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svn-branch
| Author | SHA1 | Date | |
|---|---|---|---|
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6b96eca21b | ||
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f355be8ac5 | ||
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60634d39e1 |
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# -*- python -*-
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||||||
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|
||||||
from faber.tools.boost import boostbook
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|
||||||
from faber.tools.python import python
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
bb = boostbook(prefix='/usr/share/boostbook')
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|
||||||
p = python(command='$PYTHON')
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|
||||||
37
.github/workflows/deploy-documentation.yml
vendored
37
.github/workflows/deploy-documentation.yml
vendored
@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
name: deploy documentation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
on: [push]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
jobs:
|
|
||||||
deploy:
|
|
||||||
runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
|
|
||||||
steps:
|
|
||||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
|
|
||||||
- name: setup
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
sudo apt-get update
|
|
||||||
sudo apt-get install \
|
|
||||||
libboost1.71-tools-dev \
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|
||||||
python3 \
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|
||||||
python3-numpy \
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|
||||||
python3-sphinx \
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|
||||||
xsltproc \
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|
||||||
docbook-xsl
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|
||||||
sudo python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip
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|
||||||
sudo python3 -m pip install faber
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|
||||||
- name: build
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||||||
run: |
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||||||
sed -e "s/\$PYTHON/python3/g" .ci/faber > ~/.faber
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||||||
faber --builddir=build doc.html
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|
||||||
if [ "${GITHUB_REF##*/}" == master ]; then
|
|
||||||
echo "destination_dir=doc/html" >> $GITHUB_ENV
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
echo "destination_dir=doc/develop/html" >> $GITHUB_ENV
|
|
||||||
fi
|
|
||||||
- name: deploy
|
|
||||||
uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v3
|
|
||||||
with:
|
|
||||||
github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
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|
||||||
publish_dir: build/doc/html
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|
||||||
destination_dir: ${{ env.destination_dir }}
|
|
||||||
keep_files: true
|
|
||||||
48
.github/workflows/test-osx.yml
vendored
48
.github/workflows/test-osx.yml
vendored
@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
name: Test OSX
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
on: [push, pull_request]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
jobs:
|
|
||||||
build:
|
|
||||||
runs-on: macOS-latest
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
strategy:
|
|
||||||
fail-fast: false
|
|
||||||
matrix:
|
|
||||||
python-version: [3.8.10]
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|
||||||
cxx: [clang++]
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|
||||||
std: [c++11, c++14] # TODO: c++17 is failing !
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
steps:
|
|
||||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
|
||||||
- name: setup python
|
|
||||||
uses: actions/setup-python@v5
|
|
||||||
with:
|
|
||||||
python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
|
|
||||||
- name: setup prerequisites
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
brew install boost
|
|
||||||
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
|
|
||||||
python -m pip install setuptools faber
|
|
||||||
- name: build
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
python --version
|
|
||||||
${{ matrix.cxx }} --version
|
|
||||||
brew info boost
|
|
||||||
faber -v
|
|
||||||
sed -e "s/\$PYTHON/python/g" .ci/faber > ~/.faber
|
|
||||||
faber \
|
|
||||||
--with-boost-include=/opt/homebrew/Cellar/boost/1.86.0/include \
|
|
||||||
--builddir=build \
|
|
||||||
cxx.name=${{ matrix.cxx }} \
|
|
||||||
cxxflags=-std=${{ matrix.std }} \
|
|
||||||
-j`sysctl -n hw.ncpu`
|
|
||||||
- name: test
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
faber \
|
|
||||||
--with-boost-include=/opt/homebrew/Cellar/boost/1.86.0/include \
|
|
||||||
--builddir=build\
|
|
||||||
cxx.name=${{ matrix.cxx }} \
|
|
||||||
cxxflags=-std=${{ matrix.std }} \
|
|
||||||
-j`sysctl -n hw.ncpu` \
|
|
||||||
test.report
|
|
||||||
51
.github/workflows/test-ubuntu.yml
vendored
51
.github/workflows/test-ubuntu.yml
vendored
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
name: Test Ubuntu
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
on: [push, pull_request]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
jobs:
|
|
||||||
build:
|
|
||||||
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
strategy:
|
|
||||||
fail-fast: false
|
|
||||||
matrix:
|
|
||||||
python: [python, python3]
|
|
||||||
cxx: [g++, clang++]
|
|
||||||
std: [c++98, c++11, c++14, c++17]
|
|
||||||
include:
|
|
||||||
# Add the appropriate docker image for each compiler.
|
|
||||||
# The images from teeks99/boost-python-test already have boost::python
|
|
||||||
# pre-reqs installed, see:
|
|
||||||
# https://github.com/teeks99/boost-python-test-docker
|
|
||||||
- cxx: clang++
|
|
||||||
docker-img: teeks99/boost-python-test:clang-12_1.76.0
|
|
||||||
- cxx: g++
|
|
||||||
docker-img: teeks99/boost-python-test:gcc-10_1.76.0
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
container:
|
|
||||||
image: ${{ matrix.docker-img }}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
steps:
|
|
||||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- name: build
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
${{ matrix.python }} --version
|
|
||||||
${{ matrix.cxx }} --version
|
|
||||||
faber -v
|
|
||||||
sed -e "s/\$PYTHON/${{ matrix.python }}/g" .ci/faber > ~/.faber
|
|
||||||
faber \
|
|
||||||
--with-boost-include=${BOOST_PY_DEPS} \
|
|
||||||
--builddir=build \
|
|
||||||
cxx.name=${{ matrix.cxx }} \
|
|
||||||
cxxflags=-std=${{ matrix.std }} \
|
|
||||||
-j`nproc`
|
|
||||||
- name: test
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
faber \
|
|
||||||
--with-boost-include=${BOOST_PY_DEPS} \
|
|
||||||
--builddir=build \
|
|
||||||
cxx.name=${{ matrix.cxx }} \
|
|
||||||
cxxflags=-std=${{ matrix.std }} \
|
|
||||||
-j`nproc` \
|
|
||||||
test.report
|
|
||||||
49
.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
vendored
49
.github/workflows/test-windows.yml
vendored
@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
name: Test Windows
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
on: [push, pull_request]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
jobs:
|
|
||||||
build:
|
|
||||||
runs-on: windows-latest
|
|
||||||
strategy:
|
|
||||||
fail-fast: false
|
|
||||||
matrix:
|
|
||||||
python-version: [3.7]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
steps:
|
|
||||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
|
|
||||||
- uses: actions/setup-python@v5
|
|
||||||
with:
|
|
||||||
python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
|
|
||||||
- uses: microsoft/setup-msbuild@v2
|
|
||||||
- name: setup boost prerequisites
|
|
||||||
uses: lukka/run-vcpkg@v11
|
|
||||||
with:
|
|
||||||
vcpkgGitCommitId: '88b1071e39f13b632644d9d953738d345a4ac055'
|
|
||||||
vcpkgDirectory: '${{ runner.workspace }}/vcpkg'
|
|
||||||
vcpkgTriplet: x64-windows
|
|
||||||
vcpkgArguments: >
|
|
||||||
boost-config
|
|
||||||
boost-core
|
|
||||||
boost-function
|
|
||||||
boost-graph
|
|
||||||
boost-iterator
|
|
||||||
boost-lexical-cast
|
|
||||||
boost-mpl
|
|
||||||
boost-preprocessor
|
|
||||||
boost-smart-ptr
|
|
||||||
boost-static-assert
|
|
||||||
boost-align
|
|
||||||
- name: setup faber
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
|
|
||||||
python -m pip install setuptools faber numpy
|
|
||||||
faber --info=tools cxx
|
|
||||||
- name: build
|
|
||||||
shell: cmd
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
faber --builddir=build cxx.name=msvc --with-boost-include=${{ runner.workspace }}/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/include -j4
|
|
||||||
- name: test
|
|
||||||
shell: cmd
|
|
||||||
run: |
|
|
||||||
faber --builddir=build cxx.name=msvc --with-boost-include=${{ runner.workspace }}/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/include -j4 test.report
|
|
||||||
4
.gitignore
vendored
4
.gitignore
vendored
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
bin.SCons
|
|
||||||
*.pyc
|
|
||||||
*~
|
|
||||||
\#*\#
|
|
||||||
176
CMakeLists.txt
176
CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# Copyright 2020, 2021 Peter Dimov
|
|
||||||
# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
|
|
||||||
# https://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14...3.20)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
project(boost_python VERSION "${BOOST_SUPERPROJECT_VERSION}" LANGUAGES CXX)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
find_package(Python REQUIRED COMPONENTS Development OPTIONAL_COMPONENTS NumPy)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(Python_NumPy_FOUND)
|
|
||||||
message(STATUS "Boost.Python: using Python ${Python_VERSION} with NumPy at ${Python_NumPy_INCLUDE_DIRS}")
|
|
||||||
else()
|
|
||||||
message(STATUS "Boost.Python: using Python ${Python_VERSION} without NumPy")
|
|
||||||
endif()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# boost_pythonXY
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
set(_pyver ${Python_VERSION_MAJOR}${Python_VERSION_MINOR})
|
|
||||||
set(_boost_python boost_python${_pyver})
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
add_library(${_boost_python}
|
|
||||||
src/dict.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/errors.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/exec.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/import.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/list.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/long.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/module.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object_operators.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object_protocol.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/slice.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/str.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/tuple.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/wrapper.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/converter/from_python.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/converter/registry.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/converter/type_id.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/converter/builtin_converters.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/enum.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/class.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/function.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/inheritance.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/life_support.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/pickle_support.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/iterator.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/stl_iterator.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object_protocol.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object_operators.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/object/function_doc_signature.cpp
|
|
||||||
)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
add_library(Boost::python${_pyver} ALIAS ${_boost_python})
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
target_include_directories(${_boost_python} PUBLIC include)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
target_link_libraries(${_boost_python}
|
|
||||||
PUBLIC
|
|
||||||
Boost::align
|
|
||||||
Boost::bind
|
|
||||||
Boost::config
|
|
||||||
Boost::conversion
|
|
||||||
Boost::core
|
|
||||||
Boost::detail
|
|
||||||
Boost::foreach
|
|
||||||
Boost::function
|
|
||||||
Boost::iterator
|
|
||||||
Boost::lexical_cast
|
|
||||||
Boost::mpl
|
|
||||||
Boost::numeric_conversion
|
|
||||||
Boost::preprocessor
|
|
||||||
Boost::smart_ptr
|
|
||||||
Boost::static_assert
|
|
||||||
Boost::tuple
|
|
||||||
Boost::type_traits
|
|
||||||
Boost::utility
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Python::Module
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
PRIVATE
|
|
||||||
Boost::graph
|
|
||||||
Boost::integer
|
|
||||||
Boost::property_map
|
|
||||||
)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
target_compile_definitions(${_boost_python}
|
|
||||||
PUBLIC BOOST_PYTHON_NO_LIB
|
|
||||||
PRIVATE BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
|
|
||||||
)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
|
|
||||||
target_compile_definitions(${_boost_python} PUBLIC BOOST_PYTHON_DYN_LINK)
|
|
||||||
else()
|
|
||||||
target_compile_definitions(${_boost_python} PUBLIC BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LINK BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB)
|
|
||||||
endif()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Boost::python alias
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
add_library(boost_python INTERFACE)
|
|
||||||
add_library(Boost::python ALIAS boost_python)
|
|
||||||
target_link_libraries(boost_python INTERFACE Boost::python${_pyver})
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Installation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(BOOST_SUPERPROJECT_VERSION AND NOT CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.13)
|
|
||||||
boost_install(TARGETS ${_boost_python} boost_python VERSION ${BOOST_SUPERPROJECT_VERSION} HEADER_DIRECTORY include)
|
|
||||||
endif()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(Python_NumPy_FOUND)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# boost_numpyXY
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
set(_boost_numpy boost_numpy${_pyver})
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
add_library(${_boost_numpy}
|
|
||||||
src/numpy/dtype.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/numpy/matrix.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/numpy/ndarray.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/numpy/numpy.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/numpy/scalars.cpp
|
|
||||||
src/numpy/ufunc.cpp
|
|
||||||
)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
add_library(Boost::numpy${_pyver} ALIAS ${_boost_numpy})
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
target_include_directories(${_boost_numpy} PUBLIC include)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
target_link_libraries(${_boost_numpy}
|
|
||||||
PUBLIC
|
|
||||||
Boost::config
|
|
||||||
Boost::core
|
|
||||||
Boost::detail
|
|
||||||
Boost::mpl
|
|
||||||
Boost::python
|
|
||||||
Boost::smart_ptr
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Python::NumPy
|
|
||||||
)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
target_compile_definitions(${_boost_numpy}
|
|
||||||
PUBLIC BOOST_NUMPY_NO_LIB
|
|
||||||
PRIVATE BOOST_NUMPY_SOURCE
|
|
||||||
)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS)
|
|
||||||
target_compile_definitions(${_boost_numpy} PUBLIC BOOST_NUMPY_DYN_LINK)
|
|
||||||
else()
|
|
||||||
target_compile_definitions(${_boost_numpy} PUBLIC BOOST_NUMPY_STATIC_LINK BOOST_NUMPY_STATIC_LIB)
|
|
||||||
endif()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Boost::numpy alias
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
add_library(boost_numpy INTERFACE)
|
|
||||||
add_library(Boost::numpy ALIAS boost_numpy)
|
|
||||||
target_link_libraries(boost_numpy INTERFACE Boost::numpy${_pyver})
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Installation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(BOOST_SUPERPROJECT_VERSION AND NOT CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 3.13)
|
|
||||||
boost_install(TARGETS ${_boost_numpy} boost_numpy VERSION ${BOOST_SUPERPROJECT_VERSION})
|
|
||||||
endif()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
endif()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
unset(_pyver)
|
|
||||||
unset(_boost_python)
|
|
||||||
unset(_boost_numpy)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Testing
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if(BUILD_TESTING AND EXISTS "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/CMakeLists.txt")
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
add_subdirectory(test)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
endif()
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
Boost Software License - Version 1.0 - August 17th, 2003
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person or organization
|
|
||||||
obtaining a copy of the software and accompanying documentation covered by
|
|
||||||
this license (the "Software") to use, reproduce, display, distribute,
|
|
||||||
execute, and transmit the Software, and to prepare derivative works of the
|
|
||||||
Software, and to permit third-parties to whom the Software is furnished to
|
|
||||||
do so, all subject to the following:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The copyright notices in the Software and this entire statement, including
|
|
||||||
the above license grant, this restriction and the following disclaimer,
|
|
||||||
must be included in all copies of the Software, in whole or in part, and
|
|
||||||
all derivative works of the Software, unless such copies or derivative
|
|
||||||
works are solely in the form of machine-executable object code generated by
|
|
||||||
a source language processor.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
|
|
||||||
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
|
|
||||||
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
|
|
||||||
SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR ANYONE DISTRIBUTING THE SOFTWARE BE LIABLE
|
|
||||||
FOR ANY DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
|
|
||||||
ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
|
|
||||||
DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
|
|
||||||
59
README.md
59
README.md
@@ -1,59 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Synopsis
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[](https://gitter.im/boostorg/python?utm_source=badge&utm_medium=badge&utm_campaign=pr-badge&utm_content=badge)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Welcome to Boost.Python, a C++ library which enables seamless interoperability between C++ and the Python programming language. The library includes support for:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* References and Pointers
|
|
||||||
* Globally Registered Type Coercions
|
|
||||||
* Automatic Cross-Module Type Conversions
|
|
||||||
* Efficient Function Overloading
|
|
||||||
* C++ to Python Exception Translation
|
|
||||||
* Default Arguments
|
|
||||||
* Keyword Arguments
|
|
||||||
* Manipulating Python objects in C++
|
|
||||||
* Exporting C++ Iterators as Python Iterators
|
|
||||||
* Documentation Strings
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See the [Boost.Python](http://boostorg.github.io/python) documentation for details.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
**Hint :** Check out the [development version](http://boostorg.github.io/python/develop) of the documentation to see work in progress.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Building   
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
While Boost.Python is part of the Boost C++ Libraries super-project, and thus can be compiled as part of Boost, it can also be compiled and installed stand-alone, i.e. against a pre-installed Boost package.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Prerequisites
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [Python](http://www.python.org)
|
|
||||||
* [Boost](http://www.boost.org)
|
|
||||||
* [Faber](https://stefanseefeld.github.io/faber)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Build
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Run
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
faber
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
to build the library.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Test
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Run
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
faber test.report
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
to run the tests.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Build docs
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Run
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
faber doc.html
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
to build the documentation.
|
|
||||||
41
build.jam
41
build.jam
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# Copyright René Ferdinand Rivera Morell 2024
|
|
||||||
# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
|
|
||||||
# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
|
|
||||||
# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
require-b2 5.2 ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
constant boost_dependencies :
|
|
||||||
/boost/align//boost_align
|
|
||||||
/boost/bind//boost_bind
|
|
||||||
/boost/config//boost_config
|
|
||||||
/boost/conversion//boost_conversion
|
|
||||||
/boost/core//boost_core
|
|
||||||
/boost/detail//boost_detail
|
|
||||||
/boost/foreach//boost_foreach
|
|
||||||
/boost/function//boost_function
|
|
||||||
/boost/iterator//boost_iterator
|
|
||||||
/boost/lexical_cast//boost_lexical_cast
|
|
||||||
/boost/mpl//boost_mpl
|
|
||||||
/boost/numeric_conversion//boost_numeric_conversion
|
|
||||||
/boost/preprocessor//boost_preprocessor
|
|
||||||
/boost/static_assert//boost_static_assert
|
|
||||||
/boost/tuple//boost_tuple
|
|
||||||
/boost/type_traits//boost_type_traits
|
|
||||||
/boost/utility//boost_utility ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
project /boost/python
|
|
||||||
: common-requirements
|
|
||||||
<include>include
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
explicit
|
|
||||||
[ alias boost_python : build//boost_python ]
|
|
||||||
[ alias boost_numpy : build//boost_numpy ]
|
|
||||||
[ alias all : boost_python boost_numpy test ]
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
call-if : boost-library python
|
|
||||||
: install boost_python boost_numpy
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
175
build/Jamfile
175
build/Jamfile
@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# Copyright David Abrahams 2001-2006. Distributed under the Boost
|
|
||||||
# Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
|
|
||||||
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
import os ;
|
|
||||||
import indirect ;
|
|
||||||
import modules ;
|
|
||||||
import feature ;
|
|
||||||
import property ;
|
|
||||||
import python ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if ! [ python.configured ] && ! ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
# Attempt default configuration of python
|
|
||||||
import toolset : using ;
|
|
||||||
using python ;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if [ python.configured ] || ( --without-python in [ modules.peek : ARGV ] )
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
alias config-warning ;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
message config-warning
|
|
||||||
: "warning: No python installation configured and autoconfiguration"
|
|
||||||
: "note: failed. See http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc/building.html"
|
|
||||||
: "note: for configuration instructions or pass --without-python to"
|
|
||||||
: "note: suppress this message and silently skip all Boost.Python targets"
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
constant boost_dependencies_private :
|
|
||||||
/boost/graph//boost_graph
|
|
||||||
/boost/integer//boost_integer
|
|
||||||
/boost/property_map//boost_property_map
|
|
||||||
/boost/smart_ptr//boost_smart_ptr
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
project
|
|
||||||
: source-location ../src
|
|
||||||
: common-requirements <library>$(boost_dependencies)
|
|
||||||
: requirements <library>$(boost_dependencies_private)
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rule cond ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
|
|
||||||
rule unless ( test ? : yes * : no * ) { if ! $(test) { return $(yes) ; } else { return $(no) ; } }
|
|
||||||
local rule eq ( a : b ) { if $(a) = $(b) { return 1 ; } }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
rule tag ( name : type ? : property-set )
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
if python-tag in [ RULENAMES $(__name__) ]
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
return [ $(__name__).python-tag $(name) : $(type) : $(property-set) ] ;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if [ python.configured ]
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
lib boost_python
|
|
||||||
: # sources
|
|
||||||
list.cpp
|
|
||||||
long.cpp
|
|
||||||
dict.cpp
|
|
||||||
tuple.cpp
|
|
||||||
str.cpp
|
|
||||||
slice.cpp
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
converter/from_python.cpp
|
|
||||||
converter/registry.cpp
|
|
||||||
converter/type_id.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/enum.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/class.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/function.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/inheritance.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/life_support.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/pickle_support.cpp
|
|
||||||
errors.cpp
|
|
||||||
module.cpp
|
|
||||||
converter/builtin_converters.cpp
|
|
||||||
converter/arg_to_python_base.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/iterator.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/stl_iterator.cpp
|
|
||||||
object_protocol.cpp
|
|
||||||
object_operators.cpp
|
|
||||||
wrapper.cpp
|
|
||||||
import.cpp
|
|
||||||
exec.cpp
|
|
||||||
object/function_doc_signature.cpp
|
|
||||||
: # requirements
|
|
||||||
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
|
|
||||||
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_SOURCE
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# On Windows, all code using Python has to link to the Python
