Added test for #491

batch file execution is forbidden by default
Fixes args & inherited handles.
2026-01-20 04:42:24 +00:00 · 2026-01-11 07:08:46 +08:00 · 2025-10-21 21:42:14 -07:00 · 2025-10-21 21:41:11 -07:00 · 2025-10-21 21:41:11 -07:00 · 2025-10-21 21:41:11 -07:00
122 changed files with 1005 additions and 368 deletions
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ jobs:
        include:
          - { toolset: gcc-5,                        cxxstd: "11,14,1z",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: g++-5 }
          - { toolset: gcc-6,                        cxxstd: "11,14,1z",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: g++-6 }
-          - { toolset: gcc-7,                        cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-20.04, install: g++-7 }
+          - { toolset: gcc-7,                        cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: g++-7 }
          - { toolset: gcc-10,                       cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-22.04, install: g++-10 }
          - { toolset: gcc-12,                       cxxstd: "11,14,17,20,2b", os: ubuntu-22.04, install: g++-12 }
          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-3.9, cxxstd: "11,14",          os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: clang-3.9 }
          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-4.0, cxxstd: "11,14",          os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: clang-4.0 }
          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-5.0, cxxstd: "11,14,1z",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: clang-5.0 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-6.0, cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-6.0 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-7,   cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-7 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-8,   cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-8 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-9,   cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-9 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-10,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-10 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-11,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-11 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-12,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-12 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-6.0, cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-6.0 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-7,   cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-7 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-8,   cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-8 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-9,   cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-9 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-10,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-10 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-11,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-22.04, install: clang-11 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-12,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-22.04, install: clang-12 }
          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-13,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,20,2b", os: ubuntu-22.04, install: clang-13 }
          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-14,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,20,2b", os: ubuntu-22.04, install: clang-14 }
          - { toolset: clang,                        cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: macos-13 }
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
 # Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 # https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt

-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.16)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8...3.31)

 project(boost_process VERSION "${BOOST_SUPERPROJECT_VERSION}" LANGUAGES CXX)

+option(BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS "Use std::filesystem instead of Boost.Filesystem" OFF)
+
 add_library(boost_process
        src/detail/environment_posix.cpp
        src/detail/environment_win.cpp
@@ -35,7 +37,6 @@ target_link_libraries(boost_process
    Boost::asio
    Boost::config
    Boost::core
-    Boost::filesystem
    Boost::fusion
    Boost::iterator
    Boost::move
@@ -50,13 +51,14 @@ target_compile_definitions(boost_process
        PRIVATE BOOST_PROCESS_SOURCE=1
 )

-if (BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS)
-  target_compile_definitions(boost_process PUBLIC BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS=1 )
+if(BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS)
+  target_compile_definitions(boost_process PUBLIC BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS)
+  target_compile_features(boost_process PUBLIC cxx_std_17)
 else()
  target_link_libraries(boost_process PUBLIC Boost::filesystem)
 endif()

-if (WIN32)
+if(WIN32)
  target_link_libraries(boost_process PUBLIC ntdll shell32 advapi32 user32 ws2_32)
 endif()

--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ Boost.process is a library for comfortable management of processes, released wit

 | Branches | Linux / Windows                                                                                                                              | Code coverage                                                                                                                                | Matrix                                                                                                                                        | 
 |----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| Develop: | [![Build Status](https://drone.cpp.al/api/badges/boostorg/process/status.svg)](https://drone.cpp.al/boostorg/process)                        | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process/branch/develop/graph/badge.svg?token=AhunMqTSpA)](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process) | [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-develop-lightgray.svg)](http://www.boost.org/development/tests/develop/developer/process.html) |
-| Master:  | [![Build Status](https://drone.cpp.al/api/badges/boostorg/process/status.svg?ref=refs/heads/develop)](https://drone.cpp.al/boostorg/process) | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?token=AhunMqTSpA)](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process)  | [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-master-lightgray.svg)](http://www.boost.org/development/tests/master/developer/process.html)   |
+| Develop: | [![Build Status](https://drone.cpp.al/api/badges/boostorg/process/status.svg)](https://drone.cpp.al/boostorg/process)                        | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process/branch/develop/graph/badge.svg?token=AhunMqTSpA)](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process) | [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-develop-lightgray.svg)](https://regression.boost.io/develop/developer/process.html) |
+| Master:  | [![Build Status](https://drone.cpp.al/api/badges/boostorg/process/status.svg?ref=refs/heads/develop)](https://drone.cpp.al/boostorg/process) | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?token=AhunMqTSpA)](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process)  | [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-master-lightgray.svg)](https://regression.boost.io/master/developer/process.html)   |



--- a/doc/acknowledgements.adoc
+++ b/doc/acknowledgements.adoc
@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ A special thank you goes to [http://www.intra2net.com/(Intra2net AG) (especially

 Great thanks also goes to Boris Schaeling, who despite having boost.process rejected, went on to work on it and maintained it up until this day and participated in the development of the current version.

-Many Thanks, to [https://github.com/time-killer-games](Samuel Venable) for contributing the <<v2::ext>> functionality and all the research that went into it.
+Many Thanks, to [https://github.com/samuelvenable](Samuel Venable) for contributing the <<v2::ext>> functionality and all the research that went into it.


--- a/doc/configuration.adoc
+++ b/doc/configuration.adoc
@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ Boost process v2 can be configured in the following ways:
 | Macro | Description

 | `BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE` | Build boost.process for standalone asio
-| `BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS`    | Use std::filesystem instead of boost::filsystem
+| `BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS`    | Use std::filesystem instead of boost::filesystem
 | `BOOST_PROCESS_V2_POSIX_FORCE_DISABLE_CLOSE_RANGE` | Disable usage of `close_range`.
--- a/doc/env.adoc
+++ b/doc/env.adoc
@@ -29,3 +29,24 @@ The subprocess environment assignment follows the same constraints:
 ----
 include::../example/env.cpp[tag=subprocess_env]
 ----
+
+== Inheriting an environment
+
+The current environment can be obtained by calling `environment::current` which returns
+a forward range of `environment::key_value_pair_view`.
+
+.example/env.cpp:48-54
+[source,cpp,ident=0]
+----
+include::../example/env.cpp[tag=vector_env]
+----
+
+Alternatively you can use a map container for the environment.
+
+.example/env.cpp:61-68
+[source,cpp,ident=0]
+----
+include::../example/env.cpp[tag=map_env]
+----
+
+
--- a/doc/reference/bind_launcher.adoc
+++ b/doc/reference/bind_launcher.adoc
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ template<typename Launcher, typename ... Init>
 auto bind_launcher(Launcher && launcher, Init && ... init);

 // Calls bind_launcher with the default_launcher as the first parameter.
-// The new launcher with bound paramaters
+// The new launcher with bound parameters
 template<typename ... Init>
 auto bind_default_launcher(Init && ... init);
 ----
--- a/doc/reference/environment.adoc
+++ b/doc/reference/environment.adoc
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@

 === `environment`

-The `environment` header provides facilities to maniuplate the current environment and set it for new processes.
+The `environment` header provides facilities to manipulate the current environment and set it for new processes.


 An environment is a a `range` of `T` fulfilling these requirements:
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ namespace environment
 // A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment keys.
 /* Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
 *
- * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet perserving. The char traits are made to reflect
+ * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet preserving. The char traits are made to reflect
 * that behaviour.
 */
-tempalte<typename Char>
+template<typename Char>
 using key_char_traits = implementation_defined ;

 // A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment values.
 /* Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
 */
-tempalte<typename Char>
+template<typename Char>
 using value_char_traits = implementation_defined ;

 // The character type used by the environment. Either `char` or `wchar_t`.
--- a/doc/reference/process_handle.adoc
+++ b/doc/reference/process_handle.adoc
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 [#process_handle]

 A process handle is an unmanaged version of a process.
-This means it does not terminate the proces on destruction and
+This means it does not terminate the process on destruction and
 will not keep track of the exit-code.

 NOTE: that the exit code might be discovered early, during a call to `running`.
@@ -100,9 +100,10 @@ struct basic_process_handle
    // Check if the process handle is referring to an existing process.
    bool is_open() const;

-    // Asynchronously wait for the process to exit and deliver the native exit-code in the completion handler.
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, native_exit_code_type))
+    // Asynchronously wait for the process to exit and assign the native exit-code to the reference.
+    // The exit_status can indicate that a process has already be waited for, e.g. when terminate is called.
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
             WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>());
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type &exit_status, WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>());
 };
 ----
--- a/doc/reference/stdio.adoc
+++ b/doc/reference/stdio.adoc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ in later version of C++.
 asio::io_context ctx;

 /// C++17
-v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{.stderr=nullptr});
+v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{.err=nullptr});
 /// C++11 & C++14
 v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{ {}, {}, nullptr});
 ----
@@ -35,12 +35,57 @@ Valid initializers for any stdio are:

  - `std::nullptr_t` assigning a null-device
  - `FILE*` any open file, including `stdin`, `stdout` and `stderr`
-  - a filesystem::path, which will open a readable or writable depending on the direction of the stream
  - `native_handle` any native file handle (`HANDLE` on windows) or file descriptor (`int` on posix)
-  - any io-object with a .native_handle() function that is compatible with the above. E.g. a asio::ip::tcp::socket
-  - an asio::basic_writeable_pipe for stdin or asio::basic_readable_pipe for stderr/stdout.
+  - any io-object with a `.native_handle()` function that is compatible with the above. E.g. a `asio::ip::tcp::socket`, or a pipe object.
+  - a filesystem::path, which will open a readable or writable depending on the direction of the stream
+  - an `asio::basic_writeable_pipe` for stdin or `asio::basic_readable_pipe` for stderr/stdout.

