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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE library PUBLIC "-//Boost//DTD BoostBook XML V1.0//EN" "http://www.boost.org/tools/boostbook/dtd/boostbook.dtd">
<library id="context" name="Context" dirname="context" last-revision="$Date: 2016/01/12 19:06:39 $"
xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
<libraryinfo>
<authorgroup>
<author>
<firstname>Oliver</firstname> <surname>Kowalke</surname>
</author>
</authorgroup>
<copyright>
<year>2014</year> <holder>Oliver Kowalke</holder>
</copyright>
<legalnotice id="context.legal">
<para>
Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at <ulink url="http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt">http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt</ulink>)
</para>
</legalnotice>
<librarypurpose>
C++ Library for swiching different user ctx
</librarypurpose>
<librarycategory name="category:text"></librarycategory>
</libraryinfo>
<title>Context</title>
<section id="context.overview">
<title><link linkend="context.overview">Overview</link></title>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> is a foundational library that
provides a sort of cooperative multitasking on a single thread. By providing
an abstraction of the current execution state in the current thread, including
the stack (with local variables) and stack pointer, all registers and CPU flags,
and the instruction pointer, a <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> or <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis>
instance represents a specific point in the application's execution path. This
is useful for building higher-level abstractions, like <emphasis>coroutines</emphasis>,
<emphasis>cooperative threads (userland threads)</emphasis> or an equivalent
to <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/9k7k7cf0%28v=vs.80%29.aspx">C#
keyword <emphasis>yield</emphasis></ulink> in C++.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> and <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis>
provide the means to suspend the current execution path and to transfer execution
control, thereby permitting another context to run on the current thread. This
state full transfer mechanism enables a context to suspend execution from within
nested functions and, later, to resume from where it was suspended. While the
execution path represented by a <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> or
<emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> only runs on a single thread, it can
be migrated to another thread at any given time.
</para>
<para>
A context switch between threads requires system calls (involving the OS kernel),
which can cost more than thousand CPU cycles on x86 CPUs. By contrast, transferring
control among them requires only few CPU cycles because it does not involve
system calls as it is done within a single thread.
</para>
<para>
In order to use the classes and functions described here, you can either include
the specific headers specified by the descriptions of each class or function,
or include the master library header:
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">all</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>
which includes all the other headers in turn.
</para>
<para>
All functions and classes are contained in the namespace <emphasis>boost::context</emphasis>.
</para>
<important>
<para>
<emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> requires C++11!
</para>
</important>
</section>
<section id="context.requirements">
<title><link linkend="context.requirements">Requirements</link></title>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> must be built for the particular
compiler(s) and CPU architecture(s)s being targeted. <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis>
includes assembly code and, therefore, requires GNU as and GNU preprocesspr
for supported POSIX systems, MASM for Windows/x86 systems and ARMasm for Windows/arm
systems.
</para>
<note>
<para>
MASM64 (ml64.exe) is a part of Microsoft's Windows Driver Kit.
</para>
</note>
<important>
<para>
Please note that <code><phrase role="identifier">address</phrase><phrase
role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="identifier">model</phrase><phrase
role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">64</phrase></code> must be
given to bjam command line on 64bit Windows for 64bit build; otherwise 32bit
code will be generated.
</para>
</important>
<important>
<para>
For cross-compiling the lib you must specify certain additional properties
at bjam command line: <code><phrase role="identifier">target</phrase><phrase
role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>, <code><phrase
role="identifier">abi</phrase></code>, <code><phrase role="identifier">binary</phrase><phrase
role="special">-</phrase><phrase role="identifier">format</phrase></code>,
<code><phrase role="identifier">architecture</phrase></code> and <code><phrase
role="identifier">address</phrase><phrase role="special">-</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">model</phrase></code>.
</para>
</important>
<important>
<para>
For safe SEH the property 'asmflags=\safeseh' must be specified at bjam command
line.
</para>
</important>
</section>
<section id="context.econtext">
<title><anchor id="econtext"/><link linkend="context.econtext">Class execution_context</link></title>
<para>
Class <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> encapsulates <emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis>
and manages the context' stack (allocation/deallocation).
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> allocates the context stack (using its
<link linkend="stack"><emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis></link> argument)
and creates a control structure on top of it. This structure controls the life
time of the stack. Instances of <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis>, associated
with a specific context, share the ownership of the control structure. If the
last reference goes out of scope, the control structure is destroyed and the
stack gets deallocated via the <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> is copy-constructible, move-constructible,
copy-assignable and move-assignable.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> maintains a static, thread-local pointer
(smart pointer), accessed by <emphasis>execution_context::current()</emphasis>,
pointing to the active context. On each context switch the static thread-local
pointer is updated. The usage of this global pointer makes the context switch
a little bit slower (due access of thread local storage) but has some advantages.
It allows to access the control structure of the current active context from
arbitrary code paths required in order to support segmented stacks, which need
to call certain maintenance functions (__splitstack_getcontext() etc.) before
each context switch (each context switch exchanges the stack). Additionally
the destruction of <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> and thus the stack
deallocation is faster compared to <link linkend="ccontext"><emphasis>captured_context</emphasis></link>.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> expects a function/functor with signature
<code><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code> ( <code><phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase></code>
is the data passed at the first invocation of <link linkend="execution_context_operator_call"> <code>execution_context::operator()()</code></link>).
