id_vector
{
typedef objects::class_id class_id;
id_vector()
{
// Stick the derived class id into the first element of the array
ids[0] = converter::undecorated_type_id<T>();
// Write the rest of the elements into succeeding positions.
class_id* p = ids + 1;
mpl::for_each<Bases, void, detail::write_type_id>::execute(&p);
}
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
std::size_t, size = mpl::size<Bases>::value + 1);
class_id ids[size];
};
private: // helper functions
void initialize_converters();
};
//
// implementations
//
template <class T, class Bases, class HolderGenerator>
inline class_<T, Bases, HolderGenerator>::class_()
: class_base(typeid(T).name(), id_vector::size, id_vector().ids)
{
// Bring the class converters into existence. This static object
// will survive until the shared library this module lives in is
// unloaded (that doesn't happen until Python terminates).
static objects::class_converters<T,Bases> converters(object());
}
template <class T, class Bases, class HolderGenerator>
inline class_<T, Bases, HolderGenerator>::class_(char const* name)
: class_base(name, id_vector::size, id_vector().ids)
{
// Bring the class converters into existence. This static object
// will survive until the shared library this module lives in is
// unloaded (that doesn't happen until Python terminates).
static objects::class_converters<T,Bases> converters(object());
}
template <class T, class Bases, class HolderGenerator>
inline ref class_<T, Bases, HolderGenerator>::object() const
{
typedef objects::class_base base;
return this->base::object();
}
}} // namespace boost::python
#endif // CLASS_DWA200216_HPP

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@@ -1,182 +0,0 @@
// Revision History:
// Mar 03 01 added: pickle safety measures (Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
#ifndef CLASS_WRAPPER_DWA101000_H_
# define CLASS_WRAPPER_DWA101000_H_
#include <boost/python/detail/extension_class.hpp>
#include <boost/python/operators.hpp>
#include <boost/python/module_builder.hpp>
#include <boost/python/conversions.hpp>
#include <boost/python/detail/cast.hpp>
#include <boost/python/reference.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python {
// Syntactic sugar to make wrapping classes more convenient
template <class T, class U = detail::held_instance<T> >
class class_builder
: python_extension_class_converters<T, U> // Works around MSVC6.x/GCC2.95.2 bug described below
{
public:
class_builder(module_builder& module, const char* name)
: m_class(new detail::extension_class<T, U>(name))
{
module.add(ref(as_object(m_class.get()), ref::increment_count), name);
}
template <class OtherT, class OtherU>
class_builder(class_builder<OtherT, OtherU>& cls, const char* name)
: m_class(new detail::extension_class<T, U>(name))
{
cls.add(ref(as_object(m_class.get()), ref::increment_count), name);
}
template <class OtherT, class OtherU>
class_builder(detail::extension_class<OtherT, OtherU>* cls,
const char* name)
: m_class(new detail::extension_class<T, U>(name))
{
cls->set_attribute(name,
ref(as_object(m_class.get()), ref::increment_count));
}
~class_builder()
{}
inline void dict_defines_state() {
add(ref(BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(1)), "__dict_defines_state__");
}
inline void getstate_manages_dict() {
add(ref(BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::to_python(1)), "__getstate_manages_dict__");
}
// define constructors
template <class signature>
void def(const signature& s)
{ m_class->def(s); }
// export heterogeneous reverse-argument operators
// (type of lhs: 'left', of rhs: 'right')
// usage: foo_class.def(boost::python::operators<(boost::python::op_add | boost::python::op_sub), Foo>(),
// boost::python::left_operand<int const &>());
template <long which, class left, class right>
void def(operators<which, right> o1, left_operand<left> o2)
{ m_class->def(o1, o2); }
// export heterogeneous operators (type of lhs: 'left', of rhs: 'right')
// usage: foo_class.def(boost::python::operators<(boost::python::op_add | boost::python::op_sub), Foo>(),
// boost::python::right_operand<int const &>());
template <long which, class left, class right>
void def(operators<which, left> o1, right_operand<right> o2)
{ m_class->def(o1, o2); }
// define a function that passes Python arguments and keywords
// to C++ verbatim (as a 'tuple const &' and 'dictionary const &'
// respectively). This is useful for manual argument passing.
// It's also the only possibility to pass keyword arguments to C++.
// Fn must have a signatur that is compatible to
// PyObject * (*)(PyObject * aTuple, PyObject * aDictionary)
template <class Fn>
void def_raw(Fn fn, const char* name)
{ m_class->def_raw(fn, name); }
// define member functions. In fact this works for free functions, too -
// they act like static member functions, or if they start with the
// appropriate self argument (as a pointer or reference), they can be used
// just like ordinary member functions -- just like Python!
template <class Fn>
void def(Fn fn, const char* name)
{ m_class->def(fn, name); }
// Define a virtual member function with a default implementation.
// default_fn should be a function which provides the default implementation.
// Be careful that default_fn does not in fact call fn virtually!
template <class Fn, class DefaultFn>
void def(Fn fn, const char* name, DefaultFn default_fn)
{ m_class->def(fn, name, default_fn); }
// Provide a function which implements x.<name>, reading from the given
// member (pm) of the T obj
template <class MemberType>
void def_getter(MemberType T::*pm, const char* name)
{ m_class->def_getter(pm, name); }
// Provide a function which implements assignment to x.<name>, writing to
// the given member (pm) of the T obj
template <class MemberType>
void def_setter(MemberType T::*pm, const char* name)
{ m_class->def_getter(pm, name); }
// Expose the given member (pm) of the T obj as a read-only attribute
template <class MemberType>
void def_readonly(MemberType T::*pm, const char* name)
{ m_class->def_readonly(pm, name); }
// Expose the given member (pm) of the T obj as a read/write attribute
template <class MemberType>
void def_read_write(MemberType T::*pm, const char* name)
{ m_class->def_read_write(pm, name); }
// define the standard coercion needed for operator overloading
void def_standard_coerce()
{ m_class->def_standard_coerce(); }
// declare the given class a base class of this one and register
// conversion functions
template <class S, class V>
void declare_base(class_builder<S, V> const & base)
{
m_class->declare_base(base.get_extension_class());
}
// declare the given class a base class of this one and register
// upcast conversion function
template <class S, class V>
void declare_base(class_builder<S, V> const & base, without_downcast_t)
{
m_class->declare_base(base.get_extension_class(), without_downcast);
}
// get the embedded ExtensioClass object
detail::extension_class<T, U> * get_extension_class() const
{
return m_class.get();
}
// set an arbitrary attribute. Useful for non-function class data members,
// e.g. enums
void add(PyObject* x, const char* name)
{ m_class->set_attribute(name, x); }
void add(ref x, const char* name)
{ m_class->set_attribute(name, x); }
private:
// declare the given class a base class of this one and register
// conversion functions
template <class S, class V>
void declare_base(detail::extension_class<S, V> * base)
{
m_class->declare_base(base);
}
// declare the given class a base class of this one and register
// upcast conversion function
template <class S, class V>
void declare_base(detail::extension_class<S, V> * base, without_downcast_t)
{
m_class->declare_base(base, without_downcast);
}
reference<detail::extension_class<T, U> > m_class;
};
// The bug mentioned at the top of this file is that on certain compilers static
// global functions declared within the body of a class template will only be
// generated when the class template is constructed, and when (for some reason)
// the construction does not occur via a new-expression. Otherwise, we could
// rely on the initialization of the m_class data member to cause all of the
// to_/from_python functions to come into being.
}} // namespace boost::python
#endif // CLASS_WRAPPER_DWA101000_H_

