batch file execution is forbidden by default

Addresses #522.

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -23,19 +23,19 @@ jobs:
         include:
           - { toolset: gcc-5,                        cxxstd: "11,14,1z",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: g++-5 }
           - { toolset: gcc-6,                        cxxstd: "11,14,1z",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: g++-6 }
-          - { toolset: gcc-7,                        cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-20.04, install: g++-7 }
+          - { toolset: gcc-7,                        cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: g++-7 }
           - { toolset: gcc-10,                       cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-22.04, install: g++-10 }
           - { toolset: gcc-12,                       cxxstd: "11,14,17,20,2b", os: ubuntu-22.04, install: g++-12 }
           - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-3.9, cxxstd: "11,14",          os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: clang-3.9 }
           - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-4.0, cxxstd: "11,14",          os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: clang-4.0 }
           - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-5.0, cxxstd: "11,14,1z",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:18.04', install: clang-5.0 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-6.0, cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-6.0 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-7,   cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-7 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-8,   cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-8 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-9,   cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-9 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-10,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-10 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-11,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-11 }
-          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-12,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-20.04, install: clang-12 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-6.0, cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-6.0 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-7,   cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-7 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-8,   cxxstd: "11,14,17",       os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-8 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-9,   cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-9 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-10,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-latest, container: 'ubuntu:20.04', install: clang-10 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-11,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-22.04, install: clang-11 }
+          - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-12,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: ubuntu-22.04, install: clang-12 }
           - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-13,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,20,2b", os: ubuntu-22.04, install: clang-13 }
           - { toolset: clang, compiler: clang++-14,  cxxstd: "11,14,17,20,2b", os: ubuntu-22.04, install: clang-14 }
           - { toolset: clang,                        cxxstd: "11,14,17,2a",    os: macos-13 }

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -3,10 +3,12 @@
 # Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
 # https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
 
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5...3.16)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8...3.31)
 
 project(boost_process VERSION "${BOOST_SUPERPROJECT_VERSION}" LANGUAGES CXX)
 
+option(BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS "Use std::filesystem instead of Boost.Filesystem" OFF)
+
 add_library(boost_process
         src/detail/environment_posix.cpp
         src/detail/environment_win.cpp
@@ -35,7 +37,6 @@ target_link_libraries(boost_process
     Boost::asio
     Boost::config
     Boost::core
-    Boost::filesystem
     Boost::fusion
     Boost::iterator
     Boost::move
@@ -50,13 +51,14 @@ target_compile_definitions(boost_process
         PRIVATE BOOST_PROCESS_SOURCE=1
 )
 
-if (BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS)
-  target_compile_definitions(boost_process PUBLIC BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS=1 )
+if(BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS)
+  target_compile_definitions(boost_process PUBLIC BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS)
+  target_compile_features(boost_process PUBLIC cxx_std_17)
 else()
   target_link_libraries(boost_process PUBLIC Boost::filesystem)
 endif()
 
-if (WIN32)
+if(WIN32)
   target_link_libraries(boost_process PUBLIC ntdll shell32 advapi32 user32 ws2_32)
 endif()
 

README.md

@@ -6,8 +6,8 @@ Boost.process is a library for comfortable management of processes, released wit
 
 | Branches | Linux / Windows                                                                                                                              | Code coverage                                                                                                                                | Matrix                                                                                                                                        | 
 |----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
-| Develop: | [![Build Status](https://drone.cpp.al/api/badges/boostorg/process/status.svg)](https://drone.cpp.al/boostorg/process)                        | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process/branch/develop/graph/badge.svg?token=AhunMqTSpA)](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process) | [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-develop-lightgray.svg)](http://www.boost.org/development/tests/develop/developer/process.html) |
-| Master:  | [![Build Status](https://drone.cpp.al/api/badges/boostorg/process/status.svg?ref=refs/heads/develop)](https://drone.cpp.al/boostorg/process) | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?token=AhunMqTSpA)](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process)  | [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-master-lightgray.svg)](http://www.boost.org/development/tests/master/developer/process.html)   |
+| Develop: | [![Build Status](https://drone.cpp.al/api/badges/boostorg/process/status.svg)](https://drone.cpp.al/boostorg/process)                        | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process/branch/develop/graph/badge.svg?token=AhunMqTSpA)](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process) | [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-develop-lightgray.svg)](https://regression.boost.io/develop/developer/process.html) |
+| Master:  | [![Build Status](https://drone.cpp.al/api/badges/boostorg/process/status.svg?ref=refs/heads/develop)](https://drone.cpp.al/boostorg/process) | [![codecov](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process/branch/master/graph/badge.svg?token=AhunMqTSpA)](https://codecov.io/gh/boostorg/process)  | [![Matrix](https://img.shields.io/badge/matrix-master-lightgray.svg)](https://regression.boost.io/master/developer/process.html)   |
 
 
 

doc/acknowledgements.adoc

@@ -8,6 +8,6 @@ A special thank you goes to [http://www.intra2net.com/(Intra2net AG) (especially
 
 Great thanks also goes to Boris Schaeling, who despite having boost.process rejected, went on to work on it and maintained it up until this day and participated in the development of the current version.
 
-Many Thanks, to [https://github.com/time-killer-games](Samuel Venable) for contributing the <<v2::ext>> functionality and all the research that went into it.
+Many Thanks, to [https://github.com/samuelvenable](Samuel Venable) for contributing the <<v2::ext>> functionality and all the research that went into it.
 
 

doc/configuration.adoc

@@ -7,5 +7,5 @@ Boost process v2 can be configured in the following ways:
 | Macro | Description
 
 | `BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE` | Build boost.process for standalone asio
-| `BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS`    | Use std::filesystem instead of boost::filsystem
+| `BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS`    | Use std::filesystem instead of boost::filesystem
 | `BOOST_PROCESS_V2_POSIX_FORCE_DISABLE_CLOSE_RANGE` | Disable usage of `close_range`.

doc/env.adoc

@@ -29,3 +29,24 @@ The subprocess environment assignment follows the same constraints:
 ----
 include::../example/env.cpp[tag=subprocess_env]
 ----
+
+== Inheriting an environment
+
+The current environment can be obtained by calling `environment::current` which returns
+a forward range of `environment::key_value_pair_view`.
+
+.example/env.cpp:48-54
+[source,cpp,ident=0]
+----
+include::../example/env.cpp[tag=vector_env]
+----
+
+Alternatively you can use a map container for the environment.
+
+.example/env.cpp:61-68
+[source,cpp,ident=0]
+----
+include::../example/env.cpp[tag=map_env]
+----
+
+

doc/reference/bind_launcher.adoc

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ template<typename Launcher, typename ... Init>
 auto bind_launcher(Launcher && launcher, Init && ... init);
 
 // Calls bind_launcher with the default_launcher as the first parameter.
-// The new launcher with bound paramaters
+// The new launcher with bound parameters
 template<typename ... Init>
 auto bind_default_launcher(Init && ... init);
 ----

doc/reference/environment.adoc

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 === `environment`
 
-The `environment` header provides facilities to maniuplate the current environment and set it for new processes.
+The `environment` header provides facilities to manipulate the current environment and set it for new processes.
 
 
 An environment is a a `range` of `T` fulfilling these requirements:
@@ -22,16 +22,16 @@ namespace environment
 // A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment keys.
 /* Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
  *
- * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet perserving. The char traits are made to reflect
+ * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet preserving. The char traits are made to reflect
  * that behaviour.
 */
-tempalte<typename Char>
+template<typename Char>
 using key_char_traits = implementation_defined ;
 
 // A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment values.
 /* Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
 */
-tempalte<typename Char>
+template<typename Char>
 using value_char_traits = implementation_defined ;
 
 // The character type used by the environment. Either `char` or `wchar_t`.

doc/reference/process_handle.adoc

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 [#process_handle]
 
 A process handle is an unmanaged version of a process.
-This means it does not terminate the proces on destruction and
+This means it does not terminate the process on destruction and
 will not keep track of the exit-code.
 
 NOTE: that the exit code might be discovered early, during a call to `running`.
@@ -100,9 +100,10 @@ struct basic_process_handle
     // Check if the process handle is referring to an existing process.
     bool is_open() const;
 
-    // Asynchronously wait for the process to exit and deliver the native exit-code in the completion handler.
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, native_exit_code_type))
+    // Asynchronously wait for the process to exit and assign the native exit-code to the reference.
+    // The exit_status can indicate that a process has already be waited for, e.g. when terminate is called.
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
              WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>());
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type &exit_status, WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>());
 };
 ----

doc/reference/stdio.adoc

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ in later version of C++.
 asio::io_context ctx;
 
 /// C++17
-v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{.stderr=nullptr});
+v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{.err=nullptr});
 /// C++11 & C++14
 v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{ {}, {}, nullptr});
 ----
@@ -35,12 +35,57 @@ Valid initializers for any stdio are:
 
   - `std::nullptr_t` assigning a null-device
   - `FILE*` any open file, including `stdin`, `stdout` and `stderr`
-  - a filesystem::path, which will open a readable or writable depending on the direction of the stream
   - `native_handle` any native file handle (`HANDLE` on windows) or file descriptor (`int` on posix)
-  - any io-object with a .native_handle() function that is compatible with the above. E.g. a asio::ip::tcp::socket
-  - an asio::basic_writeable_pipe for stdin or asio::basic_readable_pipe for stderr/stdout.
+  - any io-object with a `.native_handle()` function that is compatible with the above. E.g. a `asio::ip::tcp::socket`, or a pipe object.
+  - a filesystem::path, which will open a readable or writable depending on the direction of the stream
+  - an `asio::basic_writeable_pipe` for stdin or `asio::basic_readable_pipe` for stderr/stdout.
 