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.econtext.h0">
<phrase id="context.econtext.usage_of__emphasis_execution_context__emphasis_"/><link
linkend="context.econtext.usage_of__emphasis_execution_context__emphasis_">usage
of <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis></link>
</bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">n</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">35</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">mctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
<phrase role="special">[</phrase><phrase role="identifier">n</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">mctx</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">*)</phrase><phrase role="keyword">mutable</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">while</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">n</phrase><phrase role="special">--&gt;</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">yield</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">auto</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">+</phrase><phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">b</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">next</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">for</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">10</phrase><phrase role="special">;++</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot; &quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="number">0</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase> <phrase role="number">2</phrase> <phrase role="number">3</phrase> <phrase role="number">5</phrase> <phrase role="number">8</phrase> <phrase role="number">13</phrase> <phrase role="number">21</phrase> <phrase role="number">34</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.econtext.h1">
<phrase id="context.econtext.inverting_the_control_flow"/><link linkend="context.econtext.inverting_the_control_flow">inverting
the control flow</link>
</bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="comment">/*
* grammar:
* P ---&gt; E '\0'
* E ---&gt; T {('+'|'-') T}
* T ---&gt; S {('*'|'/') S}
* S ---&gt; digit | '(' E ')'
*/</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// implementation omitted; see examples directory</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">main</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">istringstream</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;1+1&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">exception_ptr</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// create handle to main execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">auto</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">main_ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// execute parser in new execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">parser_ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="number">4096</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase>
<phrase role="special">[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">main_ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">*){</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// create parser with callback function</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase>
<phrase role="special">[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">main_ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">c</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ch</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// resume main execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">main_ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ch</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">try</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// start recursive parsing</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">run</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">catch</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// store other exceptions in exception-pointer</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">except</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// set termination flag</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// resume main execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">main_ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// user-code pulls parsed data from parser</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// invert control flow</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">parser_ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">rethrow_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">while</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">printf</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;Parsed: %c\n&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">,*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">parser_ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">rethrow_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="string">&quot;main: done&quot;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="special">+</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>
In this example a recursive descent parser uses a callback to emit a newly
passed symbol. Using <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> the control flow
can be inverted, e.g. the user-code pulls parsed symbols from the parser -
instead to get pushed from the parser (via callback).
</para>
<para>
The data (character) is transferred between the two <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>
If the code executed by <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> emits an exception,
the application is terminated. <emphasis>std::exception_ptr</emphasis> can
be used to transfer exceptions between different execution contexts.
</para>
<para>
Sometimes it is necessary to unwind the stack of an unfinished context to destroy
local stack variables so they can release allocated resources (RAII pattern).
The user is responsible for this task.
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.econtext.h2">
<phrase id="context.econtext.allocating_control_structures_on_top_of_stack"/><link
linkend="context.econtext.allocating_control_structures_on_top_of_stack">allocating
control structures on top of stack</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
Allocating control structures on top of the stack requires to allocated the
<emphasis>stack_context</emphasis> and create the control structure with placement
new before <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> is created.
</para>
<note>
<para>
The user is responsible for destructing the control structure at the top
of the stack.
</para>
</note>
<programlisting><phrase role="comment">// stack-allocator used for (de-)allocating stack</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="number">4048</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// allocate stack space</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// reserve space for control structure on top of the stack</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">-</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">sizeof</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">-</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">sizeof</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// placement new creates control structure on reserved space</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cs</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">new</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// destructing the control structure</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">cs</phrase><phrase role="special">-&gt;~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ectx</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAllocator</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAllocator</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// create execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ectx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entry_func</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.econtext.h3">
<phrase id="context.econtext.exception_handling"/><link linkend="context.econtext.exception_handling">exception
handling</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
If the function executed inside a <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> emits
ans exception, the application is terminated by calling ['std::terminate().
<emphasis>std::exception_ptr</emphasis> can be used to transfer exceptions
between different execution contexts.
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.econtext.h4">
<phrase id="context.econtext.parameter_passing"/><link linkend="context.econtext.parameter_passing">parameter
passing</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
The void pointer argument passed to <emphasis>execution_context::operator()</emphasis>,
in one context, is passed as the last argument of the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis>
if the context is started for the first time. In all following invocations
of <emphasis>execution_context::operator()</emphasis> the void pointer passed
to <emphasis>execution_context::operator()</emphasis>, in one context, is returned
by <emphasis>execution_context::operator()</emphasis> in the other context.
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">X</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">private</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">exception_ptr</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">caller_</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">callee_</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">public</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">X</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">(),</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">caller_</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">),</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">callee_</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">[=]</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">try</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">str</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">lexical_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">caller_</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">str</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">catch</phrase> <phrase role="special">(...)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">})</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{}</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ret</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">callee_</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">if</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">rethrow_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ret</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">X</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">x</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">x</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="number">7</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="number">7</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.econtext.h5">
<phrase id="context.econtext.class__code__phrase_role__identifier__execution_context__phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.econtext.class__code__phrase_role__identifier__execution_context__phrase___code_">Class
<code><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">public</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">current</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">palloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">explicit</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">nullptr</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">exec_ontop_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">exec_ontop_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">==(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">friend</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">os</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_current_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_current"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_current">Static
member function <code>current</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">current</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Returns an instance of excution_context pointing to the active execution
context.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_constructor_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_constructor"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_constructor">Constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">palloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Creates a new execution context and prepares the context to execute
<code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>. <code><phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase></code>
is used as default stack allocator (stack size == fixedsize_stack::traits::default_size().
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
[[Effects:] [Creates a new execution context and prepares the context to execute
<code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>. Used to store control structures
on top of the stack.]] ]
</para>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_copy constructor_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_copy constructor"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_copy
constructor">Copy constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Copies <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>, e.g. underlying
capture record is shared with <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_move constructor_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_move constructor"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_move
constructor">Move constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Moves underlying capture record to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_copy assignment_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_copy assignment"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_copy
assignment">Copy assignment operator</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Copies the state of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>,
state (capture record) is shared.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_move assignment_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_move assignment"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_move
assignment">Move assignment operator</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Moves the state of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
using move semantics.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_bool_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_bool"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_bool">Member
function <code>operator bool</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">explicit</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> points to a capture record.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_not_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_not"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_not">Member
function <code>operator!</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> does not point to a capture record.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_call_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_call"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_call">Member
function <code>operator()</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">nullptr</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">exec_ontop_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">exec_ontop_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Stores internally the current context data (stack pointer, instruction
pointer, and CPU registers) of the current active context and restores
the context data from <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code>, which implies jumping to <code><phrase
role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>'s
context. The void pointer argument, <code><phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase></code>,
is passed to the current context to be returned by the most recent call
to <code><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> in the same thread. <code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>
is executed with arguments <code><phrase role="identifier">args</phrase></code>
on top of the stack of <code><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>.