+When passing a `FILE*`, a `native_handle` or an io-object with a `native_handle`,
+the initializer will assign the handle as is to the child process.
+That is the file descriptor/handle gets cloned into the subprocess and used without modification.

+When passing a filesystem::path, the initializer will attempt to open the file and then pass the handle 
+to the subprocess.
+
+When passing a `readable_pipe` to stdout/stderr or a `writable_pipe` to stdin by reference,
+the initializer to create the other side of the pipe (`writable_pipe` for stdout/stderr, `readable_pipe` for `stdin`),
+connect the pair and pass the native_handle to the child process.
+
+That is, these two are equivalent:
+
+.Implicit construction of the readable pipe.
+[source,cpp]
+----
+asio::io_context ctx;
+asio::writable_pipe wp{ctx};
+// create a readable pipe internally and connect it to wp
+process proc{ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, process_stdio{.in=wp}};
+
+// create it explicitly
+{
+  // the pipe the child process reads from
+  asio::readable_pipe rp{ctx}; 
+  asio::connect_pipe(rp, wp);
+  // `rp.native_handle()`  will be assigned to the child processes stdin
+  process proc{ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, process_stdio{.in=rp}};
+  rp.close(); // close it so the pipe closes when the `proc exits.
+}
+----
+
+The explicit version allows you to assign the same `writable_pipe` to `stdout` and `stderr`:
+
+[source,cpp]
+----
+// the pipe the parent process reads from and both 
+// stderr & stdout of the child process write to
+asio::readable_pipe rp{ctx};
+asio::writable_pipe wp{ctx}; 
+asio::connect_pipe(rp, wp);
+process proc{ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, process_stdio{.out=wp, .err=wp}};
+wp.close(); // close it so the pipe closes when the `proc exits.
+----
+
+NOTE: If the child writes to a pipe, the parent reads from it et vice versa.


 [source,cpp]
@@ -52,4 +97,4 @@ struct process_stdio
  __implementation_defined__ out;
  __implementation_defined__ err;
 };
----
+----
--- a/doc/stdio.adoc
+++ b/doc/stdio.adoc
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ automatically connected and the other side will get assigned to the child proces
 include::../example/stdio.cpp[tag=readable_pipe]
 ----

-readable pipes can be assigned to `out` an `err`, while writable_pipes can be assigned to `in`.
+readable pipes can be assigned to `out` and `err`, while writable_pipes can be assigned to `in`.

 == `FILE*`

--- a/doc/version2.adoc
+++ b/doc/version2.adoc
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The major changes are
 * separate compilation
 * fd safe by default

-Version 2 is now the defauled. In order to discourage usage of the deprecated v1, it's documentation has been removed.
+Version 2 is now the default. In order to discourage usage of the deprecated v1, it's documentation has been removed.

 == Simplified Interface

@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ This concerns especially the `wait_for` and `wait_until` functions on the proces
 The latter are easy to do on windows, but posix does not provide an API for this. 
 Thus the wait_for used signals or fork, which was all but safe. 
 Since process v2 is based on asio and thus supports cancellation, 
-a wait_for can not safely be implemented with an async_wait + timeout.
+a wait_for can now safely be implemented with an async_wait + timeout.

 == UTF-8

--- a/example/env.cpp
+++ b/example/env.cpp
@@ -42,4 +42,30 @@ int main()
    process pro2(ctx, exe, {"test.cpp"}, process_environment(my_env));
    // end::subprocess_env[]
  }
+
+  {
+    // tag::vector_env[]
+    asio::io_context ctx;
+    auto c = environment::current();
+    // we need to use a value, since windows needs wchar_t.
+    std::vector<environment::key_value_pair> my_env{c.begin(), c.end()};
+    my_env.push_back("SECRET=THIS_IS_A_TEST");
+    auto exe = environment::find_executable("g++", my_env);
+    process proc(ctx, exe, {"main.cpp"}, process_environment(my_env));
+    // end::vector_env[]
+
+  }
+
+  {
+    // tag::map_env[]
+    asio::io_context ctx;
+    std::unordered_map<environment::key, environment::value> my_env;
+    for (const auto & kv : environment::current())
+      if (kv.key().string() != "SECRET")
+        my_env[kv.key()] = kv.value();
+
+    auto exe = environment::find_executable("g++", my_env);
+    process proc(ctx, exe, {"main.cpp"}, process_environment(my_env));
+    // end::map_env[]
+  }
 }
--- a/include/boost/process/posix/bind_fd.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/posix/bind_fd.hpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/bind_fd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/bind_fd.hpp>
--- a/include/boost/process/posix/default_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/posix/default_launcher.hpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/default_launcher.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/default_launcher.hpp>
--- a/include/boost/process/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp>
--- a/include/boost/process/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/pdfork_launcher.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp>
--- a/include/boost/process/posix/vfork_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/posix/vfork_launcher.hpp
@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/vfork_launcher.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/vfork_launcher.hpp>
--- a/include/boost/process/v1.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2024 Klemens D. Morgenstern
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+#ifndef BOOST_PROCESS_V1_HPP
+#define BOOST_PROCESS_V1_HPP
+
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+
+#endif //BOOST_PROCESS_V1_HPP
--- a/include/boost/process/v1/async.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/async.hpp
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ io_context ios;
 child c("ls", ios, on_exit=[](int exit, const std::error_code& ec_in){});

 std::future<int> exit_code;
-chlid c2("ls", ios, on_exit=exit_code);
+child c2("ls", ios, on_exit=exit_code);

 \endcode

--- a/include/boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace process { BOOST_PROCESS_V1_INLINE namespace v1 {
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_DOXYGEN)


-/** Class implementing an asnychronous I/O-Object for use with boost.asio.
+/** Class implementing an asynchronous I/O-Object for use with boost.asio.
 *  It is based on the corresponding I/O Object, that is either boost::asio::windows::stream_handle or
 *  boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor.
 *
--- a/include/boost/process/v1/child.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/child.hpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ child::child(Args&&...args)
 typedef ::boost::process::v1::detail::api::pid_t pid_t;

 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_DOXYGEN)
-/** The main class to hold a child process. It is simliar to [std::thread](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/thread),
+/** The main class to hold a child process. It is similar to [std::thread](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/thread),
 * in that it has a join and detach function.
 *
 * @attention The destructor will call terminate on the process if not joined or detached without any warning.
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class child
    /** Same as valid, for convenience. */
    explicit operator bool() const;

-    /** Check if the the chlid process is in any process group. */
+    /** Check if the the child process is in any process group. */
    bool in_group() const;

    /** \overload bool in_group() const */
--- a/include/boost/process/v1/detail/posix/environment.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/detail/posix/environment.hpp
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public:
    using string_type = std::basic_string<char_type>;
    using native_handle_type = char_type **;

-    void reload() {this->_env_impl = ::environ;}
+    void reload() {this->_env_impl = environ;}

    string_type get(const pointer_type id) { return getenv(id); }
    void        set(const pointer_type id, const pointer_type value)
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public:
    native_environment_impl & operator=(native_environment_impl && ) = default;
    native_handle_type _env_impl = environ;

-    native_handle_type native_handle() const {return ::environ;}
+    native_handle_type native_handle() const {return environ;}
 };


--- a/include/boost/process/v1/detail/posix/executor.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/detail/posix/executor.hpp
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ class executor
        prepare_cmd_style_fn = exe;
        if ((prepare_cmd_style_fn.find('/') == std::string::npos) && ::access(prepare_cmd_style_fn.c_str(), X_OK))
        {
-            const auto * e = ::environ;
+            const auto * e = environ;
            while ((e != nullptr) && (*e != nullptr) && !boost::starts_with(*e, "PATH="))
                e++;

@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ public:
    const char * exe      = nullptr;
    char *const* cmd_line = nullptr;
    bool cmd_style = false;
-    char **env      = ::environ;
+    char **env      = environ;
    pid_t pid = -1;
    std::shared_ptr<std::atomic<int>> exit_status = std::make_shared<std::atomic<int>>(still_active);

--- a/include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/async_pipe.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/async_pipe.hpp
@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ inline std::string make_pipe_name()
    static std::atomic_size_t cnt{0};
    name += std::to_string(pid);
    name += "_";
+    name += std::to_string(intptr_t(&cnt)); // to unclash Boost instances in plug-in DLLs
+    name += "_";
    name += std::to_string(cnt++);

    return name;
@@ -60,8 +62,6 @@ public:
    async_pipe(boost::asio::io_context & ios_source, boost::asio::io_context & ios_sink, const std::string & name)
            : async_pipe(ios_source, ios_sink, name, false) {}

-
-
    inline async_pipe(const async_pipe& rhs);
    async_pipe(async_pipe&& rhs)  : _source(std::move(rhs._source)), _sink(std::move(rhs._sink))
    {
@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ public:
        return _sink.write_some(buffers);
    }

-
    template<typename MutableBufferSequence>
    std::size_t read_some(const MutableBufferSequence & buffers, boost::system::error_code & ec) noexcept
    {
@@ -281,7 +280,6 @@ async_pipe::async_pipe(const async_pipe& p)  :
        _sink.  assign(sink);
 }