+When passing a `FILE*`, a `native_handle` or an io-object with a `native_handle`,
+the initializer will assign the handle as is to the child process.
+That is the file descriptor/handle gets cloned into the subprocess and used without modification.
 
+When passing a filesystem::path, the initializer will attempt to open the file and then pass the handle 
+to the subprocess.
+
+When passing a `readable_pipe` to stdout/stderr or a `writable_pipe` to stdin by reference,
+the initializer to create the other side of the pipe (`writable_pipe` for stdout/stderr, `readable_pipe` for `stdin`),
+connect the pair and pass the native_handle to the child process.
+
+That is, these two are equivalent:
+
+.Implicit construction of the readable pipe.
+[source,cpp]
+----
+asio::io_context ctx;
+asio::writable_pipe wp{ctx};
+// create a readable pipe internally and connect it to wp
+process proc{ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, process_stdio{.in=wp}};
+
+// create it explicitly
+{
+  // the pipe the child process reads from
+  asio::readable_pipe rp{ctx}; 
+  asio::connect_pipe(rp, wp);
+  // `rp.native_handle()`  will be assigned to the child processes stdin
+  process proc{ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, process_stdio{.in=rp}};
+  rp.close(); // close it so the pipe closes when the `proc exits.
+}
+----
+
+The explicit version allows you to assign the same `writable_pipe` to `stdout` and `stderr`:
+
+[source,cpp]
+----
+// the pipe the parent process reads from and both 
+// stderr & stdout of the child process write to
+asio::readable_pipe rp{ctx};
+asio::writable_pipe wp{ctx}; 
+asio::connect_pipe(rp, wp);
+process proc{ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, process_stdio{.out=wp, .err=wp}};
+wp.close(); // close it so the pipe closes when the `proc exits.
+----
+
+NOTE: If the child writes to a pipe, the parent reads from it et vice versa.
 
 
 [source,cpp]
@@ -52,4 +97,4 @@ struct process_stdio
   __implementation_defined__ out;
   __implementation_defined__ err;
 };
-----
+----

doc/stdio.adoc

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ automatically connected and the other side will get assigned to the child proces
 include::../example/stdio.cpp[tag=readable_pipe]
 ----
 
-readable pipes can be assigned to `out` an `err`, while writable_pipes can be assigned to `in`.
+readable pipes can be assigned to `out` and `err`, while writable_pipes can be assigned to `in`.
 
 == `FILE*`
 

doc/version2.adoc

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ The major changes are
 * separate compilation
 * fd safe by default
 
-Version 2 is now the defauled. In order to discourage usage of the deprecated v1, it's documentation has been removed.
+Version 2 is now the default. In order to discourage usage of the deprecated v1, it's documentation has been removed.
 
 == Simplified Interface
 
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ This concerns especially the `wait_for` and `wait_until` functions on the proces
 The latter are easy to do on windows, but posix does not provide an API for this. 
 Thus the wait_for used signals or fork, which was all but safe. 
 Since process v2 is based on asio and thus supports cancellation, 
-a wait_for can not safely be implemented with an async_wait + timeout.
+a wait_for can now safely be implemented with an async_wait + timeout.
 
 == UTF-8
 

example/env.cpp

@@ -42,4 +42,30 @@ int main()
     process pro2(ctx, exe, {"test.cpp"}, process_environment(my_env));
     // end::subprocess_env[]
   }
+
+  {
+    // tag::vector_env[]
+    asio::io_context ctx;
+    auto c = environment::current();
+    // we need to use a value, since windows needs wchar_t.
+    std::vector<environment::key_value_pair> my_env{c.begin(), c.end()};
+    my_env.push_back("SECRET=THIS_IS_A_TEST");
+    auto exe = environment::find_executable("g++", my_env);
+    process proc(ctx, exe, {"main.cpp"}, process_environment(my_env));
+    // end::vector_env[]
+
+  }
+
+  {
+    // tag::map_env[]
+    asio::io_context ctx;
+    std::unordered_map<environment::key, environment::value> my_env;
+    for (const auto & kv : environment::current())
+      if (kv.key().string() != "SECRET")
+        my_env[kv.key()] = kv.value();
+
+    auto exe = environment::find_executable("g++", my_env);
+    process proc(ctx, exe, {"main.cpp"}, process_environment(my_env));
+    // end::map_env[]
+  }
 }

include/boost/process/posix/bind_fd.hpp

@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/bind_fd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/bind_fd.hpp>

include/boost/process/posix/default_launcher.hpp

@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/default_launcher.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/default_launcher.hpp>

include/boost/process/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp

@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp>

include/boost/process/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp

@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/pdfork_launcher.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp>

include/boost/process/posix/vfork_launcher.hpp

@@ -1 +1 @@
-#include <boost/process/v2/vfork_launcher.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/vfork_launcher.hpp>

include/boost/process/v1.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2024 Klemens D. Morgenstern
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+#ifndef BOOST_PROCESS_V1_HPP
+#define BOOST_PROCESS_V1_HPP
+
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+
+#endif //BOOST_PROCESS_V1_HPP

include/boost/process/v1/async.hpp

@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ io_context ios;
 child c("ls", ios, on_exit=[](int exit, const std::error_code& ec_in){});
 
 std::future<int> exit_code;
-chlid c2("ls", ios, on_exit=exit_code);
+child c2("ls", ios, on_exit=exit_code);
 
 \endcode
 

include/boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace boost { namespace process { BOOST_PROCESS_V1_INLINE namespace v1 {
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_DOXYGEN)
 
 
-/** Class implementing an asnychronous I/O-Object for use with boost.asio.
+/** Class implementing an asynchronous I/O-Object for use with boost.asio.
  *  It is based on the corresponding I/O Object, that is either boost::asio::windows::stream_handle or
  *  boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor.
  *

include/boost/process/v1/child.hpp

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ child::child(Args&&...args)
 typedef ::boost::process::v1::detail::api::pid_t pid_t;
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_DOXYGEN)
-/** The main class to hold a child process. It is simliar to [std::thread](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/thread),
+/** The main class to hold a child process. It is similar to [std::thread](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/thread),
  * in that it has a join and detach function.
  *
  * @attention The destructor will call terminate on the process if not joined or detached without any warning.
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class child
     /** Same as valid, for convenience. */
     explicit operator bool() const;
 
-    /** Check if the the chlid process is in any process group. */
+    /** Check if the the child process is in any process group. */
     bool in_group() const;
 
     /** \overload bool in_group() const */

include/boost/process/v1/detail/posix/environment.hpp

@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ public:
     using string_type = std::basic_string<char_type>;
     using native_handle_type = char_type **;
 
-    void reload() {this->_env_impl = ::environ;}
+    void reload() {this->_env_impl = environ;}
 
     string_type get(const pointer_type id) { return getenv(id); }
     void        set(const pointer_type id, const pointer_type value)
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ public:
     native_environment_impl & operator=(native_environment_impl && ) = default;
     native_handle_type _env_impl = environ;
 
-    native_handle_type native_handle() const {return ::environ;}
+    native_handle_type native_handle() const {return environ;}
 };
 
 

include/boost/process/v1/detail/posix/executor.hpp

@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ class executor
         prepare_cmd_style_fn = exe;
         if ((prepare_cmd_style_fn.find('/') == std::string::npos) && ::access(prepare_cmd_style_fn.c_str(), X_OK))
         {
-            const auto * e = ::environ;
+            const auto * e = environ;
             while ((e != nullptr) && (*e != nullptr) && !boost::starts_with(*e, "PATH="))
                 e++;
 
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ public:
     const char * exe      = nullptr;
     char *const* cmd_line = nullptr;
     bool cmd_style = false;
-    char **env      = ::environ;
+    char **env      = environ;
     pid_t pid = -1;
     std::shared_ptr<std::atomic<int>> exit_status = std::make_shared<std::atomic<int>>(still_active);
 

include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/async_pipe.hpp

@@ -31,6 +31,8 @@ inline std::string make_pipe_name()
     static std::atomic_size_t cnt{0};
     name += std::to_string(pid);
     name += "_";
+    name += std::to_string(intptr_t(&cnt)); // to unclash Boost instances in plug-in DLLs
+    name += "_";
     name += std::to_string(cnt++);
 
     return name;
@@ -60,8 +62,6 @@ public:
     async_pipe(boost::asio::io_context & ios_source, boost::asio::io_context & ios_sink, const std::string & name)
             : async_pipe(ios_source, ios_sink, name, false) {}
 
-
-
     inline async_pipe(const async_pipe& rhs);
     async_pipe(async_pipe&& rhs)  : _source(std::move(rhs._source)), _sink(std::move(rhs._sink))
     {
@@ -153,7 +153,6 @@ public:
         return _sink.write_some(buffers);
     }
 
-
     template<typename MutableBufferSequence>
     std::size_t read_some(const MutableBufferSequence & buffers, boost::system::error_code & ec) noexcept
     {
@@ -281,7 +280,6 @@ async_pipe::async_pipe(const async_pipe& p)  :
         _sink.  assign(sink);
 }
 
-
 async_pipe::async_pipe(boost::asio::io_context & ios_source,
                        boost::asio::io_context & ios_sink,
                        const std::string & name, bool private_) : _source(ios_source), _sink(ios_sink)
@@ -298,7 +296,6 @@ async_pipe::async_pipe(boost::asio::io_context & ios_source,
             | FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED_, //write flag
             0, private_ ? 1 : ::boost::winapi::PIPE_UNLIMITED_INSTANCES_, 8192, 8192, 0, nullptr);
 