[[Note:
</para>
<para>
The behaviour is undefined if <code><phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase
role="special">()()</phrase></code> is called while <code><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> returns <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> (e.g. resuming an already running
context). If the top-level context function returns, <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">exit</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> is called.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The void pointer argument passed to the most recent call to <code><phrase
role="identifier">execution_context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>,
if any.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_equal_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_equal"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_equal">Member
function <code>operator==</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">==(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
represent the same execution context, <code><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase></code>
otherwise.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_notequal_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_notequal"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_notequal">Member
function <code>operator!=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code>! (other == * this)</code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_less_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_less"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_less">Member
function <code>operator&lt;</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase> <phrase role="special">!=</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">other</phrase></code> is true and the implementation-defined
total order of <code><phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase></code>
values places <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
before <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>, false otherwise.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_greater_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_greater"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_greater">Member
function <code>operator&gt;</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_lesseq_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_lesseq"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_lesseq">Member
function <code>operator&lt;=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">other</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_operator_greatereq_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context_operator_greatereq"/>
<link linkend="execution_context_operator_greatereq">Member
function <code>operator&gt;=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="special">(*</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">this</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="execution_context_bridgehead">
<phrase id="execution_context"/>
<link linkend="execution_context">Non-member function
<code>operator&lt;&lt;()</code></link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">os</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">execution_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Efects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Writes the representation of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
to stream <code><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="context.ccontext">
<title><anchor id="ccontext"/><link linkend="context.ccontext">Class captured_context</link></title>
<para>
Class <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> encapsulates <emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis>
and manages the context' stack (allocation/deallocation).
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> allocates the context stack (using its
<emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis> argument) and creates a control structure
on top of it. This structure controls the life time of the stack. The address
of the control structure is stored in the first frame of context' stack (e.g.
it can not accessed by instances of <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> directly).
In contrast to <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis> the ownership of the
control structure is not shared A call of<emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis>
enters the context represented by <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> and invalidates <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code>. The context that has been suspended by
calling <emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis> is passed to the
resumed context, e.g. as argument of the context-function if the context was
resumed the first time or returned by <emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis>.
<emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> is only move-constructible and move-assignable.
If the last reference (<emphasis>captured_context</emphasis>) goes out of scope,
the control structure is destroyed and the stack gets deallocated via the
<emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis>. <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis>
maintains a static, thread-local pointer (smart pointer), accessed by <emphasis>execution_context::current()</emphasis>,
pointing to the active context. On each context switch the static, thread-local
pointer is updated. This makes the context switch a little bit slower, but
enables faster context destruction (stack unwinding) compared to <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>
<emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> expects a function/functor with signature
<code><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase
role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>.
The parameter <code><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase></code> represents
the context from which this context was resumed (e.g. that has called <emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis>
on <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>)
and <code><phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase></code> is the data passed to
<emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis>. The function/functor has
to return the captured_context that has to be resumed, while this context terminates.
</para>
<important>
<para>
Segemnted stacks are not supported together with <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis>.
</para>
</important>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ccontext.h0">
<phrase id="context.ccontext.usage_of__emphasis_captured_context__emphasis_"/><link
linkend="context.ccontext.usage_of__emphasis_captured_context__emphasis_">usage
of <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis></link>
</bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="comment">/*
* grammar:
* P ---&gt; E '\0'
* E ---&gt; T {('+'|'-') T}
* T ---&gt; S {('*'|'/') S}
* S ---&gt; digit | '(' E ')'
*/</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// implementation omitted; see examples directory</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">istringstream</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;1+1&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">exception_ptr</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// execute parser in new execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">pctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
<phrase role="special">[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">,&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">mctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase><phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ignored</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// create parser with callback function</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">Parser</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase>
<phrase role="special">[&amp;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">mctx</phrase><phrase role="special">](</phrase><phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ch</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// resume main execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">auto</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">mctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ch</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">mctx</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">try</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// start recursive parsing</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">p</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">run</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">catch</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// store other exceptions in exception-pointer</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">except</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// set termination flag</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// resume main execution context</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">mctx</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">});</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// user-code pulls parsed data from parser</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// invert control flow</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">auto</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">pctx</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">pctx</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">rethrow_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">while</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">done</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">printf</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="string">&quot;Parsed: %c\n&quot;</phrase><phrase role="special">,*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">char</phrase><phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">tie</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">pctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase><phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">pctx</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">rethrow_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">except</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="special">+</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">Parsed</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase> <phrase role="number">1</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>
In this example a recursive descent parser uses a callback to emit a newly
passed symbol. Using <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> the control flow
can be inverted, e.g. the user-code pulls parsed symbols from the parser -
instead to get pushed from the parser (via callback).
</para>
<para>
The data (character) is transferred between the two <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis>.
</para>
<para>
If the code executed by <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> emits an exception,
the application is terminated. <emphasis>std::exception_ptr</emphasis> can
be used to transfer exceptions between different execution contexts.
</para>
<para>
Sometimes it is necessary to unwind the stack of an unfinished context to destroy
local stack variables so they can release allocated resources (RAII pattern).
The user is responsible for this task.
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ccontext.h1">
<phrase id="context.ccontext.allocating_control_structures_on_top_of_stack"/><link
linkend="context.ccontext.allocating_control_structures_on_top_of_stack">allocating
control structures on top of stack</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
Allocating control structures on top of the stack requires to allocated the
<emphasis>stack_context</emphasis> and create the control structure with placement
new before <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> is created.
</para>
<note>
<para>
The user is responsible for destructing the control structure at the top
of the stack.