|
|
||||||
# import library.
|
|
||||||
#
|
|
||||||
# On *nix we never link libboost_python to libpython. When
|
|
||||||
# extending Python, all Python symbols are provided by the
|
|
||||||
# Python interpreter executable. When embedding Python, the
|
|
||||||
# client executable is expected to explicitly link to
|
|
||||||
# /python//python (the target representing libpython) itself.
|
|
||||||
#
|
|
||||||
# python_for_extensions is a target defined by Boost.Build to
|
|
||||||
# provide the Python include paths, and on Windows, the Python
|
|
||||||
# import library, as usage requirements.
|
|
||||||
[ cond [ python.configured ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# we prevent building when there is no python available
|
|
||||||
# as it's not possible anyway, and to cause dependents to
|
|
||||||
# fail to build
|
|
||||||
[ unless [ python.configured ] : <build>no ]
|
|
||||||
<dependency>config-warning
|
|
||||||
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
|
|
||||||
-<tag>@%boostcpp.tag
|
|
||||||
-<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
|
|
||||||
<tag>@tag
|
|
||||||
<conditional>@python.require-py
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
: # default build
|
|
||||||
<link>shared
|
|
||||||
: # usage requirements
|
|
||||||
<link>static:<define>BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_LIB
|
|
||||||
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
|
|
||||||
<define>BOOST_PYTHON_NO_LIB
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
alias boost_python : config-warning ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if [ python.configured ] && [ python.numpy ]
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
numpy-include = [ python.numpy-include ] ;
|
|
||||||
lib boost_numpy
|
|
||||||
: # sources
|
|
||||||
numpy/dtype.cpp
|
|
||||||
numpy/matrix.cpp
|
|
||||||
numpy/ndarray.cpp
|
|
||||||
numpy/numpy.cpp
|
|
||||||
numpy/scalars.cpp
|
|
||||||
numpy/ufunc.cpp
|
|
||||||
: # requirements
|
|
||||||
<link>static:<define>BOOST_NUMPY_STATIC_LIB
|
|
||||||
<define>BOOST_NUMPY_SOURCE
|
|
||||||
[ cond [ python.numpy ] : <library>/python//python_for_extensions ]
|
|
||||||
[ unless [ python.numpy ] : <build>no ]
|
|
||||||
<library>/python//numpy
|
|
||||||
<library>boost_python
|
|
||||||
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
|
|
||||||
-<tag>@%boostcpp.tag
|
|
||||||
-<tag>@$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE)%$(BOOST_JAMROOT_MODULE).tag
|
|
||||||
<tag>@tag
|
|
||||||
<conditional>@python.require-py
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
: # default build
|
|
||||||
<link>shared
|
|
||||||
: # usage requirements
|
|
||||||
<link>static:<define>BOOST_NUMPY_STATIC_LIB
|
|
||||||
<python-debugging>on:<define>BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON
|
|
||||||
<define>BOOST_NUMPY_NO_LIB
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
alias boost_numpy : config-warning ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
66
doc/Jamfile
66
doc/Jamfile
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# Copyright (c) 2006 Joel de Guzman
|
|
||||||
# Copyright (c) 2015 Stefan Seefeld
|
|
||||||
#
|
|
||||||
# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
|
|
||||||
# file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
import boostbook ;
|
|
||||||
import quickbook ;
|
|
||||||
import docutils ;
|
|
||||||
import os ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
path-constant here : . ;
|
|
||||||
path-constant images : html/images ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
project python/doc
|
|
||||||
: requirements
|
|
||||||
-<xsl:param>boost.defaults=Boost
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>boost.defaults=none
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>toc.max.depth=3
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>toc.section.depth=2
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>chunk.section.depth=1
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
make numpy : numpy/index.rst : @sphinx-build ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if [ os.name ] = NT
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
actions sphinx-build { chdir "$(>:D)" && make clean && make html}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
else
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
actions sphinx-build { make -C "$(>:D)" clean html}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
boostbook python : python.qbk
|
|
||||||
: <format>html:<name>$(here)/html
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>generate.toc="library nop; chapter toc; section toc;"
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=boostbook.css
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=images/boost.png
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=images/
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
boostbook tutorial : tutorial.qbk
|
|
||||||
: <format>html:<name>$(here)/html/tutorial
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../boostbook.css
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=../images/boost.png
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=../images/
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
boostbook reference : reference.qbk
|
|
||||||
: <format>html:<name>$(here)/html/reference
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>html.stylesheet=../boostbook.css
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>boost.image.src=../images/boost.png
|
|
||||||
<format>html:<xsl:param>boost.graphics.root=../images/
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
html article : article.rst
|
|
||||||
: <location>html
|
|
||||||
<docutils-html>"--link-stylesheet --traceback --trim-footnote-reference-space --footnote-references=superscript --stylesheet=rst.css"
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
###############################################################################
|
|
||||||
alias boostdoc ;
|
|
||||||
explicit boostdoc ;
|
|
||||||
alias boostrelease : python tutorial reference numpy article ;
|
|
||||||
explicit boostrelease ;
|
|
||||||
947
doc/article.rst
947
doc/article.rst
@@ -1,947 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
|
|
||||||
Building Hybrid Systems with Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
:Author: David Abrahams
|
|
||||||
:Contact: dave@boost-consulting.com
|
|
||||||
:organization: `Boost Consulting`_
|
|
||||||
:date: 2003-05-14
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
:Author: Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
:copyright: Copyright David Abrahams and Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve 2003. All rights reserved
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. contents:: Table of Contents
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. _`Boost Consulting`: http://www.boost-consulting.com
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
==========
|
|
||||||
Abstract
|
|
||||||
==========
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python is an open source C++ library which provides a concise
|
|
||||||
IDL-like interface for binding C++ classes and functions to
|
|
||||||
Python. Leveraging the full power of C++ compile-time introspection
|
|
||||||
and of recently developed metaprogramming techniques, this is achieved
|
|
||||||
entirely in pure C++, without introducing a new syntax.
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python's rich set of features and high-level interface make it
|
|
||||||
possible to engineer packages from the ground up as hybrid systems,
|
|
||||||
giving programmers easy and coherent access to both the efficient
|
|
||||||
compile-time polymorphism of C++ and the extremely convenient run-time
|
|
||||||
polymorphism of Python.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
==============
|
|
||||||
Introduction
|
|
||||||
==============
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Python and C++ are in many ways as different as two languages could
|
|
||||||
be: while C++ is usually compiled to machine-code, Python is
|
|
||||||
interpreted. Python's dynamic type system is often cited as the
|
|
||||||
foundation of its flexibility, while in C++ static typing is the
|
|
||||||
cornerstone of its efficiency. C++ has an intricate and difficult
|
|
||||||
compile-time meta-language, while in Python, practically everything
|
|
||||||
happens at runtime.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Yet for many programmers, these very differences mean that Python and
|
|
||||||
C++ complement one another perfectly. Performance bottlenecks in
|
|
||||||
Python programs can be rewritten in C++ for maximal speed, and
|
|
||||||
authors of powerful C++ libraries choose Python as a middleware
|
|
||||||
language for its flexible system integration capabilities.
|
|
||||||
Furthermore, the surface differences mask some strong similarities:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* 'C'-family control structures (if, while, for...)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Support for object-orientation, functional programming, and generic
|
|
||||||
programming (these are both *multi-paradigm* programming languages.)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Comprehensive operator overloading facilities, recognizing the
|
|
||||||
importance of syntactic variability for readability and
|
|
||||||
expressivity.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* High-level concepts such as collections and iterators.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* High-level encapsulation facilities (C++: namespaces, Python: modules)
|
|
||||||
to support the design of re-usable libraries.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Exception-handling for effective management of error conditions.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* C++ idioms in common use, such as handle/body classes and
|
|
||||||
reference-counted smart pointers mirror Python reference semantics.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Given Python's rich 'C' interoperability API, it should in principle
|
|
||||||
be possible to expose C++ type and function interfaces to Python with
|
|
||||||
an analogous interface to their C++ counterparts. However, the
|
|
||||||
facilities provided by Python alone for integration with C++ are
|
|
||||||
relatively meager. Compared to C++ and Python, 'C' has only very
|
|
||||||
rudimentary abstraction facilities, and support for exception-handling
|
|
||||||
is completely missing. 'C' extension module writers are required to
|
|
||||||
manually manage Python reference counts, which is both annoyingly
|
|
||||||
tedious and extremely error-prone. Traditional extension modules also
|
|
||||||
tend to contain a great deal of boilerplate code repetition which
|
|
||||||
makes them difficult to maintain, especially when wrapping an evolving
|
|
||||||
API.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These limitations have lead to the development of a variety of wrapping
|
|
||||||
systems. SWIG_ is probably the most popular package for the
|
|
||||||
integration of C/C++ and Python. A more recent development is SIP_,
|
|
||||||
which was specifically designed for interfacing Python with the Qt_
|
|
||||||
graphical user interface library. Both SWIG and SIP introduce their
|
|
||||||
own specialized languages for customizing inter-language bindings.
|
|
||||||
This has certain advantages, but having to deal with three different
|
|
||||||
languages (Python, C/C++ and the interface language) also introduces
|
|
||||||
practical and mental difficulties. The CXX_ package demonstrates an
|
|
||||||
interesting alternative. It shows that at least some parts of
|
|
||||||
Python's 'C' API can be wrapped and presented through a much more
|
|
||||||
user-friendly C++ interface. However, unlike SWIG and SIP, CXX does
|
|
||||||
not include support for wrapping C++ classes as new Python types.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The features and goals of Boost.Python_ overlap significantly with
|
|
||||||
many of these other systems. That said, Boost.Python attempts to
|
|
||||||
maximize convenience and flexibility without introducing a separate
|
|
||||||
wrapping language. Instead, it presents the user with a high-level
|
|
||||||
C++ interface for wrapping C++ classes and functions, managing much of
|
|
||||||
the complexity behind-the-scenes with static metaprogramming.
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python also goes beyond the scope of earlier systems by
|
|
||||||
providing:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Support for C++ virtual functions that can be overridden in Python.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Comprehensive lifetime management facilities for low-level C++
|
|
||||||
pointers and references.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Support for organizing extensions as Python packages,
|
|
||||||
with a central registry for inter-language type conversions.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* A safe and convenient mechanism for tying into Python's powerful
|
|
||||||
serialization engine (pickle).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Coherence with the rules for handling C++ lvalues and rvalues that
|
|
||||||
can only come from a deep understanding of both the Python and C++
|
|
||||||
type systems.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The key insight that sparked the development of Boost.Python is that
|
|
||||||
much of the boilerplate code in traditional extension modules could be
|
|
||||||
eliminated using C++ compile-time introspection. Each argument of a
|
|
||||||
wrapped C++ function must be extracted from a Python object using a
|
|
||||||
procedure that depends on the argument type. Similarly the function's
|
|
||||||
return type determines how the return value will be converted from C++
|
|
||||||
to Python. Of course argument and return types are part of each
|
|
||||||
function's type, and this is exactly the source from which
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python deduces most of the information required.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This approach leads to *user guided wrapping*: as much information is
|
|
||||||
extracted directly from the source code to be wrapped as is possible
|
|
||||||
within the framework of pure C++, and some additional information is
|
|
||||||
supplied explicitly by the user. Mostly the guidance is mechanical
|
|
||||||
and little real intervention is required. Because the interface
|
|
||||||
specification is written in the same full-featured language as the
|
|
||||||
code being exposed, the user has unprecedented power available when
|
|
||||||
she does need to take control.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. _Python: http://www.python.org/
|
|
||||||
.. _SWIG: http://www.swig.org/
|
|
||||||
.. _SIP: http://www.riverbankcomputing.co.uk/sip/index.php
|
|
||||||
.. _Qt: http://www.trolltech.com/
|
|
||||||
.. _CXX: http://cxx.sourceforge.net/
|
|
||||||
.. _Boost.Python: http://www.boost.org/libs/python/doc
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
===========================
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python Design Goals
|
|
||||||
===========================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The primary goal of Boost.Python is to allow users to expose C++
|
|
||||||
classes and functions to Python using nothing more than a C++
|
|
||||||
compiler. In broad strokes, the user experience should be one of
|
|
||||||
directly manipulating C++ objects from Python.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
However, it's also important not to translate all interfaces *too*
|
|
||||||
literally: the idioms of each language must be respected. For
|
|
||||||
example, though C++ and Python both have an iterator concept, they are
|
|
||||||
expressed very differently. Boost.Python has to be able to bridge the
|
|
||||||
interface gap.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It must be possible to insulate Python users from crashes resulting
|
|
||||||
from trivial misuses of C++ interfaces, such as accessing
|
|
||||||
already-deleted objects. By the same token the library should
|
|
||||||
insulate C++ users from low-level Python 'C' API, replacing
|
|
||||||
error-prone 'C' interfaces like manual reference-count management and
|
|
||||||
raw ``PyObject`` pointers with more-robust alternatives.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Support for component-based development is crucial, so that C++ types
|
|
||||||
exposed in one extension module can be passed to functions exposed in
|
|
||||||
another without loss of crucial information like C++ inheritance
|
|
||||||
relationships.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Finally, all wrapping must be *non-intrusive*, without modifying or
|
|
||||||
even seeing the original C++ source code. Existing C++ libraries have
|
|
||||||
to be wrappable by third parties who only have access to header files
|
|
||||||
and binaries.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
==========================
|
|
||||||
Hello Boost.Python World
|
|
||||||
==========================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And now for a preview of Boost.Python, and how it improves on the raw
|
|
||||||
facilities offered by Python. Here's a function we might want to
|
|
||||||
expose::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
char const* greet(unsigned x)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
static char const* const msgs[] = { "hello", "Boost.Python", "world!" };
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
if (x > 2)
|
|
||||||
throw std::range_error("greet: index out of range");
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
return msgs[x];
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To wrap this function in standard C++ using the Python 'C' API, we'd
|
|
||||||
need something like this::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
extern "C" // all Python interactions use 'C' linkage and calling convention
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// Wrapper to handle argument/result conversion and checking
|
|
||||||
PyObject* greet_wrap(PyObject* args, PyObject * keywords)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
int x;
|
|
||||||
if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i", &x)) // extract/check arguments
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
char const* result = greet(x); // invoke wrapped function
|
|
||||||
return PyString_FromString(result); // convert result to Python
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
return 0; // error occurred
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Table of wrapped functions to be exposed by the module
|
|
||||||
static PyMethodDef methods[] = {
|
|
||||||
{ "greet", greet_wrap, METH_VARARGS, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting" }
|
|
||||||
, { NULL, NULL, 0, NULL } // sentinel
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// module initialization function
|
|
||||||
DL_EXPORT init_hello()
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
(void) Py_InitModule("hello", methods); // add the methods to the module
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now here's the wrapping code we'd use to expose it with Boost.Python::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#include <boost/python.hpp>
|
|
||||||
using namespace boost::python;
|
|
||||||
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
def("greet", greet, "return one of 3 parts of a greeting");
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
and here it is in action::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> import hello
|
|
||||||
>>> for x in range(3):
|
|
||||||
... print hello.greet(x)
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
hello
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
world!
