diff --git a/include/boost/thread/detail/timespec.hpp b/include/boost/thread/detail/timespec.hpp
index 270cb661..7a571774 100644
--- a/include/boost/thread/detail/timespec.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/thread/detail/timespec.hpp
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ namespace boost
       explicit real_timespec_timepoint(boost::intmax_t const& ns) : value(ns) {}
 
 #if defined BOOST_THREAD_USES_DATETIME
-      real_timespec_timepoint(boost::system_time const& abs_time)
+      explicit real_timespec_timepoint(boost::system_time const& abs_time)
       {
         boost::posix_time::time_duration const time_since_epoch = abs_time-boost::posix_time::from_time_t(0);
         value = timespec_duration(time_since_epoch).getNs();
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ namespace boost
 #endif
 #if defined BOOST_THREAD_USES_CHRONO
       template <class Duration>
-      real_timespec_timepoint(chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock, Duration> const& abs_time)
+      explicit real_timespec_timepoint(chrono::time_point<chrono::system_clock, Duration> const& abs_time)
       {
         value = timespec_duration(abs_time.time_since_epoch()).getNs();
       }
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ namespace boost
         boost::intmax_t ns = ((((static_cast<boost::intmax_t>(ft.dwHighDateTime) << 32) | ft.dwLowDateTime) - 116444736000000000LL) * 100LL);
         return real_timespec_timepoint(ns);
 #elif defined(BOOST_THREAD_MACOS)
-        struct timeval tv;
+        timeval tv;
         ::gettimeofday(&tv, 0);
         timespec ts;
         ts.tv_sec = tv.tv_sec;
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ namespace boost
 
 #if defined BOOST_THREAD_USES_CHRONO
     template <class Duration>
-    mono_timespec_timepoint(chrono::time_point<chrono::steady_clock, Duration> const& abs_time);
+    explicit mono_timespec_timepoint(chrono::time_point<chrono::steady_clock, Duration> const& abs_time);
 #endif
 
 #if defined BOOST_THREAD_PLATFORM_PTHREAD
diff --git a/include/boost/thread/pthread/condition_variable.hpp b/include/boost/thread/pthread/condition_variable.hpp
index 0064361f..b283b116 100644
--- a/include/boost/thread/pthread/condition_variable.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/thread/pthread/condition_variable.hpp
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ namespace boost
 #endif
         int cond_res;
         {
-            timespec const& ts = timeout.getTs();
+            const timespec ts = timeout.getTs();
 #if defined BOOST_THREAD_PROVIDES_INTERRUPTIONS
             thread_cv_detail::lock_on_exit<unique_lock<mutex> > guard;
             detail::interruption_checker check_for_interruption(&internal_mutex,&cond);
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ namespace boost
                 lock_type& lock,
                 const chrono::time_point<detail::internal_chrono_clock, Duration>& t)
         {
-          const boost::detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts = t;
+          const boost::detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts(t);
           if (do_wait_until(lock, ts)) return cv_status::no_timeout;
           else return cv_status::timeout;
         }
@@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ namespace boost
               boost::pthread::pthread_mutex_scoped_lock check_for_interruption(&internal_mutex);
 #endif
               guard.activate(m);
-              timespec const& ts = timeout.getTs();
+              const timespec ts = timeout.getTs();
               res=pthread_cond_timedwait(&cond,&internal_mutex,&ts);
               check_for_interruption.check();
               guard.deactivate();
diff --git a/include/boost/thread/pthread/condition_variable_fwd.hpp b/include/boost/thread/pthread/condition_variable_fwd.hpp
index bb8bab20..ee644b4d 100644
--- a/include/boost/thread/pthread/condition_variable_fwd.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/thread/pthread/condition_variable_fwd.hpp
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ namespace boost
                 unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
                 const chrono::time_point<detail::internal_chrono_clock, Duration>& t)
         {
-          const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts = t;
+          const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts(t);
           if (do_wait_until(lock, ts)) return cv_status::no_timeout;
           else return cv_status::timeout;
         }
diff --git a/include/boost/thread/pthread/mutex.hpp b/include/boost/thread/pthread/mutex.hpp
index 8896be21..4e116ac7 100644
--- a/include/boost/thread/pthread/mutex.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/thread/pthread/mutex.hpp
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ namespace boost
         // fixme: Shouldn't this functions be located on a .cpp file?
         bool do_try_lock_until(detail::internal_timespec_timepoint const &timeout)
         {
-          timespec const& ts = timeout.getTs();
+          const timespec ts = timeout.getTs();
           int const res=pthread_mutex_timedlock(&m,&ts);
           BOOST_ASSERT(!res || res==ETIMEDOUT);
           return !res;
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@ namespace boost
         bool do_try_lock_until(detail::internal_timespec_timepoint const &timeout)
         {
             boost::pthread::pthread_mutex_scoped_lock const local_lock(&m);
-            timespec const& ts = timeout.getTs();
+            const timespec ts = timeout.getTs();
             while(is_locked)
             {
                 int const cond_res=pthread_cond_timedwait(&cond,&m,&ts);
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ namespace boost
         template <class Duration>
         bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<detail::internal_chrono_clock, Duration>& t)
         {
-          detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts = t;
+          detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts(t);
           return do_try_lock_until(ts);
         }
 #endif
diff --git a/include/boost/thread/pthread/recursive_mutex.hpp b/include/boost/thread/pthread/recursive_mutex.hpp
index 43fc235f..3a1f06ae 100644
--- a/include/boost/thread/pthread/recursive_mutex.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/thread/pthread/recursive_mutex.hpp
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ namespace boost
         // fixme: Shouldn't this functions be located on a .cpp file?
         bool do_try_lock_until(detail::internal_timespec_timepoint const &timeout)
         {
-            timespec const& ts = timeout.getTs();
+            const timespec ts = timeout.getTs();
             int const res=pthread_mutex_timedlock(&m,&ts);
             BOOST_ASSERT(!res || res==ETIMEDOUT);
             return !res;
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ namespace boost
                 ++count;
                 return true;
             }
-            timespec const& ts = timeout.getTs();
+            const timespec ts = timeout.getTs();
             while(is_locked)
             {
                 int const cond_res=pthread_cond_timedwait(&cond,&m,&ts);
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ namespace boost
         template <class Duration>
         bool try_lock_until(const chrono::time_point<detail::internal_chrono_clock, Duration>& t)
         {
-          detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts = t;
+          detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts(t);
           return do_try_lock_until(ts);
         }
 #endif
diff --git a/include/boost/thread/win32/condition_variable.hpp b/include/boost/thread/win32/condition_variable.hpp
index d070a152..7509d40c 100644
--- a/include/boost/thread/win32/condition_variable.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/thread/win32/condition_variable.hpp
@@ -366,8 +366,8 @@ namespace boost
             {
               return true;
             }
-            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now()
-                                                          + detail::timespec_duration(wait_duration);
+            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now()
+                                                         + detail::timespec_duration(wait_duration);
             return do_wait_until(m, ts);
         }
 