-
     if (source == boost::winapi::INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE_)
         ::boost::process::v1::detail::throw_last_error("create_named_pipe(" + name + ") failed");
 

include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/basic_cmd.hpp

@@ -162,7 +162,9 @@ struct exe_cmd_init : handler_base_ext
     }
     static exe_cmd_init<Char> exe_args_shell(string_type && exe, std::vector<string_type> && args)
     {
-        std::vector<string_type> args_ = {c_arg(Char()), std::move(exe)};
+        std::vector<string_type> args_ = {c_arg(Char())};
+        if (!exe.empty())
+            args_.emplace_back(std::move(exe));
         args_.insert(args_.end(), std::make_move_iterator(args.begin()), std::make_move_iterator(args.end()));
         string_type sh = get_shell(Char());
 

include/boost/process/v1/detail/windows/environment.hpp

@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ basic_environment_impl<Char>::basic_environment_impl(const native_environment_im
     while ((*p != null_char<Char>()) || (*(p+1) !=  null_char<Char>()))
         p++;
     p++; //pointing to the second nullchar
-    p++; //to get the pointer behing the second nullchar, so it's end.
+    p++; //to get the pointer behind the second nullchar, so it's end.
 
     this->_data.assign(beg, p);
     this->reload();

include/boost/process/v1/environment.hpp

@@ -627,7 +627,7 @@ public:
     using base_type::operator=;
 };
 
-///Type definition to hold a seperate environment.
+///Type definition to hold a separate environment.
 template<typename Char>
 class basic_environment : public basic_environment_impl<Char, detail::api::basic_environment_impl>
 {
@@ -646,10 +646,10 @@ typedef basic_native_environment<char>     native_environment;
 typedef basic_native_environment<wchar_t> wnative_environment;
 
 #if !defined(BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS)
-///Type definition to hold a seperate environment.
+///Type definition to hold a separate environment.
 typedef basic_environment<char>     environment;
 #endif
-///Type definition to hold a seperate environment.
+///Type definition to hold a separate environment.
 typedef basic_environment<wchar_t> wenvironment;
 
 }}
@@ -673,10 +673,10 @@ inline int get_id()                     { return ::boost::process::v1::detail::a
 ///Get the native handle of the current process.
 inline native_handle_type native_handle()  { return ::boost::process::v1::detail::api::native_handle();}
 #if !defined(BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS)
-///Get the enviroment of the current process.
+///Get the environment of the current process.
 inline native_environment   environment() { return ::boost::process::v1:: native_environment(); }
 #endif
-///Get the enviroment of the current process.
+///Get the environment of the current process.
 inline wnative_environment wenvironment() { return ::boost::process::v1::wnative_environment(); }
 ///Get the path environment variable of the current process runs.
 inline std::vector<boost::process::v1::filesystem::path> path()

include/boost/process/v1/extend.hpp

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ struct handler
     template <class Executor>
     void on_setup(Executor&) const {}
 
-    /** This function is invoked if an error occured while trying to launch the process.
+    /** This function is invoked if an error occurred while trying to launch the process.
      * \note It is not required to be const.
      */
     template <class Executor>
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ struct handler
     template <class Executor>
     void on_success(Executor&) const {}
 
-    /**This function is invoked if an error occured during the call of `fork`.
+    /**This function is invoked if an error occurred during the call of `fork`.
      * \note This function will only be called on posix.
      */
     template<typename Executor>
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ struct posix_executor
      ///A pointer to the argument-vector.
      char *const* cmd_line = nullptr;
      ///A pointer to the environment variables, as default it is set to [environ](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/xbd_chap08.html)
-     char **env      = ::environ;
+     char **env      = environ;
      ///The pid of the process - it will be -1 before invoking [fork](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fork.html), and after forking either 0 for the new process or a positive value if in the current process. */
      pid_t pid = -1;
      ///This shared-pointer holds the exit code. It's done this way, so it can be shared between an `asio::io_context` and \ref child.
@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ struct windows_executor
     void set_startup_info_ex();
     ///This element is an instance or a reference (if \ref startup_info_ex exists) to the [startup-info](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms686331.aspx) for the process.
     startup_info_t startup_info;
-    ///This element is the instance of the  [extended startup-info](https://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/library/windows/desktop/ms686329.aspx). It is only available with a winapi-version equal or highter than 6.
+    ///This element is the instance of the  [extended startup-info](https://msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/library/windows/desktop/ms686329.aspx). It is only available with a winapi-version equal or higher than 6.
     startup_info_ex_t  startup_info_ex;
 };
 

include/boost/process/v1/locale.hpp

@@ -78,8 +78,9 @@ inline std::locale default_locale()
     std::locale global_loc = std::locale();
     return std::locale(global_loc, new std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>);
 # else  // Other POSIX
-    // Return a default locale object.
-    return std::locale();
+    // ISO C calls std::locale("") "the locale-specific native environment", and this
+    // locale is the default for many POSIX-based operating systems such as Linux.
+    return std::locale("");
 # endif
 }
 

include/boost/process/v2/default_launcher.hpp

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 #else
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PDFORK)
 #include <boost/process/v2/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp>
+#elif defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIPEFORK)
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/pipe_fork_launcher.hpp>
 #else
 #include <boost/process/v2/posix/default_launcher.hpp>
 #endif
@@ -48,6 +50,8 @@ typedef windows::default_launcher default_process_launcher;
 #else
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PDFORK)
 typedef posix::pdfork_launcher default_process_launcher;
+#elif defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIPEFORK)
+typedef posix::pipe_fork_launcher default_process_launcher;
 #else
 typedef posix::default_launcher default_process_launcher;
 #endif

include/boost/process/v2/detail/config.hpp

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE
 
 #include <sys/syscall.h>
 
-#if defined(SYS_pidfd_open)
+#if defined(SYS_pidfd_open) && !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_PIDFD_OPEN)
 #define BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIDFD_OPEN 1
 #define BOOST_PROCESS_V2_HAS_PROCESS_HANDLE 1
 #endif

include/boost/process/v2/detail/environment_posix.hpp

@@ -14,8 +14,13 @@
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/cstring_ref.hpp>
 
-#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__MACH__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__sun)
-extern "C" { extern char **environ; }
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+# include <crt_externs.h>
+# if !defined(environ)
+#  define environ (*_NSGetEnviron())
+# endif
+#elif defined(__MACH__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__sun)
+ extern "C" { extern char **environ; }
 #endif
 
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE

include/boost/process/v2/detail/environment_win.hpp

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ struct key_char_traits
     if (s1 < s2)
       return std::move(s2, s2 + n, s1);
     else
-      return std::move_backward(s2, s2 + n, s1);
+      return std::move_backward(s2, s2 + n, s1 + n);
   }
 
   BOOST_CONSTEXPR static

include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_fd.hpp

@@ -69,6 +69,8 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd
     basic_process_handle_fd(executor_type executor, pid_type pid)
             : pid_(pid), descriptor_(executor, syscall(SYS_pidfd_open, pid, 0))
     {
+        if (descriptor_.native_handle() == -1)
+            detail::throw_error(detail::get_last_error(), "wait(pid)");
     }
 
     basic_process_handle_fd(executor_type executor, pid_type pid, native_handle_type process_handle)
@@ -255,7 +257,7 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd
             ec.clear();
             exit_code = code;
         }
-      return false;
+        return false;
     }
 
     bool running(native_exit_code_type &exit_code)
@@ -286,24 +288,21 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd
     {
         net::posix::basic_descriptor<Executor> &descriptor;
         pid_type pid_;
-
+        native_exit_code_type & exit_code;
         template<typename Self>
         void operator()(Self &&self)
         {
             self.reset_cancellation_state(asio::enable_total_cancellation());
             error_code ec;
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
             int wait_res = -1;
             if (pid_ <= 0) // error, complete early
-                ec = net::error::bad_descriptor;
-            else 
+              BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, net::error::bad_descriptor);
+            else if (process_is_running(exit_code))
             {
                 wait_res = ::waitpid(pid_, &exit_code, WNOHANG);
                 if (wait_res == -1)
                     ec = get_last_error();
             }
-            
-
             if (!ec && (wait_res == 0))
             {
                 descriptor.async_wait(net::posix::descriptor_base::wait_read, std::move(self));
@@ -313,38 +312,39 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd
             struct completer
             {
                 error_code ec;
-                native_exit_code_type code;
                 typename std::decay<Self>::type self;
 
                 void operator()()
                 {
-                    self.complete(ec, code);
+                    self.complete(ec);
                 }
             };
-            net::post(descriptor.get_executor(), completer{ec, exit_code, std::move(self)});
+            net::dispatch(
+                net::get_associated_immediate_executor(self, descriptor.get_executor()),
+                completer{ec, std::move(self)});
 
         }
 
         template<typename Self>
         void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec, int = 0)
         {
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
-            if (!ec)
+            if (!ec && process_is_running(exit_code))
                 if (::waitpid(pid_, &exit_code, 0) == -1)
                     ec = get_last_error();
-            std::move(self).complete(ec, exit_code);
+            std::move(self).complete(ec);
         }
     };
  public:
 
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, native_exit_code_type))
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
     WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
-    -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-        async_wait_op_{descriptor_, pid_}, handler, descriptor_))
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type & exit_code,
+                    WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
+    -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+        async_wait_op_{descriptor_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, descriptor_))
     {
-      return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-          async_wait_op_{descriptor_, pid_}, handler, descriptor_);
+      return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+          async_wait_op_{descriptor_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, descriptor_);
     }
 