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Aside from the fact that the 'C' API version is much more verbose,
|
|
||||||
it's worth noting a few things that it doesn't handle correctly:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* The original function accepts an unsigned integer, and the Python
|
|
||||||
'C' API only gives us a way of extracting signed integers. The
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python version will raise a Python exception if we try to pass
|
|
||||||
a negative number to ``hello.greet``, but the other one will proceed
|
|
||||||
to do whatever the C++ implementation does when converting an
|
|
||||||
negative integer to unsigned (usually wrapping to some very large
|
|
||||||
number), and pass the incorrect translation on to the wrapped
|
|
||||||
function.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* That brings us to the second problem: if the C++ ``greet()``
|
|
||||||
function is called with a number greater than 2, it will throw an
|
|
||||||
exception. Typically, if a C++ exception propagates across the
|
|
||||||
boundary with code generated by a 'C' compiler, it will cause a
|
|
||||||
crash. As you can see in the first version, there's no C++
|
|
||||||
scaffolding there to prevent this from happening. Functions wrapped
|
|
||||||
by Boost.Python automatically include an exception-handling layer
|
|
||||||
which protects Python users by translating unhandled C++ exceptions
|
|
||||||
into a corresponding Python exception.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* A slightly more-subtle limitation is that the argument conversion
|
|
||||||
used in the Python 'C' API case can only get that integer ``x`` in
|
|
||||||
*one way*. PyArg_ParseTuple can't convert Python ``long`` objects
|
|
||||||
(arbitrary-precision integers) which happen to fit in an ``unsigned
|
|
||||||
int`` but not in a ``signed long``, nor will it ever handle a
|
|
||||||
wrapped C++ class with a user-defined implicit ``operator unsigned
|
|
||||||
int()`` conversion. Boost.Python's dynamic type conversion
|
|
||||||
registry allows users to add arbitrary conversion methods.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
==================
|
|
||||||
Library Overview
|
|
||||||
==================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This section outlines some of the library's major features. Except as
|
|
||||||
neccessary to avoid confusion, details of library implementation are
|
|
||||||
omitted.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
------------------
|
|
||||||
Exposing Classes
|
|
||||||
------------------
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C++ classes and structs are exposed with a similarly-terse interface.
|
|
||||||
Given::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
struct World
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
void set(std::string msg) { this->msg = msg; }
|
|
||||||
std::string greet() { return msg; }
|
|
||||||
std::string msg;
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The following code will expose it in our extension module::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#include <boost/python.hpp>
|
|
||||||
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
class_<World>("World")
|
|
||||||
.def("greet", &World::greet)
|
|
||||||
.def("set", &World::set)
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Although this code has a certain pythonic familiarity, people
|
|
||||||
sometimes find the syntax bit confusing because it doesn't look like
|
|
||||||
most of the C++ code they're used to. All the same, this is just
|
|
||||||
standard C++. Because of their flexible syntax and operator
|
|
||||||
overloading, C++ and Python are great for defining domain-specific
|
|
||||||
(sub)languages
|
|
||||||
(DSLs), and that's what we've done in Boost.Python. To break it down::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<World>("World")
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
constructs an unnamed object of type ``class_<World>`` and passes
|
|
||||||
``"World"`` to its constructor. This creates a new-style Python class
|
|
||||||
called ``World`` in the extension module, and associates it with the
|
|
||||||
C++ type ``World`` in the Boost.Python type conversion registry. We
|
|
||||||
might have also written::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<World> w("World");
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
but that would've been more verbose, since we'd have to name ``w``
|
|
||||||
again to invoke its ``def()`` member function::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
w.def("greet", &World::greet)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There's nothing special about the location of the dot for member
|
|
||||||
access in the original example: C++ allows any amount of whitespace on
|
|
||||||
either side of a token, and placing the dot at the beginning of each
|
|
||||||
line allows us to chain as many successive calls to member functions
|
|
||||||
as we like with a uniform syntax. The other key fact that allows
|
|
||||||
chaining is that ``class_<>`` member functions all return a reference
|
|
||||||
to ``*this``.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
So the example is equivalent to::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<World> w("World");
|
|
||||||
w.def("greet", &World::greet);
|
|
||||||
w.def("set", &World::set);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It's occasionally useful to be able to break down the components of a
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python class wrapper in this way, but the rest of this article
|
|
||||||
will stick to the terse syntax.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For completeness, here's the wrapped class in use: ::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> import hello
|
|
||||||
>>> planet = hello.World()
|
|
||||||
>>> planet.set('howdy')
|
|
||||||
>>> planet.greet()
|
|
||||||
'howdy'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Constructors
|
|
||||||
============
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Since our ``World`` class is just a plain ``struct``, it has an
|
|
||||||
implicit no-argument (nullary) constructor. Boost.Python exposes the
|
|
||||||
nullary constructor by default, which is why we were able to write: ::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> planet = hello.World()
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
However, well-designed classes in any language may require constructor
|
|
||||||
arguments in order to establish their invariants. Unlike Python,
|
|
||||||
where ``__init__`` is just a specially-named method, In C++
|
|
||||||
constructors cannot be handled like ordinary member functions. In
|
|
||||||
particular, we can't take their address: ``&World::World`` is an
|
|
||||||
error. The library provides a different interface for specifying
|
|
||||||
constructors. Given::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
struct World
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
World(std::string msg); // added constructor
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
we can modify our wrapping code as follows::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
of course, a C++ class may have additional constructors, and we can
|
|
||||||
expose those as well by passing more instances of ``init<...>`` to
|
|
||||||
``def()``::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
|
|
||||||
.def(init<double, double>())
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python allows wrapped functions, member functions, and
|
|
||||||
constructors to be overloaded to mirror C++ overloading.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Data Members and Properties
|
|
||||||
===========================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Any publicly-accessible data members in a C++ class can be easily
|
|
||||||
exposed as either ``readonly`` or ``readwrite`` attributes::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
|
|
||||||
.def_readonly("msg", &World::msg)
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
and can be used directly in Python: ::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> planet = hello.World('howdy')
|
|
||||||
>>> planet.msg
|
|
||||||
'howdy'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This does *not* result in adding attributes to the ``World`` instance
|
|
||||||
``__dict__``, which can result in substantial memory savings when
|
|
||||||
wrapping large data structures. In fact, no instance ``__dict__``
|
|
||||||
will be created at all unless attributes are explicitly added from
|
|
||||||
Python. Boost.Python owes this capability to the new Python 2.2 type
|
|
||||||
system, in particular the descriptor interface and ``property`` type.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In C++, publicly-accessible data members are considered a sign of poor
|
|
||||||
design because they break encapsulation, and style guides usually
|
|
||||||
dictate the use of "getter" and "setter" functions instead. In
|
|
||||||
Python, however, ``__getattr__``, ``__setattr__``, and since 2.2,
|
|
||||||
``property`` mean that attribute access is just one more
|
|
||||||
well-encapsulated syntactic tool at the programmer's disposal.
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python bridges this idiomatic gap by making Python ``property``
|
|
||||||
creation directly available to users. If ``msg`` were private, we
|
|
||||||
could still expose it as attribute in Python as follows::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
|
|
||||||
.add_property("msg", &World::greet, &World::set)
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The example above mirrors the familiar usage of properties in Python
|
|
||||||
2.2+: ::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> class World(object):
|
|
||||||
... __init__(self, msg):
|
|
||||||
... self.__msg = msg
|
|
||||||
... def greet(self):
|
|
||||||
... return self.__msg
|
|
||||||
... def set(self, msg):
|
|
||||||
... self.__msg = msg
|
|
||||||
... msg = property(greet, set)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Operator Overloading
|
|
||||||
====================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The ability to write arithmetic operators for user-defined types has
|
|
||||||
been a major factor in the success of both languages for numerical
|
|
||||||
computation, and the success of packages like NumPy_ attests to the
|
|
||||||
power of exposing operators in extension modules. Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
provides a concise mechanism for wrapping operator overloads. The
|
|
||||||
example below shows a fragment from a wrapper for the Boost rational
|
|
||||||
number library::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<rational<int> >("rational_int")
|
|
||||||
.def(init<int, int>()) // constructor, e.g. rational_int(3,4)
|
|
||||||
.def("numerator", &rational<int>::numerator)
|
|
||||||
.def("denominator", &rational<int>::denominator)
|
|
||||||
.def(-self) // __neg__ (unary minus)
|
|
||||||
.def(self + self) // __add__ (homogeneous)
|
|
||||||
.def(self * self) // __mul__
|
|
||||||
.def(self + int()) // __add__ (heterogenous)
|
|
||||||
.def(int() + self) // __radd__
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The magic is performed using a simplified application of "expression
|
|
||||||
templates" [VELD1995]_, a technique originally developed for
|
|
||||||
optimization of high-performance matrix algebra expressions. The
|
|
||||||
essence is that instead of performing the computation immediately,
|
|
||||||
operators are overloaded to construct a type *representing* the
|
|
||||||
computation. In matrix algebra, dramatic optimizations are often
|
|
||||||
available when the structure of an entire expression can be taken into
|
|
||||||
account, rather than evaluating each operation "greedily".
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python uses the same technique to build an appropriate Python
|
|
||||||
method object based on expressions involving ``self``.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. _NumPy: http://www.pfdubois.com/numpy/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Inheritance
|
|
||||||
===========
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C++ inheritance relationships can be represented to Boost.Python by adding
|
|
||||||
an optional ``bases<...>`` argument to the ``class_<...>`` template
|
|
||||||
parameter list as follows::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class_<Derived, bases<Base1,Base2> >("Derived")
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This has two effects:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. When the ``class_<...>`` is created, Python type objects
|
|
||||||
corresponding to ``Base1`` and ``Base2`` are looked up in
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python's registry, and are used as bases for the new Python
|
|
||||||
``Derived`` type object, so methods exposed for the Python ``Base1``
|
|
||||||
and ``Base2`` types are automatically members of the ``Derived``
|
|
||||||
type. Because the registry is global, this works correctly even if
|
|
||||||
``Derived`` is exposed in a different module from either of its
|
|
||||||
bases.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2. C++ conversions from ``Derived`` to its bases are added to the
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python registry. Thus wrapped C++ methods expecting (a
|
|
||||||
pointer or reference to) an object of either base type can be
|
|
||||||
called with an object wrapping a ``Derived`` instance. Wrapped
|
|
||||||
member functions of class ``T`` are treated as though they have an
|
|
||||||
implicit first argument of ``T&``, so these conversions are
|
|
||||||
neccessary to allow the base class methods to be called for derived
|
|
||||||
objects.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Of course it's possible to derive new Python classes from wrapped C++
|
|
||||||
class instances. Because Boost.Python uses the new-style class
|
|
||||||
system, that works very much as for the Python built-in types. There
|
|
||||||
is one significant detail in which it differs: the built-in types
|
|
||||||
generally establish their invariants in their ``__new__`` function, so
|
|
||||||
that derived classes do not need to call ``__init__`` on the base
|
|
||||||
class before invoking its methods : ::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> class L(list):
|
|
||||||
... def __init__(self):
|
|
||||||
... pass
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
>>> L().reverse()
|
|
||||||
>>>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Because C++ object construction is a one-step operation, C++ instance
|
|
||||||
data cannot be constructed until the arguments are available, in the
|
|
||||||
``__init__`` function: ::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> class D(SomeBoostPythonClass):
|
|
||||||
... def __init__(self):
|
|
||||||
... pass
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
>>> D().some_boost_python_method()
|
|
||||||
Traceback (most recent call last):
|
|
||||||
File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
|
|
||||||
TypeError: bad argument type for built-in operation
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This happened because Boost.Python couldn't find instance data of type
|
|
||||||
``SomeBoostPythonClass`` within the ``D`` instance; ``D``'s ``__init__``
|
|
||||||
function masked construction of the base class. It could be corrected
|
|
||||||
by either removing ``D``'s ``__init__`` function or having it call
|
|
||||||
``SomeBoostPythonClass.__init__(...)`` explicitly.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Virtual Functions
|
|
||||||
=================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Deriving new types in Python from extension classes is not very
|
|
||||||
interesting unless they can be used polymorphically from C++. In
|
|
||||||
other words, Python method implementations should appear to override
|
|
||||||
the implementation of C++ virtual functions when called *through base
|
|
||||||
class pointers/references from C++*. Since the only way to alter the
|
|
||||||
behavior of a virtual function is to override it in a derived class,
|
|
||||||
the user must build a special derived class to dispatch a polymorphic
|
|
||||||
class' virtual functions::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
//
|
|
||||||
// interface to wrap:
|
|
||||||
//
|
|
||||||
class Base
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
public:
|
|
||||||
virtual int f(std::string x) { return 42; }
|
|
||||||
virtual ~Base();
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
int calls_f(Base const& b, std::string x) { return b.f(x); }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
//
|
|
||||||
// Wrapping Code
|
|
||||||
//
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Dispatcher class
|
|
||||||
struct BaseWrap : Base
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// Store a pointer to the Python object
|
|
||||||
BaseWrap(PyObject* self_) : self(self_) {}
|
|
||||||
PyObject* self;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// Default implementation, for when f is not overridden
|
|
||||||
int f_default(std::string x) { return this->Base::f(x); }
|
|
||||||
// Dispatch implementation
|
|
||||||
int f(std::string x) { return call_method<int>(self, "f", x); }
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
def("calls_f", calls_f);
|
|
||||||
class_<Base, BaseWrap>("Base")
|
|
||||||
.def("f", &Base::f, &BaseWrap::f_default)
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now here's some Python code which demonstrates: ::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> class Derived(Base):
|
|
||||||
... def f(self, s):
|
|
||||||
... return len(s)
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
>>> calls_f(Base(), 'foo')
|
|
||||||
42
|
|
||||||
>>> calls_f(Derived(), 'forty-two')
|
|
||||||
9
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Things to notice about the dispatcher class:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* The key element which allows overriding in Python is the
|
|
||||||
``call_method`` invocation, which uses the same global type
|
|
||||||
conversion registry as the C++ function wrapping does to convert its
|
|
||||||
arguments from C++ to Python and its return type from Python to C++.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Any constructor signatures you wish to wrap must be replicated with
|
|
||||||
an initial ``PyObject*`` argument
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* The dispatcher must store this argument so that it can be used to
|
|
||||||
invoke ``call_method``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* The ``f_default`` member function is needed when the function being
|
|
||||||
exposed is not pure virtual; there's no other way ``Base::f`` can be
|
|
||||||
called on an object of type ``BaseWrap``, since it overrides ``f``.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Deeper Reflection on the Horizon?
|
|
||||||
=================================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Admittedly, this formula is tedious to repeat, especially on a project
|
|
||||||
with many polymorphic classes. That it is neccessary reflects some
|
|
||||||
limitations in C++'s compile-time introspection capabilities: there's
|
|
||||||
no way to enumerate the members of a class and find out which are
|
|
||||||
virtual functions. At least one very promising project has been
|
|
||||||
started to write a front-end which can generate these dispatchers (and
|
|
||||||
other wrapping code) automatically from C++ headers.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Pyste_ is being developed by Bruno da Silva de Oliveira. It builds on
|
|
||||||
GCC_XML_, which generates an XML version of GCC's internal program
|
|
||||||
representation. Since GCC is a highly-conformant C++ compiler, this
|
|
||||||
ensures correct handling of the most-sophisticated template code and
|
|
||||||
full access to the underlying type system. In keeping with the
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python philosophy, a Pyste interface description is neither
|
|
||||||
intrusive on the code being wrapped, nor expressed in some unfamiliar
|
|
||||||
language: instead it is a 100% pure Python script. If Pyste is
|
|
||||||
successful it will mark a move away from wrapping everything directly
|
|
||||||
in C++ for many of our users. It will also allow us the choice to
|
|
||||||
shift some of the metaprogram code from C++ to Python. We expect that
|
|
||||||
soon, not only our users but the Boost.Python developers themselves
|
|
||||||
will be "thinking hybrid" about their own code.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. _`GCC_XML`: http://www.gccxml.org/HTML/Index.html
|
|
||||||
.. _`Pyste`: http://www.boost.org/libs/python/pyste
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
---------------
|
|
||||||
Serialization
|
|
||||||
---------------
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*Serialization* is the process of converting objects in memory to a
|
|
||||||
form that can be stored on disk or sent over a network connection. The
|
|
||||||
serialized object (most often a plain string) can be retrieved and
|
|
||||||
converted back to the original object. A good serialization system will
|
|
||||||
automatically convert entire object hierarchies. Python's standard
|
|
||||||
``pickle`` module is just such a system. It leverages the language's strong
|
|
||||||
runtime introspection facilities for serializing practically arbitrary
|
|
||||||
user-defined objects. With a few simple and unintrusive provisions this
|
|
||||||
powerful machinery can be extended to also work for wrapped C++ objects.
|
|
||||||
Here is an example::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#include <string>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
struct World
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
World(std::string a_msg) : msg(a_msg) {}
|
|
||||||
std::string greet() const { return msg; }
|
|
||||||
std::string msg;
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#include <boost/python.hpp>
|
|
||||||
using namespace boost::python;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
struct World_picklers : pickle_suite
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
static tuple
|
|
||||||
getinitargs(World const& w) { return make_tuple(w.greet()); }
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
class_<World>("World", init<std::string>())
|
|
||||||
.def("greet", &World::greet)
|
|
||||||
.def_pickle(World_picklers())
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now let's create a ``World`` object and put it to rest on disk::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> import hello
|
|
||||||
>>> import pickle
|
|
||||||
>>> a_world = hello.World("howdy")
|
|
||||||
>>> pickle.dump(a_world, open("my_world", "w"))
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In a potentially *different script* on a potentially *different
|
|
||||||
computer* with a potentially *different operating system*::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
>>> import pickle
|
|
||||||
>>> resurrected_world = pickle.load(open("my_world", "r"))
|
|
||||||
>>> resurrected_world.greet()
|
|
||||||
'howdy'
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Of course the ``cPickle`` module can also be used for faster
|
|
||||||
processing.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python's ``pickle_suite`` fully supports the ``pickle`` protocol
|
|
||||||
defined in the standard Python documentation. Like a __getinitargs__
|
|
||||||
function in Python, the pickle_suite's getinitargs() is responsible for
|
|
||||||
creating the argument tuple that will be use to reconstruct the pickled
|
|
||||||
object. The other elements of the Python pickling protocol,
|
|
||||||
__getstate__ and __setstate__ can be optionally provided via C++
|
|
||||||
getstate and setstate functions. C++'s static type system allows the
|
|
||||||
library to ensure at compile-time that nonsensical combinations of
|
|
||||||
functions (e.g. getstate without setstate) are not used.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Enabling serialization of more complex C++ objects requires a little
|
|
||||||
more work than is shown in the example above. Fortunately the
|
|
||||||
``object`` interface (see next section) greatly helps in keeping the
|
|
||||||
code manageable.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
------------------
|
|
||||||
Object interface
|
|
||||||
------------------
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Experienced 'C' language extension module authors will be familiar
|
|
||||||
with the ubiquitous ``PyObject*``, manual reference-counting, and the
|
|
||||||
need to remember which API calls return "new" (owned) references or
|
|
||||||
"borrowed" (raw) references. These constraints are not just
|
|
||||||
cumbersome but also a major source of errors, especially in the
|
|
||||||
presence of exceptions.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python provides a class ``object`` which automates reference
|
|
||||||
counting and provides conversion to Python from C++ objects of
|
|
||||||
arbitrary type. This significantly reduces the learning effort for
|
|
||||||
prospective extension module writers.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Creating an ``object`` from any other type is extremely simple::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
object s("hello, world"); // s manages a Python string
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``object`` has templated interactions with all other types, with
|
|
||||||
automatic to-python conversions. It happens so naturally that it's
|
|
||||||
easily overlooked::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
object ten_Os = 10 * s[4]; // -> "oooooooooo"
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In the example above, ``4`` and ``10`` are converted to Python objects
|
|
||||||
before the indexing and multiplication operations are invoked.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The ``extract<T>`` class template can be used to convert Python objects
|
|
||||||
to C++ types::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
double x = extract<double>(o);
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If a conversion in either direction cannot be performed, an
|
|
||||||
appropriate exception is thrown at runtime.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The ``object`` type is accompanied by a set of derived types
|
|
||||||
that mirror the Python built-in types such as ``list``, ``dict``,
|
|
||||||
``tuple``, etc. as much as possible. This enables convenient
|
|
||||||
manipulation of these high-level types from C++::
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
dict d;
|
|
||||||
d["some"] = "thing";
|
|
||||||
d["lucky_number"] = 13;
|
|
||||||
list l = d.keys();
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This almost looks and works like regular Python code, but it is pure
|
|
||||||
C++. Of course we can wrap C++ functions which accept or return
|
|
||||||
``object`` instances.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
=================
|
|
||||||
Thinking hybrid
|
|
||||||
=================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Because of the practical and mental difficulties of combining
|
|
||||||
programming languages, it is common to settle a single language at the
|
|
||||||
outset of any development effort. For many applications, performance
|
|
||||||
considerations dictate the use of a compiled language for the core
|
|
||||||
algorithms. Unfortunately, due to the complexity of the static type
|
|
||||||
system, the price we pay for runtime performance is often a
|
|
||||||
significant increase in development time. Experience shows that
|
|
||||||
writing maintainable C++ code usually takes longer and requires *far*
|
|
||||||
more hard-earned working experience than developing comparable Python
|
|
||||||
code. Even when developers are comfortable working exclusively in
|
|
||||||
compiled languages, they often augment their systems by some type of
|
|
||||||
ad hoc scripting layer for the benefit of their users without ever
|
|
||||||
availing themselves of the same advantages.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python enables us to *think hybrid*. Python can be used for
|
|
||||||
rapidly prototyping a new application; its ease of use and the large
|
|
||||||
pool of standard libraries give us a head start on the way to a
|
|
||||||
working system. If necessary, the working code can be used to
|
|
||||||
discover rate-limiting hotspots. To maximize performance these can
|
|
||||||
be reimplemented in C++, together with the Boost.Python bindings
|
|
||||||
needed to tie them back into the existing higher-level procedure.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Of course, this *top-down* approach is less attractive if it is clear
|
|
||||||
from the start that many algorithms will eventually have to be
|
|
||||||
implemented in C++. Fortunately Boost.Python also enables us to
|
|
||||||
pursue a *bottom-up* approach. We have used this approach very
|
|
||||||
successfully in the development of a toolbox for scientific
|
|
||||||
applications. The toolbox started out mainly as a library of C++
|
|
||||||
classes with Boost.Python bindings, and for a while the growth was
|
|
||||||
mainly concentrated on the C++ parts. However, as the toolbox is
|
|
||||||
becoming more complete, more and more newly added functionality can be
|
|
||||||
implemented in Python.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. image:: images/python_cpp_mix.png
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This figure shows the estimated ratio of newly added C++ and Python
|
|
||||||
code over time as new algorithms are implemented. We expect this
|
|
||||||
ratio to level out near 70% Python. Being able to solve new problems
|
|
||||||
mostly in Python rather than a more difficult statically typed
|
|
||||||
language is the return on our investment in Boost.Python. The ability
|
|
||||||
to access all of our code from Python allows a broader group of
|
|
||||||
developers to use it in the rapid development of new applications.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
=====================
|
|
||||||
Development history
|
|
||||||
=====================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The first version of Boost.Python was developed in 2000 by Dave
|
|
||||||
Abrahams at Dragon Systems, where he was privileged to have Tim Peters
|
|
||||||
as a guide to "The Zen of Python". One of Dave's jobs was to develop
|
|
||||||
a Python-based natural language processing system. Since it was
|
|
||||||
eventually going to be targeting embedded hardware, it was always
|
|
||||||
assumed that the compute-intensive core would be rewritten in C++ to
|
|
||||||
optimize speed and memory footprint [#proto]_. The project also wanted to
|
|
||||||
test all of its C++ code using Python test scripts [#test]_. The only
|
|
||||||
tool we knew of for binding C++ and Python was SWIG_, and at the time
|
|
||||||
its handling of C++ was weak. It would be false to claim any deep
|
|
||||||
insight into the possible advantages of Boost.Python's approach at
|
|
||||||
this point. Dave's interest and expertise in fancy C++ template
|
|
||||||
tricks had just reached the point where he could do some real damage,
|
|
||||||
and Boost.Python emerged as it did because it filled a need and
|
|
||||||
because it seemed like a cool thing to try.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This early version was aimed at many of the same basic goals we've
|
|
||||||
described in this paper, differing most-noticeably by having a
|
|
||||||
slightly more cumbersome syntax and by lack of special support for
|
|
||||||
operator overloading, pickling, and component-based development.