</para>
</note>
<programlisting><phrase role="comment">// stack-allocator used for (de-)allocating stack</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="number">4048</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// allocate stack space</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// reserve space for control structure on top of the stack</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">char</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">-</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">sizeof</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">-</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">sizeof</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// placement new creates control structure on reserved space</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cs</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">new</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// destructing the control structure</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">cs</phrase><phrase role="special">-&gt;~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// captured context</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">cctx</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAllocator</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">my_control_structure</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAllocator</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// create captured context</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">cctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">),</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">entry_func</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">...</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ccontext.h2">
<phrase id="context.ccontext.exception_handling"/><link linkend="context.ccontext.exception_handling">exception
handling</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
If the function executed inside a <emphasis>captured_context</emphasis> emits
ans exception, the application is terminated by calling ['std::terminate().
<emphasis>std::exception_ptr</emphasis> can be used to transfer exceptions
between different execution contexts.
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ccontext.h3">
<phrase id="context.ccontext.parameter_passing"/><link linkend="context.ccontext.parameter_passing">parameter
passing</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
The void pointer argument passed to <emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis>,
in one context, is passed as the last argument of the <emphasis>context-function</emphasis>
if the context is started for the first time. In all following invocations
of <emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis> the void pointer passed
to <emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis>, in one context, is returned
by <emphasis>captured_context::operator()</emphasis> in the other context.
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">X</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">private</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">exception_ptr</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx_</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">public</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">X</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">(),</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx_</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">[=](</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">)-&gt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">try</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">for</phrase> <phrase role="special">(;;)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">str</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">lexical_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">auto</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">str</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">catch</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">detail</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">forced_unwind</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">throw</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">catch</phrase> <phrase role="special">(...)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">})</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{}</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">auto</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx_</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">i</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ctx_</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">move</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ret</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">get</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="number">1</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">result</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">if</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">){</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">rethrow_exception</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">excptr_</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">return</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">static_cast</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">string</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ret</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">X</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">x</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">cout</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">x</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="number">7</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">endl</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">output</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="number">7</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.ccontext.h4">
<phrase id="context.ccontext.class__code__phrase_role__identifier__captured_context__phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.ccontext.class__code__phrase_role__identifier__captured_context__phrase___code_">Class
<code><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">public</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">palloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">~</phrase><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">delete</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">delete</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">explicit</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">tuple</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">nullptr</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">tuple</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">exec_ontop_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">tuple</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">exec_ontop_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">==(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">friend</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">os</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_constructor_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_constructor"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_constructor">Constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocator_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">palloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">StackAlloc</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">salloc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Creates a new execution context and prepares the context to execute
<code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>. <code><phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase></code>
is used as default stack allocator (stack size == fixedsize_stack::traits::default_size().
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
[[Effects:] [Creates a new execution context and prepares the context to execute
<code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>.]] ] [[Effects:] [Creates
a new execution context and prepares the context to execute <code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>.
Used to store control structures on top of the stack.]] ]
</para>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_move constructor_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_move constructor"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_move
constructor">Move constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Moves underlying capture record to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_move assignment_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_move assignment"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_move
assignment">Move assignment operator</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Moves the state of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
to <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
using move semantics.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_bool_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_bool"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_bool">Member
function <code>operator bool</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">explicit</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> points to a capture record.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_not_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_not"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_not">Member
function <code>operator!</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> does not point to a capture record.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_call_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_call"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_call">Member
function <code>operator()</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">tuple</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">nullptr</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">tuple</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">exec_ontop_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">tuple</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">data</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">exec_ontop_arg_t</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Fn</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">Args</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">...</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">args</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Stores internally the current context data (stack pointer, instruction
pointer, and CPU registers) of the current active context and restores
the context data from <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code>, which implies jumping to <code><phrase
role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>'s
context. The void pointer argument, <code><phrase role="identifier">vp</phrase></code>,
is passed to the current context to be returned by the most recent call
to <code><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
in the same thread. <code><phrase role="identifier">fn</phrase></code>
is executed with arguments <code><phrase role="identifier">args</phrase></code>
on top of the stack of <code><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>.
[[Note:
</para>
<para>
The behaviour is undefined if <code><phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase
role="special">()()</phrase></code> is called while <code><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">current</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> returns <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> (e.g. resuming an already running
context). If the top-level context function returns, <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">exit</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> is called.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
The tuple of void pointer argument passed to the most recent call to
<code><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>,
if any and a captured_context representing the context that has been
suspended .
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_equal_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_equal"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_equal">Member
function <code>operator==</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">==(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
represent the same execution context, <code><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase></code>
otherwise.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_notequal_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_notequal"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_notequal">Member
function <code>operator!=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">!=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code>! (other == * this)</code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_less_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_less"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_less">Member
function <code>operator&lt;</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase
role="keyword">this</phrase> <phrase role="special">!=</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">other</phrase></code> is true and the implementation-defined
total order of <code><phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase></code>
values places <code><phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
before <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>, false otherwise.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_greater_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_greater"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_greater">Member
function <code>operator&gt;</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase></code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_lesseq_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_lesseq"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_lesseq">Member
function <code>operator&lt;=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">other</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">this</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_operator_greatereq_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context_operator_greatereq"/>
<link linkend="captured_context_operator_greatereq">Member
function <code>operator&gt;=</code>()</link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;=(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="special">(*</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">this</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="captured_context_bridgehead">
<phrase id="captured_context"/>
<link linkend="captured_context">Non-member function
<code>operator&lt;&lt;()</code></link>
</bridgehead>
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">class</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">operator</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;&lt;(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">basic_ostream</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">charT</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">os</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">captured_context</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">const</phrase><phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">other</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Efects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Writes the representation of <code><phrase role="identifier">other</phrase></code>
to stream <code><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">os</phrase></code>
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="context.stack">
<title><anchor id="stack"/><link linkend="context.stack">Stack allocation</link></title>
<para>
The memory used by the stack is allocated/deallocated via a <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis>
which is required to model a <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>.