 };

include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_fd_or_signal.hpp

@@ -18,19 +18,27 @@
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE)
 #include <asio/any_io_executor.hpp>
+#include <asio/append.hpp>
+#include <asio/associated_immediate_executor.hpp>
 #include <asio/compose.hpp>
 #include <asio/dispatch.hpp>
 #include <asio/posix/basic_stream_descriptor.hpp>
 #include <asio/post.hpp>
-#include <asio/windows/signal_set.hpp>
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
+#include <asio/signal_set.hpp>
+#endif
 #else
 #include <boost/asio/any_io_executor.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/append.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/associated_immediate_executor.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/compose.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/dispatch.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/posix/basic_stream_descriptor.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/post.hpp>
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
 #include <boost/asio/signal_set.hpp>
 #endif
+#endif
 
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
@@ -45,7 +53,7 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal
     typedef Executor executor_type;
 
     executor_type get_executor()
-    { return signal_set_.get_executor(); }
+    { return descriptor_.get_executor(); }
 
     /// Rebinds the process_handle to another executor.
     template<typename Executor1>
@@ -277,14 +285,13 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal
         int res = ::waitpid(pid_, &code, WNOHANG);
         if (res == -1)
             ec = get_last_error();
-        else
-            ec.clear();
-
-        if (process_is_running(res))
+        else if (res == 0)
             return true;
         else
+        {
+            ec.clear();
             exit_code = code;
-
+        }
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -311,13 +318,21 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal
     struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal;
     pid_type pid_ = -1;
     net::posix::basic_stream_descriptor<Executor> descriptor_;
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
     net::basic_signal_set<Executor> signal_set_{descriptor_.get_executor(), SIGCHLD};
-
+#else
+    int signal_set_;
+#endif
     struct async_wait_op_
     {
         net::posix::basic_descriptor<Executor> &descriptor;
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
         net::basic_signal_set<Executor> &handle;
+#else
+        int dummy;
+#endif
         pid_type pid_;
+        native_exit_code_type & exit_code;
         bool needs_post = true;
 
         template<typename Self>
@@ -330,11 +345,10 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal
         template<typename Self>
         void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec, int = 0)
         {
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
             int wait_res = -1;
             if (pid_ <= 0) // error, complete early
                 ec = net::error::bad_descriptor;
-            else 
+            else if (process_is_running(exit_code))
             {
                 wait_res = ::waitpid(pid_, &exit_code, WNOHANG);
                 if (wait_res == -1)
@@ -343,46 +357,53 @@ struct basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal
 
             if (!ec && (wait_res == 0))
             {
-                needs_post = false;
                 if (descriptor.is_open())
-                    descriptor.async_wait(
-                            net::posix::descriptor_base::wait_read,
-                            std::move(self));
+                {
+                  needs_post = false;
+                  descriptor.async_wait(
+                      net::posix::descriptor_base::wait_read,
+                      std::move(self));
+                  return;
+                }
                 else
-                    handle.async_wait(std::move(self));
-                return;
+                {
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
+                  needs_post = false;
+                  handle.async_wait(std::move(self));
+                  return;
+#else
+                  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, net::error::operation_not_supported);
+#endif
+                }
             }
 
-            struct completer
-            {
-                error_code ec;
-                native_exit_code_type code;
-                typename std::decay<Self>::type self;
-
-                void operator()()
-                {
-                    self.complete(ec, code);
-                }
-            };
-
-            const auto exec = self.get_executor();
-            completer cpl{ec, exit_code, std::move(self)};
             if (needs_post)
-                net::post(exec, std::move(cpl));
+            {
+              auto exec = net::get_associated_immediate_executor(self, descriptor.get_executor());
+              net::dispatch(exec, net::append(std::move(self), exit_code, ec));
+            }
             else
-                net::dispatch(exec, std::move(cpl));
-
+            {
+              auto exec = net::get_associated_executor(self);
+              net::dispatch(exec, net::append(std::move(self), exit_code, ec));
+            }
+        }
+        template<typename Self>
+        void operator()(Self &&self, native_exit_code_type code, error_code ec)
+        {
+          self.complete(ec);
         }
     };
  public:
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, int))
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
              WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
-      -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                  async_wait_op_{descriptor_, signal_set_, pid_}, handler, descriptor_))
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type & exit_code,
+                    WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
+      -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                  async_wait_op_{descriptor_, signal_set_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, descriptor_))
     {
-        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                async_wait_op_{descriptor_, signal_set_, pid_}, handler, descriptor_);
+        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                async_wait_op_{descriptor_, signal_set_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, descriptor_);
     }
 };
 }

include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_signal.hpp

@@ -17,17 +17,25 @@
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE)
 #include <asio/any_io_executor.hpp>
+#include <asio/append.hpp>
+#include <asio/associated_immediate_executor.hpp>
 #include <asio/compose.hpp>
 #include <asio/dispatch.hpp>
 #include <asio/post.hpp>
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
 #include <asio/signal_set.hpp>
+#endif
 #else
 #include <boost/asio/any_io_executor.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/append.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/associated_immediate_executor.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/compose.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/dispatch.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/post.hpp>
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
 #include <boost/asio/signal_set.hpp>
 #endif
+#endif
 
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
@@ -86,9 +94,14 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal
     basic_process_handle_signal& operator=(basic_process_handle_signal && handle)
     {
         pid_ = handle.id();
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
+
         signal_set_.~basic_signal_set();
         using ss = net::basic_signal_set<Executor>;
         new (&signal_set_) ss(handle.get_executor(), SIGCHLD);
+#else
+        signal_set_.executor = handle.signal_set_.executor;
+#endif
         handle.pid_ = -1;
         return *this;
     }
@@ -244,11 +257,13 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal
         int res = ::waitpid(pid_, &code, WNOHANG);
         if (res == -1)
             ec = get_last_error();
-        
-        if (res == 0)
+        else if (res == 0)
             return true;
         else
+        {
+            ec.clear();
             exit_code = code;
+        }
         return false;
     }
 
@@ -273,13 +288,28 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal
     template<typename>
     friend struct basic_process_handle_signal;
     pid_type pid_ = -1;
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
     net::basic_signal_set<Executor> signal_set_;
-
+#else
+    struct signal_set_dummy_
+    {
+      signal_set_dummy_(signal_set_dummy_ &&) = default;
+      signal_set_dummy_(const signal_set_dummy_ &) = default;
+      Executor executor;
+      using executor_type = Executor;
+      executor_type get_executor() {return executor;}
+      signal_set_dummy_(Executor executor, int) : executor(std::move(executor)) {}
+    };
+    signal_set_dummy_ signal_set_;
+#endif
     struct async_wait_op_
     {
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_SIGNALSET)
+
         net::basic_signal_set<Executor> &handle;
         pid_type pid_;
-        
+        native_exit_code_type & exit_code;
+
         template<typename Self>
         void operator()(Self &&self)
         {
@@ -290,19 +320,18 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal
         }
 
         template<typename Self>
-        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec, int sig)
+        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec, int /*sig*/)
         {
             if (ec == net::error::operation_aborted &&
                 self.get_cancellation_state().cancelled() 
                     == net::cancellation_type::none)
                 ec.clear();
 
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code = -1;
             int wait_res = -1;
 
             if (pid_ <= 0) // error, complete early
                 ec = net::error::bad_descriptor;
-            else if (!ec)
+            else if (!ec && process_is_running(exit_code))
             {
                 wait_res = ::waitpid(pid_, &exit_code, WNOHANG);
                 if (wait_res == -1)
@@ -315,31 +344,37 @@ struct basic_process_handle_signal
                 return;
             }
 
-            struct completer
-            {
-                error_code ec;
-                native_exit_code_type code;
-                typename std::decay<Self>::type self;
-
-                void operator()()
-                {
-                    self.complete(ec, code);
-                }
-            };
-
             const auto exec = self.get_executor();
-            net::dispatch(exec, completer{ec, exit_code, std::move(self)});
+            net::dispatch(exec, net::append(std::move(self), ec));
+        }
+#else
+        signal_set_dummy_ dummy_;
+        pid_t pid;
+        template<typename Self>
+        void operator()(Self &&self)
+        {
+          auto exec = net::get_associated_immediate_executor(self, dummy_.get_executor());
+          error_code ec;
+          BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, net::error::operation_not_supported);
+          net::dispatch(exec, net::append(std::move(self), native_exit_code_type(), ec));
+        }
+#endif
+        template<typename Self>
+        void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec)
+        {
+          self.complete(ec);
         }
     };
  public:
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, int))
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
              WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
-      -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                    async_wait_op_{signal_set_, pid_}, handler, signal_set_))
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type & exit_code,
+                    WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
+      -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                    async_wait_op_{signal_set_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, signal_set_))
     {
-        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                async_wait_op_{signal_set_, pid_}, handler, signal_set_);
+        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                async_wait_op_{signal_set_, pid_, exit_code}, handler, signal_set_);
     }
 };
 

include/boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_windows.hpp

@@ -275,7 +275,7 @@ struct basic_process_handle_win
     struct async_wait_op_
     {
         handle_type &handle;
-
+        native_exit_code_type & exit_code;
         template<typename Self>
         void operator()(Self &&self)
         {
@@ -296,24 +296,24 @@ struct basic_process_handle_win
         template<typename Self>
         void operator()(Self &&self, error_code ec)
         {
-            native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
             if (ec == asio::error::operation_aborted && !self.get_cancellation_state().cancelled())
               return handle.async_wait(std::move(self));
 