-
 async_pipe::async_pipe(boost::asio::io_context & ios_source,
                       boost::asio::io_context & ios_sink,
                       const std::string & name, bool private_) : _source(ios_source), _sink(ios_sink)
@@ -298,7 +296,6 @@ async_pipe::async_pipe(boost::asio::io_context & ios_source,
            | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED_, //write flag
            0, private_ ? 1 : ::boost::winapi::PIPE_UNLIMITED_INSTANCES_, 8192, 8192, 0, nullptr);

-
    if (source == boost::winapi::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE_)
        ::boost::process::v1::detail::throw_last_error("create_named_pipe(" + name + ") failed");

--- a/include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/basic_cmd.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/basic_cmd.hpp
@@ -162,7 +162,9 @@ struct exe_cmd_init : handler_base_ext
    }
    static exe_cmd_init<Char> exe_args_shell(string_type && exe, std::vector<string_type> && args)
    {
-        std::vector<string_type> args_ = {c_arg(Char()), std::move(exe)};
+        std::vector<string_type> args_ = {c_arg(Char())};
+        if (!exe.empty())
+            args_.emplace_back(std::move(exe));
        args_.insert(args_.end(), std::make_move_iterator(args.begin()), std::make_move_iterator(args.end()));
        string_type sh = get_shell(Char());

--- a/include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/environment.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/environment.hpp
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ basic_environment_impl<Char>::basic_environment_impl(const native_environment_im
    while ((*p != null_char<Char>()) || (*(p+1) !=  null_char<Char>()))
        p++;
    p++; //pointing to the second nullchar
-    p++; //to get the pointer behing the second nullchar, so it's end.
+    p++; //to get the pointer behind the second nullchar, so it's end.

    this->_data.assign(beg, p);
    this->reload();
--- a/include/boost/process/v1/environment.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/environment.hpp
@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ public:
    using base_type::operator=;
 };

-///Type definition to hold a seperate environment.
+///Type definition to hold a separate environment.
 template<typename Char>
 class basic_environment : public basic_environment_impl<Char, detail::api::basic_environment_impl>
 {
@@ -646,10 +646,10 @@ typedef basic_native_environment<char>     native_environment;
 typedef basic_native_environment<wchar_t> wnative_environment;

 #if !defined(BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS)
-///Type definition to hold a seperate environment.
+///Type definition to hold a separate environment.
 typedef basic_environment<char>     environment;
 #endif
-///Type definition to hold a seperate environment.
+///Type definition to hold a separate environment.
 typedef basic_environment<wchar_t> wenvironment;

 }}
@@ -673,10 +673,10 @@ inline int get_id()                     { return ::boost::process::v1::detail::a
 ///Get the native handle of the current process.
 inline native_handle_type native_handle()  { return ::boost::process::v1::detail::api::native_handle();}
 #if !defined(BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS)
-///Get the enviroment of the current process.
+///Get the environment of the current process.
 inline native_environment   environment() { return ::boost::process::v1:: native_environment(); }
 #endif
-///Get the enviroment of the current process.
+///Get the environment of the current process.
 inline wnative_environment wenvironment() { return ::boost::process::v1::wnative_environment(); }
 ///Get the path environment variable of the current process runs.
 inline std::vector<boost::process::v1::filesystem::path> path()
--- a/include/boost/process/v1/extend.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/extend.hpp
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ struct handler
    template <class Executor>
    void on_setup(Executor&) const {}

-    /** This function is invoked if an error occured while trying to launch the process.
+    /** This function is invoked if an error occurred while trying to launch the process.
     * \note It is not required to be const.
     */
    template <class Executor>
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ struct handler
    template <class Executor>
    void on_success(Executor&) const {}

-    /**This function is invoked if an error occured during the call of `fork`.
+    /**This function is invoked if an error occurred during the call of `fork`.
     * \note This function will only be called on posix.
     */
    template<typename Executor>
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ struct posix_executor
     ///A pointer to the argument-vector.
     char *const* cmd_line = nullptr;
     ///A pointer to the environment variables, as default it is set to [environ](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap08.html)
-     char **env      = ::environ;
+     char **env      = environ;
     ///The pid of the process - it will be -1 before invoking [fork](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fork.html), and after forking either 0 for the new process or a positive value if in the current process. */
     pid_t pid = -1;
     ///This shared-pointer holds the exit code. It's done this way, so it can be shared between an `asio::io_context` and \ref child.
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ struct windows_executor
    void set_startup_info_ex();
    ///This element is an instance or a reference (if \ref startup_info_ex exists) to the [startup-info](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms686331.aspx) for the process.
    startup_info_t startup_info;
-    ///This element is the instance of the  [extended startup-info](https://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/library/windows/desktop/ms686329.aspx). It is only available with a winapi-version equal or highter than 6.
+    ///This element is the instance of the  [extended startup-info](https://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/library/windows/desktop/ms686329.aspx). It is only available with a winapi-version equal or higher than 6.
    startup_info_ex_t  startup_info_ex;
 };

--- a/include/boost/process/v1/locale.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v1/locale.hpp
@@ -78,8 +78,9 @@ inline std::locale default_locale()
    std::locale global_loc = std::locale();
    return std::locale(global_loc, new std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>);
 # else  // Other POSIX
-    // Return a default locale object.
-    return std::locale();
+    // ISO C calls std::locale("") "the locale-specific native environment", and this
+    // locale is the default for many POSIX-based operating systems such as Linux.
+    return std::locale("");
 # endif
 }

--- a/include/boost/process/v2/detail/environment_posix.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/detail/environment_posix.hpp
@@ -14,8 +14,13 @@
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/cstring_ref.hpp>

-#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__MACH__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__sun)
-extern "C" { extern char **environ; }
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+# include <crt_externs.h>
+# if !defined(environ)
+#  define environ (*_NSGetEnviron())
+# endif
+#elif defined(__MACH__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__sun)
+ extern "C" { extern char **environ; }
 #endif

 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/detail/environment_win.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/detail/environment_win.hpp
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ struct key_char_traits
    if (s1 < s2)
      return std::move(s2, s2 + n, s1);
    else
-      return std::move_backward(s2, s2 + n, s1);
+      return std::move_backward(s2, s2 + n, s1 + n);
  }

  BOOST_CONSTEXPR static
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_fd.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_fd.hpp
@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd
    basic_process_handle_fd(executor_type executor, pid_type pid)
            : pid_(pid), descriptor_(executor, syscall(SYS_pidfd_open, pid, 0))
    {
+        if (descriptor_.native_handle() == -1)
+            detail::throw_error(detail::get_last_error(), "wait(pid)");
    }

    basic_process_handle_fd(executor_type executor, pid_type pid, native_handle_type process_handle)
@@ -286,24 +288,21 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd
    {
        net::posix::basic_descriptor<Executor> &descriptor;
        pid_type pid_;
-
+        native_exit_code_type & exit_code;
        template<typename Self>
        void operator()(Self &&self)
        {
            self.reset_cancellation_state(asio::enable_total_cancellation());
            error_code ec;
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
            int wait_res = -1;
            if (pid_ <= 0) // error, complete early
-                ec = net::error::bad_descriptor;
-            else 
+              BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, net::error::bad_descriptor);
+            else if (process_is_running(exit_code))
            {
                wait_res = ::waitpid(pid_, &exit_code, WNOHANG);
                if (wait_res == -1)
                    ec = get_last_error();
            }
-            
-
            if (!ec && (wait_res == 0))
            {
                descriptor.async_wait(net::posix::descriptor_base::wait_read, std::move(self));
@@ -313,38 +312,39 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd
            struct completer
            {
                error_code ec;
-                native_exit_code_type code;
                typename std::decay<Self>::type self;

                void operator()()
                {
-                    self.complete(ec, code);
+                    self.complete(ec);
                }
            };
-            net::post(descriptor.get_executor(), completer{ec, exit_code, std::move(self)});
+            net::dispatch(
+                net::get_associated_immediate_executor(self, descriptor.get_executor()),
+                completer{ec, std::move(self)});

        }

        template<typename Self>
        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec, int = 0)
        {
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
-            if (!ec)
+            if (!ec && process_is_running(exit_code))
                if (::waitpid(pid_, &exit_code, 0) == -1)
                    ec = get_last_error();
-            std::move(self).complete(ec, exit_code);
+            std::move(self).complete(ec);
        }
    };
 public:

-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, native_exit_code_type))
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
    WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
-    -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-        async_wait_op_{descriptor_, pid_}, handler, descriptor_))
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type & exit_code,
+                    WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
+    -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+        async_wait_op_{descriptor_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, descriptor_))
    {
-      return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-          async_wait_op_{descriptor_, pid_}, handler, descriptor_);
+      return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+          async_wait_op_{descriptor_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, descriptor_);
    }

 };
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_fd_or_signal.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_fd_or_signal.hpp
@@ -332,6 +332,7 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal
        int dummy;
 #endif
        pid_type pid_;
+        native_exit_code_type & exit_code;
        bool needs_post = true;

        template<typename Self>
@@ -344,11 +345,10 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal
        template<typename Self>
        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec, int = 0)
        {
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
            int wait_res = -1;
            if (pid_ <= 0) // error, complete early
                ec = net::error::bad_descriptor;
-            else 
+            else if (process_is_running(exit_code))
            {
                wait_res = ::waitpid(pid_, &exit_code, WNOHANG);
                if (wait_res == -1)
@@ -391,18 +391,19 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal
        template<typename Self>
        void operator()(Self &&self, native_exit_code_type code, error_code ec)
        {
-          self.complete(ec, code);
+          self.complete(ec);
        }
    };
 public:
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, int))
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
             WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
-      -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                  async_wait_op_{descriptor_, signal_set_, pid_}, handler, descriptor_))
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type & exit_code,
+                    WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
+      -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                  async_wait_op_{descriptor_, signal_set_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, descriptor_))
    {
-        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                async_wait_op_{descriptor_, signal_set_, pid_}, handler, descriptor_);
+        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                async_wait_op_{descriptor_, signal_set_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, descriptor_);
    }
 };
 }
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_signal.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_signal.hpp
@@ -308,7 +308,8 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal

        net::basic_signal_set<Executor> &handle;
        pid_type pid_;
-        
+        native_exit_code_type & exit_code;
+
        template<typename Self>
        void operator()(Self &&self)
        {
@@ -319,19 +320,18 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal
        }

        template<typename Self>
-        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec, int sig)
+        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec, int /*sig*/)
        {
            if (ec == net::error::operation_aborted &&
                self.get_cancellation_state().cancelled() 
                    == net::cancellation_type::none)
                ec.clear();