@@ -401,8 +401,8 @@ namespace boost
             {
               return pred();
             }
-            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now()
-                                                          + detail::timespec_duration(wait_duration);
+            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now()
+                                                         + detail::timespec_duration(wait_duration);
             while (!pred())
             {
               if(!do_wait_until(m, ts))
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ namespace boost
                 unique_lock<mutex>& lock,
                 const chrono::time_point<detail::internal_chrono_clock, Duration>& t)
         {
-          const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts = t;
+          const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts(t);
           if (do_wait_until(lock, ts)) return cv_status::no_timeout;
           else return cv_status::timeout;
         }
@@ -535,8 +535,8 @@ namespace boost
             {
               return true;
             }
-            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now()
-                                                          + detail::timespec_duration(wait_duration);
+            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now()
+                                                         + detail::timespec_duration(wait_duration);
             return do_wait_until(m, ts);
         }
 
@@ -572,8 +572,8 @@ namespace boost
             {
               return pred();
             }
-            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now()
-                                                          + detail::timespec_duration(wait_duration);
+            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now()
+                                                         + detail::timespec_duration(wait_duration);
             while (!pred())
             {
               if(!do_wait_until(m, ts))
@@ -589,7 +589,7 @@ namespace boost
                 lock_type& lock,
                 const chrono::time_point<detail::internal_chrono_clock, Duration>& t)
         {
-          const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts = t;
+          const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts(t);
           if (do_wait_until(lock, ts)) return cv_status::no_timeout;
           else return cv_status::timeout;
         }
diff --git a/include/boost/thread/win32/thread_data.hpp b/include/boost/thread/win32/thread_data.hpp
index ecd31532..fdd8bae2 100644
--- a/include/boost/thread/win32/thread_data.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/thread/win32/thread_data.hpp
@@ -182,6 +182,8 @@ namespace boost
         void BOOST_THREAD_DECL yield() BOOST_NOEXCEPT;
 
         bool BOOST_THREAD_DECL interruptible_wait(detail::win32::handle handle_to_wait_for, detail::internal_timespec_timepoint const &timeout);
+
+#if defined BOOST_THREAD_USES_DATETIME
         template<typename TimeDuration>
         inline BOOST_SYMBOL_VISIBLE void sleep(TimeDuration const& rel_time)
         {
@@ -198,10 +200,13 @@ namespace boost
             d = ts - detail::real_timespec_clock::now();
           }
         }
+#endif
 
         namespace no_interruption_point
         {
           bool BOOST_THREAD_DECL non_interruptible_wait(detail::win32::handle handle_to_wait_for, detail::internal_timespec_timepoint const &timeout);
+
+#if defined BOOST_THREAD_USES_DATETIME
           template<typename TimeDuration>
           inline BOOST_SYMBOL_VISIBLE void sleep(TimeDuration const& rel_time)
           {
@@ -218,6 +223,7 @@ namespace boost
               d = ts - detail::real_timespec_clock::now();
             }
           }
+#endif
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/pthread/thread.cpp b/src/pthread/thread.cpp
index 9ae10994..c3a78772 100644
--- a/src/pthread/thread.cpp
+++ b/src/pthread/thread.cpp
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ namespace boost
                 {
                   // Use pthread_delay_np or nanosleep whenever possible here in the no_interruption_point
                   // namespace because they do not provide an interruption point.
-                  timespec const& ts2 = ts.getTs();
+                  const timespec ts2 = ts.getTs();
     #   if defined(BOOST_HAS_PTHREAD_DELAY_NP)
     #     if defined(__IBMCPP__) ||  defined(_AIX)
                   BOOST_VERIFY(!pthread_delay_np(const_cast<timespec*>(&ts2)));
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ namespace boost
                   nanosleep(&ts2, 0);
     #   else
                   // Fall back to using a condition variable even though it does provide an interruption point.
-                  const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts2 = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now() + ts;
+                  const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts2 = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now() + ts;
                   mutex mx;
                   unique_lock<mutex> lock(mx);
                   condition_variable cond;
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ namespace boost
                 d = ts2 - detail::mono_timespec_clock::now();
             }
 #else
-            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint& ts2 = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now() + ts;
+            const detail::internal_timespec_timepoint ts2 = detail::internal_timespec_clock::now() + ts;
             while (cond.do_wait_until(lock, ts2)) {}
 #endif
         }