-            if (!ec)
+            if (!ec && process_is_running(exit_code)) // exit_code could be set by another call to wait.
                 detail::get_exit_code_(handle.native_handle(), exit_code, ec);
-            std::move(self).complete(ec, exit_code);
+            std::move(self).complete(ec);
         }
     };
  public:
-    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code, native_exit_code_type))
+    template<BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void(error_code))
              WaitHandler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>>
-    auto async_wait(WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
-        -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                    async_wait_op_{handle_}, handler, handle_))
+    auto async_wait(native_exit_code_type & exit_code,
+                    WaitHandler &&handler = net::default_completion_token_t<executor_type>())
+        -> decltype(net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                    async_wait_op_{handle_, exit_code}, handler, handle_))
     {
-        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code, native_exit_code_type)>(
-                async_wait_op_{handle_}, handler, handle_
+        return net::async_compose<WaitHandler, void(error_code)>(
+                async_wait_op_{handle_, exit_code}, handler, handle_
         );
     }
 };

include/boost/process/v2/detail/utf8.hpp

@@ -44,9 +44,14 @@ std::basic_string<CharOut, Traits, Allocator> conv_string(
     if (ec)
         detail::throw_error(ec, "size_as_utf8");
 
+
     std::basic_string<CharOut, Traits, Allocator> res(allocator);
     res.resize(req_size);
 
+    if (req_size == 0)
+        return res;
+
+
     auto res_size = convert_to_utf8(data, size, &res.front(), req_size,  ec);
     if (ec)
         detail::throw_error(ec, "convert_to_utf8");
@@ -70,6 +75,9 @@ std::basic_string<CharOut, Traits, Allocator> conv_string(
     std::basic_string<CharOut, Traits, Allocator> res(allocator);
     res.resize(req_size);
 
+    if (req_size == 0)
+        return res;
+
     auto res_size = convert_to_wide(data, size, &res.front(), req_size,  ec);
     if (ec)
         detail::throw_error(ec, "convert_to_wide");

include/boost/process/v2/environment.hpp

@@ -40,16 +40,16 @@ namespace environment
 /// A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment keys.
 /** Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
  * 
- * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet perserving. The char traits are made to reflect 
+ * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet preserving. The char traits are made to reflect 
  * that behaviour.
 */
-tempalte<typename Char>
+template<typename Char>
 using key_char_traits = implementation_defined ;
 
 /// A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment values.
 /** Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
 */
-tempalte<typename Char>
+template<typename Char>
 using value_char_traits = implementation_defined ;
 
 /// The character type used by the environment. Either `char` or `wchar_t`.
@@ -1372,6 +1372,8 @@ struct current_view
         environment::native_iterator iterator_;
     };
 
+    using const_iterator = iterator;
+
     iterator begin() const {return iterator(handle_.get());}
     iterator   end() const {return iterator(detail::find_end(handle_.get()));}
 
@@ -1760,9 +1762,12 @@ struct process_environment
   std::vector<environment::key_value_pair> env_buffer;
   std::vector<wchar_t> unicode_env;
 
-  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL
   error_code on_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher,
-                      const filesystem::path &, const std::wstring &);
+                      const filesystem::path &, const std::wstring &)
+  {
+    return do_setup(launcher);
+  }                  
+  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL error_code do_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher);
 
 #else
 
@@ -1811,7 +1816,13 @@ struct process_environment
 
   BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL
   error_code on_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher, 
-                      const filesystem::path &, const char * const *);
+                      const filesystem::path &, const char * const *)
+  {
+    return do_setup(launcher);
+  }
+
+  BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL error_code do_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher);
+
 
   std::vector<environment::key_value_pair> env_buffer;
   std::vector<const char *> env;

include/boost/process/v2/posix/default_launcher.hpp

@@ -30,9 +30,13 @@
 #include <sys/wait.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-
-#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__MACH__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__sun)
-extern "C" { extern char **environ; }
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+# include <crt_externs.h>
+# if !defined(environ)
+#  define environ (*_NSGetEnviron())
+# endif
+#elif defined(__MACH__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__sun)
+ extern "C" { extern char **environ; }
 #endif
 
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
@@ -260,7 +264,7 @@ inline void on_exec_error(Launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &executabl
 struct default_launcher
 {
     /// The pointer to the environment forwarded to the subprocess.
-    const char * const * env = ::environ;
+    const char * const * env = environ;
     /// The pid of the subprocess - will be assigned after fork.
     int pid = -1;
 
@@ -348,9 +352,9 @@ struct default_launcher
             }
             fd_whitelist.push_back(pg.p[1]);
 
+#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)
             auto & ctx = net::query(
                     exec, net::execution::context);
-#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)
             ctx.notify_fork(net::execution_context::fork_prepare);
 #endif
             pid = ::fork();
@@ -382,7 +386,7 @@ struct default_launcher
                 ignore_unused(::write(pg.p[1], &errno, sizeof(int)));
                 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
                 detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
-                ::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                 return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
             }
 #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)

include/boost/process/v2/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp

@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ struct fork_and_forget_launcher : default_launcher
 
                 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
                 detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
-                ::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                 return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
             }
 #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)

include/boost/process/v2/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ struct pdfork_launcher : default_launcher
                 default_launcher::ignore_unused(::write(pg.p[1], &errno, sizeof(int)));
                 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
                 detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
-                ::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
                 return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
             }
 #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DISABLE_NOTIFY_FORK)

include/boost/process/v2/posix/pipe_fork_launcher.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2022 Klemens D. Morgenstern
+//
+// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+#ifndef BOOST_PROCESS_V2_POSIX_PIPE_FORK_LAUNCHER_HPP
+#define BOOST_PROCESS_V2_POSIX_PIPE_FORK_LAUNCHER_HPP
+
+#include <boost/process/v2/posix/default_launcher.hpp>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+namespace posix
+{
+
+/// A launcher using `pipe_fork`. Default on FreeBSD
+struct pipe_fork_launcher : default_launcher
+{
+    /// The file descriptor of the subprocess. Set after fork.
+    pipe_fork_launcher() = default;
+
+    template<typename ExecutionContext, typename Args, typename ... Inits>
+    auto operator()(ExecutionContext & context,
+                    const typename std::enable_if<is_convertible<
+                            ExecutionContext&, net::execution_context&>::value,
+                            filesystem::path >::type & executable,
+                    Args && args,
+                    Inits && ... inits ) -> basic_process<typename ExecutionContext::executor_type>
+    {
+        error_code ec;
+        auto proc =  (*this)(context, ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
+
+        if (ec)
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "pipe_fork_launcher");
+
+        return proc;
+    }
+
+
+    template<typename ExecutionContext, typename Args, typename ... Inits>
+    auto operator()(ExecutionContext & context,
+                    error_code & ec,
+                    const typename std::enable_if<is_convertible<
+                            ExecutionContext&, net::execution_context&>::value,
+                            filesystem::path >::type & executable,
+                    Args && args,
+                    Inits && ... inits ) -> basic_process<typename ExecutionContext::executor_type>
+    {
+        return (*this)(context.get_executor(), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
+    }
+
+    template<typename Executor, typename Args, typename ... Inits>
+    auto operator()(Executor exec,
+                    const typename std::enable_if<
+                            net::execution::is_executor<Executor>::value ||
+                            net::is_executor<Executor>::value,
+                            filesystem::path >::type & executable,
+                    Args && args,
+                    Inits && ... inits ) -> basic_process<Executor>
+    {
+        error_code ec;
+        auto proc =  (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
+
+        if (ec)
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "pipe_fork_launcher");
+
+        return proc;
+    }
+
+    template<typename Executor, typename Args, typename ... Inits>
+    auto operator()(Executor exec,
+                    error_code & ec,
+                    const typename std::enable_if<
+                            net::execution::is_executor<Executor>::value ||
+                            net::is_executor<Executor>::value,
+                            filesystem::path >::type & executable,
+                    Args && args,
+                    Inits && ... inits ) -> basic_process<Executor>
+    {
+        auto argv = this->build_argv_(executable, std::forward<Args>(args));
+        int fd = -1;
+        {
+            pipe_guard pg, pg_wait;
+            if (::pipe(pg.p))
+            {
+                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
+                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
+            }
+            if (::fcntl(pg.p[1], F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC))
+            {
+                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
+                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
+            }
+            if (::pipe(pg_wait.p))
+            {
+              BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
+              return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
+            }
+            if (::fcntl(pg_wait.p[1], F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC))
+            {
+                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
+                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
+            }
+            ec = detail::on_setup(*this, executable, argv, inits ...);
+            if (ec)
+            {
+                detail::on_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+                return basic_process<Executor>(exec);
+            }
+            fd_whitelist.push_back(pg.p[1]);
+            fd_whitelist.push_back(pg_wait.p[1]);
+
+            auto & ctx = net::query(
+                    exec, net::execution::context);
+            ctx.notify_fork(net::execution_context::fork_prepare);
+            pid = ::fork();
+            if (pid == -1)
+            {
+                ctx.notify_fork(net::execution_context::fork_parent);
+                detail::on_fork_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+                detail::on_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+
+                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
+                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
+            }
+            else if (pid == 0)
+            {
+                ctx.notify_fork(net::execution_context::fork_child);
+                ::close(pg.p[0]);
+
+                ec = detail::on_exec_setup(*this, executable, argv, inits...);
+                if (!ec)
+                {
+                    close_all_fds(ec);
+                }                
+                if (!ec)
+                    ::execve(executable.c_str(), const_cast<char * const *>(argv), const_cast<char * const *>(env));
+
+                default_launcher::ignore_unused(::write(pg.p[1], &errno, sizeof(int)));
+                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category());
+                detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+                ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
+            }
+            ctx.notify_fork(net::execution_context::fork_parent);
+            ::close(pg.p[1]);
+            pg.p[1] = -1;
+            ::close(pg_wait.p[1]);
+            pg_wait.p[1] = -1;
+            int child_error{0};
+            int count = -1;
+            while ((count = ::read(pg.p[0], &child_error, sizeof(child_error))) == -1)
+            {
+                int err = errno;
+                if ((err != EAGAIN) && (err != EINTR))
+                {
+                    BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, err, system_category());
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            if (count != 0)
+                BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, child_error, system_category());
+
+            if (ec)
+            {
+                detail::on_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+                return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
+            }
+            std::swap(fd, pg_wait.p[0]);
+        }
+
+        basic_process<Executor> proc(exec, pid, fd);
+        detail::on_success(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
+        return proc;
+    }
+};
+
+
+}
+
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE
+
+
+#endif //BOOST_PROCESS_V2_POSIX_PIPE_FORK_LAUNCHER_HPP

