environment::native_handle fix

closes #332

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -199,52 +199,3 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           cd ../boost-root
           b2 -j3 libs/%LIBRARY%/test toolset=${{matrix.toolset}} cxxstd=${{matrix.cxxstd}} address-model=${{matrix.addrmd}} variant=debug,release embed-manifest-via=linker
-
-  posix-cmake-subdir:
-    strategy:
-      fail-fast: false
-      matrix:
-        include:
-          - os: ubuntu-18.04
-          - os: ubuntu-20.04
-          - os: ubuntu-22.04
-          - os: macos-11
-
-    runs-on: ${{matrix.os}}
-
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v2
-
-      - name: Install packages
-        if: matrix.install
-        run: sudo apt install ${{matrix.install}}
-
-      - name: Setup Boost
-        run: |
-          echo GITHUB_REPOSITORY: $GITHUB_REPOSITORY
-          LIBRARY=${GITHUB_REPOSITORY#*/}
-          echo LIBRARY: $LIBRARY
-          echo "LIBRARY=$LIBRARY" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo GITHUB_BASE_REF: $GITHUB_BASE_REF
-          echo GITHUB_REF: $GITHUB_REF
-          REF=${GITHUB_BASE_REF:-$GITHUB_REF}
-          REF=${REF#refs/heads/}
-          echo REF: $REF
-          BOOST_BRANCH=develop && [ "$REF" == "master" ] && BOOST_BRANCH=master || true
-          echo BOOST_BRANCH: $BOOST_BRANCH
-          cd ..
-          git clone -b $BOOST_BRANCH --depth 1 https://github.com/boostorg/boost.git boost-root
-          cd boost-root
-          cp -r $GITHUB_WORKSPACE/* libs/$LIBRARY
-          git submodule update --init tools/boostdep
-          python tools/boostdep/depinst/depinst.py --git_args "--jobs 3" $LIBRARY
-
-      - name: Use library with add_subdirectory
-        run: |
-          cd ../boost-root/libs/$LIBRARY/test/cmake_subdir_test
-          mkdir __build__ && cd __build__
-          cmake ..
-          cmake --build .
-          ctest --output-on-failure --no-tests=error
-
-

doc/concepts.qbk

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ In this library the following functions are used for the creation of unnamed pip
 As the name suggests, named pipes have a string identifier. This means that a 
 handle to them can be obtained with the identifier, too.
 
-The implementation on posix uses [@(http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/mkfifo.html fifos],
+The implementation on posix uses [@http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/mkfifo.html fifos],
 which means, that the named pipe behaves like a file.
 
 Windows does provide a facility called [@https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365150(v=vs.85).aspx named pipes],

doc/v2/introduction.qbk

@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ file-handles for the subprocess.
 
 Certain parts of boost.process were not as reliable as they should've been. 
 
-This concerns especially the `wait_for`` and `wait_until` functions on the process.
+This concerns especially the `wait_for` and `wait_until` functions on the process.
 The latter are easy to do on windows, but posix does not provide an API for this. 
 Thus the wait_for used signals or fork, which was all but safe. 
 Since process v2 is based on asio and thus supports cancellation, 

include/boost/process/detail/posix/basic_cmd.hpp

@@ -112,7 +112,10 @@ struct exe_cmd_init<char> : boost::process::detail::api::handler_base_ext
     {
         if (exe.empty()) //cmd style
         {
-            exec.exe = args.front().c_str();
+            if (args.empty())
+                exec.exe = "";
+            else
+                exec.exe = args.front().c_str();    
             exec.cmd_style = true;
         }
         else

include/boost/process/detail/posix/basic_pipe.hpp

@@ -77,12 +77,9 @@ public:
     void assign_source(native_handle_type h) { _source = h;}
     void assign_sink  (native_handle_type h) { _sink = h;}
 
-
-
-
     int_type write(const char_type * data, int_type count)
     {
-        int_type write_len;
+        ssize_t write_len;
         while ((write_len = ::write(_sink, data, count * sizeof(char_type))) == -1)
         {
             //Try again if interrupted
@@ -90,19 +87,19 @@ public:
             if (err != EINTR)
                 ::boost::process::detail::throw_last_error();
         }
-        return write_len;
+        return static_cast<int_type>(write_len);
     }
     int_type read(char_type * data, int_type count)
     {
-        int_type read_len;
-        while ((read_len = static_cast<int_type>(::read(_source, data, count * sizeof(char_type)))) == -1)
+        ssize_t read_len;
+        while ((read_len = ::read(_source, data, count * sizeof(char_type))) == -1)
         {
             //Try again if interrupted
             auto err = errno;
             if (err != EINTR)
                 ::boost::process::detail::throw_last_error();
         }
-        return read_len;
+        return static_cast<int_type>(read_len);
     }
 
     bool is_open() const

include/boost/process/detail/posix/environment.hpp

@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ public:
 
     Char ** _env_impl = &*_env_arr.data();
 