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@@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef CLASS_FWD_DWA200222_HPP
# define CLASS_FWD_DWA200222_HPP
namespace boost { namespace python {
namespace detail
{
struct empty_list;
}
namespace objects
{
struct value_holder_generator;
}
template <
class T // class being wrapped
, class Bases = detail::empty_list
, class HolderGenerator = objects::value_holder_generator
>
class class_;
}} // namespace boost::python
#endif // CLASS_FWD_DWA200222_HPP

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@@ -1,676 +0,0 @@
// (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
// distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
// in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
// warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
//
// The author gratefully acknowleges the support of Dragon Systems, Inc., in
// producing this work.
#ifndef SUBCLASS_DWA051500_H_
# define SUBCLASS_DWA051500_H_
# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/types.hpp>
# include <boost/python/objects.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/singleton.hpp>
# include <boost/utility.hpp>
# include <boost/python/conversions.hpp>
# include <boost/python/callback.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python {
// A simple type which acts something like a built-in Python class obj.
class BOOST_PYTHON_DECL instance
: public boost::python::detail::python_object
{
public:
instance(PyTypeObject* class_);
~instance();
// Standard Python functions.
PyObject* repr();
int compare(PyObject*);
PyObject* str();
long hash();
PyObject* call(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords);
PyObject* getattr(const char* name, bool use_special_function = true);
int setattr(const char* name, PyObject* value);
// Mapping methods
int length();
PyObject* get_subscript(PyObject* key);
void set_subscript(PyObject* key, PyObject* value);
// Sequence methods
PyObject* get_slice(int start, int finish);
void set_slice(int start, int finish, PyObject* value);
// Number methods
PyObject* add(PyObject* other);
PyObject* subtract(PyObject* other);
PyObject* multiply(PyObject* other);
PyObject* divide(PyObject* other);
PyObject* remainder(PyObject* other);
PyObject* divmod(PyObject* other);
PyObject* power(PyObject*, PyObject*);
PyObject* negative();
PyObject* positive();
PyObject* absolute();
int nonzero();
PyObject* invert();
PyObject* lshift(PyObject* other);
PyObject* rshift(PyObject* other);
PyObject* do_and(PyObject* other);
PyObject* do_xor(PyObject* other);
PyObject* do_or(PyObject* other);
int coerce(PyObject**, PyObject**);
PyObject* as_int();
PyObject* as_long();
PyObject* as_float();
PyObject* oct();
PyObject* hex();
// Rich comparisons
PyObject* lt(PyObject* other);
PyObject* le(PyObject* other);
PyObject* eq(PyObject* other);
PyObject* ne(PyObject* other);
PyObject* gt(PyObject* other);
PyObject* ge(PyObject* other);
// Inplace operations.
PyObject* inplace_add(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_subtract(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_multiply(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_divide(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_remainder(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_power(PyObject* exponent, PyObject* modulus);
PyObject* inplace_lshift(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_rshift(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_and(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_or(PyObject* other);
PyObject* inplace_xor(PyObject* other);
private: // noncopyable, without the size bloat
instance(const instance&);
void operator=(const instance&);
private: // helper functions
int setattr_dict(PyObject* value);
private:
dictionary m_name_space;
};
template <class T> class meta_class;
namespace detail {
class BOOST_PYTHON_DECL class_base : public type_object_base
{
public:
class_base(PyTypeObject* meta_class_obj, string name, tuple bases, const dictionary& name_space);
tuple bases() const;
string name() const;
dictionary& dict();
// Standard Python functions.
PyObject* getattr(const char* name);
int setattr(const char* name, PyObject* value);
PyObject* repr() const;
void add_base(ref base);
protected:
bool initialize_instance(instance* obj, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords);
private: // virtual functions
// Subclasses should override this to delete the particular obj type
virtual void delete_instance(PyObject*) const = 0;
private: // boost::python::type_object_base required interface implementation
void instance_dealloc(PyObject*) const; // subclasses should not override this
private: // noncopyable, without the size bloat
class_base(const class_base&);
void operator=(const class_base&);
private:
string m_name;
tuple m_bases;
dictionary m_name_space;
};
void enable_named_method(class_base* type_obj, const char* name);
}
// A type which acts a lot like a built-in Python class. T is the obj type,
// so class_t<instance> is a very simple "class-alike".
template <class T>
class BOOST_PYTHON_DECL_TEMPLATE class_t
: public boost::python::detail::class_base
{
public:
class_t(meta_class<T>* meta_class_obj, string name, tuple bases, const dictionary& name_space);
~class_t();
// Standard Python functions.
PyObject* call(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords);
private: // Implement mapping methods on instances
PyObject* instance_repr(PyObject*) const;
int instance_compare(PyObject*, PyObject* other) const;
PyObject* instance_str(PyObject*) const;
long instance_hash(PyObject*) const;
int instance_mapping_length(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_mapping_subscript(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
int instance_mapping_ass_subscript(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
private: // Implement sequence methods on instances
int instance_sequence_length(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_sequence_item(PyObject* obj, int n) const;
int instance_sequence_ass_item(PyObject* obj, int n, PyObject* value) const;
PyObject* instance_sequence_slice(PyObject*, int start, int finish) const;
int instance_sequence_ass_slice(PyObject*, int start, int finish, PyObject* value) const;
private: // Implement number methods on instances
PyObject* instance_number_add(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_subtract(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_multiply(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_divide(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_remainder(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_divmod(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_power(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_negative(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_positive(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_absolute(PyObject*) const;
int instance_number_nonzero(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_invert(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_lshift(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_rshift(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_and(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_xor(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_or(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
int instance_number_coerce(PyObject*, PyObject**, PyObject**) const;
PyObject* instance_number_int(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_long(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_float(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_oct(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_hex(PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_add(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_subtract(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_multiply(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_divide(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_remainder(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_power(PyObject*, PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_lshift(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_rshift(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_and(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_or(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_number_inplace_xor(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
private: // Implement rich comparisons
PyObject* instance_lt(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_le(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_eq(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_ne(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_gt(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
PyObject* instance_ge(PyObject*, PyObject*) const;
private: // Miscellaneous "special" methods
PyObject* instance_call(PyObject* obj, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords) const;
PyObject* instance_getattr(PyObject* obj, const char* name) const;
int instance_setattr(PyObject* obj, const char* name, PyObject* value) const;
private: // Implementation of boost::python::detail::class_base required interface
void delete_instance(PyObject*) const;
};
// The type of a class_t<T> object.
template <class T>
class BOOST_PYTHON_DECL_TEMPLATE meta_class
: public boost::python::detail::reprable<
boost::python::detail::callable<
boost::python::detail::getattrable<
boost::python::detail::setattrable<
boost::python::detail::type_object<class_t<T> > > > > >,
boost::noncopyable
{
public:
meta_class();
