add an example of finding close matches (#1152)

continue discussion on #1149 
Adds subcommand prefix matching as a modifier to CLI.  
Adds an example of close matching logic for further exploration.

---------

Co-authored-by: pre-commit-ci[bot] <66853113+pre-commit-ci[bot]@users.noreply.github.com>

.codacy.yml

@@ -8,8 +8,13 @@ engines:
     enabled: true
   coverage:
     enabled: false
+  cppcheck:
+    language: c++
 languages:
 
+ignore:
+  - "style"
+
 exclude_paths:
   - "fuzz/**/*"
   - "fuzz/*"

README.md

@@ -914,6 +914,11 @@ option_groups. These are:
   is not allowed to have a single character short option starting with the same
   character as a single dash long form name; for example, `-s` and `-single` are
   not allowed in the same application.
+- `.allow_subcommand_prefix_matching()`:🚧 If this modifier is enabled,
+  unambiguious prefix portions of a subcommand will match. For example
+  `upgrade_package` would match on `upgrade_`, `upg`, `u` as long as no other
+  subcommand would also match. It also disallows subcommand names that are full
+  prefixes of another subcommand.
 - `.fallthrough()`: Allow extra unmatched options and positionals to "fall
   through" and be matched on a parent option. Subcommands by default are allowed
   to "fall through" as in they will first attempt to match on the current

book/chapters/subcommands.md

@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ at the point the subcommand is created:
 - Fallthrough
 - Group name
 - Max required subcommands
+- prefix_matching
 - validate positional arguments
 - validate optional arguments
 
@@ -156,6 +157,14 @@ ignored, even if they could match. Git is the traditional example for prefix
 commands; if you run git with an unknown subcommand, like "`git thing`", it then
 calls another command called "`git-thing`" with the remaining options intact.
 
+### prefix matching
+
+A modifier is available for subcommand matching,
+`->allow_subcommand_prefix_matching()`. if this is enabled unambiguious prefix
+portions of a subcommand will match. For Example `upgrade_package` would match
+on `upgrade_`, `upg`, `u` as long as no other subcommand would also match. It
+also disallows subcommand names that are full prefixes of another subcommand.
+
 ### Silent subcommands
 
 Subcommands can be modified by using the `silent` option. This will prevent the

examples/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -250,6 +250,22 @@ set_property(TEST retired_retired_test3 PROPERTY PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION "WARNIN
 
 set_property(TEST retired_deprecated PROPERTY PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION "deprecated.*not_deprecated")
 
+if(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD GREATER 13)
+  add_cli_exe(close_match close_match.cpp)
+
+  add_test(NAME close_match_test COMMAND close_match i)
+  add_test(NAME close_match_test2 COMMAND close_match upg)
+  add_test(NAME close_match_test3 COMMAND close_match rem)
+  add_test(NAME close_match_test4 COMMAND close_match upgrde)
+
+  set_property(TEST close_match_test PROPERTY PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION "install")
+
+  set_property(TEST close_match_test2 PROPERTY PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION "upgrade")
+
+  set_property(TEST close_match_test3 PROPERTY PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION "remove")
+
+  set_property(TEST close_match_test4 PROPERTY PASS_REGULAR_EXPRESSION "closest match is upgrade")
+endif()
 #--------------------------------------------
 add_cli_exe(custom_parse custom_parse.cpp)
 add_test(NAME cp_test COMMAND custom_parse --dv 1.7)