|
|
||||||
These last three features were quickly added by Ullrich Koethe and
|
|
||||||
Ralf Grosse-Kunstleve [#feature]_, and other enthusiastic contributors arrived
|
|
||||||
on the scene to contribute enhancements like support for nested
|
|
||||||
modules and static member functions.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
By early 2001 development had stabilized and few new features were
|
|
||||||
being added, however a disturbing new fact came to light: Ralf had
|
|
||||||
begun testing Boost.Python on pre-release versions of a compiler using
|
|
||||||
the EDG_ front-end, and the mechanism at the core of Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
responsible for handling conversions between Python and C++ types was
|
|
||||||
failing to compile. As it turned out, we had been exploiting a very
|
|
||||||
common bug in the implementation of all the C++ compilers we had
|
|
||||||
tested. We knew that as C++ compilers rapidly became more
|
|
||||||
standards-compliant, the library would begin failing on more
|
|
||||||
platforms. Unfortunately, because the mechanism was so central to the
|
|
||||||
functioning of the library, fixing the problem looked very difficult.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Fortunately, later that year Lawrence Berkeley and later Lawrence
|
|
||||||
Livermore National labs contracted with `Boost Consulting`_ for support
|
|
||||||
and development of Boost.Python, and there was a new opportunity to
|
|
||||||
address fundamental issues and ensure a future for the library. A
|
|
||||||
redesign effort began with the low level type conversion architecture,
|
|
||||||
building in standards-compliance and support for component-based
|
|
||||||
development (in contrast to version 1 where conversions had to be
|
|
||||||
explicitly imported and exported across module boundaries). A new
|
|
||||||
analysis of the relationship between the Python and C++ objects was
|
|
||||||
done, resulting in more intuitive handling for C++ lvalues and
|
|
||||||
rvalues.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The emergence of a powerful new type system in Python 2.2 made the
|
|
||||||
choice of whether to maintain compatibility with Python 1.5.2 easy:
|
|
||||||
the opportunity to throw away a great deal of elaborate code for
|
|
||||||
emulating classic Python classes alone was too good to pass up. In
|
|
||||||
addition, Python iterators and descriptors provided crucial and
|
|
||||||
elegant tools for representing similar C++ constructs. The
|
|
||||||
development of the generalized ``object`` interface allowed us to
|
|
||||||
further shield C++ programmers from the dangers and syntactic burdens
|
|
||||||
of the Python 'C' API. A great number of other features including C++
|
|
||||||
exception translation, improved support for overloaded functions, and
|
|
||||||
most significantly, CallPolicies for handling pointers and
|
|
||||||
references, were added during this period.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In October 2002, version 2 of Boost.Python was released. Development
|
|
||||||
since then has concentrated on improved support for C++ runtime
|
|
||||||
polymorphism and smart pointers. Peter Dimov's ingenious
|
|
||||||
``boost::shared_ptr`` design in particular has allowed us to give the
|
|
||||||
hybrid developer a consistent interface for moving objects back and
|
|
||||||
forth across the language barrier without loss of information. At
|
|
||||||
first, we were concerned that the sophistication and complexity of the
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python v2 implementation might discourage contributors, but the
|
|
||||||
emergence of Pyste_ and several other significant feature
|
|
||||||
contributions have laid those fears to rest. Daily questions on the
|
|
||||||
Python C++-sig and a backlog of desired improvements show that the
|
|
||||||
library is getting used. To us, the future looks bright.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. _`EDG`: http://www.edg.com
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
=============
|
|
||||||
Conclusions
|
|
||||||
=============
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python achieves seamless interoperability between two rich and
|
|
||||||
complimentary language environments. Because it leverages template
|
|
||||||
metaprogramming to introspect about types and functions, the user
|
|
||||||
never has to learn a third syntax: the interface definitions are
|
|
||||||
written in concise and maintainable C++. Also, the wrapping system
|
|
||||||
doesn't have to parse C++ headers or represent the type system: the
|
|
||||||
compiler does that work for us.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Computationally intensive tasks play to the strengths of C++ and are
|
|
||||||
often impossible to implement efficiently in pure Python, while jobs
|
|
||||||
like serialization that are trivial in Python can be very difficult in
|
|
||||||
pure C++. Given the luxury of building a hybrid software system from
|
|
||||||
the ground up, we can approach design with new confidence and power.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
===========
|
|
||||||
Citations
|
|
||||||
===========
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. [VELD1995] T. Veldhuizen, "Expression Templates," C++ Report,
|
|
||||||
Vol. 7 No. 5 June 1995, pp. 26-31.
|
|
||||||
http://osl.iu.edu/~tveldhui/papers/Expression-Templates/exprtmpl.html
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
===========
|
|
||||||
Footnotes
|
|
||||||
===========
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. [#proto] In retrospect, it seems that "thinking hybrid" from the
|
|
||||||
ground up might have been better for the NLP system: the
|
|
||||||
natural component boundaries defined by the pure python
|
|
||||||
prototype turned out to be inappropriate for getting the
|
|
||||||
desired performance and memory footprint out of the C++ core,
|
|
||||||
which eventually caused some redesign overhead on the Python
|
|
||||||
side when the core was moved to C++.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. [#test] We also have some reservations about driving all C++
|
|
||||||
testing through a Python interface, unless that's the only way
|
|
||||||
it will be ultimately used. Any transition across language
|
|
||||||
boundaries with such different object models can inevitably
|
|
||||||
mask bugs.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.. [#feature] These features were expressed very differently in v1 of
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,716 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
|
|
||||||
http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Copyright 2013 Niall Douglas additions for colors and alignment.
|
|
||||||
Copyright 2013 Paul A. Bristow additions for more colors and alignments.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompany-
|
|
||||||
ing file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Body defaults
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
body
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 1em;
|
|
||||||
font-family: sans-serif;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Paragraphs
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.15;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Program listings
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Code on paragraphs */
|
|
||||||
p tt.computeroutput
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
pre.synopsis
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.programlisting,
|
|
||||||
.screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
display: block;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Program listings in tables don't get borders */
|
|
||||||
td .programlisting,
|
|
||||||
td .screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Headings
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em;
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1 { font-size: 140%; }
|
|
||||||
h2 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 140%; }
|
|
||||||
h3 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 130%; }
|
|
||||||
h4 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 120%; }
|
|
||||||
h5 { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 110%; }
|
|
||||||
h6 { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 100%; }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Top page titles */
|
|
||||||
title,
|
|
||||||
h1.title,
|
|
||||||
h2.title
|
|
||||||
h3.title,
|
|
||||||
h4.title,
|
|
||||||
h5.title,
|
|
||||||
h6.title,
|
|
||||||
.refentrytitle
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 1pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1.title { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
h2.title { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
h3.title { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
h4.title { font-size: 120% }
|
|
||||||
h5.title { font-size: 110% }
|
|
||||||
h6.title { font-size: 100% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.section h1
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 140%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.section h2 { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
.section h3 { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
.section h4 { font-size: 120% }
|
|
||||||
.section h5 { font-size: 110% }
|
|
||||||
.section h6 { font-size: 100% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Code on titles */
|
|
||||||
h1 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
h2 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
h3 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
h4 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
h5 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
h6 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Author
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h3.author
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 100%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Lists
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
li
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Unordered lists */
|
|
||||||
ul
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Ordered lists */
|
|
||||||
ol
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Links
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a:hover
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: underline;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Spirit style navigation
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.spirit-nav
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.spirit-nav a
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: white;
|
|
||||||
padding-left: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.spirit-nav img
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border-width: 0px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Copyright footer
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
.copyright-footer
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 70%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.copyright-footer p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Table of contents
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.toc
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.1pc 1pc 0.1pc 1pc;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.15;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.boost-toc
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
float: right;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Code on toc */
|
|
||||||
.toc .computeroutput { font-size: 120% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* No margin on nested menus */
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.toc dl dl { margin: 0; }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Tables
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.table-title,
|
|
||||||
div.table p.title
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding-right: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
padding-left: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.informaltable table,
|
|
||||||
.table table
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
width: 92%;
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 4%;
|
|
||||||
margin-right: 4%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table,
|
|
||||||
div.table table
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 4px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Table Cells */
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr td,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr th,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr th
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
border: 1pt solid white;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table.simplelist
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
width: auto !important;
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em !important;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0em !important;
|
|
||||||
border: none !important;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
table.simplelist td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em !important;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0em !important;
|
|
||||||
text-align: left !important;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt !important;
|
|
||||||
border: none !important;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Suppress margins in tables
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table th > *:first-child,
|
|
||||||
table td > *:first-child
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table th > *:last-child,
|
|
||||||
table td > *:last-child
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Blurbs
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.note,
|
|
||||||
div.tip,
|
|
||||||
div.important,
|
|
||||||
div.caution,
|
|
||||||
div.warning,
|
|
||||||
p.blurb
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt; /* A little bit smaller than the main text */
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.2;
|
|
||||||
display: block;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.blurb img
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 1pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Variable Lists
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 1em 0;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Make the terms in definition lists bold */
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist dl dt,
|
|
||||||
span.term
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist table tbody tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: top;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0em 2em 0em 0em;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist dl dt
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist dl dd
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 2em;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist table tbody tr td p,
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist dl dd p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Misc
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Title of books and articles in bibliographies */
|
|
||||||
span.title
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-style: italic;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
span.underline
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: underline;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
span.strikethrough
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: line-through;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
|
|
||||||
div div.legalnotice p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Colors
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@media screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
body {
|
|
||||||
background-color: #FFFFFF;
|
|
||||||
color: #000000;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Syntax Highlighting */
|
|
||||||
.keyword { color: #0000AA; }
|
|
||||||
.identifier { color: #000000; }
|
|
||||||
.special { color: #707070; }
|
|
||||||
.preprocessor { color: #402080; }
|
|
||||||
.char { color: teal; }
|
|
||||||
.comment { color: #800000; }
|
|
||||||
.string { color: teal; }
|
|
||||||
.number { color: teal; }
|
|
||||||
.white_bkd { background-color: #FFFFFF; }
|
|
||||||
.dk_grey_bkd { background-color: #999999; }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Links */
|
|
||||||
a, a .keyword, a .identifier, a .special, a .preprocessor
|
|
||||||
a .char, a .comment, a .string, a .number
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #005a9c;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a:visited, a:visited .keyword, a:visited .identifier,
|
|
||||||
a:visited .special, a:visited .preprocessor a:visited .char,
|
|
||||||
a:visited .comment, a:visited .string, a:visited .number
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #9c5a9c;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1 a, h2 a, h3 a, h4 a, h5 a, h6 a,
|
|
||||||
h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover, h5 a:hover, h6 a:hover,
|
|
||||||
h1 a:visited, h2 a:visited, h3 a:visited, h4 a:visited, h5 a:visited, h6 a:visited
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
|
|
||||||
color: #000000;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
|
|
||||||
.copyright
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #666666;
|
|
||||||
font-size: small;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div div.legalnotice p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #666666;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Program listing */
|
|
||||||
pre.synopsis
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.programlisting,
|
|
||||||
.screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
td .programlisting,
|
|
||||||
td .screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Blurbs */
|
|
||||||
div.note,
|
|
||||||
div.tip,
|
|
||||||
div.important,
|
|
||||||
div.caution,
|
|
||||||
div.warning,
|
|
||||||
p.blurb
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Table of contents */
|
|
||||||
div.toc
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Tables */
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr td,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr th,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr th
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
background-color: #F0F0F0;
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.copyright-footer
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #8F8F8F;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Misc */
|
|
||||||
span.highlight
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #00A000;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@media print
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
/* Links */
|
|
||||||
a
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: black;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a:visited
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: black;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.spirit-nav
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: none;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Program listing */
|
|
||||||
pre.synopsis
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.programlisting,
|
|
||||||
.screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
td .programlisting,
|
|
||||||
td .screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Table of contents */
|
|
||||||
div.toc
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.informaltable table,
|
|
||||||
.table table
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
border-collapse: collapse;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Tables */
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr td,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr th,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr th
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table.simplelist tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: none !important;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Misc */
|
|
||||||
span.highlight
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Images
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
span.inlinemediaobject img
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: middle;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*==============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Super and Subscript: style so that line spacing isn't effected, see
|
|
||||||
http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/communityengine/index.cfm?event=showdetails&productId=1&postId=5341
|
|
||||||
==============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sup,
|
|
||||||
sub {
|
|
||||||
height: 0;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1;
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: baseline;
|
|
||||||
position: relative;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* For internet explorer: */
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* html sup,
|
|
||||||
* html sub {
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: bottom;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sup {
|
|
||||||
bottom: 1ex;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sub {
|
|
||||||
top: .5ex;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*==============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Indexes: pretty much the same as the TOC.
|
|
||||||
==============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
padding-top: 0px;
|
|
||||||
padding-bottom: 0px;
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0px;
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0px;
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 0px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index ul
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding-left: 3em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 2px;
|
|
||||||
margin: 2px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index-entry-level-0
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index em
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*==============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Alignment and coloring use 'role' feature, available from Quickbook 1.6 up.
|
|
||||||
Added from Niall Douglas for role color and alignment.
|
|
||||||
http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/243318
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Add text alignment (see http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_text_text-align.asp) */
|
|
||||||
span.aligncenter
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: center;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
span.alignright
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
/* alignleft is the default. */
|
|
||||||
span.alignleft
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* alignjustify stretches the word spacing so that each line has equal width
|
|
||||||
within a chosen fraction of page width (here arbitrarily 20%).
|
|
||||||
*Not* useful inside table items as the column width remains the total string width.
|
|
||||||
Nor very useful, except to temporarily restrict the width.
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
span.alignjustify
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: inline-block; width: 20%; text-align: justify;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Text colors.
|
|
||||||
Names at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-css3-color-20020219/ 4.3. X11 color keywords.
|
|
||||||
Quickbook Usage: [role red Some red text]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
span.red { inline-block; color: red; }
|
|
||||||
span.green { color: green; }
|
|
||||||
span.lime { color: #00FF00; }
|
|
||||||
span.blue { color: blue; }
|
|
||||||
span.navy { color: navy; }
|
|
||||||
span.yellow { color: yellow; }
|
|
||||||
span.magenta { color: magenta; }
|
|
||||||
span.indigo { color: #4B0082; }
|
|
||||||
span.cyan { color: cyan; }
|
|
||||||
span.purple { color: purple; }
|
|
||||||
span.gold { color: gold; }
|
|
||||||
span.silver { color: silver; } /* lighter gray */
|
|
||||||
span.gray { color: #808080; } /* light gray */
|
|
||||||
566
doc/building.qbk
566
doc/building.qbk
@@ -1,566 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[chapter Building and Testing
|
|
||||||
[quickbook 1.7]
|
|
||||||
[authors [Abrahams, David]]
|
|
||||||
[copyright 2002 - 2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld]
|
|
||||||
[id building]
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
[/ Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
|
|
||||||
/ Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
|
|
||||||
/ file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
|
|
||||||
/ http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
/]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[section Requirements]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python requires [@http://www.python.org/2.2 Python 2.2]
|
|
||||||
[footnote Note that although we tested earlier versions of Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
with Python 2.2, and we don't *think* we've done anything to break
|
|
||||||
compatibility, this release of Boost.Python may not have been tested
|
|
||||||
with versions of Python earlier than 2.4, so we're not 100% sure that
|
|
||||||
python 2.2 and 2.3 are supported.] *or* [@http://www.python.org newer].