// Standard Python functions.
PyObject* call(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords);
struct type_object
: boost::python::detail::singleton<type_object,
boost::python::detail::callable<
boost::python::detail::type_object<meta_class> > >
{
type_object() : singleton_base(&PyType_Type) {}
};
};
//
// Member function implementations.
//
template <class T>
meta_class<T>::meta_class()
: properties(type_object::instance())
{
}
template <class T>
class_t<T>::class_t(meta_class<T>* meta_class_obj, string name, tuple bases, const dictionary& name_space)
: boost::python::detail::class_base(meta_class_obj, name, bases, name_space)
{
}
template <class T>
class_t<T>::~class_t()
{
}
template <class T>
void class_t<T>::delete_instance(PyObject* obj) const
{
delete downcast<T>(obj);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::call(PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords)
{
reference<T> result(new T(this));
if (!this->initialize_instance(result.get(), args, keywords))
return 0;
else
return result.release();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_repr(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->repr();
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_compare(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->compare(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_str(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->str();
}
template <class T>
long class_t<T>::instance_hash(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->hash();
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_mapping_length(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->length();
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_sequence_length(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->length();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_mapping_subscript(PyObject* obj, PyObject* key) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->get_subscript(key);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_sequence_item(PyObject* obj, int n) const
{
ref key(to_python(n));
return downcast<T>(obj)->get_subscript(key.get());
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_sequence_ass_item(PyObject* obj, int n, PyObject* value) const
{
ref key(to_python(n));
downcast<T>(obj)->set_subscript(key.get(), value);
return 0;
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_mapping_ass_subscript(PyObject* obj, PyObject* key, PyObject* value) const
{
downcast<T>(obj)->set_subscript(key, value);
return 0;
}
void BOOST_PYTHON_DECL adjust_slice_indices(PyObject* obj, int& start, int& finish);
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_sequence_slice(PyObject* obj, int start, int finish) const
{
adjust_slice_indices(obj, start, finish);
return downcast<T>(obj)->get_slice(start, finish);
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_sequence_ass_slice(PyObject* obj, int start, int finish, PyObject* value) const
{
adjust_slice_indices(obj, start, finish);
downcast<T>(obj)->set_slice(start, finish, value);
return 0;
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_call(PyObject* obj, PyObject* args, PyObject* keywords) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->call(args, keywords);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_getattr(PyObject* obj, const char* name) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->getattr(name);
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_setattr(PyObject* obj, const char* name, PyObject* value) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->setattr(name, value);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_add(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->add(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_subtract(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->subtract(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_multiply(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->multiply(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_divide(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->divide(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_remainder(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->remainder(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_divmod(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->divmod(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_power(PyObject* obj, PyObject* exponent, PyObject* modulus) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->power(exponent, modulus);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_negative(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->negative();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_positive(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->positive();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_absolute(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->absolute();
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_number_nonzero(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->nonzero();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_invert(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->invert();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_lshift(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->lshift(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_rshift(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->rshift(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_and(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->do_and(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_xor(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->do_xor(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_or(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->do_or(other);
}
template <class T>
int class_t<T>::instance_number_coerce(PyObject* obj, PyObject** x, PyObject** y) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->coerce(x, y);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_int(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->as_int();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_long(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->as_long();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_float(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->as_float();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_oct(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->oct();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_hex(PyObject* obj) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->hex();
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_add(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_add(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_subtract(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_subtract(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_multiply(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_multiply(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_divide(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_divide(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_remainder(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_remainder(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_power(PyObject* obj, PyObject* exponent, PyObject* modulus) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_power(exponent, modulus);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_lshift(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_lshift(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_rshift(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_rshift(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_and(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_and(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_or(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_or(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_number_inplace_xor(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->inplace_xor(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_lt(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->lt(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_le(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->le(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_eq(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->eq(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_ne(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->ne(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_gt(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->gt(other);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* class_t<T>::instance_ge(PyObject* obj, PyObject* other) const
{
return downcast<T>(obj)->ge(other);
}
namespace detail {
inline dictionary& class_base::dict()
{
return m_name_space;
}
inline tuple class_base::bases() const
{
return m_bases;
}
}
template <class T>
PyObject* meta_class<T>::call(PyObject* args, PyObject* /*keywords*/)
{
PyObject* name;
PyObject* bases;
PyObject* name_space;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, const_cast<char*>("O!O!O!"),
&PyString_Type, &name,
&PyTuple_Type, &bases,
&PyDict_Type, &name_space))
{
return 0;
}
return as_object(
new class_t<T>(this, string(ref(name, ref::increment_count)),
tuple(ref(bases, ref::increment_count)),
dictionary(ref(name_space, ref::increment_count)))
);
}
namespace detail {
const string& setattr_string();
const string& getattr_string();
const string& delattr_string();
inline string class_base::name() const
{
return m_name;
}
}
}} // namespace boost::python
#endif