-    native_handle_type native_handle() const {return &_data.front();}
+    native_handle_type native_handle() const {return _env_impl;}
 };
 
 

include/boost/process/detail/windows/basic_pipe.hpp

@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ basic_pipe<Char, Traits>::basic_pipe(const std::string & name)
         ::boost::process::detail::throw_last_error("create_named_pipe() failed");
 
     ::boost::winapi::HANDLE_ sink = boost::winapi::create_file(
-            name.c_str(),
+            name_.c_str(),
             ::boost::winapi::GENERIC_WRITE_, 0, nullptr,
             OPEN_EXISTING_,
             FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED_, //to allow read

include/boost/process/detail/windows/pipe_in.hpp

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 #include <boost/winapi/handles.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/detail/used_handles.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/detail/handler_base.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+
 
 namespace boost { namespace process { namespace detail { namespace windows {
 

include/boost/process/detail/windows/pipe_out.hpp

@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@
 #include <boost/winapi/handles.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/detail/used_handles.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/detail/handler_base.hpp>
+#include <boost/system/error_code.hpp>
+
 
 namespace boost { namespace process { namespace detail { namespace windows {
 
-
-
 template<int p1, int p2>
 struct pipe_out : public ::boost::process::detail::handler_base, ::boost::process::detail::uses_handles
 {

include/boost/process/environment.hpp

@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ public:
         auto st1 = key + ::boost::process::detail::equal_sign<Char>();
         while (*p != nullptr)
         {
-            const int len = std::char_traits<Char>::length(*p);
+            const std::ptrdiff_t len = std::char_traits<Char>::length(*p);
             if ((std::distance(st1.begin(), st1.end()) < len)
                  && std::equal(st1.begin(), st1.end(), *p))
                 break;
@@ -277,7 +277,7 @@ public:
         auto st1 = key + ::boost::process::detail::equal_sign<Char>();
         while (*p != nullptr)
         {
-            const int len = std::char_traits<Char>::length(*p);
+            const std::size_t len = std::char_traits<Char>::length(*p);
             if ((std::distance(st1.begin(), st1.end()) < len)
                 && std::equal(st1.begin(), st1.end(), *p))
                 break;
@@ -292,8 +292,9 @@ public:
         auto st1 = st + ::boost::process::detail::equal_sign<Char>();
         while (*p != nullptr)
         {
-            const int len = std::char_traits<Char>::length(*p);
-            if ((std::distance(st1.begin(), st1.end()) < len)
+            const std::size_t len = std::char_traits<Char>::length(*p);
+            if ((std::distance(st1.begin(), st1.end()) <
+                 static_cast<typename string_type::iterator::difference_type>(len))
                 && std::equal(st1.begin(), st1.end(), *p))
                 return 1u;
             p++;

include/boost/process/pipe.hpp

@@ -122,10 +122,14 @@ struct basic_pipebuf : std::basic_streambuf<CharT, Traits>
 
     ///Destructor -> writes the frest of the data
     ~basic_pipebuf()
+    try 
     {
         if (basic_pipebuf::is_open())
             basic_pipebuf::overflow(Traits::eof());
     }
+    catch (process_error & )
+    {
+    }
 
     ///Move construct from a pipe.
     basic_pipebuf(pipe_type && p) : _pipe(std::move(p)),

include/boost/process/v2/environment.hpp

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/cstring_ref.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/utf8.hpp>
+#include <boost/type_traits.hpp>
 #include <functional>
 #include <memory>
 #include <numeric>
@@ -501,8 +502,8 @@ struct key
 
     template< class Source >
     key( const Source& source,
-        decltype(source.data()) = nullptr,
-        decltype(source.size()) = 0u)
+        decltype(std::declval<Source>().data()) = nullptr,
+        decltype(std::declval<Source>().size()) = 0u)
         : value_(
              BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::detail::conv_string<char_type, traits_type>(
                 source.data(), source.size()))
@@ -724,8 +725,8 @@ struct value
 
     template< class Source >
     value( const Source& source,
-           decltype(source.data()) = nullptr,
-    decltype(source.size()) = 0u)
+           decltype(std::declval<Source>().data()) = nullptr,
+    decltype(std::declval<Source>().size()) = 0u)
     : value_(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::detail::conv_string<char_type, traits_type>(
         source.data(), source.size()))
     {
@@ -974,8 +975,8 @@ struct key_value_pair
 
     template< class Source >
     key_value_pair( const Source& source,
-           decltype(source.data()) = nullptr,
-           decltype(source.size()) = 0u)
+           decltype(std::declval<Source>().data()) = nullptr,
+           decltype(std::declval<Source>().size()) = 0u)
             : value_(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::detail::conv_string<char_type, traits_type>(
                 source.data(), source.size()))
     {
@@ -1743,8 +1744,8 @@ struct process_environment
     return build_env(env_buffer);
   }
 