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Background]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There are two basic models for combining C++ and Python:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/intro.html extending],
|
|
||||||
in which the end-user launches the Python interpreter
|
|
||||||
executable and imports Python “extension modules” written in C++.
|
|
||||||
Think of taking a library written in C++ and giving it a Python
|
|
||||||
interface so Python programmers can use it. From Python, these
|
|
||||||
modules look just like regular Python modules.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/embedding.html embedding],
|
|
||||||
in which the end-user launches a program written
|
|
||||||
in C++ that in turn invokes the Python interpreter as a library
|
|
||||||
subroutine. Think of adding scriptability to an existing
|
|
||||||
application.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The key distinction between extending and embedding is the location
|
|
||||||
of the C++ `main()` function: in the Python interpreter executable,
|
|
||||||
or in some other program, respectively. Note that even when
|
|
||||||
embedding Python in another program, [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/ext/extending-with-embedding.html extension modules are often
|
|
||||||
the best way to make C/C++ functionality accessible to Python
|
|
||||||
code], so the use of extension modules is really at the heart of
|
|
||||||
both models.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Except in rare cases, extension modules are built as
|
|
||||||
dynamically-loaded libraries with a single entry point, which means
|
|
||||||
you can change them without rebuilding either the other extension
|
|
||||||
modules or the executable containing `main()`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section No-Install Quickstart]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There is no need to “install Boost” in order to get started using
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python. These instructions use _bb_ projects,
|
|
||||||
which will build those binaries as soon as they're needed. Your
|
|
||||||
first tests may take a little longer while you wait for
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python to build, but doing things this way will save you from
|
|
||||||
worrying about build intricacies like which library binaries to use
|
|
||||||
for a specific compiler configuration and figuring out the right
|
|
||||||
compiler options to use yourself.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[note Of course it's possible to use other build systems to
|
|
||||||
build Boost.Python and its extensions, but they are not
|
|
||||||
officially supported by Boost. Moreover *99% of all “I can't
|
|
||||||
build Boost.Python” problems come from trying to use another
|
|
||||||
build system* without first following these instructions.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you want to use another system anyway, we suggest that you
|
|
||||||
follow these instructions, and then invoke `bjam` with the
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`-a -o`\ /filename/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
options to dump the build commands it executes to a file, so
|
|
||||||
you can see what your alternate build system needs to do.]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[section Basic Procedure]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. Get Boost; see sections 1 and 2 of the _gsg_.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2. Get the `bjam` build driver. See section 5 of the _gsg_.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
3. cd into the `example/quickstart/` directory of your
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python installation, which contains a small example project.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
4. Invoke `bjam`. Replace the “\ `stage`\ “ argument from the
|
|
||||||
example invocation from section 5 of the _gsg_ with “\ `test`\ ,“ to
|
|
||||||
build all the test targets. Also add the argument “\ `--verbose-test`\ ”
|
|
||||||
to see the output generated by the tests when they are run.
|
|
||||||
On Windows, your `bjam` invocation might look something like:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
C:\\...\\quickstart> bjam toolset=msvc --verbose-test test
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
and on Unix variants, perhaps,
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
.../quickstart$ bjam toolset=gcc --verbose-test test
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[note For the sake of concision, the rest of this guide will use
|
|
||||||
unix-style forward slashes in pathnames instead of the
|
|
||||||
backslashes with which Windows users may be more familiar. The forward
|
|
||||||
slashes should work everywhere except in
|
|
||||||
[@http://www.boost.org/more/getting_started/windows.html#command-prompt
|
|
||||||
Command Prompt] windows, where you should use backslashes.]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you followed this procedure successfully, you will have built an
|
|
||||||
extension module called `extending` and tested it by running a
|
|
||||||
Python script called `test_extending.py`. You will also have
|
|
||||||
built and run a simple application called `embedding` that embeds
|
|
||||||
python.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section In Case of Trouble]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you're seeing lots of compiler and/or linker error messages,
|
|
||||||
it's probably because Boost.Build is having trouble finding your
|
|
||||||
Python installation. You might want to pass the
|
|
||||||
`--debug-configuration` option to `bjam` the first few times
|
|
||||||
you invoke it, to make sure that Boost.Build is correctly locating
|
|
||||||
all the parts of your Python installation. If it isn't, consider
|
|
||||||
[link building.configuring_boost_build Configuring Boost.Build]
|
|
||||||
as detailed below.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you're still having trouble, Someone on one of the following
|
|
||||||
mailing lists may be able to help:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* The _bb_list_ for issues related to Boost.Build
|
|
||||||
* The _bp_list_ for issues specifically related to Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section In Case Everything Seemed to Work]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Rejoice! If you're new to Boost.Python, at this point it might be
|
|
||||||
a good idea to ignore build issues for a while and concentrate on
|
|
||||||
learning the library by going through the _tutorial_ and perhaps
|
|
||||||
some of the _reference_, trying out what you've
|
|
||||||
learned about the API by modifying the quickstart project.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Modifying the Example Project]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you're content to keep your extension module forever in one
|
|
||||||
source file called `extending.cpp`, inside your Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
distribution, and import it forever as `extending`, then you can
|
|
||||||
stop here. However, it's likely that you will want to make a few
|
|
||||||
changes. There are a few things you can do without having to learn
|
|
||||||
_bb_ in depth.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The project you just built is specified in two files in the current
|
|
||||||
directory: `boost-build.jam`, which tells `bjam` where it can
|
|
||||||
find the interpreted code of the Boost build system, and
|
|
||||||
`Jamroot`, which describes the targets you just built. These
|
|
||||||
files are heavily commented, so they should be easy to modify.
|
|
||||||
Take care, however, to preserve whitespace. Punctuation such as
|
|
||||||
`;` will not be recognized as intended by `bjam` if it is not
|
|
||||||
surrounded by whitespace.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[section Relocate the Project]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You'll probably want to copy this project elsewhere so you can
|
|
||||||
change it without modifying your Boost distribution. To do that,
|
|
||||||
simply
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a. copy the entire `example/quickstart/` directory
|
|
||||||
into a new directory.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
b. In the new copies of `boost-build.jam` and `Jamroot`, locate
|
|
||||||
the relative path near the top of the file that is clearly
|
|
||||||
marked by a comment, and edit that path so that it refers to the
|
|
||||||
same directory your Boost distribution as it referred to when
|
|
||||||
the file was in its original location in the
|
|
||||||
`example/quickstart/` directory.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For example, if you moved the project from
|
|
||||||
`/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/libs/python/example/quickstart` to
|
|
||||||
`/home/dave/my-project`, you could change the first path in
|
|
||||||
`boost-build.jam` from
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
../../../../tools/build/src
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
to
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
/home/dave/boost_1_34_0/tools/build/src
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
and change the first path in `Jamroot` from
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
../../../..
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
to
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
/home/dave/boost_1_34_0
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Add New or Change Names of Existing Source Files]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The names of additional source files involved in building your
|
|
||||||
extension module or embedding application can be listed in
|
|
||||||
`Jamroot` right alongside `extending.cpp` or `embedding.cpp`
|
|
||||||
respectively. Just be sure to leave whitespace around each
|
|
||||||
filename:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
… file1.cpp file2.cpp file3.cpp …
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
Naturally, if you want to change the name of a source file you can
|
|
||||||
tell Boost.Build about it by editing the name in `Jamroot`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Change the Name of your Extension Module]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The name of the extension module is determined by two things:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# the name in `Jamroot` immediately following `python-extension`, and
|
|
||||||
# the name passed to `BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE` in `extending.cpp`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To change the name of the extension module from `extending` to
|
|
||||||
`hello`, you'd edit `Jamroot`, changing
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
python-extension extending : extending.cpp ;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
to
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
python-extension hello : extending.cpp ;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
and you'd edit extending.cpp, changing
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(extending)
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
to
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(hello)
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Installing Boost.Python on your System]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Since Boost.Python is a separately-compiled (as opposed to
|
|
||||||
`header-only`) library, its user relies on the services of a
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python library binary.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you need a regular installation of the Boost.Python library
|
|
||||||
binaries on your system, the _gsg_ will
|
|
||||||
walk you through the steps of creating one. If building binaries
|
|
||||||
from source, you might want to supply the `--with-python`
|
|
||||||
argument to `bjam` (or the `--with-libraries=python` argument
|
|
||||||
to `configure`), so only the Boost.Python binary will be built,
|
|
||||||
rather than all the Boost binaries.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Configuring Boost.Build]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As described in the [@http://www.boost.org/build/doc/html/bbv2/overview/configuration.html Boost.Build Reference Manual], a file called
|
|
||||||
`user-config.jam` in your home directory is used to
|
|
||||||
specify the tools and libraries available to the build system. You
|
|
||||||
may need to create or edit `user-config.jam` to tell Boost.Build
|
|
||||||
how to invoke Python, `#include` its headers, and link with its
|
|
||||||
libraries.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[note If you are using a unix-variant OS and you ran Boost's
|
|
||||||
`configure` script, it may have generated a
|
|
||||||
`user-config.jam` for you. [footnote `configure` overwrites the existing
|
|
||||||
`user-config.jam` in your home directory (if any) after making a backup of
|
|
||||||
the old version.] If your `configure`\ /\ `make` sequence was successful and
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python binaries were built, your `user-config.jam` file is probably already
|
|
||||||
correct.]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you have one fairly “standard” python installation for your
|
|
||||||
platform, you might not need to do anything special to describe it. If
|
|
||||||
you haven't configured python in `user-config.jam` (and you don't
|
|
||||||
specify `--without-python` on the Boost.Build command line),
|
|
||||||
Boost.Build will automatically execute the equivalent of
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
import toolset : using ;
|
|
||||||
using python ;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
which automatically looks for Python in the most likely places.
|
|
||||||
However, that only happens when using the Boost.Python project file
|
|
||||||
(e.g. when referred to by another project as in the quickstart
|
|
||||||
method). If instead you are linking against separately-compiled
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python binaries, you should set up a `user-config.jam` file
|
|
||||||
with at least the minimal incantation above.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[section Python Configuration Parameters]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you have several versions of Python installed, or Python is
|
|
||||||
installed in an unusual way, you may want to supply any or all of
|
|
||||||
the following optional parameters to `using python`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[variablelist
|
|
||||||
[[version]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[the version of Python to use. Should be in Major.Minor
|
|
||||||
format, for example, `2.3`. Do not include the subminor
|
|
||||||
version (i.e. *not* `2.5.1`). If you have multiple Python
|
|
||||||
versions installed, the version will usually be the only
|
|
||||||
configuration argument required.]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[[cmd-or-prefix]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[preferably, a command that invokes a Python interpreter.
|
|
||||||
Alternatively, the installation prefix for Python libraries and
|
|
||||||
header files. Only use the alternative formulation if there is
|
|
||||||
no appropriate Python executable available.]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[[*includes*]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[the `#include` paths for Python headers. Normally the correct
|
|
||||||
path(s) will be automatically deduced from `version` and/or
|
|
||||||
`cmd-or-prefix`.]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[[*libraries*]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[the path to Python library binaries. On MacOS/Darwin,
|
|
||||||
you can also pass the path of the Python framework. Normally the
|
|
||||||
correct path(s) will be automatically deduced from `version`
|
|
||||||
and/or `cmd-or-prefix`.]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[[*condition*]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[if specified, should be a set of Boost.Build
|
|
||||||
properties that are matched against the build configuration when
|
|
||||||
Boost.Build selects a Python configuration to use. See examples
|
|
||||||
below for details.]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[[*extension-suffix*]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[A string to append to the name of extension
|
|
||||||
modules before the true filename extension. You almost certainly
|
|
||||||
don't need to use this. Usually this suffix is only used when
|
|
||||||
targeting a Windows debug build of Python, and will be set
|
|
||||||
automatically for you based on the value of the
|
|
||||||
[link building.python_debugging_builds <python-debugging>] feature.
|
|
||||||
However, at least one Linux distribution (Ubuntu Feisty Fawn) has
|
|
||||||
a specially configured [@https://wiki.ubuntu.com/PyDbgBuilds <python-dbg>]
|
|
||||||
package that claims to use such a suffix.]]
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Examples]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Note that in the examples below, case and *especially whitespace* are
|
|
||||||
significant.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* If you have both python 2.5 and python 2.4 installed,
|
|
||||||
`user-config.jam` might contain
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
using python : 2.5 ; # Make both versions of Python available
|
|
||||||
using python : 2.4 ; # To build with python 2.4, add python=2.4
|
|
||||||
# to your command line.
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
The first version configured (2.5) becomes the default. To build
|
|
||||||
against python 2.4, add `python=2.4` to the `bjam` command line.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* If you have python installed in an unusual location, you might
|
|
||||||
supply the path to the interpreter in the `cmd-or-prefix`
|
|
||||||
parameter:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
using python : : /usr/local/python-2.6-beta/bin/python ;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* If you have a separate build of Python for use with a particular
|
|
||||||
toolset, you might supply that toolset in the `condition`
|
|
||||||
parameter:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
using python ; # use for most toolsets
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Use with Intel C++ toolset
|
|
||||||
using python
|
|
||||||
: # version
|
|
||||||
: c:\\Devel\\Python-2.5-IntelBuild\\PCBuild\\python # cmd-or-prefix
|
|
||||||
: # includes
|
|
||||||
: # libraries
|
|
||||||
: <toolset>intel # condition
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* If you have downloaded the Python sources and built both the
|
|
||||||
normal and the [link building.python_debugging_builds "python debugging"]
|
|
||||||
builds from source on Windows, you might see:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python ;
|
|
||||||
using python : 2.5 : C:\\src\\Python-2.5\\PCBuild\\python_d
|
|
||||||
: # includes
|
|
||||||
: # libs
|
|
||||||
: <python-debugging>on ;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
* You can set up your user-config.jam so a bjam built under Windows
|
|
||||||
can build/test both Windows and Cygwin_ python extensions. Just pass
|
|
||||||
`<target-os>cygwin` in the `condition` parameter
|
|
||||||
for the cygwin python installation:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
# windows installation
|
|
||||||
using python ;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# cygwin installation
|
|
||||||
using python : : c:\\cygwin\\bin\\python2.5 : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
when you put target-os=cygwin in your build request, it should build
|
|
||||||
with the cygwin version of python: [#flavor]_
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
bjam target-os=cygwin toolset=gcc
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
This is supposed to work the other way, too (targeting windows
|
|
||||||
python with a [@http://cygwin.com Cygwin] bjam) but it seems as though the support in
|
|
||||||
Boost.Build's toolsets for building that way is broken at the
|
|
||||||
time of this writing.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Note that because of [@http://zigzag.cs.msu.su/boost.build/wiki/AlternativeSelection
|
|
||||||
the way Boost.Build currently selects target alternatives], you might have be very
|
|
||||||
explicit in your build requests. For example, given:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
using python : 2.5 ; # a regular windows build
|
|
||||||
using python : 2.4 : : : : <target-os>cygwin ;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
building with
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
bjam target-os=cygwin
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
will yield an error. Instead, you'll need to write
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
bjam target-os=cygwin/python=2.4
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Choosing a Boost.Python Library Binary]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If—instead of letting Boost.Build construct and link with the right
|
|
||||||
libraries automatically—you choose to use a pre-built Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
library, you'll need to think about which one to link with. The
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python binary comes in both static and dynamic flavors. Take
|
|
||||||
care to choose the right flavor for your application. [footnote
|
|
||||||
Information about how to identify the static and dynamic builds of Boost.Python on
|
|
||||||
[@http://boost.org/more/getting_started/windows.html#library-naming Windows] /
|
|
||||||
[@http://boost.org/more/getting_started/unix-variants.html#library-naming Unix variants]]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[section The Dynamic Binary]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The dynamic library is the safest and most-versatile choice:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* A single copy of the library code is used by all extension
|
|
||||||
modules built with a given toolset. [footnote Because of the way most \*nix platforms
|
|
||||||
share symbols among dynamically-loaded objects, I'm not certain
|
|
||||||
that extension modules built with different compiler toolsets
|
|
||||||
will always use different copies of the Boost.Python library
|
|
||||||
when loaded into the same Python instance. Not using different
|
|
||||||
libraries could be a good thing if the compilers have compatible
|
|
||||||
ABIs, because extension modules built with the two libraries
|
|
||||||
would be interoperable. Otherwise, it could spell disaster,
|
|
||||||
since an extension module and the Boost.Python library would
|
|
||||||
have different ideas of such things as class layout. I would
|
|
||||||
appreciate someone doing the experiment to find out what
|
|
||||||
happens.]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* The library contains a type conversion registry. Because one
|
|
||||||
registry is shared among all extension modules, instances of a
|
|
||||||
class exposed to Python in one dynamically-loaded extension
|
|
||||||
module can be passed to functions exposed in another such module.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section The Static Binary]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It might be appropriate to use the static Boost.Python library in
|
|
||||||
any of the following cases:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* You are _extending_ python and the types exposed in your
|
|
||||||
dynamically-loaded extension module don't need to be used by any
|
|
||||||
other Boost.Python extension modules, and you don't care if the
|
|
||||||
core library code is duplicated among them.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* You are _embedding_ python in your application and either:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* You are targeting a Unix variant OS other than MacOS or AIX,
|
|
||||||
where the dynamically-loaded extension modules can “see” the
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python library symbols that are part of the executable.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* Or, you have statically linked some Boost.Python extension
|
|
||||||
modules into your application and you don't care if any
|
|
||||||
dynamically-loaded Boost.Python extension modules are able to
|
|
||||||
use the types exposed by your statically-linked extension
|
|
||||||
modules (and vice-versa).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section `#include` Issues]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
1. If you should ever have occasion to `#include "python.h"`
|
|
||||||
directly in a translation unit of a program using Boost.Python,
|
|
||||||
use `#include "boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp"` instead.
|
|
||||||
It handles several issues necessary for use with Boost.Python,
|
|
||||||
one of which is mentioned in the next section.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
2. Be sure not to `#include` any system headers before
|
|
||||||
`wrap_python.hpp`. This restriction is actually imposed by
|
|
||||||
Python, or more properly, by Python's interaction with your
|
|
||||||
operating system. See
|
|
||||||
[@http://docs.python.org/ext/simpleExample.html] for details.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Python Debugging Builds]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Python can be built in a special “python debugging” configuration
|
|
||||||
that adds extra checks and instrumentation that can be very useful
|
|
||||||
for developers of extension modules. The data structures used by
|
|
||||||
the debugging configuration contain additional members, so *a
|
|
||||||
Python executable built with python debugging enabled cannot be
|
|
||||||
used with an extension module or library compiled without it, and
|
|
||||||
vice-versa.*
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Since pre-built “python debugging” versions of the Python
|
|
||||||
executable and libraries are not supplied with most distributions
|
|
||||||
of Python, [footnote On Unix and similar platforms, a debugging python and associated libraries are built by adding --with-pydebug when configuring the Python build. On Windows, the debugging version of Python is generated by the "Win32 Debug" target of the Visual Studio project in the PCBuild subdirectory of a full Python source code distribution.] and we didn't want to force our users
|
|
||||||
to build them, Boost.Build does not automatically enable python
|
|
||||||
debugging in its `debug` build variant (which is the default).
|
|
||||||
Instead there is a special build property called
|
|
||||||
`python-debugging` that, when used as a build property, will
|
|
||||||
define the right preprocessor symbols and select the right
|
|
||||||
libraries to link with.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
On unix-variant platforms, the debugging versions of Python's data
|
|
||||||
structures will only be used if the symbol `Py_DEBUG` is defined.
|
|
||||||
On many windows compilers, when extension modules are built with
|
|
||||||
the preprocessor symbol `_DEBUG`, Python defaults to force
|
|
||||||
linking with a special debugging version of the Python DLL. Since
|
|
||||||
that symbol is very commonly used even when Python is not present,
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python temporarily undefines `_DEBUG` when `Python.h`
|
|
||||||
is #included from `boost/python/detail/wrap_python.hpp` - unless
|
|
||||||
`BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON` is defined. The upshot is that if you want
|
|
||||||
“python debugging”and you aren't using Boost.Build, you should make
|
|
||||||
sure `BOOST_DEBUG_PYTHON` is defined, or python debugging will be
|
|
||||||
suppressed.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Testing Boost.Python]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To run the full test suite for Boost.Python, invoke `bjam` in the
|
|
||||||
`test` subdirectory of your Boost.Python distribution.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Notes for MinGW (and Cygwin with -mno-cygwin) GCC Users]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you are using a version of Python prior to 2.4.1 with a MinGW
|
|
||||||
prior to 3.0.0 (with binutils-2.13.90-20030111-1), you will need to
|
|
||||||
create a MinGW-compatible version of the Python library; the one
|
|
||||||
shipped with Python will only work with a Microsoft-compatible
|
|
||||||
linker. Follow the instructions in the “Non-Microsoft” section of
|
|
||||||
the “Building Extensions: Tips And Tricks” chapter in
|
|
||||||
[@https://docs.python.org/2/install/index.html Installing Python Modules]
|
|
||||||
to create `libpythonXX.a`, where `XX` corresponds to the major and minor
|
|
||||||
version numbers of your Python installation.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[chapter Configuration
|
|
||||||
[quickbook 1.7]
|
|
||||||
[authors [Abrahams, David]]
|
|
||||||
[copyright 2002 - 2015 David Abrahams, Stefan Seefeld]
|
|
||||||
[id configuration]
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[section Configuration]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[section Introduction]
|
|
||||||
[*Boost.Python] uses several configuration macros in `<boost/config.hpp>`, as well as configuration macros meant to be supplied by the application. These macros are documented here.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Application Defined Macros]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
These are the macros that may be defined by an application using Boost.Python. Note that if you extend a strict interpretation of the C++ standard to cover dynamic libraries, using different values of these macros when compiling different libraries (including extension modules and the Boost.Python library itself) is a violation of the [link odr ODR]. However, we know of no C++ implementations on which this particular violation is detectable or causes any problems.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[table
|
|
||||||
[[Macro][Default][Meaning]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_ARITY]
|
|
||||||
[15]
|
|
||||||
[The maximum arity of any function, member function,
|
|
||||||
or constructor to be wrapped, invocation of a
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python function wich is specified as taking
|
|
||||||
arguments x1, x2,...Xn. This includes, in particular,
|
|
||||||
callback mechanisms such as object::operator()(...) or call_method<R>(... ).]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_MAX_BASES][10]
|
|
||||||
[The maximum number of template arguments to the
|
|
||||||
`bases<...>` class template, which is used to specify
|
|
||||||
the bases of a wrapped C++ class..]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_STATIC_MODULE]
|
|
||||||
[ /not defined/ ]
|
|
||||||
[If defined, prevents your module initialization
|
|
||||||
function from being treated as an exported symbol
|
|
||||||
on platforms which support that distinction in-code]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_CDECL]
|
|
||||||
[ /not defined/ ]
|
|
||||||
[If defined, allows functions using the `__cdecl`
|
|
||||||
calling convention to be wrapped.]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_STDCALL]
|
|
||||||
[ /not defined/ ]
|
|
||||||
[If defined, allows functions using the `__stdcall`
|
|
||||||
calling convention to be wrapped.]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_ENABLE_FASTCALL]
|
|
||||||
[ /not defined/ ]
|
|
||||||
[If defined, allows functions using the `__fastcall`
|
|
||||||
calling convention to be wrapped.]]