View File

@@ -1,416 +0,0 @@
// (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2000. Permission to copy, use, modify, sell and
// distribute this software is granted provided this copyright notice appears
// in all copies. This software is provided "as is" without express or implied
// warranty, and with no claim as to its suitability for any purpose.
//
// The author gratefully acknowleges the support of Dragon Systems, Inc., in
// producing this work.
//
// Revision History:
// 31 Jul 01 convert int/double to complex (Peter Bienstman)
// 04 Mar 01 Fixed std::complex<> stuff to work with MSVC (David Abrahams)
// 03 Mar 01 added: converters for [plain] char and std::complex
// (Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve)
#ifndef METHOD_DWA122899_H_
# define METHOD_DWA122899_H_
# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/none.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/signatures.hpp>
# include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
# include <boost/python/errors.hpp>
# include <string>
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER
# pragma warning(push)
# pragma warning(disable:4275) // disable a bogus warning caused by <complex>
# endif
# include <complex>
# ifdef BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER
# pragma warning(pop)
# endif
BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE // this is a gcc 2.95.2 bug workaround
// This can be instantiated on an enum to provide the to_python/from_python
// conversions, provided the values can fit in a long.
template <class EnumType>
class py_enum_as_int_converters
{
friend EnumType from_python(PyObject* x, boost::python::type<EnumType>)
{
return static_cast<EnumType>(
from_python(x, boost::python::type<long>()));
}
friend EnumType from_python(PyObject* x, boost::python::type<const EnumType&>)
{
return static_cast<EnumType>(
from_python(x, boost::python::type<long>()));
}
friend PyObject* to_python(EnumType x)
{
return to_python(static_cast<long>(x));
}
};
BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
namespace boost { namespace python {
template <class EnumType> class enum_as_int_converters
: public BOOST_PYTHON_CONVERSION::py_enum_as_int_converters<EnumType> {};
template <class P, class T> class wrapped_pointer;
//#pragma warn_possunwant off
inline void decref_impl(PyObject* p) { Py_DECREF(p); }
inline void xdecref_impl(PyObject* p) { Py_XDECREF(p); }
//#pragma warn_possunwant reset
template <class T>
inline void decref(T* p)
{
char* const raw_p = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
char* const p_base = raw_p - offsetof(PyObject, ob_refcnt);
decref_impl(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(p_base));
}
template <class T>
inline void xdecref(T* p)
{
char* const raw_p = reinterpret_cast<char*>(p);
char* const p_base = raw_p - offsetof(PyObject, ob_refcnt);
xdecref_impl(reinterpret_cast<PyObject*>(p_base));
}
namespace detail {
void expect_complex(PyObject*);
template <class T>
std::complex<T> complex_from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<T>)
{
if (PyInt_Check(p)) return std::complex<T>(PyInt_AS_LONG(p));
if (PyLong_Check(p)) return std::complex<T>(PyLong_AsDouble(p));
if (PyFloat_Check(p)) return std::complex<T>(PyFloat_AS_DOUBLE(p));
expect_complex(p);
return std::complex<T>(
static_cast<T>(PyComplex_RealAsDouble(p)),
static_cast<T>(PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(p)));
}
template <class T>
PyObject* complex_to_python(const std::complex<T>& sc) {
Py_complex pcc;
pcc.real = sc.real();
pcc.imag = sc.imag();
return PyComplex_FromCComplex(pcc);
}
}
}} // namespace boost::python
BOOST_PYTHON_BEGIN_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
//
// Converters
//
PyObject* to_python(long);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<long>);
long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const long&>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(unsigned long);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL unsigned long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<unsigned long>);
unsigned long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const unsigned long&>);
PyObject* to_python(int);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<int>);
int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const int&>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(unsigned int);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL unsigned int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned int>);
unsigned int from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const unsigned int&>);
PyObject* to_python(short);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<short>);
short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const short&>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(unsigned short);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL unsigned short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned short>);
unsigned short from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const unsigned short&>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(char);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<char>);
char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const char&>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(signed char);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL signed char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<signed char>);
signed char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const signed char&>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(unsigned char);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL unsigned char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<unsigned char>);
unsigned char from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const unsigned char&>);
# ifndef BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER
PyObject* to_python(float);
float from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<float>);
PyObject* to_python(double);
double from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<double>);
# else
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(float);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL float from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<float>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(double);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL double from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<double>);
# endif
float from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const float&>);
double from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const double&>);
PyObject* to_python(bool);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL bool from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<bool>);
bool from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const bool&>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(void);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<void>);
PyObject* to_python(const char* s);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL const char* from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const char*>);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyObject* to_python(const std::string& s);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL std::string from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<std::string>);
std::string from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<const std::string&>);
inline PyObject* to_python(const std::complex<float>& x)
{
return boost::python::detail::complex_to_python<float>(x);
}
inline PyObject* to_python(const std::complex<double>& x)
{
return boost::python::detail::complex_to_python<double>(x);
}
inline std::complex<double> from_python(PyObject* p,
boost::python::type<std::complex<double> >) {
return boost::python::detail::complex_from_python(p, boost::python::type<double>());
}
inline std::complex<double> from_python(PyObject* p,
boost::python::type<const std::complex<double>&>) {
return boost::python::detail::complex_from_python(p, boost::python::type<double>());
}
inline std::complex<float> from_python(PyObject* p,
boost::python::type<std::complex<float> >) {
return boost::python::detail::complex_from_python(p, boost::python::type<float>());
}
inline std::complex<float> from_python(PyObject* p,
boost::python::type<const std::complex<float>&>) {
return boost::python::detail::complex_from_python(p, boost::python::type<float>());
}
// For when your C++ function really wants to pass/return a PyObject*
PyObject* to_python(PyObject*);
PyObject* from_python(PyObject*, boost::python::type<PyObject*>);
// Some standard conversions to/from smart pointer types. You can add your own
// from these examples. These are not generated using the friend technique from
// wrapped_pointer because:
//
// 1. We want to be able to extend conversion to/from WrappedPointers using
// arbitrary smart pointer types.
//
// 2. It helps with compilation independence. This way, code which creates
// wrappers for functions accepting and returning smart_ptr<T> does not
// have to have already seen the invocation of wrapped_type<T>.
//
// Unfortunately, MSVC6 is so incredibly lame that we have to rely on the friend
// technique to auto_generate standard pointer conversions for wrapped
// types. This means that you need to write a non-templated function for each
// specific smart_ptr<T> which you want to convert from_python. For example,
//
// namespace boost { namespace python {
// #ifdef MUST_SUPPORT_MSVC
//
// MyPtr<Foo> from_python(PyObject*p, type<MyPtr<Foo> >)
// { return smart_ptr_from_python(p, type<MyPtr<Foo> >(), type<Foo>());}
// }
//
// MyPtr<Bar> from_python(PyObject*p, type<MyPtr<Bar> >)
// { return smart_ptr_from_python(p, type<MyPtr<Bar> >(), type<Bar>());}
//
// ... // definitions for MyPtr<Baz>, MyPtr<Mumble>, etc.
//
// #else
//
// // Just once for all MyPtr<T>
// template <class T>
// MyPtr<T> from_python(PyObject*p, type<MyPtr<T> >)
// {
// return smart_ptr_from_python(p, type<MyPtr<T> >(), type<T>());
// }
//
// #endif
// }} // namespace boost::python
#if !defined(BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER)
template <class T>
boost::shared_ptr<T> from_python(PyObject*p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> >)
{
return smart_ptr_from_python(p, boost::python::type<boost::shared_ptr<T> >(), boost::python::type<T>());
}
#endif
#if 0
template <class T>
PyObject* to_python(std::auto_ptr<T> p)
{
return new boost::python::wrapped_pointer<std::auto_ptr<T>, T>(p);
}
template <class T>
PyObject* to_python(boost::shared_ptr<T> p)
{
return new boost::python::wrapped_pointer<boost::shared_ptr<T>, T>(p);
}
#endif
//
// inline implementations
//
#ifndef BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER
inline PyObject* to_python(double d)
{
return PyFloat_FromDouble(d);
}
inline PyObject* to_python(float f)
{
return PyFloat_FromDouble(f);
}
#endif // BOOST_MSVC6_OR_EARLIER
inline PyObject* to_python(long l)
{
return PyInt_FromLong(l);
}
inline PyObject* to_python(int x)
{
return PyInt_FromLong(x);
}
inline PyObject* to_python(short x)
{
return PyInt_FromLong(x);
}
inline PyObject* to_python(bool b)
{
return PyInt_FromLong(b);
}
inline PyObject* to_python(void)
{
return boost::python::detail::none();
}
inline PyObject* to_python(const char* s)
{
return PyString_FromString(s);
}
inline std::string from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const std::string&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<std::string>());
}
inline PyObject* to_python(PyObject* p)
{
Py_INCREF(p);
return p;
}
inline PyObject* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<PyObject*>)
{
return p;
}
inline const char* from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const char* const&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<const char*>());
}
inline double from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const double&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<double>());
}
inline float from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const float&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<float>());
}
inline int from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const int&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<int>());
}
inline short from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const short&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<short>());
}
inline long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const long&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<long>());
}
inline bool from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const bool&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<bool>());
}
inline unsigned int from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const unsigned int&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<unsigned int>());
}
inline unsigned short from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const unsigned short&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<unsigned short>());
}
inline char from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const char&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<char>());
}
inline signed char from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const signed char&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<signed char>());
}
inline unsigned char from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const unsigned char&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<unsigned char>());
}
inline unsigned long from_python(PyObject* p, boost::python::type<const unsigned long&>)
{
return from_python(p, boost::python::type<unsigned long>());
}
BOOST_PYTHON_END_CONVERSION_NAMESPACE
#endif // METHOD_DWA122899_H_