include/boost/process/v2/process.hpp

@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE)
 #include <asio/any_io_executor.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/dispatch.hpp>
 #include <asio/post.hpp>
 #include <utility>
 #else
 #include <boost/asio/any_io_executor.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/dispatch.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio/post.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/exchange.hpp>
 #endif
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ struct basic_process
   void resume()
   {
       error_code ec;
-      suspend(ec);
+      resume(ec);
       if (ec)
           detail::throw_error(ec, "resume");
   }
@@ -300,6 +302,8 @@ struct basic_process
    */
   bool running()
   {
+    if (!process_is_running(exit_status_))
+      return false;
     error_code ec;
     native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
     auto r =  process_handle_.running(exit_code, ec);
@@ -314,6 +318,8 @@ struct basic_process
   /// Throwing @overload bool running(error_code & ec)
   bool running(error_code & ec) noexcept
   {
+    if (!process_is_running(exit_status_))
+      return false;
     native_exit_code_type exit_code{};
     auto r =  process_handle_.running(exit_code, ec);
     if (!ec && !r)
@@ -355,23 +361,22 @@ private:
             }
         };
 
-        net::post(handle.get_executor(),
-                                              completer{static_cast<int>(res), std::move(self)});
+        net::dispatch(
+            net::get_associated_immediate_executor(handle, handle.get_executor()),
+            completer{static_cast<int>(res), std::move(self)});
       }
       else
-        handle.async_wait(std::move(self));
+        handle.async_wait(res, std::move(self));
     }
 
     template<typename Self>
-    void operator()(Self && self, error_code ec, native_exit_code_type code)
+    void operator()(Self && self, error_code ec)
     {
-      if (!ec && process_is_running(code))
-        handle.async_wait(std::move(self));
+      if (!ec && process_is_running(res))
+        handle.async_wait(res, std::move(self));
       else
       {
-        if (!ec)
-          res = code;
-        std::move(self).complete(ec, evaluate_exit_code(code));
+        std::move(self).complete(ec, evaluate_exit_code(res));
       }
     }
   };

include/boost/process/v2/process_handle.hpp

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIDFD_OPEN)
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_fd.hpp>
-#elif defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PDFORK)
+#elif defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PDFORK) || defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIPEFORK)
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/process_handle_fd_or_signal.hpp>
 #else
 // with asio support we could use EVFILT_PROC:NOTE_EXIT as well.
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
 #if defined(GENERATING_DOCUMENTATION)
 /** A process handle is an unmanaged version of a process.
- * This means it does not terminate the proces on destruction and
+ * This means it does not terminate the process on destruction and
  * will not keep track of the exit-code. 
  * 
  * Note that the exit code might be discovered early, during a call to `running`.
@@ -107,9 +107,9 @@ struct basic_process_handle
     void request_exit()
 
     /// Unconditionally terminates the process and stores the exit code in exit_status.
-    void terminate(native_exit_code_type &exit_status, error_code &ec);\
+    void terminate(native_exit_code_type &exit_status, error_code &ec);
     /// Throwing @overload void terminate(native_exit_code_type &exit_code, error_code & ec)
-    void terminate(native_exit_code_type &exit_status);/
+    void terminate(native_exit_code_type &exit_status);
 
     /// Checks if the current process is running. 
     /**If it has already completed, it assigns the exit code to `exit_code`.
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ using basic_process_handle = detail::basic_process_handle_win<Executor>;
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIDFD_OPEN)
 template<typename Executor = net::any_io_executor>
 using basic_process_handle = detail::basic_process_handle_fd<Executor>;
-#elif defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PDFORK) || defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIPE_LAUNCHER)
+#elif defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PDFORK) || defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_PIPEFORK)
 template<typename Executor = net::any_io_executor>
 using basic_process_handle = detail::basic_process_handle_fd_or_signal<Executor>;
 #else

include/boost/process/v2/stdio.hpp

@@ -31,8 +31,33 @@
 #endif
 
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
+
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_readable_pipe : std::false_type
+{
+};
+
+template<typename Executor>
+struct is_readable_pipe<asio::basic_readable_pipe<Executor>> : std::true_type
+{
+};
+
+
+template<typename T>
+struct is_writable_pipe : std::false_type
+{
+};
+
+template<typename Executor>
+struct is_writable_pipe<asio::basic_writable_pipe<Executor>> : std::true_type
+{
+};
+
 namespace detail
 {
+
+
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
 
 struct handle_closer
@@ -104,16 +129,10 @@ struct process_io_binding
   }
 
 
-  template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(net::basic_readable_pipe<Executor> & pipe)
+  template<typename ReadablePipe>
+  process_io_binding(ReadablePipe & pipe,
+                     typename std::enable_if<is_readable_pipe<ReadablePipe>::value && Target != STD_INPUT_HANDLE>::type * = nullptr)
   {
-    if (Target == STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
-    {
-      auto h_ = pipe.native_handle();
-      h = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>{h_, get_flags(h_)};
-      return ;
-    }
-
     net::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
     error_code ec;
     net::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
@@ -125,15 +144,10 @@ struct process_io_binding
   }
 
 
-  template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(net::basic_writable_pipe<Executor> & pipe)
+  template<typename WritablePipe>
+  process_io_binding(WritablePipe & pipe,
+                     typename std::enable_if<is_writable_pipe<WritablePipe>::value && Target == STD_INPUT_HANDLE>::type * = nullptr)
   {
-    if (Target != STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
-    {
-      auto h_ = pipe.native_handle();
-      h = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>{h_, get_flags(h_)};
-      return ;
-    }
     net::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
     error_code ec;
     net::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
@@ -170,7 +184,7 @@ struct process_io_binding
   process_io_binding & operator=(const process_io_binding &) = delete;
 
   process_io_binding(process_io_binding && other) noexcept
-          : fd(other.fd), fd_needs_closing(other.fd), ec(other.ec)
+          : fd(other.fd), fd_needs_closing(other.fd_needs_closing), ec(other.ec)
   {
     other.fd = target;
     other.fd_needs_closing = false;
@@ -207,15 +221,10 @@ struct process_io_binding
   {
   }
 
-  template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(net::basic_readable_pipe<Executor> & readable_pipe)
+  template<typename ReadablePipe>
+  process_io_binding(ReadablePipe & readable_pipe,
+                     typename std::enable_if<is_readable_pipe<ReadablePipe>::value && Target != STDIN_FILENO>::type * = nullptr)
   {
-    if (Target == STDIN_FILENO)
-    {
-      fd = readable_pipe.native_handle();
-      return ;
-    }
-
     net::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
     net::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
     if (ec)
@@ -232,15 +241,10 @@ struct process_io_binding
   }
 
 
-  template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(net::basic_writable_pipe<Executor> & writable_pipe)
+  template<typename WritablePipe>
+  process_io_binding(WritablePipe & writable_pipe,
+                     typename std::enable_if<is_writable_pipe<WritablePipe>::value && Target == STDIN_FILENO>::type * = nullptr)
   {
-
-    if (Target != STDIN_FILENO)
-    {
-      fd = writable_pipe.native_handle();
-      return ;
-    }
     net::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
     error_code ec;
     net::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
@@ -263,7 +267,7 @@ struct process_io_binding
       return ec;
   }
 
-  error_code on_exec_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher,
+  error_code on_exec_setup(posix::default_launcher &,
                            const filesystem::path &, const char * const *)
   {
     if (::dup2(fd, target) == -1)
@@ -304,7 +308,7 @@ typedef process_io_binding<STDERR_FILENO> process_error_binding;
  * * @code {.cpp}
  * asio::io_context ctx;
  * /// C++17
- * v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{.stderr=nullptr});
+ * v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{.err=nullptr});
  * /// C++11 & C++14
  * v2::process proc17(ctx, "/bin/bash", {}, v2::process_stdio{ {}, {}, nullptr});
  *                                                        stdin ^  ^ stderr

include/boost/process/v2/windows/default_launcher.hpp

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ inline std::false_type probe_on_error(
 
 template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 inline auto probe_on_error(Launcher & launcher, Init && init, derived && )
-        -> std::is_same<error_code, decltype(init.on_error(launcher, std::declval<const filesystem::path &>(), std::declval<std::wstring &>(), std::declval<std::error_code&>()))>;
+        -> std::is_same<error_code, decltype(init.on_error(launcher, std::declval<const filesystem::path &>(), std::declval<std::wstring &>(), std::declval<error_code&>()))>;
 
 template<typename Launcher, typename Init>
 using has_on_error = decltype(probe_on_error(std::declval<Launcher&>(), std::declval<Init>(), derived{}));
@@ -225,6 +225,9 @@ struct default_launcher
                               INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE,
                               INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE},
                               nullptr};
+  /// Allow batch files to be executed, which might pose a security threat.
+  bool allow_batch_files = false;
+                              
   /// The process_information that gets assigned after a call to CreateProcess
   PROCESS_INFORMATION process_information{nullptr, nullptr, 0,0};
 
