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<h1 class="page">Buffer Algorithms</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This section covers algorithms for measuring and manipulating buffer sequences.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_prerequisites"><a class="anchor" href="#_prerequisites"></a>Prerequisites</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Completed <a href="5c.sequences.html" class="xref page">Buffer Sequences</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Understanding of <code>ConstBufferSequence</code> and iteration</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_measuring_buffers"><a class="anchor" href="#_measuring_buffers"></a>Measuring Buffers</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_buffer_size"><a class="anchor" href="#_buffer_size"></a>buffer_size</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Returns the total number of bytes across all buffers in a sequence:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">template&lt;ConstBufferSequence CB&gt;
std::size_t buffer_size(CB const&amp; buffers);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">auto buf1 = make_buffer("hello"); // 5 bytes
auto buf2 = make_buffer("world"); // 5 bytes
auto combined = std::array{buf1, buf2};
std::size_t total = buffer_size(combined); // 10</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note: <code>buffer_size</code> returns the sum of bytes, not the count of buffers.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_buffer_empty"><a class="anchor" href="#_buffer_empty"></a>buffer_empty</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Checks if a buffer sequence contains no data:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">template&lt;ConstBufferSequence CB&gt;
bool buffer_empty(CB const&amp; buffers);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A buffer sequence is empty if:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>It contains no buffers, OR</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>All buffers have size zero</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">const_buffer empty_buf;
buffer_empty(empty_buf); // true
const_buffer non_empty("data", 4);
buffer_empty(non_empty); // false</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_buffer_length"><a class="anchor" href="#_buffer_length"></a>buffer_length</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Returns the number of buffers in a sequence:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">template&lt;ConstBufferSequence CB&gt;
std::size_t buffer_length(CB const&amp; buffers);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">auto single = make_buffer("hello");
buffer_length(single); // 1
auto arr = std::array{buf1, buf2, buf3};
buffer_length(arr); // 3</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note the distinction:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>buffer_size</code> — total bytes (data measurement)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>buffer_length</code> — number of buffers (sequence length)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_copying_buffers"><a class="anchor" href="#_copying_buffers"></a>Copying Buffers</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_buffer_copy"><a class="anchor" href="#_buffer_copy"></a>buffer_copy</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Copies data from one buffer sequence to another:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">template&lt;MutableBufferSequence Target, ConstBufferSequence Source&gt;
std::size_t buffer_copy(Target const&amp; target, Source const&amp; source);
template&lt;MutableBufferSequence Target, ConstBufferSequence Source&gt;
std::size_t buffer_copy(Target const&amp; target, Source const&amp; source,
std::size_t at_most);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Returns the number of bytes copied.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">char source_data[] = "hello world";
char dest_data[20];
const_buffer src(source_data, 11);
mutable_buffer dst(dest_data, 20);
std::size_t copied = buffer_copy(dst, src); // 11</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_partial_copy_with_at_most"><a class="anchor" href="#_partial_copy_with_at_most"></a>Partial Copy with at_most</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Limit the number of bytes copied:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">std::size_t copied = buffer_copy(dst, src, 5); // Copy at most 5 bytes</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is useful for implementing protocols with size limits.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_cross_sequence_copy"><a class="anchor" href="#_cross_sequence_copy"></a>Cross-Sequence Copy</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>buffer_copy</code> handles sequences with different structure:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">// Source: 3 buffers
std::array&lt;const_buffer, 3&gt; src = {buf1, buf2, buf3};
// Target: 2 buffers with different sizes
std::array&lt;mutable_buffer, 2&gt; dst = {large_buf, small_buf};
// Copies across buffer boundaries as needed
std::size_t copied = buffer_copy(dst, src);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The algorithm fills target buffers sequentially, reading from source buffers as needed, handling cases where a single source buffer spans multiple target buffers or vice versa.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_real_io_patterns"><a class="anchor" href="#_real_io_patterns"></a>Real I/O Patterns</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_read_loop"><a class="anchor" href="#_read_loop"></a>Read Loop</h3>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">template&lt;ReadStream Stream, MutableBufferSequence Buffers&gt;
task&lt;std::size_t&gt; read_full(Stream&amp; stream, Buffers buffers)
{
consuming_buffers&lt;Buffers&gt; remaining(buffers);
std::size_t total = 0;
while (buffer_size(remaining) &gt; 0)
{
auto [ec, n] = co_await stream.read_some(remaining);
if (ec.failed())
co_return total; // Return partial read on error
remaining.consume(n);
total += n;
}
co_return total;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_write_loop"><a class="anchor" href="#_write_loop"></a>Write Loop</h3>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">template&lt;WriteStream Stream, ConstBufferSequence Buffers&gt;
task&lt;std::size_t&gt; write_full(Stream&amp; stream, Buffers buffers)
{
consuming_buffers&lt;Buffers&gt; remaining(buffers);
std::size_t total = 0;
while (buffer_size(remaining) &gt; 0)
{
auto [ec, n] = co_await stream.write_some(remaining);
if (ec.failed())
co_return total;
remaining.consume(n);
total += n;
}
co_return total;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_practical_benefits_of_concept_based_design"><a class="anchor" href="#_practical_benefits_of_concept_based_design"></a>Practical Benefits of Concept-Based Design</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_zero_copy_io"><a class="anchor" href="#_zero_copy_io"></a>Zero-Copy I/O</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Data never moves unnecessarily. The buffer sequence points to existing data, and the OS reads directly from those locations:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">std::string header = build_header();
std::vector&lt;char&gt; body = load_body();
// No copying—header and body are written directly
co_await write(stream, cat(make_buffer(header), make_buffer(body)));</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_scattergather_operations"><a class="anchor" href="#_scattergather_operations"></a>Scatter/Gather Operations</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Multiple buffers transfer in a single operation:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">std::array buffers = {header_buf, separator_buf, body_buf, footer_buf};
co_await write(stream, buffers); // Single system call</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_custom_allocators_and_memory_mapped_buffers"><a class="anchor" href="#_custom_allocators_and_memory_mapped_buffers"></a>Custom Allocators and Memory-Mapped Buffers</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Any memory region can be a buffer:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">// Memory-mapped file
void* mapped = mmap(...);
const_buffer file_buf(mapped, file_size);
co_await write(socket, file_buf); // Zero-copy network transmission</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_user_defined_buffer_types"><a class="anchor" href="#_user_defined_buffer_types"></a>User-Defined Buffer Types</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create custom types that satisfy the concepts:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cpp hljs" data-lang="cpp">class chunked_buffer_sequence
{
std::vector&lt;std::vector&lt;char&gt;&gt; chunks_;
public:
auto begin() const { /* return iterator over chunks as buffers */ }
auto end() const { /* return end iterator */ }
};
// Satisfies ConstBufferSequence—works with all algorithms</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_reference"><a class="anchor" href="#_reference"></a>Reference</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 25%;">
<col style="width: 75%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Header</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>&lt;boost/capy/buffers.hpp&gt;</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Measurement algorithms (<code>buffer_size</code>, <code>buffer_empty</code>, <code>buffer_length</code>)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>&lt;boost/capy/buffers/buffer_copy.hpp&gt;</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Copy algorithm</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You have now learned how to measure and copy buffer sequences. Continue to <a href="5f.dynamic.html" class="xref page">Dynamic Buffers</a> to learn about growable buffer storage.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="edit-this-page">
<a href="https://github.com/cppalliance/capy/edit/develop/doc/modules/ROOT/pages/5.buffers/5e.algorithms.adoc">Edit this Page</a>
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