-            native_exit_code_type exit_code = -1;
            int wait_res = -1;

            if (pid_ <= 0) // error, complete early
                ec = net::error::bad_descriptor;
-            else if (!ec)
+            else if (!ec && process_is_running(exit_code))
            {
                wait_res = ::waitpid(pid_, &exit_code, WNOHANG);
                if (wait_res == -1)
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal
            }

            const auto exec = self.get_executor();
-            net::dispatch(exec, net::append(std::move(self), exit_code, ec));
+            net::dispatch(exec, net::append(std::move(self), ec));
        }
 #else
        signal_set_dummy_ dummy_;
@@ -360,20 +360,21 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal
        }
 #endif
        template<typename Self>
-        void operator()(Self &&self, native_exit_code_type code, error_code ec)
+        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec)
        {
-          self.complete(ec, code);
+          self.complete(ec);
        }
    };
 public:
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, int))
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
             WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
-      -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                    async_wait_op_{signal_set_, pid_}, handler, signal_set_))
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type & exit_code,
+                    WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
+      -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                    async_wait_op_{signal_set_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, signal_set_))
    {
-        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                async_wait_op_{signal_set_, pid_}, handler, signal_set_);
+        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                async_wait_op_{signal_set_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, signal_set_);
    }
 };

--- a/include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_windows.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_windows.hpp
@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ struct basic_process_handle_win
    struct async_wait_op_
    {
        handle_type &handle;
-
+        native_exit_code_type & exit_code;
        template<typename Self>
        void operator()(Self &&self)
        {
@@ -296,24 +296,24 @@ struct basic_process_handle_win
        template<typename Self>
        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec)
        {
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
            if (ec == asio::error::operation_aborted && !self.get_cancellation_state().cancelled())
              return handle.async_wait(std::move(self));

-            if (!ec)
+            if (!ec && process_is_running(exit_code)) // exit_code could be set by another call to wait.
                detail::get_exit_code_(handle.native_handle(), exit_code, ec);
-            std::move(self).complete(ec, exit_code);
+            std::move(self).complete(ec);
        }
    };
 public:
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, native_exit_code_type))
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
             WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
-        -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                    async_wait_op_{handle_}, handler, handle_))
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type & exit_code,
+                    WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
+        -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                    async_wait_op_{handle_, exit_code}, handler, handle_))
    {
-        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                async_wait_op_{handle_}, handler, handle_
+        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                async_wait_op_{handle_, exit_code}, handler, handle_
        );
    }
 };
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/detail/utf8.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/detail/utf8.hpp
@@ -44,9 +44,14 @@ std::basic_string<CharOut, Traits, Allocator> conv_string(
    if (ec)
        detail::throw_error(ec, "size_as_utf8");

+
    std::basic_string<CharOut, Traits, Allocator> res(allocator);
    res.resize(req_size);

+    if (req_size == 0)
+        return res;
+
+
    auto res_size = convert_to_utf8(data, size, &res.front(), req_size,  ec);
    if (ec)
        detail::throw_error(ec, "convert_to_utf8");
@@ -70,6 +75,9 @@ std::basic_string<CharOut, Traits, Allocator> conv_string(
    std::basic_string<CharOut, Traits, Allocator> res(allocator);
    res.resize(req_size);

+    if (req_size == 0)
+        return res;
+
    auto res_size = convert_to_wide(data, size, &res.front(), req_size,  ec);
    if (ec)
        detail::throw_error(ec, "convert_to_wide");
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/environment.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/environment.hpp
@@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ namespace environment
 /// A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment keys.
 /** Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
 * 
- * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet perserving. The char traits are made to reflect 
+ * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet preserving. The char traits are made to reflect 
 * that behaviour.
 */
-tempalte<typename Char>
+template<typename Char>
 using key_char_traits = implementation_defined ;

 /// A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment values.
 /** Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
 */
-tempalte<typename Char>
+template<typename Char>
 using value_char_traits = implementation_defined ;

 /// The character type used by the environment. Either `char` or `wchar_t`.
@@ -1372,6 +1372,8 @@ struct current_view
        environment::native_iterator iterator_;
    };

+    using const_iterator = iterator;
+
    iterator begin() const {return iterator(handle_.get());}
    iterator   end() const {return iterator(detail::find_end(handle_.get()));}

@@ -1760,9 +1762,12 @@ struct process_environment
  std::vector<environment::key_value_pair> env_buffer;
  std::vector<wchar_t> unicode_env;

-  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL
  error_code on_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher,
-                      const filesystem::path &, const std::wstring &);
+                      const filesystem::path &, const std::wstring &)
+  {
+    return do_setup(launcher);
+  }                  
+  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL error_code do_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher);

 #else

@@ -1811,7 +1816,13 @@ struct process_environment

  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL
  error_code on_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher, 
-                      const filesystem::path &, const char * const *);
+                      const filesystem::path &, const char * const *)
+  {
+    return do_setup(launcher);
+  }
+
+  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL error_code do_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher);
+

  std::vector<environment::key_value_pair> env_buffer;
  std::vector<const char *> env;
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/posix/default_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/posix/default_launcher.hpp
@@ -26,11 +26,17 @@
 #endif

 #include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>

-
-#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__MACH__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__sun)
-extern "C" { extern char **environ; }
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+# include <crt_externs.h>
+# if !defined(environ)
+#  define environ (*_NSGetEnviron())
+# endif
+#elif defined(__MACH__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__sun)
+ extern "C" { extern char **environ; }
 #endif

 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
@@ -96,7 +102,7 @@ template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 inline auto invoke_on_error(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executable,
                            const char * const * (&cmd_line),
                            const error_code & ec, Init && init, derived && )
-> decltype(init.on_error(launcher, ec, executable, cmd_line, ec))
+-> decltype(init.on_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec))
 {
    init.on_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec);
 }
@@ -160,7 +166,7 @@ template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 inline auto invoke_on_fork_error(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executable,
                                 const char * const * (&cmd_line),
                                 const error_code & ec, Init && init, derived && )
-> decltype(init.on_fork_error(launcher, ec, executable, cmd_line, ec))
+-> decltype(init.on_fork_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec))
 {
    init.on_fork_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec);
 }
@@ -182,41 +188,6 @@ inline void on_fork_error(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executabl
    on_fork_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec, inits...);
 }

-
-
-template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
-inline void invoke_on_fork_success(Launcher & /*launcher*/, const filesystem::path &/*executable*/,
-                                   const char * const * (&/*cmd_line*/),
-                                   Init && /*init*/, base && )
-{
-
-}
-
-template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
-inline auto invoke_on_fork_success(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executable,
-                                   const char * const * (&cmd_line),
-                                   Init && init, derived && )
-> decltype(init.on_fork_success(launcher, executable, cmd_line))
-{
-    init.on_fork_success(launcher, executable, cmd_line);
-}
-
-template<typename Launcher>
-inline void on_fork_success(Launcher & /*launcher*/, const filesystem::path &/*executable*/,
-                            const char * const * (&/*cmd_line*/))
-{
-}
-
-template<typename Launcher, typename Init1, typename ... Inits>
-inline void on_fork_success(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executable,
-                            const char * const * (&cmd_line),
-                            Init1 && init1, Inits && ... inits)
-{
-    invoke_on_fork_success(launcher, executable, cmd_line, init1, derived{});
-    on_fork_success(launcher, executable, cmd_line, inits...);
-}
-
-
 template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 inline error_code invoke_on_exec_setup(Launcher & /*launcher*/, const filesystem::path &/*executable*/,
                                       const char * const * (&/*cmd_line*/),
@@ -266,7 +237,7 @@ template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 inline auto invoke_on_exec_error(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executable,
                                 const char * const * (&cmd_line),
                                 const error_code & ec, Init && init, derived && )
-> decltype(init.on_exec_error(launcher, ec, executable, cmd_line, ec))
+-> decltype(init.on_exec_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec))
 {
    init.on_exec_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec);
 }
@@ -293,7 +264,7 @@ inline void on_exec_error(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executabl
 struct default_launcher
 {
    /// The pointer to the environment forwarded to the subprocess.
-    const char * const * env = ::environ;
+    const char * const * env = environ;
    /// The pid of the subprocess - will be assigned after fork.
    int pid = -1;

@@ -381,9 +352,9 @@ struct default_launcher
            }
            fd_whitelist.push_back(pg.p[1]);

