== `environment.hpp`
[#environment]

=== `environment`

The `environment` header provides facilities to maniuplate the current environment and set it for new processes.


An environment is a a `range` of `T` fulfilling these requirements:

For `T value`
  *  - std::get<0>(value) must return a type comparable to `key_view`.
  *  - std::get<1>(value) must return a type convertible to `value_view`.

[source,cpp]
----

// Namespace for information and functions regarding the calling process.
namespace environment
{

// A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment keys.
/* Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
 *
 * Windows treats keys as case-insensitive yet perserving. The char traits are made to reflect
 * that behaviour.
*/
tempalte<typename Char>
using key_char_traits = implementation_defined ;

// A char traits type that reflects the OS rules for string representing environment values.
/* Can be an alias of std::char_traits. May only be defined for `char` and `wchar_t`.
*/
tempalte<typename Char>
using value_char_traits = implementation_defined ;

// The character type used by the environment. Either `char` or `wchar_t`.
using char_type = implementation_defined ;

// The equal character in an environment string used to separate key and value.
constexpr char_type equality_sign = implementation_defined;

// The delimiter in environemtn lists. Commonly used by the `PATH` variable.
constexpr char_type delimiter = implementation_defined;

// The native handle of an environment. Note that this can be an owning pointer and is generally not thread safe.
using native_handle = implementation_defined;


// A forward iterator over string_view used by a value or value_view to iterator through environments that are lists.
struct value_iterator;

// A view type for a key of an environment
struct key_view
{
    using value_type       = char_type;
    using traits_type      = key_char_traits<char_type>;
    using string_view_type = basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type>;
    using string_type      = std::basic_string<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>>;

    key_view() noexcept = default;
    key_view( const key_view& p ) = default;
    key_view( key_view&& p ) noexcept = default;
    template<typename Source>
    key_view( const Source& source );
    key_view( const char_type * p);
    key_view(       char_type * p);

    ~key_view() = default;

    key_view& operator=( const key_view& p ) = default;
    key_view& operator=( key_view&& p ) noexcept = default;
    key_view& operator=( string_view_type source );

    void swap( key_view& other ) noexcept;

    string_view_type native() const noexcept;

    operator string_view_type() const;

    int compare( const key_view& p ) const noexcept;
    int compare( string_view_type str ) const;
    int compare( const value_type* s ) const;

    template< class CharT, class Traits = std::char_traits<CharT>,
            class Alloc = std::allocator<CharT> >
    std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Alloc>
    basic_string( const Alloc& alloc = Alloc()) const;

    std::string       string() const;
    std::wstring     wstring() const;

    string_type native_string() const;

    friend bool operator==(key_view l, key_view r);
    friend bool operator!=(key_view l, key_view r);
    friend bool operator<=(key_view l, key_view r);
    friend bool operator>=(key_view l, key_view r);
    friend bool operator< (key_view l, key_view r);
    friend bool operator> (key_view l, key_view r);

    bool empty() const;

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator<<( std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const key_view& p );

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator>>( std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is, key_view& p );

    const value_type * data() const;
    std::size_t size() const;
};

// A view for a value in an environment
struct value_view
{
    using value_type       = char_type;
    using string_view_type = basic_cstring_ref<char_type, value_char_traits<char_type>>;
    using string_type      = std::basic_string<char_type, value_char_traits<char_type>>;
    using traits_type      = value_char_traits<char_type>;

    value_view() noexcept = default;
    value_view( const value_view& p ) = default;
    value_view( value_view&& p ) noexcept = default;
    template<typename Source>
    value_view( const Source& source );
    value_view( const char_type * p);
    value_view(       char_type * p);

    ~value_view() = default;

    value_view& operator=( const value_view& p ) = default;
    value_view& operator=( value_view&& p ) noexcept = default;
    value_view& operator=( string_view_type source );

    void swap( value_view& other ) noexcept;

    string_view_type native() const noexcept ;

    operator string_view_type() const;
    operator typename string_view_type::string_view_type() const;

    int compare( const value_view& p ) const noexcept;
    int compare( string_view_type str ) const;
    int compare( const value_type* s )  const;

    template< class CharT, class Traits = std::char_traits<CharT>,
            class Alloc = std::allocator<CharT> >
    std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Alloc>
    basic_string( const Alloc& alloc = Alloc() ) const;
    std::string string() const;
    std::wstring wstring() const;

    string_type native_string() const;
    bool empty() const;

    friend bool operator==(value_view l, value_view r);
    friend bool operator!=(value_view l, value_view r);
    friend bool operator<=(value_view l, value_view r);
    friend bool operator>=(value_view l, value_view r);
    friend bool operator< (value_view l, value_view r);
    friend bool operator> (value_view l, value_view r);