-  process_environment(std::initializer_list<string_view> sv)  : unicode_env{build_env(sv,  "")} {}
-  process_environment(std::initializer_list<wstring_view> sv) : unicode_env{build_env(sv, L"")} {}
+  process_environment(std::initializer_list<string_view> sv)  : unicode_env{build_env(sv)} {}
+  process_environment(std::initializer_list<wstring_view> sv) : unicode_env{build_env(sv)} {}
 
   template<typename Args>
   process_environment(Args && args) : unicode_env{build_env(std::forward<Args>(args))}

include/boost/process/v2/exit_code.hpp

@@ -94,12 +94,19 @@ inline int evaluate_exit_code(int code)
 
 #endif
 
-
-/** Convert the exit-code in a completion into an error if the actual error isn't set.
+/// @{
+/** Helper to subsume an exit-code into an error_code if there's no actual error isn't set.
  * @code {.cpp}
  * process proc{ctx, "exit", {"1"}};
  * 
- * proc.async_wait(code_as_error(
+ * proc.async_wait(
+ *     asio::deferred(
+ *      [&proc](error_code ec, int)
+ *      {
+ *        return asio::deferred.values(
+ *                  check_exit_code(ec, proc.native_exit_code())
+ *              );
+ *
  *    [](error_code ec)
  *    {
  *      assert(ec.value() == 10);
@@ -107,144 +114,19 @@ inline int evaluate_exit_code(int code)
  *    }));
  * 
  * @endcode
- */ 
-template<typename CompletionToken>
-struct code_as_error_t
+ */
+
+inline error_code check_exit_code(
+    error_code &ec, native_exit_code_type native_code,
+    const error_category & category = error::get_exit_code_category())
 {
-    CompletionToken token_;
-    const error_category & category;
-
-    template<typename Token_>
-    code_as_error_t(Token_ && token, const error_category & category)
-        : token_(std::forward<Token_>(token)), category(category)
-    {
-    }
-};
-
-/// Deduction function for code_as_error_t.
-template<typename CompletionToken>
-code_as_error_t<CompletionToken> code_as_error(
-        CompletionToken && token, 
-        const error_category & category = error::get_exit_code_category())
-{
-  return code_as_error_t<typename std::decay<CompletionToken>::type>(
-      std::forward<CompletionToken>(token), category);
-};
-
-namespace detail
-{
-
-template<typename Handler>
-struct code_as_error_handler
-{
-  typedef void result_type;
-
-  template<typename H>
-  code_as_error_handler(H && h, const error_category & category) 
-      : handler_(std::forward<H>(h)), category(category) 
-  {
-  }
-
-  void operator()(error_code ec, native_exit_code_type code)
-  {
-    if (!ec)
-      BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, code, category)
-    std::move(handler_)(ec);
-  }
-
-
-  Handler handler_;
-  const error_category & category;
-};
-
+  if (!ec)
+    BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, native_code, category);
+  return ec;
 }
 
+/// @}
 
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE
 
-
-#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE)
-namespace boost
-{
-#endif
-namespace asio
-{
-
-template <typename CompletionToken>
-struct async_result<
-    BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::code_as_error_t<CompletionToken>,
-      void(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::error_code,
-           BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::native_exit_code_type)>
-{
-  using signature = void(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::error_code);
-  using return_type = typename async_result<CompletionToken, void(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::error_code)>::return_type;
-  
-
-  template <typename Initiation>
-  struct init_wrapper
-  {
-    init_wrapper(Initiation init)
-      : initiation_(std::move(init))
-    {
-    }
-
-    template <typename Handler, typename... Args>
-    void operator()(
-        Handler && handler,
-        const BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::error_category & cat,
-        Args && ... args)
-    {
-          std::move(initiation_)(
-            BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::detail::code_as_error_handler<typename decay<Handler>::type>(
-              std::forward<Handler>(handler), cat),
-              std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-    }
-
-    Initiation initiation_;
-
-  };
-
-  template <typename Initiation, typename RawCompletionToken, typename... Args>
-  static BOOST_PROCESS_V2_INITFN_DEDUCED_RESULT_TYPE(CompletionToken, signature,
-      (async_initiate<CompletionToken, signature>(
-        declval<init_wrapper<typename decay<Initiation>::type> >(),
-        declval<CompletionToken&>(),
-        declval<BOOST_ASIO_MOVE_ARG(Args)>()...)))
-  initiate(
-      Initiation && initiation,
-      RawCompletionToken && token,
-      Args &&... args)
-  {
-    return async_initiate<CompletionToken, signature>(
-        init_wrapper<typename decay<Initiation>::type>(
-          std::forward<Initiation>(initiation)),
-          token.token_,
-          token.category,
-          std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  }
-};
-
-
-
-
-template<template <typename, typename> class Associator, typename Handler, typename DefaultCandidate>
-struct associator<Associator,
-    BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::detail::code_as_error_handler<Handler>, DefaultCandidate>
-  : Associator<Handler, DefaultCandidate>
-{
-  static typename Associator<Handler, DefaultCandidate>::type get(
-      const BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::detail::code_as_error_handler<Handler> & h,
-      const DefaultCandidate& c = DefaultCandidate()) noexcept
-  {
-    return Associator<Handler, DefaultCandidate>::get(h.handler_, c);
-  }
-};
-
-
-}
-#if !defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE)
-} // boost
-#endif
-
-
 #endif //BOOST_PROCESS_V2_EXIT_CODE_HPP