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.stack.h0">
<phrase id="context.stack._emphasis_stack_allocator_concept__emphasis_"/><link
linkend="context.stack._emphasis_stack_allocator_concept__emphasis_"><emphasis>stack-allocator
concept</emphasis></link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
A <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis> must satisfy the <emphasis>stack-allocator
concept</emphasis> requirements shown in the following table, in which <code><phrase
role="identifier">a</phrase></code> is an object of a <emphasis>StackAllocator</emphasis>
type, <code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code> is a <code><phrase
role="identifier">stack_context</phrase></code>, and <code><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
is a <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size_t</phrase></code>:
</para>
<informaltable frame="all">
<tgroup cols="3">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
expression
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
return type
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
notes
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
creates a stack allocator
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase></code>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
creates a stack
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
<code><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase></code>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
deallocates the stack created by <code><phrase role="identifier">a</phrase><phrase
role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code>
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</informaltable>
<important>
<para>
The implementation of <code><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> might include logic to protect against
exceeding the context's available stack size rather than leaving it as undefined
behaviour.
</para>
</important>
<important>
<para>
Calling <code><phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
with a <code><phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase></code> not
set by <code><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
results in undefined behaviour.
</para>
</important>
<note>
<para>
The stack is not required to be aligned; alignment takes place inside <emphasis>execution_context</emphasis>.
</para>
</note>
<note>
<para>
Depending on the architecture <code><phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> stores an address from the top of the stack
(growing downwards) or the bottom of the stack (growing upwards).
</para>
</note>
<section id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize">
<title><link linkend="context.stack.protected_fixedsize">Class <emphasis>protected_fixedsize</emphasis></link></title>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the class <emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis>
which models the <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>. It appends
a guard page at the end of each stack to protect against exceeding the stack.
If the guard page is accessed (read or write operation) a segmentation fault/access
violation is generated by the operating system.
</para>
<important>
<para>
Using <emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis> is expensive. That
is, launching a new coroutine with a new stack is expensive; the allocated
stack is just as efficient to use as any other stack.
</para>
</important>
<note>
<para>
The appended <code><phrase role="identifier">guard</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">page</phrase></code>
is <emphasis role="bold">not</emphasis> mapped to physical memory, only
virtual addresses are used.
</para>
</note>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">protected_fixedsize</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_protected_fixedsize</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitT</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">basic_protected_fixesize</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_protected_fixedsize</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">protected_fixedsize</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize.h0">
<phrase id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.protected_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Preconditions:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase
role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Allocates memory of at least <code><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
Bytes and stores a pointer to the stack and its actual size in <code><phrase
role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code>. Depending on the architecture
(the stack grows downwards/upwards) the stored address is the highest/lowest
address of the stack.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize.h1">
<phrase id="context.stack.protected_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.protected_fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Preconditions:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">sp</phrase></code> is valid, <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase
role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Deallocates the stack space.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="context.stack.fixedsize">
<title><link linkend="context.stack.fixedsize">Class <emphasis>fixedsize_stack</emphasis></link></title>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the class <emphasis>fixedsize_stack</emphasis>
which models the <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>. In contrast
to <emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis> it does not append a guard
page at the end of each stack. The memory is simply managed by <code><phrase
role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">malloc</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">free</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code>.
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_fixedsize_stack</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitT</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">basic_fixesize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">fixedsize_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.fixedsize.h0">
<phrase id="context.stack.fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.fixedsize._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Preconditions:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase
role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Allocates memory of at least <code><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
Bytes and stores a pointer to the stack and its actual size in <code><phrase
role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code>. Depending on the architecture
(the stack grows downwards/upwards) the stored address is the highest/lowest
address of the stack.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.fixedsize.h1">
<phrase id="context.stack.fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.fixedsize._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Preconditions:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">sp</phrase></code> is valid, <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase
role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Deallocates the stack space.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="context.stack.segmented">
<title><link linkend="context.stack.segmented">Class <emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis></link></title>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> supports usage of a <emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis>,
e. g. the size of the stack grows on demand. The coroutine is created with
a minimal stack size and will be increased as required. Class <emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis>
models the <emphasis>stack-allocator concept</emphasis>. In contrast to
<emphasis>protected_fixedsize_stack</emphasis> and <emphasis>fixedsize_stack</emphasis>
it creates a stack which grows on demand.
</para>
<note>
<para>
Segmented stacks are currently only supported by <emphasis role="bold">gcc</emphasis>
from version <emphasis role="bold">4.7</emphasis> <emphasis role="bold">clang</emphasis>
from version <emphasis role="bold">3.4</emphasis> onwards. In order to
use a __segmented_stack__ <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis>
must be built with <emphasis role="bold">toolset=gcc segmented-stacks=on</emphasis>
at b2/bjam command-line. Applications must be compiled with compiler-flags
<emphasis role="bold">-fsplit-stack -DBOOST_USE_SEGMENTED_STACKS</emphasis>.
</para>
</note>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">segmented_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">template</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">typename</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitsT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_segmented_stack</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traitT</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">basic_segmented_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase> <phrase role="special">=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">());</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;);</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">typedef</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">basic_segmented_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">segmented_stack</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.segmented.h0">
<phrase id="context.stack.segmented._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.segmented._code__phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__allocate__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">allocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Preconditions:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase
role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Allocates memory of at least <code><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code>
Bytes and stores a pointer to the stack and its actual size in <code><phrase
role="identifier">sctx</phrase></code>. Depending on the architecture
(the stack grows downwards/upwards) the stored address is the highest/lowest
address of the stack.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.segmented.h1">
<phrase id="context.stack.segmented._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.segmented._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__deallocate__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__stack_context__phrase___phrase_role__special___amp___phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sctx__phrase__phrase_role__special_____phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">deallocate</phrase><phrase
role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Preconditions:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">sp</phrase></code> is valid, <code><phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">minimum</phrase><phrase
role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;=</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase></code> and <code><phrase role="special">!</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&amp;&amp;</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">traits_type</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">maximum</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase
role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase>
<phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase
role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase
role="special">)</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Deallocates the stack space.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<note>
<para>
If the library is compiled for segmented stacks, __segmented_stack__ is
the only available stack allocator.