+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)
            auto & ctx = net::query(
                    exec, net::execution::context);
-#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)
            ctx.notify_fork(net::execution_context::fork_prepare);
 #endif
            pid = ::fork();
@@ -415,7 +386,7 @@ struct default_launcher
                ignore_unused(::write(pg.p[1], &errno, sizeof(int)));
                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
                detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
-                ::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
            }
 #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)
@@ -440,6 +411,7 @@ struct default_launcher
            if (ec)
            {
                detail::on_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+                do { ::waitpid(pid, nullptr, 0); } while (errno == EINTR);
                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
            }
        }
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ struct fork_and_forget_launcher : default_launcher

                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
                detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
-                ::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
            }
 #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ struct fork_and_forget_launcher : default_launcher
            if (ec)
            {
                detail::on_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+                do { ::waitpid(pid, nullptr, 0); } while (errno == EINTR);
                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
            }
        }
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ struct pdfork_launcher : default_launcher
                default_launcher::ignore_unused(::write(pg.p[1], &errno, sizeof(int)));
                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
                detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
-                ::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
            }
 #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ struct pdfork_launcher : default_launcher
            if (ec)
            {
                detail::on_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+                do { ::waitpid(pid, nullptr, 0); } while (errno == EINTR);
                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
            }
        }
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/posix/pipe_fork_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/posix/pipe_fork_launcher.hpp
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ struct pipe_fork_launcher : default_launcher
                default_launcher::ignore_unused(::write(pg.p[1], &errno, sizeof(int)));
                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
                detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
-                ::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
            }
            ctx.notify_fork(net::execution_context::fork_parent);
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/posix/vfork_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/posix/vfork_launcher.hpp
@@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ struct vfork_launcher :  default_launcher
        if (ec)
        {
            detail::on_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+            do { ::waitpid(pid, nullptr, 0); } while (errno == EINTR);
            return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
        }

--- a/include/boost/process/v2/process.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/process.hpp
@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@

 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE)
 #include <asio/any_io_executor.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/dispatch.hpp>
 #include <asio/post.hpp>
 #include <utility>
 #else
 #include <boost/asio/any_io_executor.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/dispatch.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/post.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/exchange.hpp>
 #endif
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ struct basic_process
  void resume()
  {
      error_code ec;
-      suspend(ec);
+      resume(ec);
      if (ec)
          detail::throw_error(ec, "resume");
  }
@@ -300,6 +302,8 @@ struct basic_process
   */
  bool running()
  {
+    if (!process_is_running(exit_status_))
+      return false;
    error_code ec;
    native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
    auto r =  process_handle_.running(exit_code, ec);
@@ -314,6 +318,8 @@ struct basic_process
  /// Throwing @overload bool running(error_code & ec)
  bool running(error_code & ec) noexcept
  {
+    if (!process_is_running(exit_status_))
+      return false;
    native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
    auto r =  process_handle_.running(exit_code, ec);
    if (!ec && !r)
@@ -355,23 +361,22 @@ private:
            }
        };

-        net::post(handle.get_executor(),
-                                              completer{static_cast<int>(res), std::move(self)});
+        net::dispatch(
+            net::get_associated_immediate_executor(handle, handle.get_executor()),
+            completer{static_cast<int>(res), std::move(self)});
      }
      else
-        handle.async_wait(std::move(self));
+        handle.async_wait(res, std::move(self));
    }

    template<typename Self>
-    void operator()(Self && self, error_code ec, native_exit_code_type code)
+    void operator()(Self && self, error_code ec)
    {
-      if (!ec && process_is_running(code))
-        handle.async_wait(std::move(self));
+      if (!ec && process_is_running(res))
+        handle.async_wait(res, std::move(self));
      else
      {
-        if (!ec)
-          res = code;
-        std::move(self).complete(ec, evaluate_exit_code(code));
+        std::move(self).complete(ec, evaluate_exit_code(res));
      }
    }
  };
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/process_handle.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/process_handle.hpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

 #if defined(GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION)
 /** A process handle is an unmanaged version of a process.
- * This means it does not terminate the proces on destruction and
+ * This means it does not terminate the process on destruction and
 * will not keep track of the exit-code. 
 * 
 * Note that the exit code might be discovered early, during a call to `running`.
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/stdio.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/stdio.hpp
@@ -31,8 +31,33 @@
 #endif

 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_readable_pipe : std::false_type
+{
+};
+
+template<typename Executor>
+struct is_readable_pipe<asio::basic_readable_pipe<Executor>> : std::true_type
+{
+};
+
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_writable_pipe : std::false_type
+{
+};
+
+template<typename Executor>
+struct is_writable_pipe<asio::basic_writable_pipe<Executor>> : std::true_type
+{
+};
+
 namespace detail
 {
+
+
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)

 struct handle_closer
@@ -104,16 +129,10 @@ struct process_io_binding
  }


-  template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(net::basic_readable_pipe<Executor> & pipe)
+  template<typename ReadablePipe>
+  process_io_binding(ReadablePipe & pipe,
+                     typename std::enable_if<is_readable_pipe<ReadablePipe>::value && Target != STD_INPUT_HANDLE>::type * = nullptr)
  {
-    if (Target == STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
-    {
-      auto h_ = pipe.native_handle();
-      h = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>{h_, get_flags(h_)};
-      return ;
-    }
-
    net::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
    error_code ec;
    net::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
@@ -125,15 +144,10 @@ struct process_io_binding
  }


-  template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(net::basic_writable_pipe<Executor> & pipe)
+  template<typename WritablePipe>
+  process_io_binding(WritablePipe & pipe,
+                     typename std::enable_if<is_writable_pipe<WritablePipe>::value && Target == STD_INPUT_HANDLE>::type * = nullptr)
  {
-    if (Target != STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
-    {
-      auto h_ = pipe.native_handle();
-      h = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>{h_, get_flags(h_)};
-      return ;
-    }
    net::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
    error_code ec;
    net::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
@@ -166,6 +180,31 @@ struct process_io_binding
  }

  process_io_binding() = default;
+  process_io_binding(const process_io_binding &) = delete;
+  process_io_binding & operator=(const process_io_binding &) = delete;
+
+  process_io_binding(process_io_binding && other) noexcept
+          : fd(other.fd), fd_needs_closing(other.fd_needs_closing), ec(other.ec)
+  {
+    other.fd = target;
+    other.fd_needs_closing = false;
+    other.ec = {};
+  }
+
+  process_io_binding & operator=(process_io_binding && other) noexcept
+  {
+    if (fd_needs_closing)
+      ::close(fd);
+
+    fd = other.fd;
+    fd_needs_closing = other.fd_needs_closing;
+    ec = other.ec;
+
+    other.fd = target;
+    other.fd_needs_closing = false;
+    other.ec = {};
+    return *this;
+  }

  template<typename Stream>
  process_io_binding(Stream && str, decltype(std::declval<Stream>().native_handle()) * = nullptr)
@@ -182,15 +221,10 @@ struct process_io_binding
  {
  }

-  template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(net::basic_readable_pipe<Executor> & readable_pipe)
+  template<typename ReadablePipe>
+  process_io_binding(ReadablePipe & readable_pipe,
+                     typename std::enable_if<is_readable_pipe<ReadablePipe>::value && Target != STDIN_FILENO>::type * = nullptr)
  {
-    if (Target == STDIN_FILENO)
-    {
-      fd = readable_pipe.native_handle();
-      return ;
-    }
-
    net::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
    net::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
    if (ec)
@@ -207,15 +241,10 @@ struct process_io_binding
  }


-  template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(net::basic_writable_pipe<Executor> & writable_pipe)
+  template<typename WritablePipe>
+  process_io_binding(WritablePipe & writable_pipe,
+                     typename std::enable_if<is_writable_pipe<WritablePipe>::value && Target == STDIN_FILENO>::type * = nullptr)
  {
-
-    if (Target != STDIN_FILENO)
-    {
-      fd = writable_pipe.native_handle();
-      return ;
-    }
    net::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
    error_code ec;
    net::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
@@ -238,7 +267,7 @@ struct process_io_binding
      return ec;
  }

-  error_code on_exec_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher,
+  error_code on_exec_setup(posix::default_launcher &,
                           const filesystem::path &, const char * const *)
  {
    if (::dup2(fd, target) == -1)
@@ -279,7 +308,7 @@ typedef process_io_binding<STDERR_FILENO> process_error_binding;
 * * @code {.cpp}
 * asio::io_context ctx;
 * /// C++17
- * v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{.stderr=nullptr});
+ * v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{.err=nullptr});
 * /// C++11 & C++14
 * v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{ {}, {}, nullptr});
 *                                                        stdin ^  ^ stderr
--- a/include/boost/process/v2/windows/default_launcher.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/process/v2/windows/default_launcher.hpp
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ inline void invoke_on_error(Launcher & /*launcher*/, const filesystem::path &/*e
 template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 inline auto invoke_on_error(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executable, std::wstring &cmd_line,
                            const error_code & ec, Init && init, derived && )
-> decltype(init.on_error(launcher, ec, executable, cmd_line, ec))
+    -> decltype(init.on_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec))
 {
  init.on_error(launcher, executable, cmd_line, ec);
 }
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ inline std::false_type probe_on_error(

 template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 inline auto probe_on_error(Launcher & launcher, Init && init, derived && )
-        -> std::is_same<error_code, decltype(init.on_error(launcher, std::declval<const filesystem::path &>(), std::declval<std::wstring &>(), std::declval<std::error_code&>()))>;
+        -> std::is_same<void, decltype(init.on_error(launcher, std::declval<const filesystem::path &>(), std::declval<std::wstring &>(), std::declval<error_code&>()))>;

 template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 using has_on_error = decltype(probe_on_error(std::declval<Launcher&>(), std::declval<Init>(), derived{}));
@@ -225,6 +225,9 @@ struct default_launcher
                              INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
                              INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE},
                              nullptr};
+  /// Allow batch files to be executed, which might pose a security threat.
+  bool allow_batch_files = false;
+                              
  /// The process_information that gets assigned after a call to CreateProcess
  PROCESS_INFORMATION process_information{nullptr, nullptr, 0,0};