    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator<<( std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const value_view& p );

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator>>( std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is, value_view& p );
    value_iterator begin() const;
    value_iterator   end() const;

    const char_type * c_str();
    const value_type * data() const;
    std::size_t size() const;
};

// A view for a key value pair in an environment
struct key_value_pair_view
{
  using value_type       = char_type;
  using string_type      = std::basic_string<char_type>;
  using string_view_type = basic_cstring_ref<char_type>;
  using traits_type      = std::char_traits<char_type>;

  key_value_pair_view() noexcept = default;
  key_value_pair_view( const key_value_pair_view& p ) = default;
  key_value_pair_view( key_value_pair_view&& p ) noexcept = default;
  template<typename Source,
           typename = typename std::enable_if<is_constructible<string_view_type, Source>::value>::type>
  key_value_pair_view( const Source& source );

  key_value_pair_view( const char_type * p);
  key_value_pair_view(       char_type * p);


  ~key_value_pair_view() = default;

  key_value_pair_view& operator=( const key_value_pair_view& p ) = default;
  key_value_pair_view& operator=( key_value_pair_view&& p ) noexcept = default;

  void swap( key_value_pair_view& other ) noexcept;

  string_view_type native() const noexcept;

  operator string_view_type() const;
  operator typename string_view_type::string_view_type() const;

  int compare( key_value_pair_view p ) const noexcept;
  int compare( const string_type& str ) const;
  int compare( string_view_type str ) const;
  int compare( const value_type* s ) const;

  template< class CharT, class Traits = std::char_traits<CharT>, class Alloc = std::allocator<CharT> >
  std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Alloc>
  basic_string( const Alloc& alloc = Alloc()) const;
  std::string   string() const;
  std::wstring wstring() const;

  string_type native_string() const;

  bool empty() const;

  key_view key() const;
  value_view value() const;

  friend bool operator==(key_value_pair_view l, key_value_pair_view r);
  friend bool operator!=(key_value_pair_view l, key_value_pair_view r);
  friend bool operator<=(key_value_pair_view l, key_value_pair_view r);
  friend bool operator>=(key_value_pair_view l, key_value_pair_view r);
  friend bool operator< (key_value_pair_view l, key_value_pair_view r);
  friend bool operator> (key_value_pair_view l, key_value_pair_view r);


  template< class CharT, class Traits >
  friend std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
  operator<<( std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const key_value_pair_view& p );

  template< class CharT, class Traits >
  friend std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
  operator>>( std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is, key_value_pair_view& p );

  template<std::size_t Idx>
  inline auto get() const -> typename conditional<Idx == 0u, key_view,
                                                             value_view>::type;
  const value_type * c_str() const noexcept;
  const value_type * data() const;
  std::size_t size() const;

};

// Allow tuple-likg getters & structured bindings.
template<>   key_view key_value_pair_view::get<0u>() const;
template<> value_view key_value_pair_view::get<1u>() const;

// A class representing a key within an environment.
struct key
{
    using value_type       = char_type;
    using traits_type      = key_char_traits<char_type>;
    using string_type      = std::basic_string<char_type, traits_type>;
    using string_view_type = basic_string_view<char_type, traits_type>;

    key();
    key( const key& p ) = default;
    key( key&& p ) noexcept = default;
    key( const string_type& source );
    key( string_type&& source );
    key( const value_type * raw );
    key(       value_type * raw );

    explicit key(key_view kv);


    template< class Source >
    key( const Source& source);

    key(const typename conditional<is_same<value_type, char>::value, wchar_t, char>::type  * raw);

    template< class InputIt >
    key( InputIt first, InputIt last);