examples/close_match.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2017-2025, University of Cincinnati, developed by Henry Schreiner
+// under NSF AWARD 1414736 and by the respective contributors.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
+
+// Code inspired by discussion from https://github.com/CLIUtils/CLI11/issues/1149
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <CLI/CLI.hpp>
+
+// only works with C++14 or higher
+
+// Levenshtein distance function code generated by chatgpt/copilot
+std::size_t levenshteinDistance(const std::string &s1, const std::string &s2) {
+    std::size_t len1 = s1.size(), len2 = s2.size();
+    if(len1 == 0 || len2 == 0) {
+        return (std::max)(len1, len2);
+    }
+    std::vector<std::size_t> prev(len2 + 1), curr(len2 + 1);
+    std::iota(prev.begin(), prev.end(), 0);  // Fill prev with {0, 1, ..., len2}
+
+    for(std::size_t ii = 1; ii <= len1; ++ii) {
+        curr[0] = ii;
+        for(std::size_t jj = 1; jj <= len2; ++jj) {
+            // If characters match, no substitution cost; otherwise, cost is 1.
+            std::size_t cost = (s1[ii - 1] == s2[jj - 1]) ? 0 : 1;
+
+            // Compute the minimum cost between:
+            // - Deleting a character from `s1` (prev[jj] + 1)
+            // - Inserting a character into `s1` (curr[jj - 1] + 1)
+            // - Substituting a character (prev[jj - 1] + cost)
+
+            curr[jj] = (std::min)({prev[jj] + 1, curr[jj - 1] + 1, prev[jj - 1] + cost});
+        }
+        prev = std::exchange(curr, prev);  // Swap vectors efficiently
+    }
+    return prev[len2];
+}
+
+// Finds the closest string from a list (modified from chat gpt code)
+std::pair<std::string, std::size_t> findClosestMatch(const std::string &input,
+                                                     const std::vector<std::string> &candidates) {
+    std::string closest;
+    std::size_t minDistance{std::string::npos};
+    for(const auto &candidate : candidates) {
+        std::size_t distance = levenshteinDistance(input, candidate);
+        if(distance < minDistance) {
+            minDistance = distance;
+            closest = candidate;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return {closest, minDistance};
+}
+
+void addSubcommandCloseMatchDetection(CLI::App *app, std::size_t minDistance = 3) {
+    // if extras are not allowed then there will be no remaining
+    app->allow_extras(true);
+    // generate a list of subcommand names
+    auto subs = app->get_subcommands(nullptr);
+    CLI::results_t list;
+    for(const auto *sub : subs) {
+        if(!sub->get_name().empty()) {
+            list.emplace_back(sub->get_name());
+        }
+        const auto &aliases = sub->get_aliases();
+        if(!aliases.empty()) {
+            list.insert(list.end(), aliases.begin(), aliases.end());
+        }
+    }
+    // add a callback that runs before a final callback and loops over the remaining arguments for subcommands
+    app->parse_complete_callback([app, minDistance, list = std::move(list)]() {
+        for(auto &extra : app->remaining()) {
+            if(!extra.empty() && extra.front() != '-') {
+                auto closest = findClosestMatch(extra, list);
+                if(closest.second <= minDistance) {
+                    std::cout << "unmatched command \"" << extra << "\", closest match is " << closest.first << "\n";
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+/** This example demonstrates the use of close match detection to detect invalid commands that are close matches to
+ * existing ones
+ */
+int main(int argc, const char *argv[]) {
+
+    int value{0};
+    CLI::App app{"App for testing prefix matching and close string matching"};
+    // turn on prefix matching
+    app.allow_subcommand_prefix_matching();
+    app.add_option("-v", value, "value");
+
+    app.add_subcommand("install", "");
+    app.add_subcommand("upgrade", "");
+    app.add_subcommand("remove", "");
+    app.add_subcommand("test", "");
+    // enable close matching for subcommands
+    addSubcommandCloseMatchDetection(&app, 5);
+    CLI11_PARSE(app, argc, argv);
+
+    auto subs = app.get_subcommands();
+    for(const auto &sub : subs) {
+        std::cout << sub->get_name() << "\n";
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

include/CLI/App.hpp

@@ -271,6 +271,9 @@ class App {
     /// indicator that the subcommand should allow non-standard option arguments, such as -single_dash_flag
     bool allow_non_standard_options_{false};
 
+    /// indicator to allow subcommands to match with prefix matching
+    bool allow_prefix_matching_{false};
+
     /// Counts the number of times this command/subcommand was parsed
     std::uint32_t parsed_{0U};
 
@@ -409,6 +412,11 @@ class App {
         return this;
     }
 
+    /// allow prefix matching for subcommands
+    App *allow_subcommand_prefix_matching(bool allowed = true) {
+        allow_prefix_matching_ = allowed;
+        return this;
+    }
     /// Set the subcommand to be disabled by default, so on clear(), at the start of each parse it is disabled
     App *disabled_by_default(bool disable = true) {
         if(disable) {
@@ -1166,9 +1174,12 @@ class App {
     /// Get the status of silence
     CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_silent() const { return silent_; }
 