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Library Defined Defined Macros]
|
|
||||||
These macros are defined by *Boost.Python* and are implementation details of interest only to implementors and those porting to new platforms.
|
|
||||||
[table
|
|
||||||
[[Macro][Default][Meaning]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_TYPE_ID_NAME][ /not defined/ ]
|
|
||||||
[If defined, this indicates that the type_info comparison across
|
|
||||||
shared library boundaries does not work on this platform.
|
|
||||||
In other words, if shared-lib-1 passes `typeid(T)` to a function
|
|
||||||
in shared-lib-2 which compares it to `typeid(T)`, that comparison
|
|
||||||
may return `false`. If this macro is #defined, Boost.Python uses
|
|
||||||
and compares `typeid(T).name()` instead of using and comparing
|
|
||||||
the `std::type_info` objects directly.]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES][ /not defined/ ]
|
|
||||||
[If defined for a module no pythonic signatures are generated for
|
|
||||||
the docstrings of the module functions, and no python type is
|
|
||||||
associated with any of the converters registered by the module.
|
|
||||||
This also reduces the binary size of the module by about 14%
|
|
||||||
(gcc compiled).
|
|
||||||
If defined for the boost_python runtime library, the default for
|
|
||||||
the `docstring_options.enable_py_signatures()` is set to `false`.]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_SUPPORTS_PY_SIGNATURES]
|
|
||||||
[ /defined/ if `BOOST_PYTHON_NO_PY_SIGNATURES` is /undefined/ ]
|
|
||||||
[This macro is defined to enable a smooth transition from older
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python versions which do not support pythonic signatures.
|
|
||||||
For example usage see here.]]
|
|
||||||
[[BOOST_PYTHON_PY_SIGNATURES_PROPER_INIT_SELF_TYPE][ /not defined/ ]
|
|
||||||
[If defined the python type of `__init__` method "self" parameters
|
|
||||||
is properly generated, otherwise object is used. It is undefined by
|
|
||||||
default because it increases the binary size of the module by about
|
|
||||||
14% (gcc compiled).]]
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
# -*- python -*-
|
|
||||||
#
|
|
||||||
# Copyright (c) 2016 Stefan Seefeld
|
|
||||||
# All rights reserved.
|
|
||||||
#
|
|
||||||
# Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
|
|
||||||
# (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
|
|
||||||
# http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
from faber.tools.xslt import xsltflags
|
|
||||||
from faber.tools.boost import quickbook, boostbook
|
|
||||||
from faber.artefacts import html
|
|
||||||
from glob import glob as G
|
|
||||||
from os import makedirs
|
|
||||||
from os.path import relpath, dirname, exists
|
|
||||||
from shutil import copyfile
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def glob(pattern):
|
|
||||||
prefix = srcdir + '/'
|
|
||||||
p = len(prefix)+1
|
|
||||||
return [f[p:] for f in G(prefix + pattern)]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class make_html(action):
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def __init__(self):
|
|
||||||
action.__init__(self, 'make_html', self.process)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def map(self, fs):
|
|
||||||
return boostbook.html.map(fs)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def process(self, target, source):
|
|
||||||
boostbook.html(target, source[0:1])
|
|
||||||
for s in source[1:]:
|
|
||||||
t = target[0]._filename + relpath(s._filename, srcdir)
|
|
||||||
d = dirname(t)
|
|
||||||
if not exists(d):
|
|
||||||
makedirs(d)
|
|
||||||
copyfile(s._filename, t)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sphinx_build = action('sphinx-build', 'sphinx-build -b html $(>) $(<)')
|
|
||||||
rst2html = action('rst2html', 'rst2html --trim-footnote-reference-space --footnote-references=superscript --stylesheet=$(>:D)/rst.css $(>) $(<)')
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
python_bbk = rule(quickbook.process, 'python.bbk', 'python.qbk',
|
|
||||||
dependencies=['release_notes.qbk',
|
|
||||||
'building.qbk',
|
|
||||||
'configuration.qbk',
|
|
||||||
'suport.qbk',
|
|
||||||
'faq.qbk',
|
|
||||||
'glossary.qbk'])
|
|
||||||
tutorial_bbk = rule(quickbook.process, 'tutorial.bbk', 'tutorial.qbk')
|
|
||||||
reference_bbk = rule(quickbook.process, 'reference.bbk', 'reference.qbk')
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
python_db = rule(boostbook.db, 'python.db', python_bbk)
|
|
||||||
tutorial_db = rule(boostbook.db, 'tutorial.db', tutorial_bbk)
|
|
||||||
reference_db = rule(boostbook.db, 'reference.db', reference_bbk)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
python = html.dir(make_html(), 'html', [python_db, 'boostbook.css'] + glob('/images/*.*') + glob('/images/callouts/*.*'),
|
|
||||||
features=xsltflags('--stringparam generate.toc "library nop; chaper toc; section toc;"',
|
|
||||||
'--stringparam html.stylesheet boostbook.css',
|
|
||||||
'--stringparam boost.image.src images/bpl.png',
|
|
||||||
'--stringparam boost.graphics.root images/',
|
|
||||||
'--stringparam boost.defaults none',
|
|
||||||
'--param toc.max.depth 3',
|
|
||||||
'--param toc.section.depth 2',
|
|
||||||
'--param chunk.section.depth 1'))
|
|
||||||
tutorial = html.dir(boostbook.html, 'html/tutorial', tutorial_db, dependencies=[python],
|
|
||||||
features=xsltflags('--stringparam html.stylesheet ../boostbook.css',
|
|
||||||
'--stringparam boost.image.src ../images/bpl.png',
|
|
||||||
'--stringparam boost.graphics.root ../images/'))
|
|
||||||
reference = html.dir(boostbook.html, 'html/reference', reference_db, dependencies=[python],
|
|
||||||
features=xsltflags('--stringparam html.stylesheet ../boostbook.css',
|
|
||||||
'--stringparam boost.image.src ../images/bpl.png',
|
|
||||||
'--stringparam boost.graphics.root ../images/'))
|
|
||||||
numpy = rule(sphinx_build, 'html/numpy', 'numpy', attrs=always, dependencies=[python])
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
article = rule(rst2html, 'html/article.html', 'article.rst')
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
html = alias('html', [python, tutorial, reference, numpy, article])
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
default = html
|
|
||||||
736
doc/faq.qbk
736
doc/faq.qbk
@@ -1,736 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[chapter Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
|
|
||||||
[quickbook 1.7]
|
|
||||||
[id faq]
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[section How can I wrap a function which takes a function pointer as an argument?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If what you're trying to do is something like this:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
typedef boost::function<void (string s) > funcptr;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
void foo(funcptr fp)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
fp("hello,world!");
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(test)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
def("foo",foo);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And then:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
>>> def hello(s):
|
|
||||||
... print s
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
>>> foo(hello)
|
|
||||||
hello, world!
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
The short answer is: "you can't". This is not a
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python limitation so much as a limitation of C++. The
|
|
||||||
problem is that a Python function is actually data, and the only
|
|
||||||
way of associating data with a C++ function pointer is to store it
|
|
||||||
in a static variable of the function. The problem with that is
|
|
||||||
that you can only associate one piece of data with every C++
|
|
||||||
function, and we have no way of compiling a new C++ function
|
|
||||||
on-the-fly for every Python function you decide to pass
|
|
||||||
to `foo`. In other words, this could work if the C++
|
|
||||||
function is always going to invoke the /same/ Python
|
|
||||||
function, but you probably don't want that.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you have the luxury of changing the C++ code you're
|
|
||||||
wrapping, pass it an `object` instead and call that;
|
|
||||||
the overloaded function call operator will invoke the Python
|
|
||||||
function you pass it behind the `object`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section I'm getting the "attempt to return dangling reference" error.
|
|
||||||
What am I doing wrong?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
That exception is protecting you from causing a nasty crash. It usually
|
|
||||||
happens in response to some code like this:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
period const &get_floating_frequency() const
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
return boost::python::call_method<period const &>(
|
|
||||||
m_self,"get_floating_frequency");
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
And you get:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
ReferenceError: Attempt to return dangling reference to object of type:
|
|
||||||
class period
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In this case, the Python method invoked by `call_method`
|
|
||||||
constructs a new Python object. You're trying to return a reference to a
|
|
||||||
C++ object (an instance of `class period`) contained within
|
|
||||||
and owned by that Python object. Because the called method handed back a
|
|
||||||
brand new object, the only reference to it is held for the duration of
|
|
||||||
`get_floating_frequency()` above. When the function returns,
|
|
||||||
the Python object will be destroyed, destroying the instance of
|
|
||||||
`class period`, and leaving the returned reference dangling.
|
|
||||||
That's already undefined behavior, and if you try to do anything with
|
|
||||||
that reference you're likely to cause a crash. Boost.Python detects this
|
|
||||||
situation at runtime and helpfully throws an exception instead of letting
|
|
||||||
you do that.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Is `return_internal_reference` efficient?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[*Q:] /I have an object composed of 12 doubles. A `const&` to
|
|
||||||
this object is returned by a member function of another class. From the
|
|
||||||
viewpoint of using the returned object in Python I do not care if I get
|
|
||||||
a copy or a reference to the returned object. In Boost.Python I have the
|
|
||||||
choice of using `copy_const_reference` or `return_internal_reference`.
|
|
||||||
Are there considerations that would lead me to prefer one over the other,
|
|
||||||
such as size of generated code or memory overhead?/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[*A:] `copy_const_reference` will make an instance with storage
|
|
||||||
for one of your objects, `size = base_size + 12 * sizeof(double)`.
|
|
||||||
`return_internal_reference` will make an instance with storage for a
|
|
||||||
pointer to one of your objects, `size = base_size + sizeof(void*)`.
|
|
||||||
However, it will also create a weak reference object which goes in the
|
|
||||||
source object's weakreflist and a special callback object to manage the
|
|
||||||
lifetime of the internally-referenced object. My guess?
|
|
||||||
`copy_const_reference` is your friend here, resulting in less overall
|
|
||||||
memory use and less fragmentation, also probably fewer total
|
|
||||||
cycles.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section How can I wrap functions which take C++ containers as arguments?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Using the regular `class_<>` wrapper:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
class_<std::vector<double> >("std_vector_double")
|
|
||||||
.def(...)
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
This can be moved to a template so that several types (`double`, `int`,
|
|
||||||
`long`, etc.) can be wrapped with the same code. This technique is used
|
|
||||||
in the file `scitbx/include/scitbx/array_family/boost_python/flex_wrapper.h`
|
|
||||||
in the "scitbx" package. The file could easily be modified for
|
|
||||||
wrapping `std::vector<>` instantiations.
|
|
||||||
This type of C++/Python binding is most suitable for containers
|
|
||||||
that may contain a large number of elements (>10000).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Using custom rvalue converters. Boost.Python "rvalue converters"
|
|
||||||
match function signatures such as:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
void foo(std::vector<double> const &array); // pass by const-reference
|
|
||||||
void foo(std::vector<double> array); // pass by value
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
Some custom rvalue converters are implemented in the file
|
|
||||||
`scitbx/include/scitbx/boost_python/container_conversions.h`
|
|
||||||
This code can be used to convert from C++ container types such as
|
|
||||||
`std::vector<>` or `std::list<>` to Python tuples and vice
|
|
||||||
versa. A few simple examples can be found in the file
|
|
||||||
`scitbx/array_family/boost_python/regression_test_module.cpp`
|
|
||||||
Automatic C++ container <-> Python tuple conversions are most
|
|
||||||
suitable for containers of moderate size. These converters generate
|
|
||||||
significantly less object code compared to alternative 1 above.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A disadvantage of using alternative 2 is that operators such as
|
|
||||||
arithmetic +,-,*,/,% are not available. It would be useful to have custom
|
|
||||||
rvalue converters that convert to a "math_array" type instead of tuples.
|
|
||||||
This is currently not implemented but is possible within the framework of
|
|
||||||
Boost.Python V2 as it will be released in the next couple of weeks. [ed.:
|
|
||||||
this was posted on 2002/03/10]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It would also be useful to also have "custom lvalue converters" such
|
|
||||||
as `std::vector<>` <-> Python list. These converters would
|
|
||||||
support the modification of the Python list from C++. For example:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
C++:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
void foo(std::vector<double> &array)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
for(std::size_t i=0;i<array.size();i++) {
|
|
||||||
array[i] *= 2;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
Python: [python]
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
>>> l = [1, 2, 3]
|
|
||||||
>>> foo(l)
|
|
||||||
>>> print l
|
|
||||||
[2, 4, 6]
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
Custom lvalue converters require changes to the Boost.Python core library
|
|
||||||
and are currently not available.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
P.S.:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The "scitbx" files referenced above are available via anonymous
|
|
||||||
CVS:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.cctbx.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/cctbx login
|
|
||||||
cvs -d:pserver:anonymous@cvs.cctbx.sourceforge.net:/cvsroot/cctbx co scitbx
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section fatal error C1204:Compiler limit:internal structure overflow]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[*Q:] /I get this error message when compiling a large source file. What can I do?/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[*A:] You have two choices:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Upgrade your compiler (preferred)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Break your source file up into multiple translation units.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`my_module.cpp`: [c++]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
void more_of_my_module();
|
|
||||||
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(my_module)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
def("foo", foo);
|
|
||||||
def("bar", bar);
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
more_of_my_module();
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
`more_of_my_module.cpp`:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
void more_of_my_module()
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
def("baz", baz);
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
If you find that a `class_<...>` declaration
|
|
||||||
can't fit in a single source file without triggering the error, you
|
|
||||||
can always pass a reference to the `class_` object to a
|
|
||||||
function in another source file, and call some of its member
|
|
||||||
functions (e.g. `.def(...)`) in the auxilliary source
|
|
||||||
file:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`more_of_my_class.cpp`:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
void more_of_my_class(class<my_class>& x)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
x
|
|
||||||
.def("baz", baz)
|
|
||||||
.add_property("xx", &my_class::get_xx, &my_class::set_xx)
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section How do I debug my Python extensions?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Greg Burley gives the following answer for Unix GCC users:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[:Once you have created a boost python extension for your c++ library or
|
|
||||||
class, you may need to debug the code. Afterall this is one of the
|
|
||||||
reasons for wrapping the library in python. An expected side-effect or
|
|
||||||
benefit of using BPL is that debugging should be isolated to the c++
|
|
||||||
library that is under test, given that python code is minimal and
|
|
||||||
boost::python either works or it doesn't. (ie. While errors can occur
|
|
||||||
when the wrapping method is invalid, most errors are caught by the
|
|
||||||
compiler ;-).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The basic steps required to initiate a gdb session to debug a c++
|
|
||||||
library via python are shown here. Note, however that you should start
|
|
||||||
the gdb session in the directory that contains your BPL my_ext.so
|
|
||||||
module.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
(gdb) target exec python
|
|
||||||
(gdb) run
|
|
||||||
>>> from my_ext import *
|
|
||||||
>>> [C-c]
|
|
||||||
(gdb) break MyClass::MyBuggyFunction
|
|
||||||
(gdb) cont
|
|
||||||
>>> pyobj = MyClass()
|
|
||||||
>>> pyobj.MyBuggyFunction()
|
|
||||||
Breakpoint 1, MyClass::MyBuggyFunction ...
|
|
||||||
Current language: auto; currently c++
|
|
||||||
(gdb) do debugging stuff
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Greg's approach works even better using Emacs' "gdb"
|
|
||||||
command, since it will show you each line of source as you step through it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
On *Windows*, my favorite debugging solution is the debugger that
|
|
||||||
comes with Microsoft Visual C++ 7. This debugger seems to work with code
|
|
||||||
generated by all versions of Microsoft and Metrowerks toolsets; it's rock
|
|
||||||
solid and "just works" without requiring any special tricks from the
|
|
||||||
user.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Raoul Gough has provided the following for gdb on Windows:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[:gdb support for Windows DLLs has improved lately, so it is
|
|
||||||
now possible to debug Python extensions using a few
|
|
||||||
tricks. Firstly, you will need an up-to-date gdb with support
|
|
||||||
for minimal symbol extraction from a DLL. Any gdb from version 6
|
|
||||||
onwards, or Cygwin gdb-20030214-1 and onwards should do. A
|
|
||||||
suitable release will have a section in the gdb.info file under
|
|
||||||
Configuration - Native - Cygwin Native -
|
|
||||||
Non-debug DLL symbols. Refer to that info section for more
|
|
||||||
details of the procedures outlined here.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Secondly, it seems necessary to set a breakpoint in the
|
|
||||||
Python interpreter, rather than using ^C to break execution. A
|
|
||||||
good place to set this breakpoint is PyOS_Readline, which will
|
|
||||||
stop execution immediately before reading each interactive
|
|
||||||
Python command. You have to let Python start once under the
|
|
||||||
debugger, so that it loads its own DLL, before you can set the
|
|
||||||
breakpoint:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
$ gdb python
|
|
||||||
GNU gdb 2003-09-02-cvs (cygwin-special)
|
|
||||||
[...]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
(gdb) run
|
|
||||||
Starting program: /cygdrive/c/Python22/python.exe
|
|
||||||
Python 2.2.2 (#37, Oct 14 2002, 17:02:34) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
|
|
||||||
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
|
|
||||||
>>> ^Z
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Program exited normally.
|
|
||||||
(gdb) break *&PyOS_Readline
|
|
||||||
Breakpoint 1 at 0x1e04eff0
|
|
||||||
(gdb) run
|
|
||||||
Starting program: /cygdrive/c/Python22/python.exe
|
|
||||||
Python 2.2.2 (#37, Oct 14 2002, 17:02:34) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32
|
|
||||||
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Breakpoint 1, 0x1e04eff0 in python22!PyOS_Readline ()
|
|
||||||
from /cygdrive/c/WINNT/system32/python22.dll
|
|
||||||
(gdb) cont
|
|
||||||
Continuing.
|
|
||||||
>>> from my_ext import *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Breakpoint 1, 0x1e04eff0 in python22!PyOS_Readline ()
|
|
||||||
from /cygdrive/c/WINNT/system32/python22.dll
|
|
||||||
(gdb) # my_ext now loaded (with any debugging symbols it contains)
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[h2 Debugging extensions through Boost.Build]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you are launching your extension module tests with _bb_ using the
|
|
||||||
`boost-python-runtest` rule, you can ask it to launch your
|
|
||||||
debugger for you by adding "--debugger=/debugger/" to your bjam
|
|
||||||
command-line:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
bjam -sTOOLS=vc7.1 "--debugger=devenv /debugexe" test
|
|
||||||
bjam -sTOOLS=gcc -sPYTHON_LAUNCH=gdb test
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
It can also be extremely useful to add the `-d+2` option when
|
|
||||||
you run your test, because Boost.Build will then show you the exact
|
|
||||||
commands it uses to invoke it. This will invariably involve setting up
|
|
||||||
PYTHONPATH and other important environment variables such as
|
|
||||||
LD_LIBRARY_PATH which may be needed by your debugger in order to get
|
|
||||||
things to work right.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Why doesn't my `*=` operator work?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[*Q:] ['I have exported my class to python, with many overloaded
|
|
||||||
operators. it works fine for me except the `*=`
|
|
||||||
operator. It always tells me "can't multiply sequence with non int
|
|
||||||
type". If I use `p1.__imul__(p2)` instead of
|
|
||||||
`p1 *= p2`, it successfully executes my code. What's
|
|
||||||
wrong with me?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[*A:] There's nothing wrong with you. This is a bug in Python
|
|
||||||
2.2. You can see the same effect in Pure Python (you can learn a lot
|
|
||||||
about what's happening in Boost.Python by playing with new-style
|
|
||||||
classes in Pure Python).