    ~key() = default;

    key& operator=( const key& p ) = default;
    key& operator=( key&& p );
    key& operator=( string_type&& source );

    template< class Source >
    key& operator=( const Source& source );

    key& assign( string_type&& source );

    template< class Source >
    key& assign( const Source& source );
    template< class InputIt >
    key& assign( InputIt first, InputIt last );

    void clear();

    void swap( key& other ) noexcept;

    const value_type* c_str() const noexcept;
    const string_type& native() const noexcept;
    string_view_type native_view() const noexcept;

    operator string_type() const;
    operator string_view_type() const;

    int compare( const key& p ) const noexcept;
    int compare( const string_type& str ) const;
    int compare( string_view_type str ) const;
    int compare( const value_type* s ) const;

    template< class CharT, class Traits = std::char_traits<CharT>,
        class Alloc = std::allocator<CharT> >
    std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Alloc>
    basic_string( const Alloc& alloc = Alloc()) const;


    std::string string() const;
    std::wstring wstring() const;

    const string_type & native_string() const;
    bool empty() const;

    friend bool operator==(const key & l, const key & r);
    friend bool operator!=(const key & l, const key & r);
    friend bool operator<=(const key & l, const key & r);
    friend bool operator>=(const key & l, const key & r);
    friend bool operator< (const key & l, const key & r);
    friend bool operator> (const key & l, const key & r);

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator<<( std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const key& p );

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator>>( std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is, key& p );
    const value_type * data() const;
    std::size_t size() const;
};

bool operator==(const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator!=(const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator<=(const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator< (const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator> (const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator>=(const value_view &, const value_view);


struct value
{
    using value_type       = char_type;
    using traits_type      = value_char_traits<char_type>;
    using string_type      = std::basic_string<char_type, traits_type>;
    using string_view_type = basic_cstring_ref<char_type, traits_type>;

    value();
    value( const value& p ) = default;

    value( const string_type& source );
    value( string_type&& source );
    value( const value_type * raw );
    value(       value_type * raw );

    explicit value(value_view kv);

    template< class Source >
    value( const Source& source );
    value(const typename conditional<is_same<value_type, char>::value, wchar_t, char>::type  * raw);

    template< class InputIt >
    value( InputIt first, InputIt last);

    ~value() = default;

    value& operator=( const value& p ) = default;
    value& operator=( value&& p );
    value& operator=( string_type&& source );
    template< class Source >
    value& operator=( const Source& source );

    value& assign( string_type&& source );
    template< class Source >
    value& assign( const Source& source );

    template< class InputIt >
    value& assign( InputIt first, InputIt last );

    void push_back(const value & sv);
    void clear() {value_.clear();}

    void swap( value& other ) noexcept;

    const value_type* c_str() const noexcept;
    const string_type& native() const noexcept;
    string_view_type native_view() const noexcept;

    operator string_type() const;
    operator string_view_type() const;
    operator typename string_view_type::string_view_type() const;

    int compare( const value& p ) const noexcept;
    int compare( const string_type& str ) const;
    int compare( string_view_type str ) const;
    int compare( const value_type* s ) const;

    template< class CharT, class Traits = std::char_traits<CharT>,
            class Alloc = std::allocator<CharT> >
    std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Alloc>
    basic_string( const Alloc& alloc = Alloc()) const;

    std::string string() const;
    std::wstring wstring() const;


    const string_type & native_string() const;

    bool empty() const;

    friend bool operator==(const value & l, const value & r);
    friend bool operator!=(const value & l, const value & r);
    friend bool operator<=(const value & l, const value & r);
    friend bool operator>=(const value & l, const value & r);
    friend bool operator< (const value & l, const value & r);
    friend bool operator> (const value & l, const value & r);

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator<<( std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const value& p );

