diff --git a/include/boost/system/result.hpp b/include/boost/system/result.hpp
index 539113c..990e0b4 100644
--- a/include/boost/system/result.hpp
+++ b/include/boost/system/result.hpp
@@ -919,9 +919,10 @@ template<class T, class E> struct is_result< result<T, E> >: std::true_type {};
 // result | value
 
 template<class T, class E, class U,
-    class En = typename std::enable_if<detail::is_value_convertible_to<U, T>::value>::type
+    class En = typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, typename std::decay<T>::type>::value>::type
 >
-T operator|( result<T, E> const& r, U&& u )
+typename std::decay<T>::type
+operator|( result<T, E> const& r, U&& u )
 {
     if( r )
     {
@@ -934,9 +935,10 @@ T operator|( result<T, E> const& r, U&& u )
 }
 
 template<class T, class E, class U,
-    class En = typename std::enable_if<detail::is_value_convertible_to<U, T>::value>::type
+    class En = typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<U, typename std::decay<T>::type>::value>::type
 >
-T operator|( result<T, E>&& r, U&& u )
+typename std::decay<T>::type
+operator|( result<T, E>&& r, U&& u )
 {
     if( r )
     {
diff --git a/test/CMakeLists.txt b/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 7bda2f4..29ad844 100644
--- a/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -165,8 +165,6 @@ boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct6.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_value_construct7.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_error_construct5.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_or_value.cpp)
-boost_test(TYPE compile-fail SOURCES result_or_value_fail.cpp)
-boost_test(TYPE compile-fail SOURCES result_or_value_fail2.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_or_fn0v.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_or_fn0r.cpp)
 boost_test(TYPE run SOURCES result_and_fn1v.cpp)
diff --git a/test/Jamfile.v2 b/test/Jamfile.v2
index 9d9a491..309fe02 100644
--- a/test/Jamfile.v2
+++ b/test/Jamfile.v2
@@ -198,8 +198,6 @@ run result_value_construct6.cpp ;
 run result_value_construct7.cpp ;
 run result_error_construct5.cpp ;
 run result_or_value.cpp ;
-compile-fail result_or_value_fail.cpp ;
-compile-fail result_or_value_fail2.cpp ;
 run result_or_fn0v.cpp ;
 run result_or_fn0r.cpp ;
 run result_and_fn1v.cpp ;
diff --git a/test/result_or_fn0r.cpp b/test/result_or_fn0r.cpp
index 18ed7cd..f8e4191 100644
--- a/test/result_or_fn0r.cpp
+++ b/test/result_or_fn0r.cpp
@@ -191,120 +191,102 @@ int main()
 
     {
         int x1 = 1;
-        int x3 = 3;
 
         result<int&> r( x1 );
 
-        int& x = r | fri | x3;
+        auto r2 = r | fri;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
     }
 
     {
         int x1 = 1;
-        int x3 = 3;
 
         result<int&> const r( x1 );
 
-        int& x = r | fri | x3;
+        auto r2 = r | fri;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
     }
 
     {
         int x1 = 1;
-        int x3 = 3;
 
-        int& x = result<int&>( x1 ) | fri | x3;
+        auto r2 = result<int&>( x1 ) | fri;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
     }
 
     {
         int x1 = 1;
-        int x3 = 3;
 
         result<int&> r( x1 );
 
-        int& x = r | fri2 | x3;
+        auto r2 = r | fri2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
     }
 
     {
         int x1 = 1;
-        int x3 = 3;
 
         result<int&> const r( x1 );
 
-        int& x = r | fri2 | x3;
+        auto r2 = r | fri2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
     }
 
     {
         int x1 = 1;
-        int x3 = 3;
 
-        int& x = result<int&>( x1 ) | fri2 | x3;
+        auto r2 = result<int&>( x1 ) | fri2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &x1 );
     }
 
     {
-        int x3 = 3;
-
         result<int&, E> r( in_place_error );
 
-        int& x = r | fri | x3;
+        auto r2 = r | fri;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &*fri() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &*fri() );
     }
 
     {
-        int x3 = 3;
-
         result<int&, E> const r( in_place_error );
 
-        int& x = r | fri | x3;
+        auto r2 = r | fri;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &*fri() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &*fri() );
     }
 
     {
-        int x3 = 3;
+        auto r2 = result<int&, E>( in_place_error ) | fri;
 
-        int& x = result<int&, E>( in_place_error ) | fri | x3;
-
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &*fri() );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_value() ) && BOOST_TEST_EQ( &*r2, &*fri() );
     }
 
     {
-        int x3 = 3;
-
         result<int&, E> r( in_place_error );
 