include/boost/process/v2/ext/cmd.hpp

@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
 namespace ext {
 
+#if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL shell cmd(HANDLE handle, error_code & ec);
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL shell cmd(HANDLE handle);
+#endif
+
 /// @{
 /// Get the argument vector of another process
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL shell cmd(pid_type pid, error_code & ec);

include/boost/process/v2/ext/cwd.hpp

@@ -15,6 +15,11 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
 namespace ext {
 
+#if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path cwd(HANDLE handle, error_code & ec);
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path cwd(HANDLE handle);
+#endif
+
 /// @{
 /// Obtain the current path of another process
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path cwd(pid_type pid, error_code & ec);
@@ -42,12 +47,6 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path cwd(basic_process_handle<Executor> & hand
 
 /// @}
 
-#if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
-BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path cwd(HANDLE handle, error_code & ec);
-BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path cwd(HANDLE handle);
-#endif
-
-
 } // namespace ext
 
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE

include/boost/process/v2/ext/env.hpp

@@ -109,6 +109,11 @@ struct env_view
             detail::ext::native_env_handle_deleter> handle_;
 };
 
+#if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL env_view env(HANDLE handle, error_code & ec);
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL env_view env(HANDLE handle);
+#endif
+
 /// @{
 /// Get the environment of another process.
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL env_view env(pid_type pid, error_code & ec);
@@ -136,10 +141,6 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL env_view env(basic_process_handle<Executor> & handle)
 
 /// @}
 
-#if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
-BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL env_view env(HANDLE handle, error_code & ec);
-BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL env_view env(HANDLE handle);
-#endif
 
 
 } // namespace ext

include/boost/process/v2/ext/exe.hpp

@@ -16,6 +16,11 @@ BOOST_PROCESS_V2_BEGIN_NAMESPACE
 
 namespace ext {
 
+#if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path exe(HANDLE handle, error_code & ec);
+BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path exe(HANDLE handle);
+#endif
+
 /// @{
 /// Return the executable of another process by pid or handle.
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path exe(pid_type pid, error_code & ec);
@@ -45,11 +50,6 @@ filesystem::path exe(basic_process_handle<Executor> & handle)
 
 ///@}
 
-#if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
-BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path exe(HANDLE handle, error_code & ec);
-BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DECL filesystem::path exe(HANDLE handle);
-#endif
-
 } // namespace ext
 
 BOOST_PROCESS_V2_END_NAMESPACE

include/boost/process/v2/impl/error.ipp

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ struct exit_code_category final : public error_category
     }
     std::string message(int status) const
     {
-        switch (status)
+        switch (evaluate_exit_code(status))
         {
             case v2::detail::still_active:
                 return "still-active";

include/boost/process/v2/popen.hpp

@@ -109,42 +109,6 @@ struct basic_popen : basic_process<Executor>
                     ));
     }
 
-    /// Construct a child from a property list and launch it using the default process launcher.
-    template<typename ... Inits>
-    explicit basic_popen(
-            executor_type executor,
-            const filesystem::path& exe,
-            std::initializer_list<wstring_view> args,
-            Inits&&... inits)
-            : basic_process<Executor>(executor)
-    {
-        this->basic_process<Executor>::operator=(
-                default_process_launcher()(
-                        this->get_executor(), exe, args,
-                        std::forward<Inits>(inits)...,
-                        process_stdio{stdin_, stdout_}
-                ));
-    }
-
-
-    /// Construct a child from a property list and launch it using the default process launcher.
-    template<typename Launcher, typename ... Inits>
-    explicit basic_popen(
-            Launcher && launcher, 
-            executor_type executor,
-            const filesystem::path& exe,
-            std::initializer_list<wstring_view> args,
-            Inits&&... inits)
-            : basic_process<Executor>(executor)
-    {
-        this->basic_process<Executor>::operator=(
-                std::forward<Launcher>(launcher)(
-                        this->get_executor(), exe, args,
-                        std::forward<Inits>(inits)...,
-                        process_stdio{stdin_, stdout_}
-                ));
-    }
-
     /// Construct a child from a property list and launch it using the default process launcher.
     template<typename Args, typename ... Inits>
     explicit basic_popen(

include/boost/process/v2/posix/default_launcher.hpp

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/cstring_ref.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/posix/detail/close_handles.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/detail/throw_error.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/utf8.hpp>
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_STANDALONE)
@@ -313,7 +314,7 @@ struct default_launcher
         auto proc =  (*this)(context, ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
         if (ec)
-            asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
 
         return proc;
     }
@@ -344,7 +345,7 @@ struct default_launcher
         auto proc =  (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
         if (ec)
-            asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
 