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator>>( std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is, value& p );

    value_iterator begin() const;
    value_iterator   end() const;
    const value_type * data() const;
    std::size_t size() const;
};


bool operator==(const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator!=(const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator<=(const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator< (const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator> (const value_view &, const value_view);
bool operator>=(const value_view &, const value_view);

struct key_value_pair
{
    using value_type       = char_type;
    using traits_type      = std::char_traits<char_type>;
    using string_type      = std::basic_string<char_type>;
    using string_view_type = basic_cstring_ref<char_type>;

    key_value_pair()l
    key_value_pair( const key_value_pair& p ) = default;
    key_value_pair( key_value_pair&& p ) noexcept = default;
    key_value_pair(key_view key, value_view value);

    key_value_pair(key_view key, std::initializer_list<basic_string_view<char_type>> values);
    key_value_pair( const string_type& source );
    key_value_pair( string_type&& source );
    key_value_pair( const value_type * raw );
    key_value_pair(       value_type * raw );

    explicit key_value_pair(key_value_pair_view kv) : value_(kv.c_str()) {}

    template< class Source >
    key_value_pair( const Source& source);

    template< typename Key,
              typename Value >
    key_value_pair(
         const std::pair<Key, Value> & kv);

    key_value_pair(const typename conditional<is_same<value_type, char>::value, wchar_t, char>::type  * raw);

    template< class InputIt , typename std::iterator_traits<InputIt>::iterator_category>
    key_value_pair( InputIt first, InputIt last );

    ~key_value_pair() = default;

    key_value_pair& operator=( const key_value_pair& p ) = default;
    key_value_pair& operator=( key_value_pair&& p );
    key_value_pair& operator=( string_type&& source );
    template< class Source >
    key_value_pair& operator=( const Source& source );

    key_value_pair& assign( string_type&& source );

    template< class Source >
    key_value_pair& assign( const Source& source );


    template< class InputIt >
    key_value_pair& assign( InputIt first, InputIt last );

    void clear();

    void swap( key_value_pair& other ) noexcept;

    const value_type* c_str() const noexcept;
    const string_type& native() const noexcept;
    string_view_type native_view() const noexcept;

    operator string_type() const;
    operator string_view_type() const;
    operator typename string_view_type::string_view_type() const;
    operator key_value_pair_view() const;

    int compare( const key_value_pair& p ) const noexcept;
    int compare( const string_type& str ) const;
    int compare( string_view_type str ) const;
    int compare( const value_type* s ) const;

    template< class CharT, class Traits = std::char_traits<CharT>, class Alloc = std::allocator<CharT> >
    std::basic_string<CharT,Traits,Alloc>
    basic_string( const Alloc& alloc = Alloc() ) const;
    std::string string() const       {return basic_string<char>();}
    std::wstring wstring() const     {return basic_string<wchar_t>();}

    const string_type & native_string() const;
    friend bool operator==(const key_value_pair & l, const key_value_pair & r);
    friend bool operator!=(const key_value_pair & l, const key_value_pair & r);
    friend bool operator<=(const key_value_pair & l, const key_value_pair & r);
    friend bool operator>=(const key_value_pair & l, const key_value_pair & r);
    friend bool operator< (const key_value_pair & l, const key_value_pair & r);
    friend bool operator> (const key_value_pair & l, const key_value_pair & r);

    bool empty() const;

    struct key_view key() const;
    struct value_view value() const;

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator<<( std::basic_ostream<CharT,Traits>& os, const key_value_pair& p );

    template< class CharT, class Traits >
    friend std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>&
    operator>>( std::basic_istream<CharT,Traits>& is, key_value_pair& p );

    const value_type * data() const;
    std::size_t size() const;

    template<std::size_t Idx>
    inline auto get() const -> typename conditional<Idx == 0u,environment::key_view, environment::value_view>::type;
};

bool operator==(const key_value_pair_view &, const key_value_pair_view);
bool operator!=(const key_value_pair_view &, const key_value_pair_view);
bool operator<=(const key_value_pair_view &, const key_value_pair_view);
bool operator< (const key_value_pair_view &, const key_value_pair_view);
bool operator> (const key_value_pair_view &, const key_value_pair_view);
bool operator>=(const key_value_pair_view &, const key_value_pair_view);


// Allow tuple-likg getters & structured bindings.
template<>
key_view key_value_pair::get<0u>() const;

template<>
value_view key_value_pair::get<1u>() const;