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@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef BODY_DWA2001127_HPP
# define BODY_DWA2001127_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/type_id.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
namespace registry
{
class entry;
}
struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL body
{
public:
body(type_id_t key);
virtual ~body() {}
type_id_t key() const;
protected:
// true iff the registry is still alive
bool can_unregister() const;
private:
// called when the registry is destroyed, to prevent it from being
// unregistered.
void do_not_unregister();
friend class registry::entry;
private:
type_id_t m_key;
bool m_can_unregister;
};
//
// implementations
//
inline body::body(type_id_t key)
: m_key(key)
, m_can_unregister(true)
{
}
inline type_id_t body::key() const
{
return m_key;
}
inline bool body::can_unregister() const
{
return m_can_unregister;
}
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // BODY_DWA2001127_HPP

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@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef BUILTIN_CONVERTERS_DWA2002124_HPP
# define BUILTIN_CONVERTERS_DWA2002124_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
# include <string>
namespace boost { namespace python {
// Provide specializations of to_python_value
template <class T> struct to_python_value;
namespace detail
{
struct builtin_to_python
{
static bool convertible() { return true; }
};
}
# define BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(T, expr) \
template <> struct to_python_value<T&> \
: detail::builtin_to_python \
{ \
PyObject* operator()(T const& x) const \
{ \
return (expr); \
} \
}; \
template <> struct to_python_value<T const&> \
: detail::builtin_to_python \
{ \
PyObject* operator()(T const& x) const \
{ \
return (expr); \
} \
};
# define BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(T) \
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(signed T, PyInt_FromLong(x)) \
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(unsigned T, PyInt_FromLong(x))
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(char)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(short)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(int)
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_INT(long)
# undef BOOST_TO_PYTHON_INT
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(char const*, PyString_FromString(x))
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(std::string, PyString_FromString(x.c_str()))
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(float, PyFloat_FromDouble(x))
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(double, PyFloat_FromDouble(x))
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(long double, PyFloat_FromDouble(x))
BOOST_PYTHON_TO_PYTHON_BY_VALUE(PyObject*, x)
namespace converter
{
void initialize_builtin_converters();
}
}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // BUILTIN_CONVERTERS_DWA2002124_HPP