-    /// Get the status of silence
+    /// Get the status of allowing non standard option names
     CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_allow_non_standard_option_names() const { return allow_non_standard_options_; }
 
+    /// Get the status of allowing prefix matching for subcommands
+    CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_allow_subcommand_prefix_matching() const { return allow_prefix_matching_; }
+
     /// Get the status of disabled
     CLI11_NODISCARD bool get_immediate_callback() const { return immediate_callback_; }
 
@@ -1227,9 +1238,18 @@ class App {
     /// Get a display name for an app
     CLI11_NODISCARD std::string get_display_name(bool with_aliases = false) const;
 
-    /// Check the name, case-insensitive and underscore insensitive if set
+    /// Check the name, case-insensitive and underscore insensitive, and prefix matching if set
+    /// @return true if matched
     CLI11_NODISCARD bool check_name(std::string name_to_check) const;
 
+    /// @brief  enumeration of matching possibilities
+    enum class NameMatch : std::uint8_t { none = 0, exact = 1, prefix = 2 };
+
+    /// Check the name, case-insensitive and underscore insensitive if set
+    /// @return NameMatch::none if no match, NameMatch::exact if the match is exact NameMatch::prefix if prefix is
+    /// enabled and a prefix matches
+    CLI11_NODISCARD NameMatch check_name_detail(std::string name_to_check) const;
+
     /// Get the groups available directly from this option (in order)
     CLI11_NODISCARD std::vector<std::string> get_groups() const;
 

include/CLI/impl/App_inl.hpp

@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ CLI11_INLINE App::App(std::string app_description, std::string app_name, App *pa
         formatter_ = parent_->formatter_;
         config_formatter_ = parent_->config_formatter_;
         require_subcommand_max_ = parent_->require_subcommand_max_;
+        allow_prefix_matching_ = parent_->allow_prefix_matching_;
     }
 }
 
@@ -900,6 +901,11 @@ CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::string App::get_display_name(bool with_aliases
 }
 
 CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE bool App::check_name(std::string name_to_check) const {
+    auto result = check_name_detail(std::move(name_to_check));
+    return (result != NameMatch::none);
+}
+
+CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE App::NameMatch App::check_name_detail(std::string name_to_check) const {
     std::string local_name = name_;
     if(ignore_underscore_) {
         local_name = detail::remove_underscore(name_);
@@ -911,7 +917,12 @@ CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE bool App::check_name(std::string name_to_check) con
     }
 
     if(local_name == name_to_check) {
-        return true;
+        return App::NameMatch::exact;
+    }
+    if(allow_prefix_matching_ && name_to_check.size() < local_name.size()) {
+        if(local_name.compare(0, name_to_check.size(), name_to_check) == 0) {
+            return App::NameMatch::prefix;
+        }
     }
     for(std::string les : aliases_) {  // NOLINT(performance-for-range-copy)
         if(ignore_underscore_) {
@@ -921,10 +932,15 @@ CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE bool App::check_name(std::string name_to_check) con
             les = detail::to_lower(les);
         }
         if(les == name_to_check) {
-            return true;
+            return App::NameMatch::exact;
+        }
+        if(allow_prefix_matching_ && name_to_check.size() < les.size()) {
+            if(les.compare(0, name_to_check.size(), name_to_check) == 0) {
+                return App::NameMatch::prefix;
             }
         }
-    return false;
+    }
+    return App::NameMatch::none;
 }
 
 CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE std::vector<std::string> App::get_groups() const {
@@ -1850,21 +1866,39 @@ CLI11_INLINE bool App::_parse_positional(std::vector<std::string> &args, bool ha
 