         return proc;
     }

include/boost/process/v2/posix/fork_and_forget_launcher.hpp

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ struct fork_and_forget_launcher : default_launcher
         auto proc =  (*this)(context, ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
         if (ec)
-            asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "fork_and_forget_launcher");
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "fork_and_forget_launcher");
 
         return proc;
     }
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ struct fork_and_forget_launcher : default_launcher
         auto proc =  (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
         if (ec)
-            asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "fork_and_forget_launcher");
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "fork_and_forget_launcher");
 
         return proc;
     }

include/boost/process/v2/posix/pdfork_launcher.hpp

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ struct pdfork_launcher : default_launcher
         auto proc =  (*this)(context, ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
         if (ec)
-            asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "pdfork_launcher");
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "pdfork_launcher");
 
         return proc;
     }
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ struct pdfork_launcher : default_launcher
         auto proc =  (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
         if (ec)
-            asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "pdfork_launcher");
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "pdfork_launcher");
 
         return proc;
     }

include/boost/process/v2/posix/vfork_launcher.hpp

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ struct vfork_launcher :  default_launcher
         auto proc =  (*this)(context, ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
         if (ec)
-            asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
 
         return proc;
     }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ struct vfork_launcher :  default_launcher
         auto proc =  (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
         if (ec)
-            asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
+            v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
 
         return proc;
     }
@@ -101,7 +101,6 @@ struct vfork_launcher :  default_launcher
         }
         else if (pid == 0)
         {
-            ctx.notify_fork(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::execution_context::fork_child);
             ec = detail::on_exec_setup(*this, executable, argv, inits...);
             if (!ec)
                 close_all_fds(ec);
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@ struct vfork_launcher :  default_launcher
 
             BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_EC(ec, errno, system_category())
             detail::on_exec_error(*this, executable, argv, ec, inits...);
-            ::exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+            ::_exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
             return basic_process<Executor>{exec};
         }
         ctx.notify_fork(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::execution_context::fork_parent);

include/boost/process/v2/process.hpp

@@ -93,17 +93,7 @@ struct basic_process
       : basic_process(default_process_launcher()(std::move(executor), exe, args, std::forward<Inits>(inits)...))
   {
   }
-    /// Construct a child from a property list and launch it using the default launcher..
-  template<typename ... Inits>
-  explicit basic_process(
-      executor_type executor,
-      const filesystem::path& exe,
-      std::initializer_list<wstring_view> args,
-      Inits&&... inits)
-      : basic_process(default_process_launcher()(std::move(executor), exe, args, std::forward<Inits>(inits)...))
-  {
-  }
-
+  
   /// Construct a child from a property list and launch it using the default launcher..
   template<typename Args, typename ... Inits>
   explicit basic_process(
@@ -265,7 +255,7 @@ struct basic_process
   {
     error_code ec;
     if (running(ec))
-      wait(ec);
+      process_handle_.wait(exit_status_, ec);
     if (ec)
       detail::throw_error(ec, "wait failed");
     return exit_code();
@@ -287,8 +277,9 @@ struct basic_process
     return boost::exchange(process_handle_, get_executor());
 #endif
   }
-  // Get the native 
+  /// Get the native
   native_handle_type native_handle() {return process_handle_.native_handle(); }
+  /// Return the evaluated exit_code.
   int exit_code() const
   {
     return evaluate_exit_code(exit_status_);
@@ -334,7 +325,7 @@ struct basic_process
   /** Note that this might be a process that already exited.*/
   bool is_open() const { return process_handle_.is_open(); }
   
-  /// Asynchronously wait for the process to exit and deliver the portable exit-code in the completion handler.
+  /// Asynchronously wait for the process to exit and deliver the native exit-code in the completion handler.
   template <BOOST_PROCESS_V2_COMPLETION_TOKEN_FOR(void (error_code, int))
             WaitHandler BOOST_PROCESS_V2_DEFAULT_COMPLETION_TOKEN_TYPE(executor_type)>
   BOOST_PROCESS_V2_INITFN_AUTO_RESULT_TYPE(WaitHandler, void (error_code, int))

include/boost/process/v2/stdio.hpp

@@ -103,9 +103,15 @@ struct process_io_binding
 
 
   template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::basic_readable_pipe<Executor> & readable_pipe,
-                     typename std::enable_if<Target != STD_INPUT_HANDLE, Executor*>::type = 0)
+  process_io_binding(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::basic_readable_pipe<Executor> & pipe)
   {
+    if (Target == STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
+    {
+      auto h_ = pipe.native_handle();
+      h = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>{h_, get_flags(h_)};
+      return ;
+    }
+
     BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
     error_code ec;
     BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
@@ -113,14 +119,19 @@ struct process_io_binding
       detail::throw_error(ec, "create_pipe");
       
     h = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>{p[1], true};
-    readable_pipe.assign(p[0]);
+    pipe.assign(p[0]);
   }
 