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@@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef CLASS_DWA20011215_HPP
# define CLASS_DWA20011215_HPP
# include <boost/python/object/class.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/from_python.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
template <class T>
struct class_from_python_converter
{
class_from_python_converter();
static void* convertible(PyObject*);
static T& convert_ref(PyObject*, from_python_data&);
static T const& convert_cref(PyObject*, from_python_data&);
static T* convert_ptr(PyObject*, from_python_data&);
static T const* convert_cptr(PyObject*, from_python_data&);
from_python_converter<T&> to_ref;
from_python_converter<T const&> to_cref;
from_python_converter<T*> to_ptr;
from_python_converter<T const*> to_cptr;
};
//
// implementations
//
template <class T>
class_from_python_converter<T>::class_from_python_converter()
: to_ref(convertible, convert_ref)
, to_cref(convertible, convert_cref)
, to_ptr(convertible, convert_ptr)
, to_cptr(convertible, convert_cptr)
{}
template <class T>
T& class_from_python_converter<T>::convert_ref(PyObject*, from_python_data& x)
{
return *static_cast<T*>(x.stage1);
}
template <class T>
T const& class_from_python_converter<T>::convert_cref(PyObject*, from_python_data& x)
{
return *static_cast<T*>(x.stage1);
}
template <class T>
T* class_from_python_converter<T>::convert_ptr(PyObject*, from_python_data& x)
{
return static_cast<T*>(x.stage1);
}
template <class T>
T const* class_from_python_converter<T>::convert_cptr(PyObject*, from_python_data& x)
{
return static_cast<T*>(x.stage1);
}
template <class T>
void* class_from_python_converter<T>::convertible(PyObject* p)
{
return objects::find_instance<T>(p);
}
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // CLASS_DWA20011215_HPP

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@@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002127_HPP
# define FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002127_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/body.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/from_python_function.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/from_python_data.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/type_id.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/registry.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
// The type of convertibility checking functions
typedef void* (*from_python_check)(PyObject*);
typedef void (*from_python_destructor)(from_python_data&);
// forward declaration
template <class T> struct from_python_lookup;
// from_python --
// A body class representing a conversion from python to C++.
struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL from_python_converter_base : body
{
from_python_converter_base(type_id_t, from_python_check); // registers
// Must return non-null iff the conversion will be successful. Any
// non-null pointer is acceptable, and will be passed on to the
// convert() function, so useful data can be stored there.
inline void* convertible(PyObject*) const;
// Given the head of a from_python converter chain, find the
// converter which can convert p, leaving its intermediate data in
// data.
inline static from_python_converter_base const*
find(from_python_converter_base const*chain, PyObject* p, void*& data);
private:
from_python_check m_convertible;
from_python_converter_base* m_next;
};
template <class T>
struct from_python_converter : from_python_converter_base
{
public: // types
typedef typename from_python_function<T>::type conversion_function;
public: // member functions
from_python_converter(from_python_check, conversion_function, from_python_destructor = 0);
T convert(PyObject*, from_python_data&) const;
void destroy(from_python_data&) const;
// Find a converter for converting p to a T.
static from_python_converter<T> const* find(PyObject* p, void*& data);
private: // data members
conversion_function m_convert;
from_python_destructor m_destroy;
// Keeps the chain of converters which convert from PyObject* to T
static from_python_converter_base*const& chain;
};
// Initialized to refer to a common place in the registry.
template <class T>
from_python_converter_base*const&
from_python_converter<T>::chain = registry::from_python_chain(type_id<T>());
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// A class which implements from_python with a registry lookup.
template <class T>
struct from_python_lookup // : from_python_base
{
public: // types
public: // member functions
from_python_lookup(PyObject* source);
~from_python_lookup();
bool convertible() const;
T operator()(PyObject*);
public: // functions for use by conversion implementations
// Get the converter object
from_python_converter<T> const* converter() const;
private: // data members
typedef typename from_python_intermediate_data<T>::type intermediate_t;
mutable intermediate_t m_intermediate_data;
from_python_converter<T> const* m_converter;
};
//
// implementations
//
inline void* from_python_converter_base::convertible(PyObject* o) const
{
return m_convertible(o);
}
inline from_python_converter_base const*
from_python_converter_base::find(
from_python_converter_base const* chain, PyObject* p, void*& data)
{
for (from_python_converter_base const* q = chain; q != 0 ; q = q->m_next)
{
void* d = q->convertible(p);
if (d != 0)
{
data = d;
return q;
}
}
return 0;
}
template <class T>
inline from_python_converter<T>::from_python_converter(
from_python_check checker
, conversion_function converter
, from_python_destructor destructor // = 0
)
: from_python_converter_base(type_id<T>(), checker)
, m_convert(converter)
, m_destroy(destructor)
{
}
template <class T>
inline from_python_converter<T> const*
from_python_converter<T>::find(PyObject* p, void*& data)
{
return static_cast<from_python_converter<T> const*>(
from_python_converter_base::find(chain, p, data));
}
template <class T>
inline T from_python_converter<T>::convert(PyObject* src, from_python_data& data) const
{
return this->m_convert(src, data);
}
template <class T>
inline void from_python_converter<T>::destroy(from_python_data& data) const
{
if (this->m_destroy)
{
this->m_destroy(data);
}
}
template <class T>
inline from_python_lookup<T>::from_python_lookup(PyObject* src)
: m_converter(
from_python_converter<T>::find(
src, m_intermediate_data.stage1))
{
}
template <class T>
inline from_python_lookup<T>::~from_python_lookup()
{
if (m_converter != 0)
m_converter->destroy(m_intermediate_data);
}
template <class T>
inline bool from_python_lookup<T>::convertible() const
{
return this->m_converter != 0;
}
template <class T>
inline T from_python_lookup<T>::operator()(PyObject* obj)
{
return this->m_converter->convert(obj, m_intermediate_data);
}
template <class T>
inline from_python_converter<T> const*
from_python_lookup<T>::converter() const
{
return this->m_converter;
}
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // FROM_PYTHON_DWA2002127_HPP