 CLI11_NODISCARD CLI11_INLINE App *
 App::_find_subcommand(const std::string &subc_name, bool ignore_disabled, bool ignore_used) const noexcept {
+    App *bcom{nullptr};
     for(const App_p &com : subcommands_) {
         if(com->disabled_ && ignore_disabled)
             continue;
         if(com->get_name().empty()) {
             auto *subc = com->_find_subcommand(subc_name, ignore_disabled, ignore_used);
             if(subc != nullptr) {
-                return subc;
+                if(bcom != nullptr) {
+                    return nullptr;
+                }
+                bcom = subc;
+                if(!allow_prefix_matching_) {
+                    return bcom;
                 }
             }
-        if(com->check_name(subc_name)) {
-            if((!*com) || !ignore_used)
+        }
+        auto res = com->check_name_detail(subc_name);
+        if(res != NameMatch::none) {
+            if((!*com) || !ignore_used) {
+                if(res == NameMatch::exact) {
                     return com.get();
                 }
-    }
+                if(bcom != nullptr) {
                     return nullptr;
+                }
+                bcom = com.get();
+                if(!allow_prefix_matching_) {
+                    return bcom;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return bcom;
 }
 
 CLI11_INLINE bool App::_parse_subcommand(std::vector<std::string> &args) {

tests/SubcommandTest.cpp

@@ -110,6 +110,104 @@ TEST_CASE_METHOD(TApp, "CrazyNameSubcommand", "[subcom]") {
     CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
 }
 
+TEST_CASE_METHOD(TApp, "subcommandPrefix", "[subcom]") {
+    app.allow_subcommand_prefix_matching();
+    auto *sub1 = app.add_subcommand("sub1");
+    CHECK(app.get_allow_subcommand_prefix_matching());
+    // name can be set to whatever
+    CHECK_NOTHROW(sub1->name("crazy name with spaces"));
+    args = {"crazy name with spaces"};
+
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy name with spaces"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"crazy name"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy name with spaces"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"crazy"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy name"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"cr"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"c"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_METHOD(TApp, "subcommandPrefixAlias", "[subcom]") {
+    app.allow_subcommand_prefix_matching();
+    auto *sub1 = app.add_subcommand("sub1");
+    CHECK(app.get_allow_subcommand_prefix_matching());
+    // name can be set to whatever
+    sub1->alias("crazy name with spaces");
+    args = {"crazy name with spaces"};
+
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy name with spaces"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"crazy name"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy name with spaces"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"crazy"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy name"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"cr"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"c"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("crazy"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+}
+
+TEST_CASE_METHOD(TApp, "subcommandPrefixMultiple", "[subcom]") {
+    app.allow_subcommand_prefix_matching();
+    auto *sub1 = app.add_subcommand("sub_long_prefix");
+    auto *sub2 = app.add_subcommand("sub_elong_prefix");
+    // name can be set to whatever
+    args = {"sub_long"};
+
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("sub_long_prefix"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub1->count());
+
+    args = {"sub_e"};
+    run();
+
+    CHECK(app.got_subcommand("sub_elong_prefix"));
+    CHECK(1u == sub2->count());
+
+    args = {"sub_"};
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(run(), CLI::ExtrasError);
+}
+
 TEST_CASE_METHOD(TApp, "RequiredAndSubcommands", "[subcom]") {
 
     std::string baz;
@@ -1773,6 +1871,24 @@ TEST_CASE_METHOD(TApp, "AliasErrors", "[subcom]") {
     sub2->ignore_underscore();
     CHECK_THROWS_AS(sub2->alias("les3"), CLI::OptionAlreadyAdded);
 }
+
+TEST_CASE_METHOD(TApp, "DuplicateErrorsPrefix", "[subcom]") {
+    app.allow_subcommand_prefix_matching(true);
+    auto *sub1 = app.add_subcommand("sub_test");
+    auto *sub2 = app.add_subcommand("sub_deploy");
+
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(app.add_subcommand("sub"), CLI::OptionAlreadyAdded);
+    // cannot alias to an existing subcommand
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(sub2->alias("sub"), CLI::OptionAlreadyAdded);
+    app.ignore_case();
+    // this needs to be opposite of the subcommand the alias is being tested on to check for ambiguity
+    sub2->ignore_case();
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(sub1->alias("SUB_"), CLI::OptionAlreadyAdded);
+    app.ignore_underscore();
+    sub1->ignore_underscore();
+    CHECK_THROWS_AS(sub2->alias("su_bt"), CLI::OptionAlreadyAdded);
+}
+
 // test adding a subcommand via the pointer
 TEST_CASE_METHOD(TApp, "ExistingSubcommandMatch", "[subcom]") {
     auto sshared = std::make_shared<CLI::App>("documenting the subcommand", "sub1");