</para>
</note>
</section>
<section id="context.stack.stack_traits">
<title><link linkend="context.stack.stack_traits">Class <emphasis>stack_traits</emphasis></link></title>
<para>
<emphasis>stack_traits</emphasis> models a <emphasis>stack-traits</emphasis>
providing a way to access certain properites defined by the enironment. Stack
allocators use <emphasis>stack-traits</emphasis> to allocate stacks.
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="preprocessor">#include</phrase> <phrase role="special">&lt;</phrase><phrase role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">context</phrase><phrase role="special">/</phrase><phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase><phrase role="special">.</phrase><phrase role="identifier">hpp</phrase><phrase role="special">&gt;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_traits</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">page_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">minimum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">maximum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h0">
<phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__keyword__bool__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__is_unbounded__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__keyword__bool__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__is_unbounded__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">bool</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Returns <code><phrase role="keyword">true</phrase></code> if the environment
defines no limit for the size of a stack.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h1">
<phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__page_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__page_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">page_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Returns the page size in bytes.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h2">
<phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__default_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__default_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">default_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Returns a default stack size, which may be platform specific. If the
stack is unbounded then the present implementation returns the maximum
of <code><phrase role="number">64</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">kB</phrase></code>
and <code><phrase role="identifier">minimum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h3">
<phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__minimum_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__minimum_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">minimum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Returns the minimum size in bytes of stack defined by the environment
(Win32 4kB/Win64 8kB, defined by rlimit on POSIX).
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_traits.h4">
<phrase id="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__maximum_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.stack_traits._code__phrase_role__keyword__static__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__maximum_size__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">static</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase
role="identifier">maximum_size</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Preconditions:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">is_unbounded</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
returns <code><phrase role="keyword">false</phrase></code>.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Returns:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Returns the maximum size in bytes of stack defined by the environment.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
<varlistentry>
<term>Throws:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Nothing.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="context.stack.stack_context">
<title><link linkend="context.stack.stack_context">Class <emphasis>stack_context</emphasis></link></title>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the class <emphasis>stack_context</emphasis>
which will contain the stack pointer and the size of the stack. In case of
a <emphasis>segmented_stack</emphasis>, <emphasis>stack_context</emphasis>
contains some extra control structures.
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// might contain additional control structures</phrase>
<phrase role="comment">// for segmented stacks</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_context.h0">
<phrase id="context.stack.stack_context._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sp__phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.stack_context._code__phrase_role__keyword__void__phrase___phrase_role__special_____phrase___phrase_role__identifier__sp__phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Value:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Pointer to the beginning of the stack.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.stack.stack_context.h1">
<phrase id="context.stack.stack_context._code__phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__size__phrase___code_"/><link
linkend="context.stack.stack_context._code__phrase_role__identifier__std__phrase__phrase_role__special______phrase__phrase_role__identifier__size_t__phrase___phrase_role__identifier__size__phrase___code_"><code><phrase
role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">size</phrase></code></link>
</bridgehead>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Value:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Actual size of the stack.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="context.stack.valgrind">
<title><link linkend="context.stack.valgrind">Support for valgrind</link></title>
<para>
Running programs that switch stacks under valgrind causes problems. Property
(b2 command-line) <code><phrase role="identifier">valgrind</phrase><phrase
role="special">=</phrase><phrase role="identifier">on</phrase></code> let
valgrind treat the memory regions as stack space which suppresses the errors.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="context.struct__preallocated_">
<title><link linkend="context.struct__preallocated_">Struct <code><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase></code></link></title>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">struct</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase> <phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">stack_context</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_allocator</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
<phrase role="special">};</phrase>
</programlisting>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.struct__preallocated_.h0">
<phrase id="context.struct__preallocated_.constructor"/><link linkend="context.struct__preallocated_.constructor">Constructor</link>
</bridgehead>
<programlisting><phrase role="identifier">preallocated</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">std</phrase><phrase role="special">:</phrase><phrase role="identifier">size_t</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">size</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">stack_allocator</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">sctx</phrase><phrase role="special">)</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">noexcept</phrase><phrase role="special">;</phrase>
</programlisting>
<variablelist>
<title></title>
<varlistentry>
<term>Effects:</term>
<listitem>
<para>
Creates an object of preallocated.
</para>
</listitem>
</varlistentry>
</variablelist>
</section>
<section id="context.performance">
<title><link linkend="context.performance">Performance</link></title>
<para>
Performance of <emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> was measured
on the platforms shown in the following table. Performance measurements were
taken using <code><phrase role="identifier">rdtsc</phrase></code> and <code><phrase
role="identifier">boost</phrase><phrase role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">chrono</phrase><phrase
role="special">::</phrase><phrase role="identifier">high_resolution_clock</phrase></code>,
with overhead corrections, on x86 platforms. In each case, cache warm-up was
accounted for, and the one running thread was pinned to a single CPU. The code
was compiled using the build options, 'variant = release cxxflags = -DBOOST_DISABLE_ASSERTS'.