 
   template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::basic_writable_pipe<Executor> & writable_pipe,
-                     typename std::enable_if<Target == STD_INPUT_HANDLE, Executor*>::type = 0)
+  process_io_binding(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::basic_writable_pipe<Executor> & pipe)
   {
+    if (Target != STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
+    {
+      auto h_ = pipe.native_handle();
+      h = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>{h_, get_flags(h_)};
+      return ;
+    }
     BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
     error_code ec;
     BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
@@ -128,7 +139,7 @@ struct process_io_binding
       detail::throw_error(ec, "create_pipe");
 
     h = std::unique_ptr<void, handle_closer>{p[0], true};
-    writable_pipe.assign(p[1]);
+    pipe.assign(p[1]);
   }
 };
 
@@ -170,13 +181,19 @@ struct process_io_binding
   }
 
   template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::basic_readable_pipe<Executor> & readable_pipe,
-                     typename std::enable_if<Target != STDIN_FILENO, Executor*>::type = 0)
+  process_io_binding(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::basic_readable_pipe<Executor> & readable_pipe)
   {
+    if (Target == STDIN_FILENO)
+    {
+      fd = readable_pipe.native_handle();
+      return ;
+    }
+
     BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
     BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
     if (ec)
-      return ;
+      detail::throw_error(ec, "create_pipe");
+
     fd = p[1];
     if (::fcntl(p[0], F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) == -1)
     {
@@ -189,13 +206,20 @@ struct process_io_binding
 
 
   template<typename Executor>
-  process_io_binding(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::basic_writable_pipe<Executor> & writable_pipe,
-                     typename std::enable_if<Target == STDIN_FILENO, Executor*>::type = 0)
+  process_io_binding(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::basic_writable_pipe<Executor> & writable_pipe)
   {
+
+    if (Target != STDIN_FILENO)
+    {
+      fd = writable_pipe.native_handle();
+      return ;
+    }
     BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::detail::native_pipe_handle p[2];
+    error_code ec;
     BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASIO_NAMESPACE::detail::create_pipe(p, ec);
     if (ec)
-      return ;
+      detail::throw_error(ec, "create_pipe");
+
     fd = p[0];
     if (::fcntl(p[1], F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) == -1)
     {

include/boost/process/v2/windows/as_user_launcher.hpp

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct as_user_launcher : default_launcher
       auto proc =  (*this)(context, ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
       if (ec)
-          asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "as_user_launcher");
+          v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "as_user_launcher");
 
       return proc;
   }
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ struct as_user_launcher : default_launcher
       auto proc = (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
       if (ec)
-          asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "as_user_launcher");
+          detail::throw_error(ec, "as_user_launcher");
 
       return proc;
   }

include/boost/process/v2/windows/default_launcher.hpp

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <boost/process/v2/cstring_ref.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/last_error.hpp>
+#include <boost/process/v2/detail/throw_error.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/detail/utf8.hpp>
 #include <boost/process/v2/error.hpp>
 
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@ struct default_launcher
       auto proc =  (*this)(context, ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
       if (ec)
-          asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
+          v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
 
       return proc;
   }
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ struct default_launcher
       auto proc =  (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
       if (ec)
-          asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
+          detail::throw_error(ec, "default_launcher");
 
       return proc;
   }
@@ -311,7 +312,6 @@ struct default_launcher
         &startup_info.StartupInfo,
         &process_information);
 
-    auto ec__ = detail::get_last_error();
     if (ok == 0)
     {
       BOOST_PROCESS_V2_ASSIGN_LAST_ERROR(ec)

include/boost/process/v2/windows/impl/default_launcher.ipp

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ namespace windows
     {
       if (wc == L'"')
         *(itr++) = L'\\';
-        *(itr++) = wc;
+      *(itr++) = wc;
     }
 
     *(itr ++) = L'"';

include/boost/process/v2/windows/with_logon_launcher.hpp

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ namespace windows
 /// A windows launcher using CreateProcessWithLogon instead of CreateProcess
 struct with_logon_launcher : default_launcher
 {
-  std::wstring username, domain, password;
+  std::wstring username, password, domain;
   DWORD logon_flags{0u};
 
   with_logon_launcher(std::wstring username = L"",
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ struct with_logon_launcher : default_launcher
       auto proc =  (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
       if (ec)
-          asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "with_logon_launcher");
+          v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "with_logon_launcher");
 
       return proc;
   }

include/boost/process/v2/windows/with_token_launcher.hpp

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ struct with_token_launcher : default_launcher
       auto proc =  (*this)(context, ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
       if (ec)
-          asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "with_token_launcher");
+          v2::detail::throw_error(ec, "with_token_launcher");
 
       return proc;
   }
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ struct with_token_launcher : default_launcher
       auto proc =  (*this)(std::move(exec), ec, executable, std::forward<Args>(args), std::forward<Inits>(inits)...);
 
       if (ec)
-          asio::detail::throw_error(ec, "with_token_launcher");
+          detail::throw_error(ec, "with_token_launcher");
 
       return proc;
   }

test/environment.cpp

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(empty,  *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
     BOOST_CHECK(ev.empty());
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ev.size(), 0u);
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ev.end() - ev.begin(), 0);
+    auto nh = ev.native_handle();
     ev["Thingy"] = "My value";
 
