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<h1 class="title"><a class="reference" href="../index.htm"><img alt="Boost C++ Libraries:" class="boost-logo" src="../boost.png" /></a> Boost.Python Build and Test HOWTO</h1>
<!-- Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost -->
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<div class="contents sidebar small topic">
<p class="topic-title first"><a id="contents" name="contents">Contents</a></p>
<ul class="auto-toc simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="#requirements" id="id20" name="id20">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#background" id="id21" name="id21">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#getting-boost-python-binaries" id="id22" name="id22">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Getting Boost.Python Binaries</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#no-install-quickstart" id="id23" name="id23">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#installing-boost-python-on-your-system" id="id24" name="id24">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#configuring-boost-build" id="id25" name="id25">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#building-an-extension-module" id="id26" name="id26">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Building an Extension Module</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#testing" id="id27" name="id27">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#advanced-configuration" id="id28" name="id28">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advanced Configuration</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#python-configuration-parameters" id="id29" name="id29">7.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#examples" id="id30" name="id30">7.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary" id="id31" name="id31">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a><ul class="auto-toc">
<li><a class="reference" href="#the-dynamic-binary" id="id32" name="id32">8.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#the-static-binary" id="id33" name="id33">8.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="#notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users" id="id34" name="id34">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id20" id="requirements" name="requirements">1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Requirements</a></h1>
<p>Boost.Python requires <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/2.2">Python 2.2</a><a class="footnote-reference" href="#id16" id="id2" name="id2"><sup>1</sup></a> <em>or</em> <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org"><em>newer</em></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id21" id="background" name="background">2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Background</a></h1>
<p>There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a>, in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
interface so Python programmers can use it. From Python, these
modules look just like regular Python modules.</li>
<li><a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a>, in which the end-user launches a program written
in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
subroutine. Think of adding scriptability to an existing
application.</li>
</ul>
<p>The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
of C++' <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt> function: in the Python interpreter executable,
or in some other program, respectively. Note that even when
embedding Python in another program, <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html">extension modules are often
the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
code</a>, so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
both models.</p>
<p>Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as
dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
modules or the executable containing <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">main()</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id22" id="getting-boost-python-binaries" name="getting-boost-python-binaries">3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Getting Boost.Python Binaries</a></h1>
<p>Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
<a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#header-only-libraries">header-only</a>) library, its user relies on the services of a
Boost.Python library binary.</p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id23" id="no-install-quickstart" name="no-install-quickstart">3.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;No-Install Quickstart</a></h2>
<p>If you just want to get started quickly building and testing
Boost.Python extension modules, or embedding Python in an
executable, you don't need to worry about installing Boost.Python
binaries explicitly. These instructions use <a class="reference" href="../../../tools/build">Boost.Build</a> projects,
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
for a specific compiler configuration.</p>
<div class="note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
officially supported by Boost and <strong>99% of all “I can't build
Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another build
system</strong>.</p>
<p class="last">If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
follow these instructions, and then invoke <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> with the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-a</span> <span class="pre">-o</span></tt><em>filename</em> option to dump the build commands it executes
to a file, so you can see what your build system needs to do.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id24" id="installing-boost-python-on-your-system" name="installing-boost-python-on-your-system">3.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Installing Boost.Python on your System</a></h2>
<p>If you need a regular, installation of the Boost.Python library
binaries on your system, the Boost <a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/index.html">Getting Started Guide</a> will
walk you through the steps of installing one. If building binaries
from source, you might want to supply the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-python</span></tt>
argument to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> (or the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--with-libraries=python</span></tt> argument
to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
rather than all the Boost binaries.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id25" id="configuring-boost-build" name="configuring-boost-build">4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Configuring Boost.Build</a></h1>
<p>As described in the <a class="reference" href="http://www.boost.orgdoc/html/bbv2/advanced.html#bbv2.advanced.configuration">Boost.Build reference manual</a>, a file called
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home
directory<a class="footnote-reference" href="#home-dir" id="id5" name="id5"><sup>7</sup></a> is used to
describe the build resources available to the build system. You'll
need to tell it about your Python installation.</p>
<div class="admonition-users-of-unix-variant-oses admonition">
<p class="first admonition-title">Users of Unix-Variant OSes</p>
<p class="last">If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> script, it may have generated a
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> for you.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#overwrite" id="id7" name="id7"><sup>4</sup></a> If your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt>/<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span></tt> sequence was successful and Boost.Python binaries
were built, your <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file is probably already
correct.</p>
</div>
<p>If you have a fairly “standard” python installation for your
platform, there's very little you need to do to describe it.