// A view object for the current environment of this process.
/*
 * The view might (windows) or might not (posix) be owning;
 * if it owns it will deallocate the on destruction, like a unique_ptr.
 *
 * Note that accessing the environment in this way is not thread-safe.
 *
 * @code
 *
 * void dump_my_env(current_view env = current())
 * {
 *    for (auto  & [k, v] : env)
 *        std::cout << k.string() << " = "  << v.string() << std::endl;
 * }
 *
 * @endcode
 *
 *
 */
struct current_view
{
    using native_handle_type = environment::native_handle_type;
    using value_type = key_value_pair_view;

    current_view() = default;
    current_view(current_view && nt) = default;

    native_handle_type  native_handle() { return handle_.get(); }

    struct iterator
    {
        using value_type        = key_value_pair_view;
        using difference_type   = int;
        using reference         = key_value_pair_view;
        using pointer           = key_value_pair_view;
        using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;

        iterator() = default;
        iterator(const iterator & ) = default;
        iterator(const native_iterator &native_handle) : iterator_(native_handle) {}

        iterator & operator++()
        {
            iterator_ = detail::next(iterator_);
            return *this;
        }

        iterator operator++(int)
        {
            auto last = *this;
            iterator_ = detail::next(iterator_);
            return last;
        }
        key_value_pair_view operator*() const
        {
            return detail::dereference(iterator_);
        }

        friend bool operator==(const iterator & l, const iterator & r) {return l.iterator_ == r.iterator_;}
        friend bool operator!=(const iterator & l, const iterator & r) {return l.iterator_ != r.iterator_;}

      private:
        environment::native_iterator iterator_;
    };

    iterator begin() const {return iterator(handle_.get());}
    iterator   end() const {return iterator(detail::find_end(handle_.get()));}

 private:

  std::unique_ptr<typename remove_pointer<native_handle_type>::type,
                    detail::native_handle_deleter> handle_{environment::detail::load_native_handle()};
};

// Obtain a handle to the current environment
inline current_view current() {return current_view();}

// Find the home folder in an environment-like type.
/*
 * @param env The environment to search. Defaults to the current environment of this process
 *
 * The environment type passed in must be a range with value T that fulfills the following requirements:
 *
 *  For `T value`
 *
 *  - std::get<0>(value) must return a type comparable to `key_view`.
 *  - std::get<1>(value) must return a type convertible to filesystem::path.
 *
 * @return A filesystem::path to the home directory or an empty path if it cannot be found.
 *
 */
template<typename Environment = current_view>
inline filesystem::path home(Environment && env = current());

// Find the executable `name` in an environment-like type.
template<typename Environment = current_view>
filesystem::path find_executable(BOOST_PROCESS_V2_NAMESPACE::filesystem::path name,
                                 Environment && env = current());

// Get an environment variable from the current process.
value get(const key & k, error_code & ec);
value get(const key & k);
value get(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> k, error_code & ec);
value get(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> k);
value get(const char_type * c, error_code & ec);
value get(const char_type * c);

// Set an environment variable for the current process.
void set(const key & k, value_view vw, error_code & ec);
void set(const key & k, value_view vw);
void set(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> k, value_view vw, error_code & ec);
void set(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> k, value_view vw);
void set(const char_type * k, value_view vw, error_code & ec);
void set(const char_type * k, value_view vw);
template<typename Char>
void set(const key & k, const Char * vw, error_code & ec);
template<typename Char>
void set(const key & k, const Char * vw);
template<typename Char>
void set(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> k, const Char * vw, error_code & ec);
template<typename Char>
void set(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> k, const Char * vw);
template<typename Char>
void set(const char_type * k, const Char * vw, error_code & ec);
template<typename Char>
void set(const char_type * k, const Char * vw);

//  Remove an environment variable from the current process.
void unset(const key & k, error_code & ec);
void unset(const key & k);
void unset(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> k, error_code & ec);
void unset(basic_cstring_ref<char_type, key_char_traits<char_type>> k);
void unset(const char_type * c, error_code & ec);
void unset(const char_type * c);

}
----


=== `process_environment`

In order to set the environment of a child process, `process_environment` can be used.



[source, cpp]
.This will set the environment in a subprocess:
----
process proc{executor, find_executable("printenv"), {"foo"}, process_environment{"foo=bar"}};
----

The environment initializer will persist it's state, so that it can
be used multiple times. Do however note the the Operating System is
allowed to modify the internal state.

[source,cpp]
----
auto exe = find_executable("printenv");
process_environment env = {"FOO=BAR", "BAR=FOO"};

process proc1(executor, exe, {"FOO"}, env);
process proc2(executor, exe, {"BAR"}, env);
----