@@ -293,6 +296,12 @@ struct default_launcher
                   Args && args,
                   Inits && ... inits ) -> enable_init<Executor, Inits...>
   {
+    if (!allow_batch_files && ((executable.extension() == ".bat") || (executable.extension() == ".cmd")))
+    {
+       BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED, system_category());
+       return basic_process<Executor>(exec);
+    }
+  
     auto command_line = this->build_command_line(executable, std::forward<Args>(args));
 
     ec = detail::on_setup(*this, executable, command_line, inits...);
@@ -352,7 +361,6 @@ struct default_launcher
   BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL static 
   std::size_t escape_argv_string(wchar_t * itr, std::size_t max_size, 
                                  basic_string_view<wchar_t> ws);
-                                        
 
 
 
@@ -395,6 +403,7 @@ struct default_launcher
                    {
                       return detail::conv_string<wchar_t>(arg.data(), arg.size());
                    });
+
     return build_command_line_impl(pt, argw, L"");
   }
 
@@ -403,8 +412,14 @@ struct default_launcher
   static std::wstring build_command_line(const filesystem::path & pt, const Args & args)
   {
     if (std::begin(args) == std::end(args))
-      return pt.native();
-
+    {
+      std::wstring buffer;
+      buffer.resize(escaped_argv_length(pt.native()));
+      
+      if (!buffer.empty())
+        escape_argv_string(&buffer.front(), buffer.size(), pt.native());
+      return buffer;
+    }
     return build_command_line_impl(pt, args, *std::begin(args));
   }
 
@@ -433,4 +448,4 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE
 
 
 
-#endif //BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS_DEFAULT_LAUNCHER_HPP
+#endif //BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS_DEFAULT_LAUNCHER_HPP

index.html

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 <html>
 <head>
 <meta charset="utf-8">
-<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=../../doc/html/process.html">
+<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=doc/html/index.html">
 <title>Boost.Process</title>
 <style>
   body {
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 <body>
   <p>
     Automatic redirection failed, please go to
-    <a href="../../doc/html/process.html">../../doc/html/process.html</a>
+    <a href="doc/html/index.html">doc/html/index.html</a>
   </p>
   <p>
     &copy; 2016 Klemens D. Morgenstern

src/detail/environment_posix.cpp

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ void unset(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> key, error_c
 }
 
 
-native_handle_type load_native_handle() { return ::environ; }
+native_handle_type load_native_handle() { return environ; }
 
 
 native_iterator next(native_iterator nh)

src/detail/utf8.cpp

@@ -54,6 +54,8 @@ std::size_t size_as_utf8(const wchar_t * in, std::size_t size, error_code & ec)
 
 std::size_t size_as_wide(const char * in, std::size_t size, error_code & ec)
 {
+    if (size == 0u)
+        return 0u;
     auto res = ::MultiByteToWideChar(
                           CP_UTF8,                // CodePage
                           0,                      // dwFlags
@@ -88,6 +90,8 @@ std::size_t convert_to_utf8(const wchar_t *in, std::size_t size,  char * out,
 std::size_t convert_to_wide(const char *in, std::size_t size,  wchar_t * out, 
                             std::size_t max_size, error_code & ec)
 {
+    if (size == 0u)
+      return 0u;
     auto res = ::MultiByteToWideChar(
                           CP_UTF8,                     // CodePage
                           0,                           // dwFlags
@@ -210,10 +214,8 @@ std::size_t size_as_wide(const  char   * in, std::size_t size, error_code &)
     const auto from = in;
     const auto from_end = from + size;
     const char * from_next = from;
-    std::size_t char_count = 0u;
     while (from_next < from_end)
     {
-        ++char_count;
         unsigned int octet_count = get_octet_count(*from_next);
         // The buffer may represent incomplete characters, so terminate early if one is found
         if (octet_count > static_cast<std::size_t>(from_end - from_next))

src/environment.cpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
 
-error_code process_environment::on_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &, const std::wstring &)
+error_code process_environment::do_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher)
 {
     if (!unicode_env.empty() && !ec)
     {
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ error_code process_environment::on_setup(windows::default_launcher & launcher, c
 
 #else
 
-error_code process_environment::on_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher, const filesystem::path &, const char * const *)
+error_code process_environment::do_setup(posix::default_launcher & launcher)
 {
     launcher.env = env.data();
     return error_code{};

src/error.cpp

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ struct exit_code_category final : public error_category
 #            if defined(SIGILL)
                     case SIGILL: return "SIGILL:    Illegal Instruction";
 #            endif
-#            if defined(SIGINFO)
+#            if defined(SIGINFO) && SIGINFO != SIGPWR
                     case SIGINFO: return "SIGINFO:   A synonym for SIGPWR";
 #            endif
 #            if defined(SIGINT)

src/ext/cmd.cpp

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#if (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__))
+#if (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(__gnu_hurd__))
 #include <cstdio>
 #endif
 
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ shell cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
     return make_cmd_shell_::make(std::move(procargs), argc, argv.release(), fr_func);
 }
     
-#elif (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__))
+#elif (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__) || defined(__gnu_hurd__))
 
 shell cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 {
@@ -403,10 +403,10 @@ shell cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 }
 
 #else
-filesystem::path cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type, error_code & ec)
+shell cmd(boost::process::v2::pid_type, error_code & ec)
 {
   BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, ENOTSUP, system_category());
-  return "";
+  return {};
 }
 #endif
 

src/ext/cwd.cpp

@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ filesystem::path cwd(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
             filesystem::path("/proc") / std::to_string(pid) / "cwd", ec
             );
 #elif defined(__sun)
-    return fileystem::canonical(
+    return filesystem::canonical(
             filesystem::path("/proc") / std::to_string(pid) / "path/cwd", ec
             );
 #endif

src/ext/env.cpp

@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ env_view env(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 	return {};
 }
 
-#elif (defined(__APPLE___) || defined(__MACH__)) && !TARGET_OS_IOS
+#elif (defined(__APPLE__) && defined(__MACH__)) && !TARGET_OS_IOS
 
 env_view env(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 {
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@ env_view env(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
     return ev;
 }
 
-#elif (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__))
+#elif (defined(__linux__) || defined(__ANDROID__)) || defined(__gnu_hurd__)
 
 env_view env(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 {

src/ext/exe.cpp

@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ filesystem::path exe(boost::process::v2::pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
             filesystem::path("/proc") / std::to_string(pid) / "exe", ec
             );
 #elif defined(__sun)
-    return fileystem::canonical(
+    return filesystem::canonical(
             filesystem::path("/proc") / std::to_string(pid) / "path/a.out", ec
             );
 #endif

src/pid.cpp

@@ -178,6 +178,7 @@ pid_type parent_pid(pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 std::vector<pid_type> child_pids(pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
 {
     std::vector<pid_type> vec;
+#if defined(PROC_PPID_ONLY)
     vec.resize(proc_listpids(PROC_PPID_ONLY, (uint32_t)pid, nullptr, 0) / sizeof(pid_type));
     const auto sz = proc_listpids(PROC_PPID_ONLY, (uint32_t)pid, &vec[0], sizeof(pid_type) * vec.size());
     if (sz < 0)
@@ -186,6 +187,16 @@ std::vector<pid_type> child_pids(pid_type pid, error_code & ec)
         return {};
     }
     vec.resize(sz);
+#else
+    std::vector<pid_type> pids = all_pids(ec);
+    for (std::size_t i = 0; i < pids.size(); i++)
+    {
+        if (pid == parent_pid(pids[i], ec))
+        {
+            vec.push_back(pids[i]);
+        }
+    }
+#endif
     return vec;
 }
 

src/posix/close_handles.cpp

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ void close_all(const std::vector<int> & whitelist, error_code & ec)
         return ;
     }
 
-    auto dir_fd = ::dirfd(dir.get());
+    auto dir_fd = dirfd(dir.get());
     if (dir_fd == -1)
     {
         ec = BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::detail::get_last_error();

src/windows/default_launcher.cpp

@@ -24,54 +24,72 @@ namespace windows
     if (ws.empty())
       return 2u; // just quotes
 
-    constexpr static auto space = L' ';
     constexpr static auto quote = L'"';
+    const auto needs_quotes = ws.find_first_of(L" \t") != basic_string_view<wchar_t>::npos;
 
-    const auto has_space = ws.find(space) != basic_string_view<wchar_t>::npos;
-    const auto quoted = (ws.front() == quote) && (ws.back() == quote);
-    const auto needs_escape = has_space && !quoted ;
-
-    if (!needs_escape)
-      return ws.size();
-    else
-      return ws.size() + std::count(ws.begin(), ws.end(), quote) + 2u;
+    std::size_t needed_escapes = 0u;
+    for (auto itr = ws.begin(); itr != ws.end(); itr ++)
+    {
+      if (*itr == quote)
+        needed_escapes++;
+      else if (*itr == L'\\')
+      {
+        auto nx = std::next(itr);
+        if (nx != ws.end() && *nx == L'"')
+          needed_escapes ++;
+        else if (nx == ws.end())
+          needed_escapes ++;      
+      }
+    }
+    
+    return ws.size() + needed_escapes + (needs_quotes ? 2u : 0u);
   }
 
 
   std::size_t default_launcher::escape_argv_string(wchar_t * itr, std::size_t max_size, 
                                         basic_string_view<wchar_t> ws)
   { 
-    const auto sz = escaped_argv_length(ws);
+    constexpr static auto quote = L'"';
+    const auto needs_quotes = ws.find_first_of(L" \t") != basic_string_view<wchar_t>::npos;
+    const auto needed_escapes = std::count(ws.begin(), ws.end(), quote);
+    
+    const auto sz = ws.size() + needed_escapes + (needs_quotes ? 2u : 0u);
+    
     if (sz > max_size)
       return 0u;
+
     if (ws.empty())      
     {
-      itr[0] = L'"';
-      itr[1] = L'"';
+      itr[0] = quote;
+      itr[1] = quote;
       return 2u;
     }
 