     BOOST_CHECK(!ev.empty());

test/group_wait.cpp

@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(wait_group_test_timeout, *boost::unit_test::timeout(15))
 
     bp::child c2(
             master_test_suite().argv[1],
-            "--wait", "4",
+            "--wait", "5",
             g,
             ec
     );

test/limit_fd.cpp

@@ -97,7 +97,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(leak_test, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 
 #if defined( BOOST_WINDOWS_API )
     std::thread thr([]{});
-    BOOST_CHECK(!bt::is_stream_handle(thr.native_handle(), ec)); BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(!ec, ec.message());
+    BOOST_CHECK(!bt::is_stream_handle(::GetCurrentProcess(), ec));
+    BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(!ec, ec.message());
     thr.join();
 #else
 # if defined(TFD_CLOEXEC) //check timer

test/sparring_partner.cpp

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <thread>
 #if defined(BOOST_POSIX_API)
 #   include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
 #   include <boost/iostreams/device/file_descriptor.hpp>
@@ -148,7 +149,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[])
     }
     else if (vm["loop"].as<bool>())
     {
-        while (true);
+        while (true)
+          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
     }
     else if (vm["abort"].as<bool>())
     {

test/terminate.cpp

@@ -24,15 +24,6 @@ namespace bp = boost::process;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(terminate_set_on_error, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 {
-    std::atomic<bool> done{false};
-    std::thread thr{
-            [&]
-            {
-                for (int i = 0; i < 50 && !done.load(); i++)
-                    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
-                BOOST_REQUIRE(done.load());
-            }};
-
     using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;
     std::error_code ec;
     bp::child c(
@@ -44,31 +35,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(terminate_set_on_error, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 
     BOOST_CHECK(c.valid());
     BOOST_CHECK(c.running(ec));
-
-    BOOST_CHECK(!c.wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100), ec));
-    BOOST_CHECK(c.running(ec));
-    BOOST_CHECK(c.valid());
-
     c.terminate(ec);
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(25));
     BOOST_CHECK(!c.running(ec));
     BOOST_CHECK(!ec);
-
-    done.store(true);
-    thr.join();
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(terminate_throw_on_error, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
 {
-    std::atomic<bool> done{false};
-    std::thread thr{
-            [&]
-            {
-                for (int i = 0; i < 50 && !done.load(); i++)
-                    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
-                BOOST_REQUIRE(done.load());
-            }};
-
     using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;
 
     std::error_code ec;
@@ -79,17 +53,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(terminate_throw_on_error, *boost::unit_test::timeout(5))
         ec
     );
     BOOST_REQUIRE(!ec);
+
     BOOST_CHECK(c.valid());
     BOOST_CHECK(c.running());
-
-    BOOST_CHECK(!c.wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100), ec));
-    BOOST_CHECK(c.running(ec));
-    BOOST_CHECK(c.valid());
-
     c.terminate();
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(5)); 
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(25));
     BOOST_CHECK(!c.running());
-
-    done.store(true);
-    thr.join();
 }

test/v2/Jamfile.jam

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ if [ os.name ] = NT
   lib Advapi32 ;
   lib Ntdll ;
   lib user32 ;
+  lib Bcrypt ;
 }
 
 project : requirements
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ project : requirements
   <target-os>bsd:<linkflags>-lkvm
   <os>NT,<toolset>cw:<library>ws2_32
   <os>NT,<toolset>gcc:<library>ws2_32
+  <os>NT,<toolset>gcc:<library>Bcrypt
   <define>BOOST_PROCESS_V2_SEPARATE_COMPILATION=1
 ;
 

test/v2/environment.cpp

@@ -62,7 +62,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(environment)
     ec.clear();
 
     for (auto && ke : bpe::current())
-      BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bpe::get(std::get<0>(ke)), std::get<1>(ke));
+      if (!std::get<1>(ke).empty())
+        BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bpe::get(std::get<0>(ke)), std::get<1>(ke));
 
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_POSIX)
@@ -150,7 +151,11 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(wenvironment)
     BOOST_CHECK(ec);
 
     for (const auto ke : bpe::current())
+    {
+      std::string key = std::get<0>(ke).string();
+      if (!std::get<1>(ke).empty())
         BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bpe::get(std::get<0>(ke)), std::get<1>(ke));
+    }
 
 #if defined(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_WINDOWS)
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(bpe::key(L"FOO"), bpe::key_view(L"Foo"));

test/v2/pid.cpp

@@ -24,8 +24,6 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_pid)
     BOOST_CHECK_GT(all.size(), 0u);
     BOOST_CHECK(itr != all.end());
 