-        int& x = r | fri2 | x3;
+        auto r2 = r | fri2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x3 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
     }
 
     {
-        int x3 = 3;
-
         result<int&, E> const r( in_place_error );
 
-        int& x = r | fri2 | x3;
+        auto r2 = r | fri2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x3 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
     }
 
     {
-        int x3 = 3;
+        auto r2 = result<int&, E>( in_place_error ) | fri2;
 
-        int& x = result<int&, E>( in_place_error ) | fri2 | x3;
-
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x3 );
+        BOOST_TEST( r2.has_error() );
     }
 
     {
diff --git a/test/result_or_value.cpp b/test/result_or_value.cpp
index bf7f945..2466edc 100644
--- a/test/result_or_value.cpp
+++ b/test/result_or_value.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 #include <boost/system/result.hpp>
 #include <boost/core/lightweight_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/core/lightweight_test_trait.hpp>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 using namespace boost::system;
 
@@ -110,9 +112,22 @@ int main()
 
         result<int&> r( x1 );
 
-        int& x = r | x2;
+        {
+            auto&& x3 = r | x2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype(x3)> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x3, x1 );
+            BOOST_TEST_NE( &x3, &x1 );
+        }
+
+        {
+            auto&& x4 = r | 3;
+
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype( x4 )> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x4, x1 );
+        }
     }
 
     {
@@ -121,18 +136,44 @@ int main()
 
         result<int&> const r( x1 );
 
-        int& x = r | x2;
+        {
+            auto&& x3 = r | x2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype(x3)> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x3, x1 );
+            BOOST_TEST_NE( &x3, &x1 );
+        }
+
+        {
+            auto&& x4 = r | 3;
+
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype( x4 )> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x4, x1 );
+        }
     }
 
     {
         int x1 = 1;
         int x2 = 2;
 
-        int& x = result<int&>( x1 ) | x2;
+        {
+            auto&& x3 = result<int&>( x1 ) | x2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x1 );
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype(x3)> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x3, x1 );
+            BOOST_TEST_NE( &x3, &x1 );
+        }
+
+        {
+            auto&& x4 = result<int&>( x1 ) | 3;
+
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype( x4 )> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x4, x1 );
+        }
     }
 
     {
@@ -140,9 +181,22 @@ int main()
 
         result<int&, E> r( in_place_error );
 
-        int& x = r | x2;
+        {
+            auto&& x3 = r | x2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x2 );
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype(x3)> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x3, x2 );
+            BOOST_TEST_NE( &x3, &x2 );
+        }
+
+        {
+            auto&& x4 = r | 3;
+
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype( x4 )> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x4, 3 );
+        }
     }
 
     {
@@ -150,17 +204,43 @@ int main()
 
         result<int&, E> const r( in_place_error );
 
-        int& x = r | x2;
+        {
+            auto&& x3 = r | x2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x2 );
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype(x3)> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x3, x2 );
+            BOOST_TEST_NE( &x3, &x2 );
+        }
+
+        {
+            auto&& x4 = r | 3;
+
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype( x4 )> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x4, 3 );
+        }
     }
 
     {
         int x2 = 2;
 
-        int& x = result<int&, E>( in_place_error ) | x2;
+        {
+            auto&& x3 = result<int&, E>( in_place_error ) | x2;
 
-        BOOST_TEST_EQ( &x, &x2 );
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype(x3)> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x3, x2 );
+            BOOST_TEST_NE( &x3, &x2 );
+        }
+
+        {
+            auto&& x4 = result<int&, E>( in_place_error ) | 3;
+
+            BOOST_TEST_TRAIT_FALSE(( std::is_lvalue_reference<decltype( x4 )> ));
+
+            BOOST_TEST_EQ( x4, 3 );
+        }
     }
 
     return boost::report_errors();
diff --git a/test/result_or_value_fail.cpp b/test/result_or_value_fail.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 1e6a5cd..0000000
--- a/test/result_or_value_fail.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
-// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
-// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
-
-#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
-
-using namespace boost::system;
-
-int main()
-{
-    int x = 1;
-    result<int const&> r( x );
-    r | 2;
-}
diff --git a/test/result_or_value_fail2.cpp b/test/result_or_value_fail2.cpp
deleted file mode 100644
index fca8fa1..0000000
--- a/test/result_or_value_fail2.cpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017, 2021, 2022 Peter Dimov.
-// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
-// https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
-
-#include <boost/system/result.hpp>
-
-using namespace boost::system;
-
-int main()
-{
-    int x = 1;
-    result<int const&>( x ) | 2;
-}