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
>>> class X(object):
|
|
||||||
... def __imul__(self, x):
|
|
||||||
... print 'imul'
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
>>> x = X()
|
|
||||||
>>> x *= 1
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
To cure this problem, all you need to do is upgrade your Python to
|
|
||||||
version 2.2.1 or later.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Does Boost.Python work with Mac OS X?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is known to work under 10.2.8 and 10.3 using
|
|
||||||
Apple's gcc 3.3 compiler:
|
|
||||||
``gcc (GCC) 3.3 20030304 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 1493)``
|
|
||||||
Under 10.2.8 get the August 2003 gcc update (free at [@http://connect.apple.com]).
|
|
||||||
Under 10.3 get the Xcode Tools v1.0 (also free).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Python 2.3 is required. The Python that ships with 10.3 is
|
|
||||||
fine. Under 10.2.8 use these commands to install Python
|
|
||||||
as a framework:
|
|
||||||
``./configure --enable-framework
|
|
||||||
make
|
|
||||||
make frameworkinstall``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The last command requires root privileges because the target
|
|
||||||
directory is `/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.3`.
|
|
||||||
However, the installation does not interfere with the Python
|
|
||||||
version that ships with 10.2.8.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It is also crucial to increase the `stacksize` before
|
|
||||||
starting compilations, e.g.:
|
|
||||||
``limit stacksize 8192k``
|
|
||||||
If the `stacksize` is too small the build might crash with
|
|
||||||
internal compiler errors.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Sometimes Apple's compiler exhibits a bug by printing an error
|
|
||||||
like the following while compiling a
|
|
||||||
`boost::python::class_<your_type>`
|
|
||||||
template instantiation:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
.../inheritance.hpp:44: error: cannot
|
|
||||||
dynamic_cast `p' (of type `struct cctbx::boost_python::<unnamed>::add_pair*
|
|
||||||
') to type `void*' (source type is not polymorphic)
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
We do not know a general workaround, but if the definition of
|
|
||||||
`your_type` can be modified the following was found
|
|
||||||
to work in all cases encountered so far:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
struct your_type
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
// before defining any member data
|
|
||||||
#if defined(__MACH__) && defined(__APPLE_CC__) && __APPLE_CC__ == 1493
|
|
||||||
bool dummy_;
|
|
||||||
#endif
|
|
||||||
// now your member data, e.g.
|
|
||||||
double x;
|
|
||||||
int j;
|
|
||||||
// etc.
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section How can I find the existing PyObject that holds a C++ object?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[: "I am wrapping a function that always returns a pointer to an
|
|
||||||
already-held C++ object."]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
One way to do that is to hijack the mechanisms used for wrapping a class
|
|
||||||
with virtual functions. If you make a wrapper class with an initial
|
|
||||||
PyObject* constructor argument and store that PyObject* as "self", you
|
|
||||||
can get back to it by casting down to that wrapper type in a thin wrapper
|
|
||||||
function. For example:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
class X { X(int); virtual ~X(); ... };
|
|
||||||
X* f(); // known to return Xs that are managed by Python objects
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
// wrapping code
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
struct X_wrap : X
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
X_wrap(PyObject* self, int v) : self(self), X(v) {}
|
|
||||||
PyObject* self;
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
handle<> f_wrap()
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
X_wrap* xw = dynamic_cast<X_wrap*>(f());
|
|
||||||
assert(xw != 0);
|
|
||||||
return handle<>(borrowed(xw->self));
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def("f", f_wrap());
|
|
||||||
class_<X,X_wrap,boost::noncopyable>("X", init<int>())
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Of course, if X has no virtual functions you'll have to use
|
|
||||||
`static_cast` instead of `dynamic_cast` with no
|
|
||||||
runtime check that it's valid. This approach also only works if the
|
|
||||||
`X` object was constructed from Python, because
|
|
||||||
`X`\ s constructed from C++ are of course never
|
|
||||||
`X_wrap` objects.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Another approach to this requires you to change your C++ code a bit;
|
|
||||||
if that's an option for you it might be a better way to go. work we've
|
|
||||||
been meaning to get to anyway. When a `shared_ptr<X>` is
|
|
||||||
converted from Python, the shared_ptr actually manages a reference to the
|
|
||||||
containing Python object. When a shared_ptr<X> is converted back to
|
|
||||||
Python, the library checks to see if it's one of those "Python object
|
|
||||||
managers" and if so just returns the original Python object. So you could
|
|
||||||
just write `object(p)` to get the Python object back. To
|
|
||||||
exploit this you'd have to be able to change the C++ code you're wrapping
|
|
||||||
so that it deals with shared_ptr instead of raw pointers.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There are other approaches too. The functions that receive the Python
|
|
||||||
object that you eventually want to return could be wrapped with a thin
|
|
||||||
wrapper that records the correspondence between the object address and
|
|
||||||
its containing Python object, and you could have your f_wrap function
|
|
||||||
look in that mapping to get the Python object out.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section How can I wrap a function which needs to take ownership of a raw pointer?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[*Q:] Part of an API that I'm wrapping goes something like this:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
struct A {}; struct B { void add( A* ); }
|
|
||||||
where B::add() takes ownership of the pointer passed to it.
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
However:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
a = mod.A()
|
|
||||||
b = mod.B()
|
|
||||||
b.add( a )
|
|
||||||
del a
|
|
||||||
del b
|
|
||||||
# python interpreter crashes
|
|
||||||
# later due to memory corruption.
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Even binding the lifetime of a to b via `with_custodian_and_ward` doesn't prevent
|
|
||||||
the python object a from ultimately trying to delete the object it's pointing to.
|
|
||||||
Is there a way to accomplish a 'transfer-of-ownership' of a wrapped C++ object?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--Bruce Lowery
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Yes: Make sure the C++ object is held by auto_ptr:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
class_<A, std::auto_ptr<A> >("A")
|
|
||||||
...
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
Then make a thin wrapper function which takes an auto_ptr parameter:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
void b_insert(B &b, std::auto_ptr<A> a)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
b.insert(a.get());
|
|
||||||
a.release();
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
Wrap that as B.add. Note that pointers returned via `manage_new_object`
|
|
||||||
will also be held by `auto_ptr`, so this transfer-of-ownership
|
|
||||||
will also work correctly.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Compilation takes too much time and eats too much memory!
|
|
||||||
What can I do to make it faster?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Please refer to the `Reducing Compiling Time` section in the _tutorial_.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section How do I create sub-packages using Boost.Python?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Please refer to the `Creating Packages` section in the _tutorial_.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you see Microsoft Visual C++ 7.1 (MS Visual Studio .NET 2003) issue
|
|
||||||
an error message like the following it is most likely due to a bug
|
|
||||||
in the compiler:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
boost\boost\python\detail\invoke.hpp(76):
|
|
||||||
error C2064: term does not evaluate to a function taking 2 arguments"
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
This message is triggered by code like the following:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
#include <boost/python.hpp>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
using namespace boost::python;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class FXThread
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
public:
|
|
||||||
bool setAutoDelete(bool doso) throw();
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
void Export_FXThread()
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
class_< FXThread >("FXThread")
|
|
||||||
.def("setAutoDelete", &FXThread::setAutoDelete)
|
|
||||||
;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
The bug is related to the `throw()` modifier.
|
|
||||||
As a workaround cast off the modifier. E.g.:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
.def("setAutoDelete", (bool (FXThread::*)(bool)) &FXThread::setAutoDelete)
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
(The bug has been reported to Microsoft.)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section How can I automatically convert my custom string type to and from a Python string?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve provides these notes:/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Below is a small, self-contained demo extension module that shows
|
|
||||||
how to do this. Here is the corresponding trivial test:
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
import custom_string
|
|
||||||
assert custom_string.hello() == "Hello world."
|
|
||||||
assert custom_string.size("california") == 10
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
If you look at the code you will find:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* A custom `to_python` converter (easy):
|
|
||||||
`custom_string_to_python_str`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*A custom lvalue converter (needs more code):
|
|
||||||
`custom_string_from_python_str`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The custom converters are registered in the global Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
registry near the top of the module initialization function. Once
|
|
||||||
flow control has passed through the registration code the automatic
|
|
||||||
conversions from and to Python strings will work in any module
|
|
||||||
imported in the same process.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
#include <boost/python/module.hpp>
|
|
||||||
#include <boost/python/def.hpp>
|
|
||||||
#include <boost/python/to_python_converter.hpp>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
namespace sandbox { namespace {
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
class custom_string
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
public:
|
|
||||||
custom_string() {}
|
|
||||||
custom_string(std::string const &value) : value_(value) {}
|
|
||||||
std::string const &value() const { return value_; }
|
|
||||||
private:
|
|
||||||
std::string value_;
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
struct custom_string_to_python_str
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
static PyObject* convert(custom_string const &s)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
return boost::python::incref(boost::python::object(s.value()).ptr());
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
struct custom_string_from_python_str
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
custom_string_from_python_str()
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
boost::python::converter::registry::push_back(
|
|
||||||
&convertible,
|
|
||||||
&construct,
|
|
||||||
boost::python::type_id<custom_string>());
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
static void* convertible(PyObject* obj_ptr)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
if (!PyString_Check(obj_ptr)) return 0;
|
|
||||||
return obj_ptr;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
static void construct(
|
|
||||||
PyObject* obj_ptr,
|
|
||||||
boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_stage1_data* data)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
const char* value = PyString_AsString(obj_ptr);
|
|
||||||
if (value == 0) boost::python::throw_error_already_set();
|
|
||||||
void* storage = (
|
|
||||||
(boost::python::converter::rvalue_from_python_storage<custom_string>*)
|
|
||||||
data)->storage.bytes;
|
|
||||||
new (storage) custom_string(value);
|
|
||||||
data->convertible = storage;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
};
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
custom_string hello() { return custom_string("Hello world."); }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
std::size_t size(custom_string const &s) { return s.value().size(); }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
void init_module()
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
using namespace boost::python;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
boost::python::to_python_converter<
|
|
||||||
custom_string,
|
|
||||||
custom_string_to_python_str>();
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
custom_string_from_python_str();
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
def("hello", hello);
|
|
||||||
def("size", size);
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}} // namespace sandbox::<anonymous>
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(custom_string)
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
sandbox::init_module();
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Why is my automatic to-python conversion not being found?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you define custom converters similar to the ones
|
|
||||||
shown above the `def_readonly()` and `def_readwrite()`
|
|
||||||
member functions provided by `boost::python::class_` for
|
|
||||||
direct access to your member data will not work as expected.
|
|
||||||
This is because `def_readonly("bar",&foo::bar)` is
|
|
||||||
equivalent to:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
.add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference()))
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
Similarly, `def_readwrite("bar",&foo::bar)` is
|
|
||||||
equivalent to:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
.add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference()),
|
|
||||||
make_setter(&foo::bar, return_internal_reference())
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
In order to define return value policies compatible with the
|
|
||||||
custom conversions replace `def_readonly()` and
|
|
||||||
`def_readwrite()` by `add_property()`. E.g.:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
.add_property("bar", make_getter(&foo::bar, return_value_policy<return_by_value>()),
|
|
||||||
make_setter(&foo::bar, return_value_policy<return_by_value>()))
|
|
||||||
``
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
[section Is Boost.Python thread-aware/compatible with multiple interpreters?]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/Niall Douglas provides these notes:/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The quick answer to this is: no.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The longer answer is that it can be patched to be so, but it's
|
|
||||||
complex. You will need to add custom lock/unlock wrapping of every
|
|
||||||
time your code enters Boost.Python (particularly every virtual
|
|
||||||
function override) plus heavily modify
|
|
||||||
`boost/python/detail/invoke.hpp` with custom unlock/lock
|
|
||||||
wrapping of every time Boost.Python enters your code. You must
|
|
||||||
furthermore take care to /not/ unlock/lock when Boost.Python
|
|
||||||
is invoking iterator changes via `invoke.hpp`.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There is a patched `invoke.hpp` posted on the C++-SIG
|
|
||||||
mailing list archives and you can find a real implementation of all
|
|
||||||
the machinery necessary to fully implement this in the TnFOX
|
|
||||||
project at [@http://sourceforge.net/projects/tnfox/ this]
|
|
||||||
SourceForge project location.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[endsect]
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
[chapter Glossary
|
|
||||||
[quickbook 1.7]
|
|
||||||
[id glossary]
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[variablelist
|
|
||||||
[[arity [#arity]]
|
|
||||||
[The number of argumnts accepted by a function or member function.
|
|
||||||
Unless otherwise specified, the hidden `this` argument to member
|
|
||||||
functions is not counted when specifying arity.]]
|
|
||||||
[[ntbs [#ntbs]]
|
|
||||||
[Null-Terminated Byte String, or 'C'-string. C++ string literals are *ntbs*\ es.
|
|
||||||
An *ntbs* must never be null.]]
|
|
||||||
[[raise [#raise]]
|
|
||||||
[Exceptions in Python are "raised", not "thrown", as they are in C++.
|
|
||||||
When this documentation says that some Python exception is "raised" in
|
|
||||||
the context of C++ code, it means that the corresponding Python exception
|
|
||||||
is set via the [@http://www.python.org/doc/current/api/exceptionHandling.html Python/'C' API],
|
|
||||||
and `throw_error_already_set()` is called.]]
|
|
||||||
[[POD [#pod]]
|
|
||||||
[A technical term from the C++ standard. Short for "Plain Ol'Data":
|
|
||||||
A POD-struct is an aggregate class that has no non-static data members
|
|
||||||
of type pointer to member, non-POD-struct, non-POD-union (or array of such
|
|
||||||
types) or reference, and has no user-defined copy assign- ment operator and
|
|
||||||
no user-defined destructor. Similarly, a POD-union is an aggregate union that
|
|
||||||
has no non-static data members of type pointer to member, non-POD-struct,
|
|
||||||
non-POD-union (or array of such types) or reference, and has no
|
|
||||||
user-defined copy assignment operator and no user-defined destructor. A
|
|
||||||
POD class is a class that is either a POD-struct or a POD-union. An
|
|
||||||
aggregate is an array or a class (clause 9) with no user-declared
|
|
||||||
constructors (12.1), no private or protected non-static data members
|
|
||||||
(clause 11), no base classes (clause 10), and no virtual functions
|
|
||||||
(10.3).]]
|
|
||||||
[[ODR [#odr]]
|
|
||||||
[The "One Definition Rule", which says that any entity in a C++ program must have
|
|
||||||
the same definition in all translation units (object files) which make up a program.]]
|
|
||||||
]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Copyright 2002 William E. Kempf
|
|
||||||
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompany-
|
|
||||||
ing file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
H1
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
FONT-SIZE: 200%;
|
|
||||||
COLOR: #00008B;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
H2
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
FONT-SIZE: 150%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
H3
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
FONT-SIZE: 125%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
H4
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
FONT-SIZE: 108%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
BODY
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
FONT-SIZE: 100%;
|
|
||||||
BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff;
|
|
||||||
COLOR: #000000;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
PRE
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
MARGIN-LEFT: 2em;
|
|
||||||
FONT-FAMILY: Courier,
|
|
||||||
monospace;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
CODE
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
FONT-FAMILY: Courier,
|
|
||||||
monospace;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
CODE.as_pre
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
white-space: pre;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
.index
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
TEXT-ALIGN: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
.page-index
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
TEXT-ALIGN: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
.definition
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
TEXT-ALIGN: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
.footnote
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
FONT-SIZE: 66%;
|
|
||||||
VERTICAL-ALIGN: super;
|
|
||||||
TEXT-DECORATION: none;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
.function-semantics
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
CLEAR: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,700 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Copyright (c) 2004 Joel de Guzman
|
|
||||||
http://spirit.sourceforge.net/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Copyright 2013 Niall Douglas additions for colors and alignment.