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// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP
# define FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/char_array.hpp>
# include <boost/mpl/select_type.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/same_traits.hpp>
# include <boost/type.hpp>
// Keep these for the metaprogram which EDG is choking on.
# if !defined(__EDG__) || (__EDG_VERSION__ > 245)
# include <boost/mpl/type_list.hpp>
# include <boost/mpl/for_each.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/alignment_traits.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/composite_traits.hpp>
# endif
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
// A POD which is layout-compatible with the real intermediate data
// for all from_python conversions. There may be additional storage if
// we are converting a reference type.
struct from_python_data
{
void* stage1;
};
namespace detail
{
template <class T> struct referent_alignment;
template <class T> struct referent_size;
# ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
template <class T>
struct referent_alignment<T&>
{
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
std::size_t, value = alignment_of<T>::value);
};
template <class T>
struct referent_size<T&>
{
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
std::size_t, value = sizeof(T));
};
# else
template <class U>
struct alignment_chars
{
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
std::size_T, n = alignment_of<U>::value);
char elements[n + 1];
};
template <class T> struct referent_alignment
{
template <class U>
static alignment_chars<U> helper(U&);
static T t;
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
std::size_t, value = sizeof(helper(t).elements) - 1);
};
template <class T> struct referent_size
{
static T t;
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(std::size_t, value = sizeof(t));
};
# endif
struct unknown_alignment
{
void* p;
};
// EDG is too slow to handle this metaprogram :(
#if !defined(__EDG__) || (__EDG_VERSION__ > 245)
struct alignment_dummy;
template <std::size_t target_alignment>
struct best_alignment_type
{
template <class T1, class T2>
struct apply
{
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
std::size_t, align1 = alignment_of<T1>::value);
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
std::size_t, align2 = alignment_of<T2>::value);
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
bool, aligned2 = (
(align2 >= target_alignment)
& (align2 % target_alignment == 0))
);
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(
bool, choose_t2 = (
aligned2 && (
is_same<T1,unknown_alignment>::value
| (align2 < alignment_of<T1>::value)
| (sizeof(T2) < sizeof(T1)))
));
typedef mpl::select_type<choose_t2, T2, T1>::type type;
};
};
typedef mpl::type_list<
char,short,int,long,float,double,long double
,void*
,void(*)()
,void (alignment_dummy::*)()
, char (alignment_dummy::*)
>
align_types;
#endif // EDG is too slow
template <class Align, std::size_t size>
struct aligned_storage
{
typedef Align align_t;
union
{
Align align;
char bytes[size
// this is just a STATIC_ASSERT. For some reason
// MSVC was barfing on the boost one.
- (is_same<align_t,unknown_alignment>::value ? size : 0)];
};
};
template <class Reference>
struct referent_storage
{
// EDG is too slow to handle this metaprogram :(
#if !defined(__EDG__) || (__EDG_VERSION__ > 245)
typedef mpl::for_each<
align_types
, unknown_alignment
, best_alignment_type<referent_alignment<Reference>::value>
> loop;
typedef typename loop::state align_t;
#else
// The Python source makes the assumption that double has
// maximal alignment anyway
typedef double align_t;
#endif
typedef aligned_storage<align_t,referent_size<Reference>::value> type;
};
template <class T>
struct intermediate_data : from_python_data
{
typename referent_storage<T>::type stage2;
};
template <>
struct intermediate_data<void> : from_python_data
{
};
}
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Auxiliary POD storage where the convertible and/or convert functions of a
// from_python object may place arbitrary data.
//
// Always starts with a void*
//
// For references, we produce additional aligned storage sufficient to
// store the referent
template <class T>
struct from_python_intermediate_data
{
typedef typename mpl::select_type<
is_reference<T>::value, T, void>::type just_reference_t;
typedef detail::intermediate_data<just_reference_t> type;
};
template <class T>
void* get_storage(from_python_data& x, boost::type<T>* = 0)
{
typedef typename from_python_intermediate_data<T>::type layout;
return static_cast<layout*>(&x)->stage2.bytes;
}
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // FROM_PYTHON_AUX_DATA_DWA2002128_HPP

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// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef FROM_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
# define FROM_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
struct from_python_data;
template <class T>
struct from_python_function
{
typedef T (*type)(PyObject*, from_python_data&);
};
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // FROM_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP

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// Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef HANDLE_DWA20011130_HPP
# define HANDLE_DWA20011130_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
# include <boost/utility.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL body;
// The common base class for unwrap_ and wrap_ handle objects. They
// share a common base so that handles can be linked into a chain
// within a function wrapper which is managed by a single object.
struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL handle : boost::noncopyable
{
public: // member functions
// All constructors take a body* passed from the derived class.
//
// Constructors taking a handle links this into a chain of
// handles, for more efficient management in function wrappers
handle();
handle(body* body);
handle(body* body, handle& prev);
// returns true iff all handles in the chain can convert their
// arguments
bool convertible() const;
// safe_bool idiom from Peter Dimov: provides handles to/from
// bool without enabling handles to integer types/void*.
private:
struct dummy { inline void nonnull() {} };
typedef void (dummy::*safe_bool)();
public:
inline operator safe_bool() const;
inline safe_bool operator!() const;
protected: // member functions for derived classes
// Get the body we hold
inline body* get_body() const;
inline void set_body(body*);
inline void set_prev(handle&);
// Release all bodies in the chain, in reverse order of
// initialization. Only actually called for the head of the chain.
void destroy();
private:
// Holds implementation
body* m_body;
// handle for next argument, if any.
handle* m_next;
};
//
// implementations
//
inline handle::handle()
: m_next(0)
{}
inline handle::handle(body* body, handle& prev)
: m_body(body), m_next(0)
{
prev.m_next = this;
}
inline handle::handle(body* body)
: m_body(body), m_next(0)
{
}
inline handle::operator handle::safe_bool() const
{
return convertible() ? &dummy::nonnull : 0;
}
inline handle::safe_bool handle::operator!() const
{
return convertible() ? 0 : &dummy::nonnull;
}
inline body* handle::get_body() const
{
return m_body;
}
inline void handle::set_body(body* body)
{
m_body = body;
}
inline void handle::set_prev(handle& prev)
{
prev.m_next = this;
}
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // HANDLE_DWA20011130_HPP

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// Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef REGISTRY_DWA20011127_HPP
# define REGISTRY_DWA20011127_HPP
# include <boost/python/converter/type_id.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/config.hpp>
# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
# include <boost/python/converter/to_python_function.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
struct BOOST_PYTHON_DECL from_python_converter_base;
// This namespace acts as a sort of singleton
namespace registry
{
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL to_python_value_function const&
to_python_function(undecorated_type_id_t);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL void insert(to_python_value_function, undecorated_type_id_t);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL from_python_converter_base*& from_python_chain(type_id_t);
BOOST_PYTHON_DECL PyTypeObject*& class_object(undecorated_type_id_t key);
}
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // REGISTRY_DWA20011127_HPP