</para>
<table frame="all" id="context.performance.performance_of_context_switch">
<title>Performance of context switch</title>
<tgroup cols="4">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
Platform
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
ucontext_t
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
execution_context
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
captured_context
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
x86_64 <footnote id="context.performance.f0">
<para>
Intel Core2 Q6700
</para>
</footnote>
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
547 ns / 1433 cycles
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
51 ns / 141 cycles
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
7 ns / 18 cycles
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
</section>
<section id="context.architectures">
<title><link linkend="context.architectures">Architectures</link></title>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> supports following architectures:
</para>
<table frame="all" id="context.architectures.supported_architectures___abi_binary_format__">
<title>Supported architectures (&lt;ABI|binary format&gt;)</title>
<tgroup cols="5">
<thead>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
Architecture
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
LINUX (UNIX)
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
Windows
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
MacOS X
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
iOS
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</thead>
<tbody>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
arm
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
AAPCS|ELF
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
AAPCS|PE
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
AAPCS|MACH-O
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
i386
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
SYSV|ELF
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
MS|PE
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
SYSV|MACH-O
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
mips1
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
O32|ELF
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
ppc32
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
SYSV|ELF,XCOFF
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
SYSV|MACH-O
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
ppc64
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
SYSV|ELF,XCOFF
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
SYSV|MACH-O
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
sparc
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
</row>
<row>
<entry>
<para>
x86_64
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
SYSV,X32|ELF
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
MS|PE
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
SYSV|MACH-O
</para>
</entry>
<entry>
<para>
-
</para>
</entry>
</row>
</tbody>
</tgroup>
</table>
<section id="context.architectures.crosscompiling">
<title><link linkend="context.architectures.crosscompiling">Cross compiling</link></title>
<para>
Cross compiling the library requires to specify the build properties &lt;architecture&gt;,
&lt;address-model&gt;, &lt;binary-format&gt; and &lt;abi&gt; at b2 command
line.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="context.rationale">
<title><link linkend="context.rationale">Rationale</link></title>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.rationale.h0">
<phrase id="context.rationale.no_inline_assembler"/><link linkend="context.rationale.no_inline_assembler">No
inline-assembler</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
Some newer compiler (for instance MSVC 10 for x86_64 and itanium) do not support
inline assembler. <footnote id="context.rationale.f0">
<para>
<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/4ks26t93.aspx">MSDN article
'Inline Assembler'</ulink>
</para>
</footnote>. Inlined assembler generates code bloating which is not welcome
on embedded systems.
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.rationale.h1">
<phrase id="context.rationale.fcontext_t"/><link linkend="context.rationale.fcontext_t">fcontext_t</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
<emphasis role="bold">Boost.Context</emphasis> provides the low level API fcontext_t
which is implemented in assembler to provide context swapping operations. fcontext_t
is the part to port to new platforms.
</para>
<note>
<para>
Context switches do not preserve the signal mask on UNIX systems.
</para>
</note>
<para>
<emphasis>fcontext_t</emphasis> is an opaque pointer.
</para>
<section id="context.rationale.other_apis_">
<title><link linkend="context.rationale.other_apis_">Other APIs </link></title>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.other_apis_.h0">
<phrase id="context.rationale.other_apis_.setjmp___longjmp__"/><link linkend="context.rationale.other_apis_.setjmp___longjmp__">setjmp()/longjmp()</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
C99 defines <code><phrase role="identifier">setjmp</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>/<code><phrase
role="identifier">longjmp</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
to provide non-local jumps but it does not require that <emphasis>longjmp()</emphasis>
preserves the current stack frame. Therefore, jumping into a function which
was exited via a call to <emphasis>longjmp()</emphasis> is undefined <footnote
id="context.rationale.other_apis_.f0">
<para>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999, 2005, 7.13.2.1:2
</para>
</footnote>.
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.other_apis_.h1">
<phrase id="context.rationale.other_apis_.ucontext_t"/><link linkend="context.rationale.other_apis_.ucontext_t">ucontext_t</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
Since POSIX.1-2003 <code><phrase role="identifier">ucontext_t</phrase></code>
is deprecated and was removed in POSIX.1-2008! The function signature of
<code><phrase role="identifier">makecontext</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
is:
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">makecontext</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ucontext_t</phrase> <phrase role="special">*</phrase><phrase role="identifier">ucp</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">void</phrase> <phrase role="special">(*</phrase><phrase role="identifier">func</phrase><phrase role="special">)(),</phrase> <phrase role="keyword">int</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">argc</phrase><phrase role="special">,</phrase> <phrase role="special">...);</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>
The third argument of <code><phrase role="identifier">makecontext</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> specifies the number of integer arguments
that follow which will require function pointer cast if <code><phrase role="identifier">func</phrase></code>
will accept those arguments which is undefined in C99 <footnote id="context.rationale.other_apis_.f1">
<para>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999, 2005, J.2
</para>
</footnote>.
</para>
<para>
The arguments in the var-arg list are required to be integers, passing pointers
in var-arg list is not guaranteed to work, especially it will fail for architectures
where pointers are larger than integers.
</para>
<para>
<code><phrase role="identifier">ucontext_t</phrase></code> preserves signal
mask between context switches which involves system calls consuming a lot
of CPU cycles (ucontext_t is slower by perfomance_link[factor 13x] relative
to <code><phrase role="identifier">fcontext_t</phrase></code>).
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.other_apis_.h2">
<phrase id="context.rationale.other_apis_.windows_fibers"/><link linkend="context.rationale.other_apis_.windows_fibers">Windows
fibers</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
A drawback of Windows Fiber API is that <code><phrase role="identifier">CreateFiber</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> does not accept a pointer to user allocated
stack space preventing the reuse of stacks for other context instances. Because
the Windows Fiber API requires to call <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertThreadToFiber</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> if <code><phrase role="identifier">SwitchFiber</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> is called for a thread which has not been
converted to a fiber. For the same reason <code><phrase role="identifier">ConvertFiberToThread</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> must be called after return from <code><phrase
role="identifier">SwitchFiber</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>
if the thread was forced to be converted to a fiber before (which is inefficient).
</para>
<programlisting><phrase role="keyword">if</phrase> <phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="special">!</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">is_a_fiber</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase> <phrase role="special">)</phrase>
<phrase role="special">{</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ConvertThreadToFiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="number">0</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">SwitchToFiber</phrase><phrase role="special">(</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">ctx</phrase><phrase role="special">);</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">ConvertFiberToThread</phrase><phrase role="special">();</phrase>
<phrase role="special">}</phrase>
</programlisting>
<para>
If the condition <code><phrase role="identifier">_WIN32_WINNT</phrase> <phrase
role="special">&gt;=</phrase> <phrase role="identifier">_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA</phrase></code>
is met function <code><phrase role="identifier">IsThreadAFiber</phrase><phrase
role="special">()</phrase></code> is provided in order to detect if the current
thread was already converted. Unfortunately Windows XP + SP 2/3 defines
<code><phrase role="identifier">_WIN32_WINNT</phrase> <phrase role="special">&gt;=</phrase>
<phrase role="identifier">_WIN32_WINNT_VISTA</phrase></code> without providing
<code><phrase role="identifier">IsThreadAFiber</phrase><phrase role="special">()</phrase></code>.