|
|
||||||
Copyright 2013 Paul A. Bristow additions for more colors and alignments.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompany-
|
|
||||||
ing file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Body defaults
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
body
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 1em;
|
|
||||||
font-family: sans-serif;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Paragraphs
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.15;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Program listings
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Code on paragraphs */
|
|
||||||
p tt.computeroutput
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
pre.synopsis
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.programlisting,
|
|
||||||
.screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
display: block;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Program listings in tables don't get borders */
|
|
||||||
td .programlisting,
|
|
||||||
td .screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Headings
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em;
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1 { font-size: 140%; }
|
|
||||||
h2 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 140%; }
|
|
||||||
h3 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 130%; }
|
|
||||||
h4 { font-weight: bold; font-size: 120%; }
|
|
||||||
h5 { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 110%; }
|
|
||||||
h6 { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; font-size: 100%; }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Top page titles */
|
|
||||||
title,
|
|
||||||
h1.title,
|
|
||||||
h2.title
|
|
||||||
h3.title,
|
|
||||||
h4.title,
|
|
||||||
h5.title,
|
|
||||||
h6.title,
|
|
||||||
.refentrytitle
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 1pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1.title { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
h2.title { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
h3.title { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
h4.title { font-size: 120% }
|
|
||||||
h5.title { font-size: 110% }
|
|
||||||
h6.title { font-size: 100% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.section h1
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 140%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.section h2 { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
.section h3 { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
.section h4 { font-size: 120% }
|
|
||||||
.section h5 { font-size: 110% }
|
|
||||||
.section h6 { font-size: 100% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Code on titles */
|
|
||||||
h1 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
h2 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 140% }
|
|
||||||
h3 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
h4 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
h5 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
h6 tt.computeroutput { font-size: 130% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Author
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h3.author
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 100%
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Lists
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
li
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.3;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Unordered lists */
|
|
||||||
ul
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Ordered lists */
|
|
||||||
ol
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Links
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a:hover
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: underline;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Spirit style navigation
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.spirit-nav
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.spirit-nav a
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: white;
|
|
||||||
padding-left: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.spirit-nav img
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border-width: 0px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Copyright footer
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
.copyright-footer
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 70%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.copyright-footer p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Table of contents
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.toc
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.1pc 1pc 0.1pc 1pc;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.15;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.boost-toc
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
float: right;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Code on toc */
|
|
||||||
.toc .computeroutput { font-size: 120% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* No margin on nested menus */
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.toc dl dl { margin: 0; }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Tables
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.table-title,
|
|
||||||
div.table p.title
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding-right: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
padding-left: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.informaltable table,
|
|
||||||
.table table
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
width: 92%;
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 4%;
|
|
||||||
margin-right: 4%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table,
|
|
||||||
div.table table
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 4px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Table Cells */
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr td,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr th,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr th
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
border: 1pt solid white;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table.simplelist
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
width: auto !important;
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em !important;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0em !important;
|
|
||||||
border: none !important;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
table.simplelist td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em !important;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0em !important;
|
|
||||||
text-align: left !important;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt !important;
|
|
||||||
border: none !important;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Blurbs
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.note,
|
|
||||||
div.tip,
|
|
||||||
div.important,
|
|
||||||
div.caution,
|
|
||||||
div.warning,
|
|
||||||
p.blurb
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt; /* A little bit smaller than the main text */
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.2;
|
|
||||||
display: block;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.blurb img
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 1pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Variable Lists
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 1em 0;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Make the terms in definition lists bold */
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist dl dt,
|
|
||||||
span.term
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist table tbody tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: top;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0em 2em 0em 0em;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist dl dt
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0.2em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist dl dd
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 2em;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist table tbody tr td p,
|
|
||||||
div.variablelist dl dd p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Misc
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Title of books and articles in bibliographies */
|
|
||||||
span.title
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-style: italic;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
span.underline
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: underline;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
span.strikethrough
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: line-through;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
|
|
||||||
div div.legalnotice p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Colors
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@media screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
body {
|
|
||||||
background-color: #FFFFFF;
|
|
||||||
color: #000000;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Syntax Highlighting */
|
|
||||||
.keyword { color: #0000AA; }
|
|
||||||
.identifier { color: #000000; }
|
|
||||||
.special { color: #707070; }
|
|
||||||
.preprocessor { color: #402080; }
|
|
||||||
.char { color: teal; }
|
|
||||||
.comment { color: #800000; }
|
|
||||||
.string { color: teal; }
|
|
||||||
.number { color: teal; }
|
|
||||||
.white_bkd { background-color: #FFFFFF; }
|
|
||||||
.dk_grey_bkd { background-color: #999999; }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Links */
|
|
||||||
a, a .keyword, a .identifier, a .special, a .preprocessor
|
|
||||||
a .char, a .comment, a .string, a .number
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #005a9c;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a:visited, a:visited .keyword, a:visited .identifier,
|
|
||||||
a:visited .special, a:visited .preprocessor a:visited .char,
|
|
||||||
a:visited .comment, a:visited .string, a:visited .number
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #9c5a9c;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1 a, h2 a, h3 a, h4 a, h5 a, h6 a,
|
|
||||||
h1 a:hover, h2 a:hover, h3 a:hover, h4 a:hover, h5 a:hover, h6 a:hover,
|
|
||||||
h1 a:visited, h2 a:visited, h3 a:visited, h4 a:visited, h5 a:visited, h6 a:visited
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: none; /* no underline */
|
|
||||||
color: #000000;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Copyright, Legal Notice */
|
|
||||||
.copyright
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #666666;
|
|
||||||
font-size: small;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div div.legalnotice p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #666666;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Program listing */
|
|
||||||
pre.synopsis
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.programlisting,
|
|
||||||
.screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
td .programlisting,
|
|
||||||
td .screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Blurbs */
|
|
||||||
div.note,
|
|
||||||
div.tip,
|
|
||||||
div.important,
|
|
||||||
div.caution,
|
|
||||||
div.warning,
|
|
||||||
p.blurb
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Table of contents */
|
|
||||||
div.toc
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Tables */
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr td,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr th,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr th
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
background-color: #F0F0F0;
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.copyright-footer
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #8F8F8F;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Misc */
|
|
||||||
span.highlight
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: #00A000;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@media print
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
/* Links */
|
|
||||||
a
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: black;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a:visited
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
color: black;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.spirit-nav
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: none;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Program listing */
|
|
||||||
pre.synopsis
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.programlisting,
|
|
||||||
.screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
td .programlisting,
|
|
||||||
td .screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 0px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Table of contents */
|
|
||||||
div.toc
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.informaltable table,
|
|
||||||
.table table
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
border-collapse: collapse;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Tables */
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr td,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.informaltable table tr th,
|
|
||||||
div.table table tr th
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid gray;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table.simplelist tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: none !important;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Misc */
|
|
||||||
span.highlight
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Images
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
span.inlinemediaobject img
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: middle;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*==============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Super and Subscript: style so that line spacing isn't effected, see
|
|
||||||
http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/communityengine/index.cfm?event=showdetails&productId=1&postId=5341
|
|
||||||
==============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sup,
|
|
||||||
sub {
|
|
||||||
height: 0;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1;
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: baseline;
|
|
||||||
position: relative;
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* For internet explorer: */
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* html sup,
|
|
||||||
* html sub {
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: bottom;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sup {
|
|
||||||
bottom: 1ex;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
sub {
|
|
||||||
top: .5ex;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*==============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Indexes: pretty much the same as the TOC.
|
|
||||||
==============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
padding-top: 0px;
|
|
||||||
padding-bottom: 0px;
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0px;
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0px;
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 0px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index ul
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding-left: 3em;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index p
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 2px;
|
|
||||||
margin: 2px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index-entry-level-0
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.index em
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*==============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Alignment and coloring use 'role' feature, available from Quickbook 1.6 up.
|
|
||||||
Added from Niall Douglas for role color and alignment.
|
|
||||||
http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.lib.boost.devel/243318
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Add text alignment (see http://www.w3schools.com/cssref/pr_text_text-align.asp) */
|
|
||||||
span.aligncenter
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: center;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
span.alignright
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
/* alignleft is the default. */
|
|
||||||
span.alignleft
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: inline-block; width: 100%; text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* alignjustify stretches the word spacing so that each line has equal width
|
|
||||||
within a chosen fraction of page width (here arbitrarily 20%).
|
|
||||||
*Not* useful inside table items as the column width remains the total string width.
|
|
||||||
Nor very useful, except to temporarily restrict the width.
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
span.alignjustify
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
display: inline-block; width: 20%; text-align: justify;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Text colors.
|
|
||||||
Names at http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-css3-color-20020219/ 4.3. X11 color keywords.
|
|
||||||
Quickbook Usage: [role red Some red text]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
span.red { inline-block; color: red; }
|
|
||||||
span.green { color: green; }
|
|
||||||
span.lime { color: #00FF00; }
|
|
||||||
span.blue { color: blue; }
|
|
||||||
span.navy { color: navy; }
|
|
||||||
span.yellow { color: yellow; }
|
|
||||||
span.magenta { color: magenta; }
|
|
||||||
span.indigo { color: #4B0082; }
|
|
||||||
span.cyan { color: cyan; }
|
|
||||||
span.purple { color: purple; }
|
|
||||||
span.gold { color: gold; }
|
|
||||||
span.silver { color: silver; } /* lighter gray */
|
|
||||||
span.gray { color: #808080; } /* light gray */
|
|
||||||
@@ -1,275 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
/*
|
|
||||||
:Author: David Goodger
|
|
||||||
:Contact: goodger@python.org
|
|
||||||
:Date: $Date$
|
|
||||||
:Revision: $Revision$
|
|
||||||
:Copyright: This stylesheet has been placed in the public domain.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Default cascading style sheet for the HTML output of Docutils.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
See http://docutils.sf.net/docs/howto/html-stylesheets.html for how to
|
|
||||||
customize this style sheet.
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* used to remove borders from tables and images */
|
|
||||||
.borderless, table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
|
|
||||||
border: 0 }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table.borderless td, table.borderless th {
|
|
||||||
/* Override padding for "table.docutils td" with "! important".
|
|
||||||
The right padding separates the table cells. */
|
|
||||||
padding: 0 0.5em 0 0 ! important }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.first {
|
|
||||||
/* Override more specific margin styles with "! important". */
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0 ! important }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.last, .with-subtitle {
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0 ! important }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.hidden {
|
|
||||||
display: none }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
a.toc-backref {
|
|
||||||
text-decoration: none ;
|
|
||||||
color: black }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
blockquote.epigraph {
|
|
||||||
margin: 2em 5em ; }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
dl.docutils dd {
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0.5em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Uncomment (and remove this text!) to get bold-faced definition list terms
|
|
||||||
dl.docutils dt {
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold }
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.abstract {
|
|
||||||
margin: 2em 5em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.abstract p.topic-title {
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold ;
|
|
||||||
text-align: center }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.admonition, div.attention, div.caution, div.danger, div.error,
|
|
||||||
div.hint, div.important, div.note, div.tip, div.warning {
|
|
||||||
margin: 2em ;
|
|
||||||
border: medium outset ;
|
|
||||||
padding: 1em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.admonition p.admonition-title, div.hint p.admonition-title,
|
|
||||||
div.important p.admonition-title, div.note p.admonition-title,
|
|
||||||
div.tip p.admonition-title {
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold ;
|
|
||||||
font-family: sans-serif }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.attention p.admonition-title, div.caution p.admonition-title,
|
|
||||||
div.danger p.admonition-title, div.error p.admonition-title,
|
|
||||||
div.warning p.admonition-title {
|
|
||||||
color: red ;
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold ;
|
|
||||||
font-family: sans-serif }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Uncomment (and remove this text!) to get reduced vertical space in
|
|
||||||
compound paragraphs.
|
|
||||||
div.compound .compound-first, div.compound .compound-middle {
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0.5em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.compound .compound-last, div.compound .compound-middle {
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0.5em }
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.dedication {
|
|
||||||
margin: 2em 5em ;
|
|
||||||
text-align: center ;
|
|
||||||
font-style: italic }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.dedication p.topic-title {
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold ;
|
|
||||||
font-style: normal }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.figure {
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 2em ;
|
|
||||||
margin-right: 2em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.footer, div.header {
|
|
||||||
clear: both;
|
|
||||||
font-size: smaller }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.line-block {
|
|
||||||
display: block ;
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 1em ;
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 1em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.line-block div.line-block {
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0 ;
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0 ;
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 1.5em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.sidebar {
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 1em ;
|
|
||||||
border: medium outset ;
|
|
||||||
padding: 1em ;
|
|
||||||
background-color: #ffffee ;
|
|
||||||
width: 40% ;
|
|
||||||
float: right ;
|
|
||||||
clear: right }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.sidebar p.rubric {
|
|
||||||
font-family: sans-serif ;
|
|
||||||
font-size: medium }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.system-messages {
|
|
||||||
margin: 5em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.system-messages h1 {
|
|
||||||
color: red }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.system-message {
|
|
||||||
border: medium outset ;
|
|
||||||
padding: 1em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.system-message p.system-message-title {
|
|
||||||
color: red ;
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.topic {
|
|
||||||
margin: 2em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1.section-subtitle, h2.section-subtitle, h3.section-subtitle,
|
|
||||||
h4.section-subtitle, h5.section-subtitle, h6.section-subtitle {
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0.4em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h1.title {
|
|
||||||
text-align: center }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h2.subtitle {
|
|
||||||
text-align: center }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
hr.docutils {
|
|
||||||
width: 75% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
img.align-left {
|
|
||||||
clear: left }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
img.align-right {
|
|
||||||
clear: right }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ol.simple, ul.simple {
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 1em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ol.arabic {
|
|
||||||
list-style: decimal }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ol.loweralpha {
|
|
||||||
list-style: lower-alpha }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ol.upperalpha {
|
|
||||||
list-style: upper-alpha }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ol.lowerroman {
|
|
||||||
list-style: lower-roman }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
ol.upperroman {
|
|
||||||
list-style: upper-roman }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.attribution {
|
|
||||||
text-align: right ;
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 50% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.caption {
|
|
||||||
font-style: italic }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.credits {
|
|
||||||
font-style: italic ;
|
|
||||||
font-size: smaller }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.label {
|
|
||||||
white-space: nowrap }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.rubric {
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold ;
|
|
||||||
font-size: larger ;
|
|
||||||
color: maroon ;
|
|
||||||
text-align: center }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.sidebar-title {
|
|
||||||
font-family: sans-serif ;
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold ;
|
|
||||||
font-size: larger }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.sidebar-subtitle {
|
|
||||||
font-family: sans-serif ;
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
p.topic-title {
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
pre.address {
|
|
||||||
margin-bottom: 0 ;
|
|
||||||
margin-top: 0 ;
|
|
||||||
font-family: serif ;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 100% }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
pre.literal-block, pre.doctest-block {
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 2em ;
|
|
||||||
margin-right: 2em }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
span.classifier {
|
|
||||||
font-family: sans-serif ;
|
|
||||||
font-style: oblique }
|
|
||||||
|
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<path style="&st3;" d="M41.1,25.6c0.3,0,0.3-0.3,0.2-0.5L24.4,8.4c-0.5-0.5-0.7-0.4-1,0L6.7,25.1c-0.1,0.1-0.1,0.4,0.1,0.4h10v13.6c0,0.3,0.2,0.5,0.4,0.5l13.3,0c0.3,0,0.5-0.2,0.5-0.5V25.5l10.1,0.1z"/>
|
|
||||||
</g>
|
|
||||||
</g>
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|
||||||
<g id="crop_x0020_marks" style="&st2;">
|
|
||||||
<path style="&st0;" d="M48,48H0V0h48v48z"/>
|
|
||||||
</g>
|
|
||||||
</svg>
|
|
||||||
|
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Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 1.1 KiB |
Binary file not shown.
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 1.2 KiB |
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
|
|
||||||
<!-- Generator: Adobe Illustrator 9.0, SVG Export Plug-In -->
|
|
||||||
<!DOCTYPE svg [
|
|
||||||
<!ENTITY st0 "fill:#000000;stroke:#FFFFFF;stroke-width:7.9139;stroke-linejoin:round;">
|
|
||||||
<!ENTITY st1 "fill-rule:nonzero;clip-rule:nonzero;fill:#FFFFFF;stroke:#000000;stroke-miterlimit:4;">
|
|
||||||
<!ENTITY st2 "fill:none;stroke:none;">
|
|
||||||
<!ENTITY st3 "fill:#000000;">
|
|
||||||
<!ENTITY st4 "fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;stroke:none;">
|
|
||||||
<!ENTITY st5 "fill-rule:nonzero;clip-rule:nonzero;stroke:#000000;stroke-miterlimit:4;">
|
|
||||||
]>
|
|
||||||
<svg width="48pt" height="48pt" viewBox="0 0 48 48" xml:space="preserve" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
|
|
||||||
<g id="Layer_x0020_4" style="&st1;">
|
|
||||||
<g style="&st4;">
|
|
||||||
<path style="&st0;" d="M16.4,42.3L5.7,31.6V16.4L16.4,5.7h15.2l10.7,10.7v15.2L31.6,42.3H16.4z"/>
|
|
||||||
<path style="&st3;" d="M16.4,42.3L5.7,31.6V16.4L16.4,5.7h15.2l10.7,10.7v15.2L31.6,42.3H16.4z"/>
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|
||||||
<path d="M11.7,17.7l18.7,18.7l5.9-5.9L17.6,11.7l-5.9,5.9z"/>
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|
||||||
<path d="M11.7,30.5l5.9,5.9l18.7-18.7l-5.9-5.9L11.7,30.5z"/>
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</g>
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|
||||||
</g>
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|
||||||
<g id="crop_x0020_marks" style="&st5;">
|
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<path style="&st2;" d="M48,48H0V0h48v48z"/>
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||||||
</g>
|
|
||||||
</svg>
|
|
||||||
|
Before Width: | Height: | Size: 1.1 KiB |
149
doc/html/rst.css
149
doc/html/rst.css
@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
@import url("boostbook.css");
|
|
||||||
@import url("docutils.css");
|
|
||||||
/* Copyright David Abrahams 2006. Distributed under the Boost
|
|
||||||
Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
|
|
||||||
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
dl.docutils dt {
|
|
||||||
font-weight: bold }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
img.boost-logo {
|
|
||||||
border: none;
|
|
||||||
vertical-align: middle
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
pre.literal-block span.concept {
|
|
||||||
font-style: italic;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.nav {
|
|
||||||
display: inline;
|
|
||||||
list-style-type: none;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.prevpage {
|
|
||||||
padding-top: -5px;
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
float: left;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.nextpage {
|
|
||||||
padding-top: -20px;
|
|
||||||
text-align: right;
|
|
||||||
float: right;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
div.small {
|
|
||||||
font-size: smaller }
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
h2 a {
|
|
||||||
font-size: 90%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
h3 a {
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
h4 a {
|
|
||||||
font-size: 70%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
h5 a {
|
|
||||||
font-size: 60%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
dl,table
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 10pt;
|
|
||||||
line-height: 1.15;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/*=============================================================================
|
|
||||||
Tables
|
|
||||||
=============================================================================*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* The only clue docutils gives us that tables are logically tables,
|
|
||||||
and not, e.g., footnotes, is that they have border="1". Therefore
|
|
||||||
we're keying off of that. We used to manually patch docutils to
|
|
||||||
add a "table" class to all logical tables, but that proved much too
|
|
||||||
fragile.
|
|
||||||
*/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table[border="1"]
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
width: 92%;
|
|
||||||
margin-left: 4%;
|
|
||||||
margin-right: 4%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table[border="1"]
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 4px;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Table Cells */
|
|
||||||
table[border="1"] tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
text-align: left;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table[border="1"] tr th
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;
|
|
||||||
border: 1pt solid white;
|
|
||||||
font-size: 80%;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@media screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Tables */
|
|
||||||
table[border="1"] tr td
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
table[border="1"] tr th
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
background-color: #F0F0F0;
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
pre,
|
|
||||||
.screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 1px solid #DCDCDC;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
td pre
|
|
||||||
td .screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 0px
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
.sidebar pre
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
border: 0px
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
pre,
|
|
||||||
.screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
font-size: 9pt;
|
|
||||||
display: block;
|
|
||||||
margin: 1pc 4% 0pc 4%;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc 0.5pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
/* Program listings in tables don't get borders */
|
|
||||||
td pre,
|
|
||||||
td .screen
|
|
||||||
{
|
|
||||||
margin: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
|
|
||||||
padding: 0pc 0pc 0pc 0pc;
|
|
||||||
}
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Some files were not shown because too many files have changed in this diff Show More
Reference in New Issue
Block a user