@@ -293,6 +296,12 @@ struct default_launcher
                  Args && args,
                  Inits && ... inits ) -> enable_init<Executor, Inits...>
  {
+    if (!allow_batch_files && ((executable.extension() == ".bat") || (executable.extension() == ".cmd")))
+    {
+       BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, system_category());
+       return basic_process<Executor>(exec);
+    }
+  
    auto command_line = this->build_command_line(executable, std::forward<Args>(args));

    ec = detail::on_setup(*this, executable, command_line, inits...);
@@ -352,7 +361,6 @@ struct default_launcher
  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL static 
  std::size_t escape_argv_string(wchar_t * itr, std::size_t max_size, 
                                 basic_string_view<wchar_t> ws);
-                                        



@@ -395,6 +403,7 @@ struct default_launcher
                   {
                      return detail::conv_string<wchar_t>(arg.data(), arg.size());
                   });
+
    return build_command_line_impl(pt, argw, L"");
  }

@@ -403,8 +412,14 @@ struct default_launcher
  static std::wstring build_command_line(const filesystem::path & pt, const Args & args)
  {
    if (std::begin(args) == std::end(args))
-      return pt.native();
-
+    {
+      std::wstring buffer;
+      buffer.resize(escaped_argv_length(pt.native()));
+      
+      if (!buffer.empty())
+        escape_argv_string(&buffer.front(), buffer.size(), pt.native());
+      return buffer;
+    }
    return build_command_line_impl(pt, args, *std::begin(args));
  }

@@ -433,4 +448,4 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE



-#endif //BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS_DEFAULT_LAUNCHER_HPP
+#endif //BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS_DEFAULT_LAUNCHER_HPP
--- a/index.html
+++ b/index.html
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
 <meta charset="utf-8">
-<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=../../doc/html/process.html">
+<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=doc/html/index.html">
 <title>Boost.Process</title>
 <style>
  body {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 <body>
  <p>
    Automatic redirection failed, please go to
-    <a href="../../doc/html/process.html">../../doc/html/process.html</a>
+    <a href="doc/html/index.html">doc/html/index.html</a>
  </p>
  <p>
    &copy; 2016 Klemens D. Morgenstern
--- a/src/detail/environment_posix.cpp
+++ b/src/detail/environment_posix.cpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void unset(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> key, error_c
 }


-native_handle_type load_native_handle() { return ::environ; }
+native_handle_type load_native_handle() { return environ; }


 native_iterator next(native_iterator nh)
--- a/src/detail/utf8.cpp
+++ b/src/detail/utf8.cpp
@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ std::size_t size_as_utf8(const wchar_t * in, std::size_t size, error_code & ec)

 std::size_t size_as_wide(const char * in, std::size_t size, error_code & ec)
 {
+    if (size == 0u)
+        return 0u;
    auto res = ::MultiByteToWideChar(
                          CP_UTF8,                // CodePage
                          0,                      // dwFlags
@@ -88,6 +90,8 @@ std::size_t convert_to_utf8(const wchar_t *in, std::size_t size,  char * out,
 std::size_t convert_to_wide(const char *in, std::size_t size,  wchar_t * out, 
                            std::size_t max_size, error_code & ec)
 {
+    if (size == 0u)
+      return 0u;
    auto res = ::MultiByteToWideChar(
                          CP_UTF8,                     // CodePage
                          0,                           // dwFlags
@@ -210,10 +214,8 @@ std::size_t size_as_wide(const  char   * in, std::size_t size, error_code &)
    const auto from = in;
    const auto from_end = from + size;
    const char * from_next = from;
-    std::size_t char_count = 0u;
    while (from_next < from_end)
    {
-        ++char_count;
        unsigned int octet_count = get_octet_count(*from_next);
        // The buffer may represent incomplete characters, so terminate early if one is found
        if (octet_count > static_cast<std::size_t>(from_end - from_next))
--- a/src/environment.cpp
+++ b/src/environment.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)

-error_code process_environment::on_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &, const std::wstring &)
+error_code process_environment::do_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher)
 {
    if (!unicode_env.empty() && !ec)
    {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ error_code process_environment::on_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher, c

 #else

-error_code process_environment::on_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &, const char * const *)
+error_code process_environment::do_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher)
 {
    launcher.env = env.data();
    return error_code{};
--- a/src/error.cpp
+++ b/src/error.cpp
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ struct exit_code_category final : public error_category
 #            if defined(SIGILL)
                    case SIGILL: return "SIGILL:    Illegal Instruction";
 #            endif
-#            if defined(SIGINFO)
+#            if defined(SIGINFO) && SIGINFO != SIGPWR
                    case SIGINFO: return "SIGINFO:   A synonym for SIGPWR";
 #            endif
 #            if defined(SIGINT)
--- a/src/ext/cmd.cpp
+++ b/src/ext/cmd.cpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #endif
 #endif

-#if (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__))
+#if (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(__gnu_hurd__))
 #include <cstdio>
 #endif

@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ shell cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
    return make_cmd_shell_::make(std::move(procargs), argc, argv.release(), fr_func);
 }
    
-#elif (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__))
+#elif (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(__gnu_hurd__))

 shell cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 {
@@ -403,10 +403,10 @@ shell cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 }

 #else
-filesystem::path cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type, error_code & ec)
+shell cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type, error_code & ec)
 {
  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, ENOTSUP, system_category());
-  return "";
+  return {};
 }
 #endif

--- a/src/ext/cwd.cpp
+++ b/src/ext/cwd.cpp
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ filesystem::path cwd(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
            filesystem::path("/proc") / std::to_string(pid) / "cwd", ec
            );
 #elif defined(__sun)
-    return fileystem::canonical(
+    return filesystem::canonical(
            filesystem::path("/proc") / std::to_string(pid) / "path/cwd", ec
            );
 #endif
--- a/src/ext/env.cpp
+++ b/src/ext/env.cpp
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ env_view env(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 	return {};
 }

-#elif (defined(__APPLE___) || defined(__MACH__)) && !TARGET_OS_IOS
+#elif (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)) && !TARGET_OS_IOS

 env_view env(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 {
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ env_view env(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
    return ev;
 }

-#elif (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__))
+#elif (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__)) || defined(__gnu_hurd__)

 env_view env(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 {
--- a/src/ext/exe.cpp
+++ b/src/ext/exe.cpp
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ filesystem::path exe(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
            filesystem::path("/proc") / std::to_string(pid) / "exe", ec
            );
 #elif defined(__sun)
-    return fileystem::canonical(
+    return filesystem::canonical(
            filesystem::path("/proc") / std::to_string(pid) / "path/a.out", ec
            );
 #endif
--- a/src/pid.cpp
+++ b/src/pid.cpp
@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ pid_type parent_pid(pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 std::vector<pid_type> child_pids(pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 {
    std::vector<pid_type> vec;
+#if defined(PROC_PPID_ONLY)
    vec.resize(proc_listpids(PROC_PPID_ONLY, (uint32_t)pid, nullptr, 0) / sizeof(pid_type));
    const auto sz = proc_listpids(PROC_PPID_ONLY, (uint32_t)pid, &vec[0], sizeof(pid_type) * vec.size());
    if (sz < 0)
@@ -186,6 +187,16 @@ std::vector<pid_type> child_pids(pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
        return {};
    }
    vec.resize(sz);
+#else
+    std::vector<pid_type> pids = all_pids(ec);
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < pids.size(); i++)
+    {
+        if (pid == parent_pid(pids[i], ec))
+        {
+            vec.push_back(pids[i]);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
    return vec;
 }

--- a/src/posix/close_handles.cpp
+++ b/src/posix/close_handles.cpp
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ void close_all(const std::vector<int> & whitelist, error_code & ec)
        return ;
    }

-    auto dir_fd = ::dirfd(dir.get());
+    auto dir_fd = dirfd(dir.get());
    if (dir_fd == -1)
    {
        ec = BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::detail::get_last_error();
--- a/src/windows/default_launcher.cpp
+++ b/src/windows/default_launcher.cpp
@@ -24,54 +24,72 @@ namespace windows
    if (ws.empty())
      return 2u; // just quotes

-    constexpr static auto space = L' ';
    constexpr static auto quote = L'"';
+    const auto needs_quotes = ws.find_first_of(L" \t") != basic_string_view<wchar_t>::npos;

-    const auto has_space = ws.find(space) != basic_string_view<wchar_t>::npos;
-    const auto quoted = (ws.front() == quote) && (ws.back() == quote);
-    const auto needs_escape = has_space && !quoted ;
-
-    if (!needs_escape)
-      return ws.size();
-    else
-      return ws.size() + std::count(ws.begin(), ws.end(), quote) + 2u;
+    std::size_t needed_escapes = 0u;
+    for (auto itr = ws.begin(); itr != ws.end(); itr ++)
+    {
+      if (*itr == quote)
+        needed_escapes++;
+      else if (*itr == L'\\')
+      {
+        auto nx = std::next(itr);
+        if (nx != ws.end() && *nx == L'"')
+          needed_escapes ++;
+        else if (nx == ws.end())
+          needed_escapes ++;      
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return ws.size() + needed_escapes + (needs_quotes ? 2u : 0u);
  }


  std::size_t default_launcher::escape_argv_string(wchar_t * itr, std::size_t max_size, 
                                        basic_string_view<wchar_t> ws)
  { 
-    const auto sz = escaped_argv_length(ws);
+    constexpr static auto quote = L'"';
+    const auto needs_quotes = ws.find_first_of(L" \t") != basic_string_view<wchar_t>::npos;
+    const auto needed_escapes = std::count(ws.begin(), ws.end(), quote);
+    
+    const auto sz = ws.size() + needed_escapes + (needs_quotes ? 2u : 0u);
+    
    if (sz > max_size)
      return 0u;
+
    if (ws.empty())      
    {
-      itr[0] = L'"';
-      itr[1] = L'"';
+      itr[0] = quote;
+      itr[1] = quote;
      return 2u;
    }