Simply having</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
import toolset : using ;
using python ;
</pre>
<p>in a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file in your home directory<a class="footnote-reference" href="#home-dir" id="id8" name="id8"><sup>7</sup></a>
should be enough.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#user-config-jam" id="id9" name="id9"><sup>6</sup></a> For more complicated setups,
see <a class="reference" href="#advanced-configuration">Advanced Configuration</a>.</p>
<div class="note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">You might want to pass the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--debug-configuration</span></tt>
option to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> the first few times you invoke it, to make
sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating all the parts of
your Python installation. If it isn't, consider passing some of
the optional <a class="reference" href="#python-configuration-parameters">Python configuration parameters</a> detailed below.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id26" id="building-an-extension-module" name="building-an-extension-module">5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Building an Extension Module</a></h1>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id27" id="testing" name="testing">6&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Testing</a></h1>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id28" id="advanced-configuration" name="advanced-configuration">7&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Advanced Configuration</a></h1>
<p>If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
the following optional parameters to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">using</span> <span class="pre">python</span></tt>.</p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id29" id="python-configuration-parameters" name="python-configuration-parameters">7.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Python Configuration Parameters</a></h2>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>version</dt>
<dd>the version of Python to use. Should be in Major.Minor
format, for example, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.3</span></tt>. Do not include the subminor
version (i.e. <em>not</em> <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">2.5.1</span></tt>). If you have multiple Python
versions installed, the version will usually be the only
additional argument required.</dd>
<dt>cmd-or-prefix</dt>
<dd>preferably, a command that invokes a Python
interpreter. Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python
libraries and header files. Use the alternative formulation if
there is no appropriate Python executable available.</dd>
<dt>includes</dt>
<dd>the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">#include</span></tt> path for Python headers.</dd>
<dt>libraries</dt>
<dd>the path to Python library binaries. On MacOS/Darwin,
you can also pass the path of the Python framework.</dd>
<dt>condition</dt>
<dd>if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
properties that are matched against the build configuration when
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use.</dd>
<dt>extension-suffix</dt>
<dd>A string to append to the name of extension
modules before the true filename extension. You almost certainly
don't need to use this. Usually this suffix is only used when
targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
automatically for you based on the value of the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;python-debugging&gt;</span></tt> feature. However, at least one Linux
distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has a specially configured
<a class="reference" href="https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds">python-dbg</a> package that claims to use such a suffix.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id30" id="examples" name="examples">7.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Examples</a></h2>
<p>Note that in the examples below, case and <em>especially whitespace</em> are
significant.</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first">If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> might contain:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python : 2.5 ; # Make both versions of Python available
using python : 2.4 ; # To build with python 2.4, add python=2.4
# to your command line.
</pre>
<p>The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default. To build
against python 2.4, add <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python=2.4</span></tt> to the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">bjam</span></tt> command line.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might
supply the path to the interpreter in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmd-or-prefix</span></tt>
parameter:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python : : /usr/local/python-2.6-beta/bin/python ;
</pre>
</li>
<li><p class="first">If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular
toolset, you might supply that toolset in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">condition</span></tt>
parameter:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python ; # use for most toolsets
# Use with Intel C++ toolset
using python
: # version
: c:\\Devel\\Python-2.5-IntelBuild\\PCBuild\\python # cmd-or-prefix
: # includes
: # libraries
: &lt;toolset&gt;intel # condition
;
</pre>
</li>
<li><p class="first">You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows
can build/test both Windows and <a class="reference" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> python extensions. Just pass
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> in the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">condition</span></tt> parameter
for the cygwin python installation:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
# windows installation
using python ;
# cygwin installation
using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : &lt;target-os&gt;cygwin ;
</pre>
<p>when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
with the cygwin version of python:<a class="footnote-reference" href="#flavor" id="id11" name="id11"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc</p>
</blockquote>
<p>This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
python with a <a class="reference" href="http://cygwin.com">Cygwin</a> bjam) but it seems as though the support in
Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
time of this writing.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first">Note that because of <a class="reference" href="http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection">the way Boost.Build currently selects target
alternatives</a>, you might have be very explicit in your build
