diff --git a/include/boost/json/impl/array.ipp b/include/boost/json/impl/array.ipp
index dee3aea0..7e53e3a3 100644
--- a/include/boost/json/impl/array.ipp
+++ b/include/boost/json/impl/array.ipp
@@ -761,20 +761,18 @@ BOOST_JSON_NS_END
 //
 //----------------------------------------------------------
 
-namespace std {
-std::size_t 
-hash<::boost::json::array>::operator()(
-    ::boost::json::array const& ja) const noexcept 
+std::size_t
+std::hash<::boost::json::array>::operator()(
+    ::boost::json::array const& ja) const noexcept
 {
   std::size_t seed = ja.size();
   for (const auto& jv : ja) {
-    seed = boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
-        seed, 
+    seed = ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+        seed,
         std::hash<::boost::json::value>{}(jv));
   }
-  return seed;  
+  return seed;
 };
-}
 
 //----------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/include/boost/json/impl/object.ipp b/include/boost/json/impl/object.ipp
index 9b245404..ca36ab29 100644
--- a/include/boost/json/impl/object.ipp
+++ b/include/boost/json/impl/object.ipp
@@ -829,22 +829,21 @@ BOOST_JSON_NS_END
 //
 //----------------------------------------------------------
 
-namespace std {
-std::size_t 
-hash<::boost::json::object>::operator()(
-    ::boost::json::object const& jo) const noexcept 
+std::size_t
+std::hash<::boost::json::object>::operator()(
+    ::boost::json::object const& jo) const noexcept
 {
     std::size_t seed = jo.size();
     for (const auto& kv_pair : jo) {
-        const auto hk = std::hash<boost::json::string>{}(kv_pair.key());
-        const auto hkv = boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
-            hk, 
-            std::hash<boost::json::value>{}(kv_pair.value()));
-        seed = boost::json::detail::hash_combine_commutative(seed, hkv);
+        auto const hk = ::boost::json::detail::digest(
+            kv_pair.key().data(), kv_pair.key().size(), 0);
+        auto const hkv = ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+            hk,
+            std::hash<::boost::json::value>{}(kv_pair.value()));
+        seed = ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine_commutative(seed, hkv);
     }
     return seed;
 };
-}
 
 //----------------------------------------------------------
 
diff --git a/include/boost/json/impl/value.ipp b/include/boost/json/impl/value.ipp
index 665453db..9e35b99c 100644
--- a/include/boost/json/impl/value.ipp
+++ b/include/boost/json/impl/value.ipp
@@ -501,10 +501,9 @@ BOOST_JSON_NS_END
 //
 //----------------------------------------------------------
 
-namespace std {
-std::size_t 
-hash<::boost::json::value>::operator()(
-    ::boost::json::value const& jv) const noexcept 
+std::size_t
+std::hash<::boost::json::value>::operator()(
+    ::boost::json::value const& jv) const noexcept
 {
   std::size_t seed = static_cast<std::size_t>(jv.kind());
   switch (jv.kind()) {
@@ -512,36 +511,35 @@ hash<::boost::json::value>::operator()(
     case ::boost::json::kind::null:
       return seed;
     case ::boost::json::kind::bool_:
-      return boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
-        seed, 
+      return ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+        seed,
         hash<bool>{}(jv.get_bool()));
     case ::boost::json::kind::int64:
-      return boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
-        seed, 
+      return ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+        seed,
         hash<std::int64_t>{}(jv.get_int64()));
     case ::boost::json::kind::uint64:
-      return boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+      return ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
         static_cast<size_t>(::boost::json::kind::int64),
         hash<std::uint64_t>{}(jv.get_uint64()));
-    case boost::json::kind::double_:
-      return boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
-        seed, 
+    case ::boost::json::kind::double_:
+      return ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+        seed,
         hash<double>{}(jv.get_double()));
     case ::boost::json::kind::string:
-      return boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
-        seed, 
+      return ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+        seed,
         hash<::boost::json::string>{}(jv.get_string()));
     case ::boost::json::kind::array:
-      return boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
-        seed, 
+      return ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+        seed,
         hash<::boost::json::array>{}(jv.get_array()));
     case ::boost::json::kind::object:
-      return boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
-        seed, 
+      return ::boost::json::detail::hash_combine(
+        seed,
         hash<::boost::json::object>{}(jv.get_object()));
   }
 };
-}
 
 //----------------------------------------------------------