-
-
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(child_pid)
@@ -34,12 +32,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(child_pid)
 
     using boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite;
     const auto pth = bp2::filesystem::absolute(master_test_suite().argv[1]);
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(20));
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
 
     auto cs = bp2::child_pids(bp2::current_pid());
     boost::asio::io_context ctx;
-    bp2::process proc(ctx, pth, {"sleep", "50000"});
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(20));
+    bp2::process proc(ctx, pth, {"loop"});
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(100));
     auto c2 = bp2::child_pids(bp2::current_pid());
     BOOST_CHECK_LT(cs.size(), c2.size());
     BOOST_CHECK(std::find(cs.begin(), cs.end(), proc.id()) == cs.end());

test/v2/process.cpp

@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(request_exit)
   asio::writable_pipe wp{ctx};
   asio::connect_pipe(rp, wp);
 
-  bpv::process proc(ctx, sh, {}, bpv::process_stdio{wp}
+  bpv::process proc(ctx, sh, {}, bpv::process_stdio{rp}
 #if defined(ASIO_WINDOWS)
     , asio::windows::show_window_minimized_not_active
 #endif
@@ -371,27 +371,26 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(popen)
 
     asio::io_context ctx;
 
-    asio::readable_pipe rp{ctx};
-
 
     // default CWD
     bpv::popen proc(/*bpv::default_process_launcher(), */ctx, pth, {"echo"});
 
-    asio::write(proc, asio::buffer("FOOBAR"));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(asio::write(proc, asio::buffer("FOOBAR", 6)), 6);
+
     proc.get_stdin().close();
 
     std::string res;
     boost::system::error_code ec;
     std::size_t n = asio::read(proc, asio::dynamic_buffer(res), ec);
     while (ec == asio::error::interrupted)
-        n += asio::read(rp, asio::dynamic_buffer(res),  ec);
+        n += asio::read(proc, asio::dynamic_buffer(res),  ec);
 
-    BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(ec == asio::error::eof || ec == asio::error::broken_pipe, ec.message());
+    BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(ec == asio::error::eof
+                     || ec == asio::error::broken_pipe,
+                     ec.message());
     BOOST_REQUIRE_GE(n, 1u);
-    // remove EOF
-    res.pop_back();
     BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(res, "FOOBAR");
-
+    proc.get_stdin().close();
     proc.wait();
     BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(proc.exit_code() == 0, proc.exit_code());
 }
@@ -520,13 +519,34 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(exit_code_as_error)
   
   proc3.terminate();
 
-  proc1.async_wait(bpv::code_as_error([&](bpv::error_code ec){called ++; BOOST_CHECK(!ec);}));
-  proc2.async_wait(bpv::code_as_error([&](bpv::error_code ec){called ++; BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(ec, ec.message());}));
-  proc3.async_wait(bpv::code_as_error([&](bpv::error_code ec){called ++; BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(ec, ec.message());}));
+
+  proc1.async_wait(
+      [&](bpv::error_code ec, int)
+      {
+        called ++;
+        bpv::check_exit_code(ec, proc1.native_exit_code());
+        BOOST_CHECK(!ec);
+      });
+
+  proc2.async_wait(
+      [&](bpv::error_code ec, int)
+      {
+        called ++;
+        bpv::check_exit_code(ec, proc2.native_exit_code());
+        BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(ec, ec.message());
+      });
+
+  proc3.async_wait(
+      [&](bpv::error_code ec, int)
+      {
+        called ++;
+        bpv::check_exit_code(ec, proc3.native_exit_code());
+        BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE(ec, ec.message());
+      });
+
 
   ctx.run();
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(called, 3);
-
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bind_launcher)
@@ -537,17 +557,13 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bind_launcher)
   asio::io_context ctx;
 
   asio::readable_pipe rp{ctx};
-  asio::writable_pipe wp{ctx};
-  asio::connect_pipe(rp, wp);
 
   auto target = bpv::filesystem::canonical(bpv::filesystem::temp_directory_path());
 
   auto l = bpv::bind_default_launcher(bpv::process_start_dir(target));
-
   std::vector<std::string> args = {"print-cwd"};
   // default CWD
-  bpv::process proc = l(ctx, pth, args, bpv::process_stdio{/*.in=*/{}, /*.out=*/wp});
-  wp.close();
+  bpv::process proc = l(ctx, pth, args, bpv::process_stdio{/*.in=*/{}, /*.out=*/rp});
 
   std::string out;
   bpv::error_code ec;
@@ -556,8 +572,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(bind_launcher)
   while (ec == asio::error::interrupted)
     sz += asio::read(rp, asio::dynamic_buffer(out),  ec);
 
-  BOOST_CHECK(sz != 0);
   BOOST_CHECK_MESSAGE((ec == asio::error::broken_pipe) || (ec == asio::error::eof), ec.message());
+  BOOST_REQUIRE(sz != 0);
 
   if (out.back() != '/' && target.string().back() == '/')
       out += '/';