-    const auto has_space = ws.find(L' ') != basic_string_view<wchar_t>::npos;
-    const auto quoted = (ws.front() == L'"') && (ws.back() ==  L'"');
-    const auto needs_escape = has_space && !quoted;
-
-    if (!needs_escape)
-      return std::copy(ws.begin(), ws.end(), itr) - itr;
-
-    if (sz < (2u + ws.size()))
-      return 0u;
-      
    const auto end = itr + sz; 
    const auto begin = itr;
-    *(itr ++) = L'"';
-    for (auto wc : ws)
+    if (needs_quotes)
+      *(itr++) = quote;
+
+    for (auto it = ws.begin(); it != ws.end(); it ++)
    {
-      if (wc == L'"')
+      if (*it == quote) // makes it \"
        *(itr++) = L'\\';
-      *(itr++) = wc;
+        
+      if (*it == L'\\') // \" needs to become \\\"
+      {
+        auto nx = std::next(it);
+        if (nx != ws.end() && *nx == L'"')
+          *(itr++) = L'\\';
+        else if (nx == ws.end())
+          *(itr++) = L'\\';
+
+      }
+
+      *(itr++) = *it;
    }

-    *(itr ++) = L'"';
+    if (needs_quotes)
+      *(itr++) = quote;
    return itr - begin;
  }

@@ -108,13 +126,18 @@ namespace windows
    auto tl = get_thread_attribute_list(ec);
    if (ec)
      return;
+    
+    auto itr  = std::unique(inherited_handles.begin(), inherited_handles.end());
+    auto size = std::distance(inherited_handles.begin(), itr);
+      
    if (!::UpdateProcThreadAttribute(
        tl, 0, PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_HANDLE_LIST,
-        inherited_handles.data(), inherited_handles.size() * sizeof(HANDLE), nullptr, nullptr))
+        inherited_handles.data(), size * sizeof(HANDLE), nullptr, nullptr))
      BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_LAST_ERROR(ec);
  }

 }
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE

-#endif
+#endif
+
--- a/test/v1/args_cmd.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/args_cmd.cpp
@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@

 #include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
-
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(args, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
 {
--- a/test/v1/args_handling.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/args_handling.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;


 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(implicit_args_fs_path)
--- a/test/v1/asio_no_deprecated.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/asio_no_deprecated.cpp
@@ -3,11 +3,34 @@
 // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

 #define BOOST_ASIO_NO_DEPRECATED 1
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/locale.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+
 int main() {}

 #if defined(BOOST_POSIX_API)
 #include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
 #else
 #include <boost/process/v1/windows.hpp>
-#endif
+#endif
--- a/test/v1/async.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@

 using namespace std;

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 #if __APPLE__
 auto abort_sig = signal(SIGALRM, +[](int){std::terminate();});
--- a/test/v1/async_fut.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async_fut.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );

 using namespace std;

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(async_out_future, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
 {
@@ -103,4 +103,4 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(emtpy_out, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(fut.get(), "");
 }

-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END();
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END();
--- a/test/v1/async_pipe.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async_pipe.cpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <boost/asio/streambuf.hpp>

 using namespace std;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 namespace asio = boost::asio;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );
--- a/test/v1/async_system_fail.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async_system_fail.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
 #include <system_error>

-namespace bp = boost::process;;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 void fail_func()
 {
--- a/test/v1/async_system_future.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async_system_future.cpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <array>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(future, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
--- a/test/v1/async_system_stackful.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async_system_stackful.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <array>
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(stackful, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 {
    using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;
--- a/test/v1/async_system_stackful_error.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async_system_stackful_error.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <array>
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(stackful, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 {
    using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;
--- a/test/v1/async_system_stackful_except.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async_system_stackful_except.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <array>
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(stackful_except, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 {
    using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;
--- a/test/v1/async_system_stackless.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/async_system_stackless.cpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include <array>
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(stackless, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 {
    using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;
--- a/test/v1/bind_stderr.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/bind_stderr.cpp
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ typedef boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor pipe_end;
 #endif

 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( bind_stderr );

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
--- a/test/v1/bind_stdin.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/bind_stdin.cpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ typedef boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor pipe_end;


 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(10))
 {
--- a/test/v1/bind_stdin_stdout.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/bind_stdin_stdout.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <iostream>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( bind_stdin_stdout );

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(10))
--- a/test/v1/bind_stdout.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/bind_stdout.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( bind_stdout );


 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 {
--- a/test/v1/bind_stdout_stderr.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/bind_stdout_stderr.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ typedef boost::asio::windows::stream_handle pipe_end;
 typedef boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor pipe_end;
 #endif

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( bind_stdout_stderr );

--- a/test/v1/close_stderr.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/close_stderr.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #   include <sys/wait.h>
 #endif

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;


 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(close_stderr)
--- a/test/v1/close_stdin.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/close_stdin.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #   include <sys/wait.h>
 #endif

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(close_stdin)
 {
--- a/test/v1/close_stdout.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/close_stdout.cpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #   include <sys/wait.h>
 #endif

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(close_stdout)
 {
--- a/test/v1/cmd_test.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/cmd_test.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 #include <cstdlib>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;


--- a/test/v1/env.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/env.cpp
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <list>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(inherit_env, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
 {
--- a/test/v1/environment.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/environment.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;


 namespace std
--- a/test/v1/error.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/error.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@



-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 struct err_set
 {
--- a/test/v1/exit_code.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/exit_code.cpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ typedef boost::asio::windows::stream_handle pipe_end;
 typedef boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor pipe_end;
 #endif

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_wait, *boost::unit_test::timeout(10))
 {
--- a/test/v1/extensions.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/extensions.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>


-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;


 struct run_exe
--- a/test/v1/group.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/group.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <cstdlib>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(group_test, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 {
--- a/test/v1/group_wait.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/group_wait.cpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <cstdlib>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;



--- a/test/v1/limit_fd.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/limit_fd.cpp
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>

-#include <iostream>
-
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
@@ -32,8 +30,7 @@
 #include <dirent.h>
 #endif

-namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 namespace bt = boost::this_process;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(leak_test, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
@@ -110,7 +107,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(leak_test, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
    BOOST_CHECK(!bt::is_stream_handle(event_fd , ec)); BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(!ec, ec.message());
 #endif
    auto od = ::opendir(".");
-    int dir_fd = ::dirfd(od);
+    int dir_fd = dirfd(od);
    BOOST_CHECK(!bt::is_stream_handle(dir_fd , ec)); BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(!ec, ec.message());
 #endif

--- a/test/v1/multi_ref1.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/multi_ref1.cpp
@@ -4,4 +4,32 @@
 // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)


-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/locale.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_POSIX_API)
+#include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
+#else
+#include <boost/process/v1/windows.hpp>
+#endif
--- a/test/v1/multi_ref2.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/multi_ref2.cpp
@@ -3,4 +3,32 @@
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)

-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/locale.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_POSIX_API)
+#include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
+#else
+#include <boost/process/v1/windows.hpp>
+#endif
--- a/test/v1/no_ansi_apps.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/no_ansi_apps.cpp
@@ -6,5 +6,30 @@
 #include <boost/system/api_config.hpp>
 #if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
 #define BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS 1
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/locale.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/windows.hpp>
 #endif
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+
+int main() {}
--- a/test/v1/on_exit.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/on_exit.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_MAIN
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(single_ios, *boost::unit_test::timeout(6))
        return;
    }

-    namespace bp = boost::process;
+    namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
    boost::asio::io_context ios;
    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point p1, p2;

--- a/test/v1/on_exit2.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/on_exit2.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_MAIN
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(double_ios, *boost::unit_test::timeout(6))
        return;
    }

-    namespace bp = boost::process;
+    namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
    boost::asio::io_context ios;
    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point p1, p2;

--- a/test/v1/on_exit3.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/on_exit3.cpp
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_MAIN
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(double_ios_threaded, *boost::unit_test::timeout(6))
        return;
    }

-    namespace bp = boost::process;
+    namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
    boost::asio::io_context ios;
    std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point p1, p2;

--- a/test/v1/pipe.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/pipe.cpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>

 using namespace std;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( pipe_tests );

--- a/test/v1/pipe_fwd.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/pipe_fwd.cpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( pipe_tests );

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 {
--- a/test/v1/posix_specific.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/posix_specific.cpp
@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>

-#include <boost/process.hpp>
-#include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
-
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>

 #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS)
 #include <boost/filesystem/directory.hpp>
@@ -29,7 +33,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>

 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bind_fd, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
 {
--- a/test/v1/run_exe.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/run_exe.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;

 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {
--- a/test/v1/run_exe_path.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/run_exe_path.cpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;


 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(run_exe_success)
--- a/test/v1/search_path.cpp
+++ b/test/v1/search_path.cpp
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
 #include <string>