-    const auto has_space = ws.find(L' ') != basic_string_view<wchar_t>::npos;
-    const auto quoted = (ws.front() == L'"') && (ws.back() ==  L'"');
-    const auto needs_escape = has_space && !quoted;
-
-    if (!needs_escape)
-      return std::copy(ws.begin(), ws.end(), itr) - itr;
-
-    if (sz < (2u + ws.size()))
-      return 0u;
-      
     const auto end = itr + sz; 
     const auto begin = itr;
-    *(itr ++) = L'"';
-    for (auto wc : ws)
+    if (needs_quotes)
+      *(itr++) = quote;
+
+    for (auto it = ws.begin(); it != ws.end(); it ++)
     {
-      if (wc == L'"')
+      if (*it == quote) // makes it \"
         *(itr++) = L'\\';
-      *(itr++) = wc;
+        
+      if (*it == L'\\') // \" needs to become \\\"
+      {
+        auto nx = std::next(it);
+        if (nx != ws.end() && *nx == L'"')
+          *(itr++) = L'\\';
+        else if (nx == ws.end())
+          *(itr++) = L'\\';
+
+      }
+
+      *(itr++) = *it;
     }
 
-    *(itr ++) = L'"';
+    if (needs_quotes)
+      *(itr++) = quote;
     return itr - begin;
   }
 
@@ -108,13 +126,18 @@ namespace windows
     auto tl = get_thread_attribute_list(ec);
     if (ec)
       return;
+    
+    auto itr  = std::unique(inherited_handles.begin(), inherited_handles.end());
+    auto size = std::distance(inherited_handles.begin(), itr);
+      
     if (!::UpdateProcThreadAttribute(
         tl, 0, PROC_THREAD_ATTRIBUTE_HANDLE_LIST,
-        inherited_handles.data(), inherited_handles.size() * sizeof(HANDLE), nullptr, nullptr))
+        inherited_handles.data(), size * sizeof(HANDLE), nullptr, nullptr))
       BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_LAST_ERROR(ec);
   }
 
 }
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE
 
-#endif
+#endif
+

test/v1/args_cmd.cpp

@@ -21,9 +21,7 @@
 
 #include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
-
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(args, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
 {

test/v1/args_handling.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(implicit_args_fs_path)

test/v1/asio_no_deprecated.cpp

@@ -3,11 +3,34 @@
 // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 
 #define BOOST_ASIO_NO_DEPRECATED 1
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/locale.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+
 int main() {}
 
 #if defined(BOOST_POSIX_API)
 #include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
 #else
 #include <boost/process/v1/windows.hpp>
-#endif
+#endif

test/v1/async.cpp

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 using namespace std;
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 #if __APPLE__
 auto abort_sig = signal(SIGALRM, +[](int){std::terminate();});

test/v1/async_fut.cpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );
 
 using namespace std;
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(async_out_future, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
 {
@@ -103,4 +103,4 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(emtpy_out, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(fut.get(), "");
 }
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END();
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END();

test/v1/async_pipe.cpp

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <boost/asio/streambuf.hpp>
 
 using namespace std;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 namespace asio = boost::asio;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );

test/v1/async_system_fail.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
 #include <system_error>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 void fail_func()
 {

test/v1/async_system_future.cpp

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 #include <array>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(future, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))

test/v1/async_system_stackful.cpp

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <array>
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(stackful, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 {
     using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;

test/v1/async_system_stackful_error.cpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <array>
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(stackful, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 {
     using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;

test/v1/async_system_stackful_except.cpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <array>
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(stackful_except, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 {
     using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;

test/v1/async_system_stackless.cpp

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 #include <array>
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( async );
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(stackless, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 {
     using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;

test/v1/bind_stderr.cpp

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ typedef boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor pipe_end;
 #endif
 
 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( bind_stderr );
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))

test/v1/bind_stdin.cpp

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ typedef boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor pipe_end;
 
 
 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(10))
 {

test/v1/bind_stdin_stdout.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <iostream>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( bind_stdin_stdout );
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(10))

test/v1/bind_stdout.cpp

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( bind_stdout );
 
 
 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 {

test/v1/bind_stdout_stderr.cpp

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ typedef boost::asio::windows::stream_handle pipe_end;
 typedef boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor pipe_end;
 #endif
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( bind_stdout_stderr );
 

test/v1/close_stderr.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #   include <sys/wait.h>
 #endif
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(close_stderr)

test/v1/close_stdin.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #   include <sys/wait.h>
 #endif
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(close_stdin)
 {

test/v1/close_stdout.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 #   include <sys/wait.h>
 #endif
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(close_stdout)
 {

test/v1/cmd_test.cpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
 #include <cstdlib>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
 
 

test/v1/env.cpp

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <list>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(inherit_env, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
 {

test/v1/environment.cpp

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 
 namespace std

test/v1/error.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 struct err_set
 {

test/v1/exit_code.cpp

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ typedef boost::asio::windows::stream_handle pipe_end;
 typedef boost::asio::posix::stream_descriptor pipe_end;
 #endif
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_wait, *boost::unit_test::timeout(10))
 {

test/v1/extensions.cpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
 
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 
 struct run_exe

test/v1/group.cpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <cstdlib>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(group_test, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 {

test/v1/group_wait.cpp

@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@
 #include <iostream>
 #include <cstdlib>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 
 

test/v1/limit_fd.cpp

@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
 
-#include <iostream>
-
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
@@ -32,8 +30,7 @@
 #include <dirent.h>
 #endif
 
-namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 namespace bt = boost::this_process;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(leak_test, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
@@ -110,7 +107,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(leak_test, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
     BOOST_CHECK(!bt::is_stream_handle(event_fd , ec)); BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(!ec, ec.message());
 #endif
     auto od = ::opendir(".");
-    int dir_fd = ::dirfd(od);
+    int dir_fd = dirfd(od);
     BOOST_CHECK(!bt::is_stream_handle(dir_fd , ec)); BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(!ec, ec.message());
 #endif
 

test/v1/multi_ref1.cpp

@@ -4,4 +4,32 @@
 // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 
 
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/locale.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_POSIX_API)
+#include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
+#else
+#include <boost/process/v1/windows.hpp>
+#endif

test/v1/multi_ref2.cpp

@@ -3,4 +3,32 @@
 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/locale.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+
+#if defined(BOOST_POSIX_API)
+#include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
+#else
+#include <boost/process/v1/windows.hpp>
+#endif

test/v1/no_ansi_apps.cpp

@@ -6,5 +6,30 @@
 #include <boost/system/api_config.hpp>
 #if defined(BOOST_WINDOWS_API)
 #define BOOST_NO_ANSI_APIS 1
+#include <boost/process/v1/args.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async_system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/cmd.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/env.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exception.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/exe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/extend.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/group.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/locale.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/search_path.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/shell.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/start_dir.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/windows.hpp>
 #endif
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+
+int main() {}

test/v1/on_exit.cpp

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_MAIN
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(single_ios, *boost::unit_test::timeout(6))
         return;
     }
 
-    namespace bp = boost::process;
+    namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
     boost::asio::io_context ios;
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point p1, p2;
 

test/v1/on_exit2.cpp

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_MAIN
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(double_ios, *boost::unit_test::timeout(6))
         return;
     }
 
-    namespace bp = boost::process;
+    namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
     boost::asio::io_context ios;
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point p1, p2;
 

test/v1/on_exit3.cpp

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_MAIN
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/async.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 #include <boost/asio.hpp>
 #include <chrono>
 #include <thread>
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(double_ios_threaded, *boost::unit_test::timeout(6))
         return;
     }
 
-    namespace bp = boost::process;
+    namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
     boost::asio::io_context ios;
     std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point p1, p2;
 

test/v1/pipe.cpp

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
 
 using namespace std;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( pipe_tests );
 

test/v1/pipe_fwd.cpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE( pipe_tests );
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(sync_io, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 {

test/v1/posix_specific.cpp

@@ -11,10 +11,14 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_IGNORE_SIGCHLD
 #include <boost/test/included/unit_test.hpp>
 
-#include <boost/process.hpp>
-#include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
-
+#include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/environment.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/filesystem.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/io.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/pipe.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/posix.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/spawn.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v1/system.hpp>
 
 #if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_USE_STD_FS)
 #include <boost/filesystem/directory.hpp>
@@ -29,7 +33,7 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 
 namespace fs = boost::process::v1::filesystem;
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bind_fd, *boost::unit_test::timeout(2))
 {

test/v1/run_exe.cpp

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 int main(int argc, char* argv[])
 {

test/v1/run_exe_path.cpp

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v1/error.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v1/child.hpp>
 
-namespace bp = boost::process;
+namespace bp = boost::process::v1;
 
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(run_exe_success)