</para>
</section>
<section id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env">
<title><link linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env">x86 and
floating-point env</link></title>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.h0">
<phrase id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.i386"/><link linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.i386">i386</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
&quot;The FpCsr and the MxCsr register must be saved and restored before
any call or return by any procedure that needs to modify them ...&quot;
<footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f0">
<para>
'Calling Conventions', Agner Fog
</para>
</footnote>.
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.h1">
<phrase id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.x86_64"/><link linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.x86_64">x86_64</link>
</bridgehead>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.h2">
<phrase id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.windows"/><link
linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.windows">Windows</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
MxCsr - &quot;A callee that modifies any of the non-volatile fields within
MxCsr must restore them before returning to its caller. Furthermore, a caller
that has modified any of these fields must restore them to their standard
values before invoking a callee ...&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f1">
<para>
<ulink url="http://http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/yxty7t75.aspx">MSDN
article 'MxCsr'</ulink>
</para>
</footnote>.
</para>
<para>
FpCsr - &quot;A callee that modifies any of the fields within FpCsr must
restore them before returning to its caller. Furthermore, a caller that has
modified any of these fields must restore them to their standard values before
invoking a callee ...&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f2">
<para>
<ulink url="http://http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms235300.aspx">MSDN
article 'FpCsr'</ulink>
</para>
</footnote>.
</para>
<para>
&quot;The MMX and floating-point stack registers (MM0-MM7/ST0-ST7) are preserved
across context switches. There is no explicit calling convention for these
registers.&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f3">
<para>
<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/a32tsf7t%28VS.80%29.aspx">MSDN
article 'Legacy Floating-Point Support'</ulink>
</para>
</footnote>.
</para>
<para>
&quot;The 64-bit Microsoft compiler does not use ST(0)-ST(7)/MM0-MM7&quot;.
<footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f4">
<para>
'Calling Conventions', Agner Fog
</para>
</footnote>.
</para>
<para>
&quot;XMM6-XMM15 must be preserved&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f5">
<para>
<ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/9z1stfyw%28v=vs.100%29.aspx">MSDN
article 'Register Usage'</ulink>
</para>
</footnote>
</para>
<bridgehead renderas="sect4" id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.h3">
<phrase id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.sysv"/><link linkend="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.sysv">SysV</link>
</bridgehead>
<para>
&quot;The control bits of the MxCsr register are callee-saved (preserved
across calls), while the status bits are caller-saved (not preserved). The
x87 status word register is caller-saved, whereas the x87 control word (FpCsr)
is callee-saved.&quot; <footnote id="context.rationale.x86_and_floating_point_env.f6">
<para>
SysV ABI AMD64 Architecture Processor Supplement Draft Version 0.99.4,
3.2.1
</para>
</footnote>.
</para>
</section>
</section>
<section id="context.reference">
<title><link linkend="context.reference">Reference</link></title>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h0">
<phrase id="context.reference.arm"/><link linkend="context.reference.arm">ARM</link>
</bridgehead>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<simpara>
AAPCS ABI: Procedure Call Standard for the ARM Architecture
</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>
AAPCS/LINUX: ARM GNU/Linux Application Binary Interface Supplement
</simpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h1">
<phrase id="context.reference.mips"/><link linkend="context.reference.mips">MIPS</link>
</bridgehead>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<simpara>
O32 ABI: SYSTEM V APPLICATION BINARY INTERFACE, MIPS RISC Processor Supplement
</simpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h2">
<phrase id="context.reference.powerpc32"/><link linkend="context.reference.powerpc32">PowerPC32</link>
</bridgehead>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<simpara>
SYSV ABI: SYSTEM V APPLICATION BINARY INTERFACE PowerPC Processor Supplement
</simpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h3">
<phrase id="context.reference.powerpc64"/><link linkend="context.reference.powerpc64">PowerPC64</link>
</bridgehead>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<simpara>
SYSV ABI: PowerPC User Instruction Set Architecture, Book I
</simpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h4">
<phrase id="context.reference.x86_32"/><link linkend="context.reference.x86_32">X86-32</link>
</bridgehead>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<simpara>
SYSV ABI: SYSTEM V APPLICATION BINARY INTERFACE, Intel386TM Architecture
Processor Supplement
</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>
MS PE: <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/k2b2ssfy.aspx">Calling
Conventions</ulink>
</simpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
<bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="context.reference.h5">
<phrase id="context.reference.x86_64"/><link linkend="context.reference.x86_64">X86-64</link>
</bridgehead>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<simpara>
SYSV ABI: System V Application Binary Interface, AMD64 Architecture Processor
Supplement
</simpara>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<simpara>
MS PE: <ulink url="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/7kcdt6fy%28VS.80%29.aspx">x64
Software Conventions</ulink>
</simpara>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section id="context.acknowledgements">
<title><link linkend="context.acknowledgements">Acknowledgments</link></title>
<para>
I'd like to thank Adreas Fett, Artyom Beilis, Daniel Larimer, David Deakins,
Evgeny Shapovalov, Fernando Pelliccioni, Giovanni Piero Deretta, Gordon Woodhull,
Helge Bahmann, Holger Grund, Jeffrey Lee Hellrung (Jr.), Keith Jeffery, Martin
Husemann, Phil Endecott, Robert Stewart, Sergey Cheban, Steven Watanabe, Vicente
J. Botet Escriba, Wayne Piekarski.
</para>
</section>
</library>