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// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef SMART_PTR_DWA2002123_HPP
# define SMART_PTR_DWA2002123_HPP
# include <boost/python/converter/class.hpp>
# include <boost/python/object/pointer_holder.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
template <class Pointer, class Value>
class smart_ptr_wrapper
: wrapper<Pointer const&>
{
smart_ptr_wrapper(ref const& type_)
: m_class_object(type_)
{
assert(type_->ob_type == (PyTypeObject*)class_metatype().get());
}
PyObject* convert(Pointer x) const;
private:
ref m_class_object;
smart_ptr_converters();
}
//
// implementations
//
template <class Pointer, class Value>
PyObject* smart_ptr_wrapper<Pointer,Value>::convert(Pointer x) const
{
if (x.operator->() == 0)
return detail::none();
// Don't call the type to do the construction, since that
// would require the registration of an __init__ copy
// constructor. Instead, just construct the object in place.
PyObject* raw_result = (PyObject*)PyObject_New(
instance, (PyTypeObject*)m_class_object.get());
if (raw_result == 0)
return 0;
// Everything's OK; Bypass NULL checks but guard against
// exceptions.
ref result(raw_result, ref::allow_null());
// Build a value_holder to contain the object using the copy
// constructor
objects::pointer_holder<Pointer,Value>*
p = new objects::pointer_holder<Pointer,Value>(x);
// Install it in the instance
p->install(raw_result);
// Return the new result
return result.release();
}
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // SMART_PTR_DWA2002123_HPP

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@@ -1,191 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2001. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef TARGET_DWA20011119_HPP
# define TARGET_DWA20011119_HPP
# include <boost/type_traits/cv_traits.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/object_traits.hpp>
# include <boost/mpl/select_type.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/same_traits.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
// target --
//
// This type generator (see
// ../../../more/generic_programming.html#type_generator) is used
// to select the return type of the appropriate converter for
// unwrapping a given type.
// Strategy:
//
// 1. reduce everything to a common, un-cv-qualified reference
// type where possible. This will save on registering many different
// converter types.
//
// 2. Treat built-in types specially: when unwrapping a value or
// constant reference to one of these, use a value for the target
// type. It will bind to a const reference if neccessary, and more
// importantly, avoids having to dynamically allocate room for
// an lvalue of types which can be cheaply copied.
//
// Target Source
// int int
// int const& int
// int& int&
// int volatile& int volatile&
// int const volatile& int const volatile&
// On compilers supporting partial specialization:
//
// Target Source
// T T const&
// T& T&
// T const& T const&
// T volatile T&
// T const volatile& T const&
// T* T*
// T const* T const*
// T volatile T*
// T const volatile* T const*
// T cv*const& same as T cv*
// T cv*& T*& <- should this be legal?
// T cv*volatile& T*& <- should this be legal?
// T cv*const volatile& T*& <- should this be legal?
// On others:
//
// Target Source
// T T&
// T cv& T cv&
// T cv* T cv*
// T cv*cv& T cv*cv&
// As you can see, in order to handle the same range of types without
// partial specialization, more converters need to be registered.
template <class T>
struct target
{
// Some pointer types are handled in a more sophisticated way on
// compilers supporting partial specialization.
BOOST_STATIC_CONSTANT(bool, use_identity = (::boost::is_scalar<T>::value));
typedef typename mpl::select_type<
use_identity
, T
, typename add_reference<
typename add_const<
typename remove_volatile<T>::type
>::type
>::type
>::type type;
};
// When partial specialization is not present, we'll simply need to
// register many more converters.
# ifndef BOOST_NO_TEMPLATE_PARTIAL_SPECIALIZATION
template <class T>
struct target<T&>
{
typedef typename remove_volatile<T>::type& type;
};
template <class T>
struct target<T const&>
{
typedef typename boost::mpl::select_type<
is_scalar<T>::value
, typename remove_cv<T>::type
, typename remove_volatile<T>::type const&
>::type type;
};
template <class T>
struct target<T*>
{
typedef typename remove_volatile<T>::type* type;
};
// Handle T*-cv for completeness. Function arguments in a signature
// are never actually cv-qualified, but who knows how these converters
// might be used, or whether compiler bugs lurk which make it seem
// otherwise?
template <class T>
struct target<T* const>
{
typedef typename remove_volatile<T>::type* type;
};
template <class T>
struct target<T* volatile>
{
typedef typename remove_volatile<T>::type* type;
};
template <class T>
struct target<T* const volatile>
{
typedef typename remove_volatile<T>::type* type;
};
// non-const references to pointers should be handled by the
// specialization for T&, above.
template <class T>
struct target<T* const&>
{
typedef typename remove_volatile<T>::type* type;
};
# endif
// Fortunately, we can handle T const& where T is an arithmetic type
// by explicit specialization. These specializations will cause value
// and const& arguments to be converted to values, rather than to
// references.
# define BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(T) \
template <> \
struct target<T> \
{ \
typedef T type; \
}; \
template <> \
struct target<T const> \
{ \
typedef T type; \
}; \
template <> \
struct target<T volatile> \
{ \
typedef T type; \
}; \
template <> \
struct target<T const volatile> \
{ \
typedef T type; \
}; \
template <> \
struct target<T const&> \
{ \
typedef T type; \
}
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(char);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(unsigned char);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(signed char);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(unsigned int);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(signed int);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(unsigned short);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(signed short);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(unsigned long);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(signed long);
BOOST_PYTHON_UNWRAP_VALUE(char const*);
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // TARGET_DWA20011119_HPP

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@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
// Copyright David Abrahams 2002. Permission to copy, use,
// modify, sell and distribute this software is granted provided this
// copyright notice appears in all copies. This software is provided
// "as is" without express or implied warranty, and with no claim as
// to its suitability for any purpose.
#ifndef TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
# define TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP
# include <boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp>
# include <boost/type_traits/transform_traits.hpp>
namespace boost { namespace python { namespace converter {
// The type of stored function pointers which actually do conversion
// by-value. The void* points to the object to be converted, and
// type-safety is preserved through runtime registration.
typedef PyObject* (*to_python_value_function)(void const*);
// Given a typesafe to_python conversion function, produces a
// to_python_value_function which can be registered in the usual way.
template <class T, class ToPython>
struct as_to_python_value_function
{
static PyObject* convert(void const* x)
{
return ToPython::convert(*(T const*)x);
}
};
}}} // namespace boost::python::converter
#endif // TO_PYTHON_FUNCTION_DWA2002128_HPP

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