-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(search_path)
--- a/Show More
+++ b/Show More
Author	SHA1	Message	Date
Klemens Morgenstern	11faf28fed	Added test for #491	2026-01-11 07:08:46 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	2a41d0a0dc	batch file execution is forbidden by default	2025-10-21 21:42:14 -07:00
Klemens Morgenstern	dc00bf81d6	Fixes args & inherited handles.	2025-10-21 21:41:11 -07:00
Klemens Morgenstern	47b5c3c191	[win] Added escaping for \ followed by space	2025-10-21 21:41:11 -07:00
Klemens Morgenstern	60affa362c	Reworked arg handling on windows (v2)	2025-10-21 21:41:11 -07:00
Klemens Morgenstern	aa40c138ed	Windows arg escape is handling internal quotes.	2025-10-21 21:41:11 -07:00
Klemens Morgenstern	c5986d7f57	Added test for combined stdout/stderr Addresses #522.	2025-10-21 21:41:11 -07:00
Klemens Morgenstern	1e572e1756	Added more docs about pipes & process_stdio. Closes #522.	2025-10-21 15:30:13 +08:00
Konvicka Filip	635c226066	Fix: corrected empty double quotes being added to cmd.exe /c on Windows with bp::shell and bp::args (caused by PR #256 )	2025-10-21 14:46:50 +08:00
EelisVP	773ac747d5	Fix 'unused variable' warning	2025-10-21 10:58:45 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	322f581d1f	Increased version range to 3.31	2025-10-09 23:38:18 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	9df0ee099b	target_link_Libraries signature fix	2025-10-09 21:25:32 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	01c9a5b60f	removed v2/test_impl target	2025-10-09 09:29:37 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	ed7099687a	Removed filesystem::path from ABI Closes #516.	2025-10-06 13:17:13 +08:00
chn	7fb5049feb	fix typo in stdio move constructor	2025-10-06 12:49:38 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	02e14e8fff	Fixed cmake for tests Closes #515	2025-10-06 12:44:33 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	484d6e7a90	added test for special args to tests	2025-10-06 12:44:33 +08:00
Alexander Grund	878a9e6ee9	Fix required CMake version	2025-10-03 10:12:02 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	1bfe21baa3	Failed pidfd_open causes an exception Closes #513.	2025-09-07 17:44:47 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	1765cd57bb	Launchers use _exit instead of exit on error. Closes #514	2025-09-07 17:44:47 +08:00
Alexander Grund	7212471b57	Update Link to regression test matrix in README	2025-09-07 17:30:30 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	5597aa0055	changed env example for windows wchar_t.	2025-07-01 18:59:19 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	31d6b5c9f8	process_handle.async_wait accepts ref to exit_code Closes #503.	2025-07-01 18:59:19 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	f5c83eb9c5	wait checks the error code first. See #499.	2025-07-01 18:59:19 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	224e3cf9aa	[windows] fixed escaping of path without args. Closes #501. Credit to @melak47 for the solution.	2025-07-01 18:59:19 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	bd450f9831	fixed wrong comment/doc using .stderr Closes #500	2025-06-26 23:17:08 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	c72650df30	added example for modifying inherited environment.	2025-06-26 22:48:16 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	0c3c79672f	added v1.hpp.	2025-06-26 22:14:16 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	a7e4fe99c1	stdio.hpp name fix.	2025-06-21 00:54:03 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	f9fd327546	added const_iterator alias to current_view. Closes #497.	2025-06-21 00:37:03 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	f372a9a119	fixed MultiByteToWideChar use for empty strings Closes #495	2025-06-21 00:25:10 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	921bd599b2	Fixed wrong type in probe_on_error on windows. Closes #491.	2025-06-21 00:02:12 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	3999facdd3	unused variable fixes.	2025-06-21 00:00:22 +08:00
high on tantor	0ea2eaed27	Support child_pids() Even When PROC_PPID_ONLY is Undefined on Mac Needs testing...	2025-06-20 23:59:27 +08:00
high on tantor	677d94f3a2	Correct Samuel Venable Link In Acknowledgements Document	2025-06-20 23:56:40 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	b8b8d27ac5	fix STD_INPUT_HANDLE issue in stdio.hpp	2025-06-20 23:56:01 +08:00
Dirk Stolle	15555b9664	Fix some typos	2025-05-06 10:11:41 +08:00
Petter Reinholdtsen	09555dac5f	Add cmd & env support on GNU/Hurd	2025-05-05 22:32:56 +08:00
Petter Reinholdtsen	818e11672e	Fix build on systems without cmd() implementation	2025-05-05 22:31:38 +08:00
Dirk Stolle	06946018d6	Remove Ubuntu 20.04 builds from CI The Ubuntu 20.04 image on GitHub Actions has been unavailable since 2025-04-15. See <https://github.com/actions/runner-images/issues/11101> for more information on the deprecation and removal. Therefore all build jobs that use the Ubuntu 20.04 runner image of GHA will fail and have to be replaced by newer images or have to move into Ubuntu 20.04 containers.	2025-05-05 22:30:26 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	cd1621b197	fixed major resume/suspend typo Closes #481.	2025-04-28 23:57:20 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	1baccf76cd	pipe bindings use a type_trait.	2025-04-15 00:31:56 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	06595a2070	added BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET option	2025-04-14 23:55:23 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	7e712985c1	added BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIPEFORK option	2025-04-14 23:55:23 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	da08060021	Set ENOTSUP when PROC_PPID_ONLY is undefined closes #452	2025-04-14 23:54:14 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	afdbab734e	Removed char_count Closes #473	2025-04-14 23:53:30 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	9dcd1a2775	added duplication check for SIGINFO Closes #474	2025-04-14 23:51:35 +08:00
Osyotr	5756891558	Fix wide strings conversion on POSIX This commit effectively reverts #179 which shouldn't have been merged in the first place. See https://github.com/boostorg/filesystem/pull/163#issuecomment-786794483 for more info.	2025-04-14 23:49:00 +08:00
RK-BFX	1d6c9ed0ec	Fix conflicting pipe name in independent plug-in DLLs Include numerical representation of local static variable's address into the pipe name to discriminate Boost.Process instances in independent DLLs. Fixes #476 Also (auto-)remove excessive concurrent empty lines.	2025-04-14 23:48:00 +08:00
Yury Bura	a941c8e89c	Add BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS option	2025-04-14 23:46:36 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	89d2cc325a	Update index.html Fixes #479	2025-04-11 23:31:02 +08:00
js-nano	e637f8483d	Fix up usage of `std::move_backward` The destinations should point to the end of the destination range https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/algorithm/move_backward	2025-03-06 17:39:28 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	94aa3b6b43	fixed environ for OSX closes #453	2025-02-27 10:13:22 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	d7df711628	remove `::` from `dirfd` closes #461	2025-02-27 10:12:55 +08:00
SimonMaracine	8ae055bfbd	Remove optional dependency on filesystem when not meant to be Build previously failed when BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS was ON, because filesystem was linked to regardless.	2025-02-21 08:09:42 +08:00
Jonas Greitemann	ab28b511a9	fix v1 tests after v2 became the default As of `2ccd97cd48`, v2 is the default when using the unversioned includes. This broke the v1 tests which were still using those.	2025-02-21 08:08:36 +08:00
SimonMaracine	529fb1e222	Fix include directives from boost/process/posix/*.hpp having wrong paths	2025-02-21 08:08:17 +08:00
Jens Diewald	d534ed6c34	Fix small yet confusing Typo in Doc	2025-02-05 19:27:55 +08:00
Dirk Stolle	bb375f50bd	Fix several typos	2025-01-23 07:45:16 +08:00
Dirk Stolle	c329e05fb6	chore: remove executable flags from .cpp files See <https://github.com/boostorg/admin/issues/47#issuecomment-2575165830>. [ci skip]	2025-01-21 21:55:11 +08:00
Ryan Zoeller	b781b49a97	doc: fix typo in stdio	2025-01-21 07:40:31 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	a2d2753aa8	zombie process fixes closes #445, #447	2025-01-13 09:31:48 +08:00
Klemens Morgenstern	1b5272a9e1	changed cwd comparison to `equivalent`.	2025-01-13 08:36:36 +08:00
Jonas Greitemann	e842a060f1	implement move operations for `process_io_binding` and delete copy operations This makes the test added in the previous commit pass.	2025-01-13 08:13:33 +08:00
Jonas Greitemann	4bb842564f	add a (failing) test for `process_stdio` move semantics This test currently fails on POSIX, as `process_io_binding` does not explicitly implement move operations but holds on to a file descriptor which exhibits reference semantics and has a non-trivial destructor. The same test should pass on Windows as the Windows implementation makes use of `unique_ptr` which gives it correct move semantics by virtue of the rule of zero.	2025-01-13 08:13:33 +08:00
Jonas Greitemann	359820097b	add test case for initializing `process_stdio` with complementary pipe ends `process_stdio` holds on to the handles for `in`/`out`/`err`. In case of pipes, `in` needs the handles of a `readable_pipe`, whereas `out` and `err` need the handles of `writable_pipe`s. So far, the tests all create a new pair using `connect_pipe`, pass the "correct" end into `process_stdio`, and use the other end to interface with the process. However, `process_io_binding` also supports construction from the complementary pipe types, i.e., constructing `in`'s binding from a `writable_pipe` and `out`/`err`'s bindings from `readable_pipe`s. In this case, the constructor will create the corresponding pipe itself and keep ownership of it. This mode was thus far not tested.	2025-01-13 08:13:33 +08:00