requests. For example, given:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
using python : 2.5 ; # a regular windows build
using python : 2.4 : : : : &lt;target-os&gt;cygwin ;
</pre>
<p>building with</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
bjam target-os=cygwin
</pre>
<p>will yield an error. Instead, you'll need to write:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
</pre>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id31" id="choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary" name="choosing-a-boost-python-library-binary">8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary</a></h1>
<p>If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link withthe right
libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
library, you'll need to think about which one to link with. The
Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors. Take
care to choose the right flavor for your application.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#naming" id="id13" name="id13"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id32" id="the-dynamic-binary" name="the-dynamic-binary">8.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Dynamic Binary</a></h2>
<p>The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
modules built with a given toolset.<a class="footnote-reference" href="#toolset-specific" id="id14" name="id14"><sup>3</sup></a></li>
<li>The library contains a type conversion registry. Because one
registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h2><a class="toc-backref" href="#id33" id="the-static-binary" name="the-static-binary">8.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The Static Binary</a></h2>
<p>It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
any of the following cases:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>You are <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html">extending</a> python and the types exposed in your
dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
core library code is duplicated among them.</li>
<li>You are <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html">embedding</a> python in your application and either:<ul>
<li>You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.</li>
<li>Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension
modules into your application and you don't care if any
dynamically-loaded Boost.Python extension modules are able to
use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
modules (and vice-versa).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a class="toc-backref" href="#id34" id="notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users" name="notes-for-mingw-and-cygwin-with-mno-cygwin-gcc-users">9&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users</a></h1>
<p>If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in <a class="reference" href="http://www.python.org/doc/current/inst/index.html">Installing
Python Modules</a> to create <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">libpythonXX.a</span></tt>, where <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">XX</span></tt>
corresponds to the major and minor version numbers of your Python
installation.</p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="id16" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id2" name="id16">[1]</a></td><td>Note that although we tested earlier versions of
Boost.Python with Python 2.2, and we don't <em>think</em> we've done
anything to break compatibility, this release of Boost.Python
may not have been tested with versions of Python earlier than
2.4, so we're not 100% sure that python 2.2 and 2.3 are
supported.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="naming" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id13" name="naming">[2]</a></td><td><p class="first">Information about how to identify the
static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming">on Windows</a></li>
<li><a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming">on Unix variants</a></li>
</ul>
<p class="last">Be sure to read this section even if your compiler supports
auto-linking, as Boost.Python does not yet take advantage of
that feature.</p>
</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="toolset-specific" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id14" name="toolset-specific">[3]</a></td><td>Because of the way most *nix platforms
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not
certainextension modules built with different compiler toolsets
will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
when loaded into the same Python instance. Not using different
libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries
would be interoperable. Otherwise, it could spell disaster,
since an extension module and the Boost.Python library would
have different ideas of such things as class layout. I would
appreciate someone doing the experiment to find out what
happens.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="overwrite" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id7" name="overwrite">[4]</a></td><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">configure</span></tt> overwrites the existing
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> in your home directory
(if any) after making a backup of the old version.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="flavor" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id11" name="flavor">[5]</a></td><td>Note that the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;target-os&gt;cygwin</span></tt> feature is
different from the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&lt;flavor&gt;cygwin</span></tt> subfeature of the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">gcc</span></tt>
toolset, and you might need handle both explicitly if you also
have a MinGW GCC installed.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="user-config-jam" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a class="fn-backref" href="#id9" name="user-config-jam">[6]</a></td><td>Create the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user-config.jam</span></tt> file if you don't
already have one.</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table class="docutils footnote" frame="void" id="home-dir" rules="none">
<colgroup><col class="label" /><col /></colgroup>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td class="label"><a name="home-dir">[7]</a></td><td><em>(<a class="fn-backref" href="#id5">1</a>, <a class="fn-backref" href="#id8">2</a>)</em> <p>Windows users, your home directory can be
found by typing:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
ECHO %HOMEDRIVE%%HOMEPATH%
</pre>
<p class="last">into a <a class="reference" href="../../../more/getting_started/windows.html#or-build-from-the-command-prompt">Windows command prompt</a></p>
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